Midterm Module

EE 110
Teaching Arts in the Elementary Grades
BEED 3A

By:

ARLENE M. BALANQUIT
Master Teacher I

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Module No. & Title 1. PRINCIPLE OF ART

Module Overview The elements and principles of art and design are the
foundation of the language we use to talk about art. The elements of
art are the visual tools that the artist uses to create a composition.
These are line, shape, color, value, form, texture, and space.

This module intends to help students develop their skills in

creating artworks that convey message through the use of different
principle of art. It enable students appreciate the importance of each
principle in creating an artwork.

Module 1. Create artworks showing the characteristic of elements and

Objectives/Outcomes principles of art.
2. Appreciate the artifacts and art objects in terms of its utilization
and their distinct use of art elements and principles
Lessons in the module For students to have an idea, just simply enumerate lessons contained in a
module.

Lesson 1: Title
Lesson 2: Title
Lesson 3: Title

Note: Number of Lessons may vary depending on the number of ILOs to

be covered. May vary from 2 to 5.

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Module No. and Title 1. PRINCIPLES OF ART

Lesson No. and Title Principle of Arts Define.

Learning Outcomes 1. Review the basic Principles of Design (balance, harmony, rhythm,
proportion, variety contrast and emphasis).
2. Understand each principle more completely.
Time Frame 1 hour
Introduction Have you ever wondered how elements of a photograph come together to
form a successful image? In this article, we’ll look at how to use the seven
principles of art and design.
These principles of design will help you create better more interesting
images.
The elements of art and design are the tools of visual artists. The
principles of art and design represent how an artist uses these tools to
create visual art.

The elements of art and principles of design are the fundamental pieces
that make up an artwork. Most works of art will make use of many or all
of the elements and principles of art. We often judge art by how
effectively the artist used these design fundamentals even before we learn
about them.

Find the meaning of each principle of art.

Activity d 1. Balance a. The ratio of one art element to another.

a 2. Proportion/Scale b. creates a sense of chaos, harmoniously

e 3. Emphasis c. visual flow of an artwork

b 4. Rhythm/Movement d. The sense of stability

g 5. Harmony/Unity e. one element of an artwork stands out

more than another

c 6. Variety f. the arrangement of opposite elements and

effects

f 7. Contrast g. creates a sense of flow and connection

By applying the principles of art, artists can create a cohesive image

Analysis grounded in the foundations of art theory.
Let’s take a closer look at each principle.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijAA2r1_fyM

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 Imagine you're using your favorite pen to draw a spaceship. You take into
Abstraction careful consideration where to place this spaceship on the page and how
far away to draw the moon and stars that the spaceship is about to fly by.
You want to show that the spaceship is moving, so you draw a few
squiggles. Finally, because of your love of star gazing, you color in a
nearby shooting star with your favorite shade of yellow and voila; you
have just created your own artwork.
They are the ways an artist can organize the elements of art to create a
wide range of effects.Without even knowing it, you have just used some
of the principles of art. Each of these art fundamentals are closely related
and many of them overlap. When combined, they produce a complete
artistic vision.They include:

1. balance
2. proportion
3. emphasis
4. variety
5. movement
6. rhythm
7. harmony

They are used to organize the basic elements of art: line, shape, form,
value, color, space, and texture. They are sometimes also referred to
as principles of organization or design principles.
Another important element in creating art is composition. A
composition is the placement or arrangement of visual elements in an
artwork, and art principles help figure out the arrangements of those
visual elements.
These principles are key in creating an effectively designed piece of
artwork.
Application Identify the 7 principle of art.
1. Sense of oneness/unity -harmony
2. Illusion of action or repetition -rhythm
3. Difference or contrast -variety
4. Dominance over other artwork -emphasis
5. Equalizing visual focus -balance
6. Similar to emphasis -movement
7. the relative size of parts of a whole -proportion

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Module No. and 1. PRINCIPLES OF ART
Title
Lesson No. and 1. “BALANCE”
Title
Learning Demonstrates understanding of lines, shapes, and space; and the
Outcomes principles of balance through drawing.

