Вар2

PART I. READING
You are going to read part of an extract from a book on language and identity. For questions 1-7,
choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
REGIONAL LANGUAGES

In societies which are increasingly conscious of the need to provide public services in more
than one official language such as Belgium, Finland, Wales and various regions of Spain there
is often а tension between the provision of the public services and how regional authorities
interpret their obligations. This leads to language-related issues being contested publicly as each new
domain is penetrated by the formerly disadvantaged language.
The case of Dyfed County Council's education policy provides а good example. А few
years ago the County decided to divide the areas under its jurisdiction into those which were
traditionally Welsh-speaking and urban areas which had been substantially anglicised for а
long time. Welsh became the formal language of instruction in аll schools within the former
category. In implementing such а policy in these areas, the Council in effect chose to safeguard
the collective territorial rights of Welsh-speakers, over and above the individual personality and
rights of non-Welsh speakers whose educational rights could only be fully met by relocating
themselves elsewhere in the County. The parents of the non-Welsh speaking pupils in these areas
formed themselves into а pressure group and duly petitioned the Secretary of State for Wales. He,
however, saw no reason to act in regard to the local authority's language policy.
---line 29---- Without such initiatives it is doubtful whether local language majorities in а heartland
region could ever hope to preserve the primacy of their language in the public sphere, let alone
extend such rights to the private sector. But such decisions are never easy. In the Catalan region
of Spain, for example, schools are required to teach at least four hours а week of Catalan,
and many schools pride themselves in exceeding the minimum. However, this sort of social
programme requires considerable resourcing. Teachers must be trained, materials must be written
and translation services must be set up and staffed. То obtain adequate resourcing the language
programmes must be given high priority, and this is one of the greatest dilemmas facing local and
state governments.

Choosing to train existing teachers to teach Catalan, as opposed to providing general

training to new much-needed teachers in an already overstretched and underfunded service is
difficult. Similarly, having аll notices in а large social security hospital in а slum area of Barcelona
translated and printed in Catalan when the majority of patients (often semiliterate) are not
native to the region, may seem insensitive.
These are, nonetheless, political choices and more - maybe even tougher ones - will have to
be made as the relationship between language, nation and territory changes with the evolution of
the European Community. Many non-state regions like Wales and Catalunya, initially expressed
anxiety over the construction of а supra-national European Community, for they feared, that it
would exasperate existing core-periphery inequalities in well established nation states. Indeed one
of the prime reasons given for the ethnic revival in the 60s and 70s was the rising alienation many
felt as power and decision-making was increasingly concentrated in centres which were perceived
as being distant and unresponsive.
Today, though that fear is still prevalent, it is countered somewhat by the fact that many
major parties are seeking to protect the diversity of European culture and looking at ways to
reenfranchise citizens in а future federated Europe. Many would argue that the key issue for
Europe as it moves towards ever increasing integration is the preservation of minority cultures
and regional economies and evidence suggests that the tide has at least turned in this respect. Even
though Europe is striving for convergence of living standards, it also has а clear agenda to
remove one of the major causes of human conflict - the non-recognition, undervaluing and
even the elimination of the identity of peoples.
1. In the writer's view, differences arise in multi-lingual communities when
A local authorities interfere in issues they shouldn't.
B groups feel threatened by local authority decisions.
C there is nо public debate on language issues.
D members of local government only speak one language.

2. According to Dyfed County Council's policy, non-Welsh speakers had to

A move to another county to be educated in English.
B study Welsh as а subject in schools.
C be educated in Welsh in certain areas.
D give up the right to attend an English-speaking school.

3. 'such initiatives' line 29, refers to the intervention of

A the pressure group.
B the Secretary of State.
C Dyfed County Council.
D the Welsh-speaking community.

4. The problem for authorities in providing the required number of Catalan lessons in schools is
that
A it may not be а priority for schools themselves.
B it deters teachers from entering the profession.
C schools demand more than the legally required minimum.
D no-one is bothered about the quality of the teaching.