1. Students will learn about the principle of art called balance and how it
can be used in an artwork.
2. Identify, compare & contrast the three main types of balance and be
able to recognize each type in a piece of art.
3. Describe the characteristics of balance.
Time Frame 3 hours
Introduction Have you ever thought about what is balance in art exactly?

Balance refers to many things. As toddlers, we learn to balance our

bodies. Riding a bicycle requires balancing an object. Even how we
organize our time requires a measure of balance.

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 1. Balance in art is defined as the equal distribution of visual weight in a
composition. All the elements (line, shape, color, etc) in that composition
look stable or have a feeling of balance (like one side is not heavier than
the other).

2. Balance is one of the principles of design. Understanding and applying

knowledge of balance methods are important parts of creating a good
composition. In 2D art, balance refers to how an artist develops a
composition through the arrangement or placement of objects or elements
on the picture plane. The artist places the elements or objects in a such
way to create either a sense of equilibrium. He may intentionally create an
unbalanced piece to send a certain message as well.

3. A Central Axis Line is an imaginary line that divides the composition

in half either vertically or horizontally. Objects placed on either side of
the axis line can either be repeated exactly the same (Symmetry, Radial)
or unequally but with equal visual weight (Asymmetrical).

4. The artist can create interest in a composition depending on how they

choose to use balance. Remembering always to incorporate or include the
other principles of design (Emphasis, Harmony, Variety, Rhythm, etc) is
the key to a successful composition.
Identify if the presentation of artwork is balance or not balance in both
sides.

Activity
1. balance

2. not balance

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 3. balance

4. balance

5. not balance

Elements of Art Influence on Balance

Analysis How do some of the elements of art effect visual balance? When
developing your composition, it is VERY important to remember the
weight attributes of each element and how they influence weight in visual
balance.

1. Color:
1. Light colors appear lighter in weight than dark colors.
Black and white are the strongest contrast you can Have-Black
is the heaviest color & white is the lightest color.
2. Bright colors are visually heavier than dull colors.
3. Warm colors (Yellow, Orange, Red) visually expand an
area in size, whereas cool colors (Blue, Green Purple) tend to
contract an area.
4. Transparent areas visually weigh less than opaque areas.

2. Shape: Shape size is VERY important to balance…

1. Individually-small shapes are light, larger shapes are
heavier.
2. A small shape next to a large shape will weigh less than
the larger shape.
3. Grouping a few small shapes together can have equal
weight with one larger shape.
4. Complex geometric shapes (hexagons, trapezoids, etc)
weigh more than simple geometric shapes (circle, square, etc)

3. Line: Light thin lines are lighter, rough thick lines are heavier
4. Texture: light smooth textures weigh less than dark jagged (lots
of pattern) textures

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 5. Value: lighter values weigh less than darker values on the value
scale
Other things that effect balance weight are: location on the picture
plane, contrasting colors together, & line direction

Describe the following work of art. How do you relate these artworks to
balance as one of the principles of art?

1.
The picture has equal disposal of colors and the left side so with the
right side looks the same.

2.
The colors complements one another though the elements being used
was not similar but still the indication of balance was there.

3.
The picture shows pattern in its design constantly.
4. How do you show balance in art?
Balance could be shown through applying appropriate elements to
create even visuals and by also using the three types of balance
namely; symmetrical, asymmetrical and radial balance to achieve the

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 desired outcome.

What is balance in art?

Abstraction Balance in art refers to the ways in which the elements (line, shape, color,
etc.) are arranged in a composition to create visual equilibrium.

There are 3 main types balance:

1. Symmetrical or Formal Balance: the elements (line, shape, color,
etc.) are identical or almost identical on both sides of the axis
(easiest balance to achieve and generally feels calmer and more
stable)

2. Asymmetrical or Informal Balance: the elements are not

identical on either side of the axis line, yet the overall feeling is still
stable (harder to achieve, but visually more interesting)

3. Radial Balance: the elements radiate out from a central point.

Elements are repeated evenly both vertically and horizontally from
the axis lines (generally a design is repeated in circle 4+ times)

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 Conclusion
Once you are consistently creating balanced compositions you should
consider what balance communicates to your audience. An imbalanced
composition is not always wrong. Imbalance creates an unnerving feeling
in the viewer that is sometimes appropriate when representing a
frightening or dangerous concept such as war or uncertainty.

It doesn’t matter whether you prefer symmetric or asymmetric balance.

Each has its own purpose in composing your artworks.
What matters most is that you purposefully manage and use 
balance in your art, choosing the best form of balance based on your
subject matter and message.
Art Activity.
Application Instructions:
1. In an A4 size bond paper, show each type of balance (symmetrical,
asymmetrical, & radial). Fit ALL on one page. Label each design with the
correct type of balance & color them with colored pencils or markers,
media.
2. Orientation: Landscape
3. Do not forget the 1-inch margin around the paper.
Reminder: Strictly no use of ball pens.

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Closure Congratulations for completing the lesson! I hope you got it right.

Module No. and PRINCIPLES OF ART

Title
2. PROPORTION
Lesson No. and 1. Facial Proportion and Self Portrait
Title
Learning 1. Describe the characteristics of proportion.
Outcomes 2. Apply concepts on the steps/procedures in face mapping.
Time Frame 3 hours
Introduction Have you ever tried on a piece of clothing and found that it made you
look shorter or taller than you actually are? Perhaps the issue was one of
proportion

When two or more elements are put together in a painting a relationship is

created. This relationship is said to be harmonious when a correct or
desirable association exists between the elements. This refers to the
correct sizing and distribution of an element which then creates good
proportion. Good proportion adds harmony and symmetry or balance
among the parts of a design as a whole.

Activity 1. Fill the activity below. Complete the parts of a face. Draw it again in
the box provided below.

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 A. Consider the artwork below, a sculpture of a Buddha, founder of the
Analysis Buddhist Faith.

The large central figure is the Buddha, founder of the Buddhist faith. Did
you notice the other human figures in the work? Two of them are found
on either side of the base. They are much smaller than the Buddha, but
their servants, kneeling on the ground, are smaller still. It is important to
note that as an art principle, proportion is not just limited to size.
Elements such as color can also be used in varying proportions.

1. What is the significant part of the sculpture? Its proportion

2. What figure shows proportion of the sculpture? The largest? The
Buddha

B. Describe the drawing/painting.

1. What is the significant part of the drawing/painting? The element that

has big size which is the Buddha.
2. What figure/object shows proportion of the drawing/painting? The
object that shows proportion is the servants and the Buddha.
3.How does proportion work in this painting/drawing?
Proportion worked through its varying size with the same
composition as shown in the left and right side of the
painting/drawing above.

Abstraction Proportion is an element of design that pertains to the relative

size of the components that compose an object. Again, the human body is
the standard by which people judge proportion. An eye should be smaller
than a face, for instance, and a male’s shoulders should be wider than his
hips.

When the principle of proportion is applied to a work of art it is usually in

the relationship of size. That is, the size of one element as compared to
the size of another related element within the same composition. In this
instance, a comparison of size is made between the:

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 Height, width and depth of one element to that of another
Size of one area to the size of another area
Size of one element to the size of another element
Amount of space between two or more elements

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 In this painting right proportion is instrumental in
emphasizing the distance of the ship in the background.

Proportion is largely about the relationship of the size of one

element when compared to another. When drawing or painting
realistically, proportion is important. If the proportions are incorrect, then
the resulting image will look less realistic or abstracted.

Proportion is not the size of an object, but rather it is the size of the
object in relation to other objects around it. If you’re drawing an image of
a man walking his dog and the man is the same height as the house he is
walking in front of, the drawing will not be believable. So how do we
work with proportion?

Unrealistic Proportions
Sometimes exaggerated or distorted proportions are purposefully
used to convey a particular meaning or message. By widening,
lengthening, shrinking, and bending parts of the human body, the artist
can create a feeling or mood around the subject. Let’s consider two
historically acclaimed artists and their respective styles – El Greco and
Picasso.