5. The writer suggests that the initiatives taken in Catalunya show

A how local authorities interfere too much in schools.
B that it is wrong to make language а political issue.
C how problems arise when authorities don't prioritise.
D how language policies can fail to achieve the desired result.

6. Minority concerns about the development of the European Community related to

A sentiments which have largely disappeared.
B а fear of the rise of nationalism.
C anxieties about increased isolation.
D issues of immigration and citizenship.

7. The writer's view of the European Union is that

A protecting minority cultures does not seem to be an issue.
B little is being done to help the economies of smaller countries.
C it needs а clear policy on regional economies.
D the identities of some minorities will be erased in the new Europe.

PART II. USE OF ENGLISH

Task 1. Read the text below and think of the word which fits each space. Use only one word in each space.
ISLAND LIFE

Life (0) on a small island may (1) ...................very inviting to the tourists who spend a few weeks
there in the summer, but the realities of living on (2) ……….. is virtually a rock surrounded by
water are quite different from what the casual visitor imagines. (3) ………………in summer the
island villages are full of people, life and activity, when the tourist season is over many of the shop
owners shut (4) ………..their businesses and return to the mainland to spend the winter in town.
(5) ………….to say, those who remain on the island,(6) ………….by choice or necessity, face
many hardships. One of the worst of these is isolation, with (7) ………….. many attendant
problems. When the weather is bad, which is often the (8) …………in winter, the island is
entirely cut off; this means not only that people
(9) …………… have goods delivered but also that a medical emergency can be fatal (10)
…………. someone confined to an island.

Task 2. Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of the text to form a word that
fits in the space in the same line.

MINOAN RECREATION
The Minoans were а sport-centred society. In (0) antiquity all sports were ultimately derived
from religious rituals, but by the time the Cretans were enjoying their palace civilisation,
sport had passed over into а (1) .......................................................activity.
А great deal саn be surmised about Cretan sports because they are а common subject of wall
paintings and vase (2) ........................................One of the most frequently illustrated
(3) …………….. in Minoan painting and ceramics was the sport of bull jumping. Bull jumping
was а test of both courage and (4) ....................We can imagine the difficulty of vaulting either
onto а charging bull's back or over it in а somersault landing with one's feet on the other side of
the bull from the eloquent depictions of this event on Minoan vase work.
Successful execution of the event involved (5) ...........................................seizing hold of the
horns of а bull in full charge at the moment when it tosses its head. Completion of а successful
somersault depended upon the (6) ………………. using the (7) ………………….. from the bull's
violent head jerk and using it (8) ……………. to either mount or vault along the length of the
bull's body. The Minoan depictions of this event reveal а remarkably elegant sport
(9) …………… on precise timing that seemed less about bravery and strength than about
spectacle and fluidity and, unlike in modern-day bullfighting, the animal was
(10) ……………..

1. RECREATION
2. SCULPT
3. ACT
4. AGILE
5. PARTICIPATE
6. COMPETE
7. MOMENT
8. GRACE
9. RELY
10. HARM

Task 3. For questions 1-6, think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all sentences.
Here is an example 0.
Example:
0 The match was a more ....................... contest that many had predicted.
We can't lay the tiles until the floor is ................. .
He's determined to get ................... for the tricks she played on him.
0 ____even____

1 The mother ................... the child's hand as he was about to walk in front of the speeding car.
All the students ............... cheating in the exam will be dealt with by the disciplinary committee.
 Mary was late for the meeting and only .............. a part of the chairman's speech.

2 The police ................... the crowd in an attempt to break up the demonstration.

I couldn't believe what the hotel .................. for putting an extra bed in the room.
Following lengthy questioning, the police formally ........... the suspect last night.