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 When you see a disproportionate object, it catches your attention.
Cartoons with large-headed people, for example, catch your eye. Obvious
exaggeration may even tickle your funny bone. “The Head” by Eric Fogel
is a good example:

In contrast, an artwork in which all of the figures are proportionate

can make you feel calm and content. Rather than challenging your
emotions, proportion infuses you with a sense of completeness. Georges
Seurat’s “A Sunday on La Grand Jatte” shows stylized people, all well-
proportioned and on the same scale, relaxing on a sunny afternoon. Even
though there are variations of light and lots of activities to look at, the
overall effect is serene.

Proportions of the Human Body

Two people can be the same height and have different proportions, just as
two people can be different in height but have the same proportions. See
the illustration below.

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 Proportions of the Human Face

 The human head is generally taller than it is wide.

 The face shape is approximately symmetric around a vertical axis.
 Eyes fall across an imaginary line that divides the head
horizontally through the center.
 The bottom of the nose falls across a second imaginary line
between the “eye line” and the bottom of the chin.
 The mouth is closer to the nose than the bottom of the chin.

Face Mapping is a technique used to set up the proportion of the features

on a face.

Ever wanted to know how to draw a hand in proportion? This is the

easy hand drawing tutorial for you. In this drawing tutorial which is designed
for beginners, you'll learn how to draw the basic proportion of the hand
simply, step by step, by looking for simple shapes. This art video is aimed at
beginners looking to develop their drawing and sketching techniques and
those wishing to advance their drawing and sketching of hands and fingers.
Let’s watch this.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t8El7-C0pzc

Conclusion
As artists, we can choose to use color or not. We can choose to use
emphasis or not. There is, however, no escaping proportion. One simply

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 cannot “leave it out”. Proportion is an important tool for the artist. With
accurate proportions, we can create drawings and paintings that are
realistic. By manipulating proportion, we can emphasize elements and
communicate ideas. Proportion is a powerful principle that should be
understood by every artist.
What is proportion? Compare and contrast how artists use proportion in
Application artworks throughout this module.
Art Activity: Self- Portrait
Make a Self-Portrait applying the technique to set up the proportion of
the features on your face.

1. Divide A4 size bond paper into 2. Paste the picture on the first half and
make your drawing emulating the image in the second half.

Closure Congratulations for completing the lesson!

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Module No. and 3. PRINCIPLE OF ARTS
Title
EMPHASIS
Lesson No. and 1. “Center of Interest”
Title
Demonstrates understanding of the use of lines, shapes, colors, texture,
Learning and the principles of emphasis in drawing.
Outcomes
1. Draws/paints significant object or person that shows “Center of
Interest”
2. Utilizes art skills in using emphasis in art.
3. Describe the characteristics of emphasis.
Time Frame 3 hours
Introduction Sometimes a painting or drawing is a story. All good stories have a
hero or, at least, a main character. Visual art can have a main character
too. The main character does not have to be a person. An object or area
within the composition can serve as the main character in an artwork.

When you want to call attention to an important word in a sentence, what

do you do? You underline or italicize the word. This makes it stand out
visually from the rest of the words on the page. It gives the word
emphasis. In art, emphasis has almost the same meaning.

Emphasis is a principle of art which occurs any time an element of

a piece is given dominance by the artist. In other words, the artist makes
part of the work stand out in order to draw the viewer's eye there first.
Activity A. By looking at each work of art, write in the blank the object that
captures you.

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 1. Red rose

2. Green colored person showing

different movement

3. Heart shaped object

4. Blue eggs

5. woman
Looking for Emphasis
Analysis
As you study art, remain mindful of emphasis. Look at how each piece of
art naturally directs your eye around the piece.

This image is created by Sara Slaughter, an artist from Kansas, City

Answer the following questions:

1. What do you notice first in this painting? What object stands out in this

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 artwork?
I noticed first the lighted match stick and it stands out.
2. What did the artist used to make it as a focal point of your sight? What
shade of color is used?
The artist used a background color that is not catchy specifically it
use black and white color.

3. Is it necessary to put the emphasis of an artwork in the center?

Yes, so it can be recognized easily.

4. How are you going to show emphasis in an artwork?

Emphasis can be shown in an artwork by making one particular
object stand with the help of contrast or extreme change an element.

5. What techniques did the artist use to achieve this?

The techniques that artist use are, they place their subject in the
composition in areas that are known to attract attention and making
it isolated from the other elements through the placement of tone or
depth. Moreover, it is all done through the contrast.
6. So how do we, as artists, designate the main character in a painting?
How do we get our audience to look where we want them to look?
By putting emphasis we will be able to designate the main focus in a
painting making it stand out. The audience then can easily recognised
the particular object.

6. Why is emphasis important?

Emphasis is important for the reason that it helps the artist control
what part of a work the viewer looks at first and through emphasis
we will be able to know if what is the highlighted object.

Abstraction EMPHASIS IN ART

Emphasis is the principle of art concerned with making an element

or object in an artwork stand out. The use of this principle helps the artist
control what part of a work the viewer looks at first. It also helps the artist
control how long the viewer will spend looking at each of the different
parts. Emphasis can be created by contrast or extreme changes in an
element of art.

Any object or area of emphasis is called a focal point. The focal

point is meant to be the part of an artwork to which the viewer’s eyes are
first attracted.  Artworks can have multiple focal points. The degree to
which the focal points stand out determines the order in which the viewer
notices them.

How Artists Add Emphasis

Frequently, an emphasis is achieved by means of contrast.

Contrast can be achieved in a variety of ways and artists often employ

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 more than one technique in a single piece.
A contrast in color, value, and texture can certainly draw you to a
particular area. Likewise, when one object is significantly larger or in the
foreground, it becomes the focal point because the perspective or depth
draw us in.

Many artists will also strategically place their subject in the

composition in areas that are known to attract attention. That may be
directly in the center, but more often than not it is off to one side or
another. It might also be isolated from other elements through placement,
tone, or depth.

Take a look at the image of tomatoes below. The green tomato is mixed
into the red tomatoes but does not get lost in the group. It is clearly the
focal point because of a strong contrast of color.

Application Art Activity

Do this.

1. In an A4 size bond paper create an artwork that shows “Emphasis”.

Choose your own design. The title of this Art Project is “Center of
Interest”
2. Orientation: Landscape
Reminder: Do not use ball pen. You can use pencil, crayon, water color or
any medium of art.

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Closure Congratulations for completing the lesson! I hope you got it right.

Module No. and 3. PRINCIPLE OF ART

Title

Lesson No. and 1. HARMONY IN ART

Title
Demonstrate understanding of lines, colors, space, and harmony through
Learning painting and explains/illustrates landscapes of important historical places
Outcomes in the community (natural or man-made) using one-point perspective in
landscape drawing, complementary colors, and the right proportions of
parts.

1. Sketch natural or man-made places in the community with the use of

analogous, monochromatic or complementary colors.

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 2. Draw/paint significant or important historical places.

Time Frame 3 hours

Introduction You know the term harmony from music, where it refers to two or
more instruments or voice parts combining to create a pleasant sound. In
art, harmony is the principle of art concerned with combining similar art
elements to create a pleasing appearance.
Elements which are in harmony should have some kind of logical
progression or relationship. It should just look like it works.
If there is an element which is not in harmony with the rest of the
artwork, it should stick-out and be jarring to look at; kind of like an off
note in a song.
A. Write down group of colors in the Color wheel.
Activity
The Color Wheel

List at least 3 neighboring colors that relate each other in the color wheel.
1. Yellow and Green
2. Blue and Violet
3. Red and Orange
4. Yellow and Orange
A. Notice how the artist combine or blend colors in her painting
Analysis
O’Keeffe has used analogous colors to create harmony in value.

1.What colors did the artist use? Name the colors:

red, yellow, orange, violet
2. How did these colors appear in the color wheel?
The said colors appear to be connected to each other due to the
combination being applied.
3. What group of colors did the artist apply to show harmony in an

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 artwork? Analogous colors.