3 Many people feel that the government should be more concerned about ............. issues.
He was only a ............... recruit, fresh from college and with no experience in sales.
All dishes are served with chips or a .............. salad.

4 The ............... of land was too near the river to be safe to built a house on.
Police discovered the ................. to overthrow the government.
Critics raved about the film but I thought the .............. was weak and unconvincing.

5 Germany don't have the players they had in the past, but they remain a major ................. in
world football.
Although one of the engines was off, the pilot had enough .................... to safely fly the
aircraft back to the airport.
The emotional ................... of her poetry is such that she has been dubbed the new Sylvia
Plath.

6 Anger flashed in her eyes and .............. flooded her skin as she understood what his insinuation
was.
London is a city full of ................ and character, and visitors always enjoy its rich culture and
unique style.
With the passing of years, many events in her past life had taken on a different .................... .

Task 4. For question 1- 8, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use three to eight
words, including the word given. Here is an example (0).
Example:
0 No-one believed that he really wanted to give up the job.
took
No-one took him seriously about wanting to give up the job.
1 You need to keep an eye on the children at all times if you take them out.
sight
You mustn't let ..................................... if you take them out.
2 We decided it simply wasn't worth pursuing the matter any further.
point
We decided .......................................... the matter any further.
3 He's agreed to help the police as long as his name is not made public.
condition
He's agreed to help the police ........................................ not reveal his name.
4 I don't mind if you come but you'll have to get there by yourself.
way
I don't mind if you come but ................................................. there.
5 I think you must have me confused with someone else.
mistaking
I think you must ...................................... someone else.
6 She doesn't seem to have much idea of what's happening here.
touch
She seems to ................................................... what's been happening here.
7 If the plans are not ready to submit, the project may have to be put off until next
year.
 mean
Failing to submit the plans................................. the project until next year.
8 He was unable to take part in the tournament because of a nagging injury.
ruled
A nagging injury ............................................. the tournament.

Task 5. For questions 1-3, read the following text. For questions 1-2 answer with a word or short phrase. For question 3, write
a summary according to the instructions given.

І must admit І was taken aback by the landfills article in the June edition of your publication. І
am rather sceptical about the newly acquired wisdom on the environmental benefits of landfills
as "carbon sealers" which would miraculously decelerate global warming. As an active member
of а global environmental group, І have campaigned over the years for the restriction of gas
emissions and have carefully looked into various governmental policies. It is well known that
countries are desperately looking for ways to circumvent respecting carbon emission rate
limits, which were imposed by the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. І саn just envisage industry using
__line 8____this as an excuse to continue burning fossil fuels, with devastating consequences.

This is bound to have negative effects on recycling. Paper production might increase under the
excuse of its harm-Free disposal, and recycling paper might be abandoned at an industrial level.
The long struggle to establish recycling as part of everyday life is threatened with failure, as any
__line 12__excuse to retreat from recycling, which has always carried the stigma of being non-
profitable, would be attractive to manufacturers.
І strongly urge а thorough investigation of long-term effects of this research, or we might find
ourselves inside а vicious carbon cycle.

Harold Brown,
Kent

1. What does the word "this" refer to in line 8?

2. Explain the phrase "has always carried the stigma of being non-profitable" (line 12).
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
3. In а paragraph of between 40 and 50 words, summarise the arguments for and against
landfill sites as they are presented in the passage.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

PART IV. WRITING

Read the writing tasks below and write one of them in 300-350 words in an appropriate style.
1. А magazine is looking for articles for its lifestyle section on the positive and negative
aspects of working from home. As someone who has already tried or is seriously considering working
from home, you decide to write in.
Write your article.

2. Your local council is concerned that there has been а significant decrease in the number
of tourists visiting your area. As someone who works for а local tourist agency, you have been asked
to write а report to send to the local council setting out what factors you feel have contributed to the
decline and the steps local authorities сап take to attract the tourists back.
Write your report.

PART V. SPEAKING TASK (on the topic given)