B. Notice how the value of blue is used in the artwork. Describe.

It only uses three different colors namely; black, white and blue. Blue
has different shades, tint and tone.
What do you call the color scheme using the shades of blue?
Monochromatic colors
HARMONY IN ART
Abstraction Harmony is a principle of art which refers to how well all the visual
elements work together.
Harmony (also called unity) is an important principle of design that
gives the artwork a sense of cohesion or coherence. It is the wholeness or
completeness of a picture. Unity and harmony in art are used by artists
to tie a composition together and help the composition make sense as a
whole piece of art.
You can promote harmony in your painting by uniting colors which
are under a tight or compressed value range. For example, a group of light
colors has a certain harmony because they are all light. The same goes for
a group of dark colors or colors within the middle-value range.
Harmony is the visually satisfying effect of combining similar or related
elements.
 Adjacent colors
 Similar shapes
 Related textures

Monet's painting below demonstrates harmony in color with mostly

greens and blues used. This is known as an analogous color scheme.

Figure 1
The Art of Choosing. Analogous color scheme

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 Speaking technically, analogous colors are three colors next to each
other on the color wheel, composed of one dominant color (usually a
primary or secondary color), then a supporting color (a secondary or
tertiary color), and a third color that is either a mix of the two first colors,
or an accent color that pops. “A succulent is an example of analogous
colors in nature, with its blue, green, and blue/green leaves,” says
designer Kristen Peña of K Interiors. “Another is the setting sun with
hints of red, orange and yellow.”

Take a look at these color wheels to better understand how the analogous
color scheme works:
ANALOGOUS COLORS

Example:

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 Figure 1 Figure 2

MONOCHROMATIC COLORS
In a Monochromatic color harmony we use any single color plus tints,
shades and tones of the same color. For example, orange with black, white
and grey added. A tint is a color to which white was added, a shade is a
color to which black was added, and a tone is a color to which white was
added.

Examples:

Figure 1 Figure 2

COMPLEMENTARY COLORS
Complementary colors are two colors that are on opposite sides of the
color wheel. As an artist, knowing which colors are complementary to one
another can help you make good color decisions. For instance,
complementaries can make each other appear brighter, they can be mixed

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 to create effective neutral hues, or they can be blended together for
shadows.
At the heart of color theory, complementary colors are the opposite
hues on the color wheel. In their most basic form, they are one primary
color and the secondary color that is created by mixing the other two
primaries. For instance, the complementary color to yellow is purple,
which is a mix of blue and red.
If you add the tertiary colors—those made up of one primary and one
secondary color—and work your way around the color wheel, you'll find
that these colors are also complementary: orange-red and blue-green
(aqua)
Examples of complementary color combinations:
 Red and green.
 Blue and orange.
 Yellow and purple.
 Yellow-green and red-purple.
 Red-orange and blue-green.
Example:

Figure 1 Figure 2

Figure 3
Application Art Activity.
Instruction:
1. In an A4 size of bond paper ,draw natural or man-made places that
shows harmony in colors.
2. Use pencil to sketch the image.
3. Orientation: Landscape

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Module No. and 4. PRINCIPLE OF ART
Title RHYTHM
Lesson No. and 1. RHYTHM
Title
1. Describe the characteristics of rhythm.
Learning 2. Create an artwork that shows emotion, movement or repetition.
Outcomes
Time Frame 3 hours
Introduction Rhythm in art refers to the arrangement of shapes in a way which
creates an underlying beat. It is similar to the rhythm of music, but instead
of notes and sounds, we use colors and shapes.

Rhythm is a principle of art that can be difficult to describe in words.

We can easily recognize rhythm in music because it is the underlying beat
that we hear. In art, we can try and translate that into something that we
see in order to understand an artwork's visual beat.
A. Choose the letter that describes each picture in Column B. Write it in
Activity the blank before the number.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

_d_1. a. shows a pattern in regular or

irregular intervals

_e_ 2. b. shows in lines and movements

C 3. c. in colors using different forms

a_4. d. forms creating a sense of order

b 5. e. pattern showing continuity

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 B. Which of the following drawing/picture is repeated? Put a check
( ).

1. __✔️_

2. _ ✔️_

3. __✔️_

4. _✔️_

5. _✔️__

Analysis

“Young Corn” by Grant Wood, 1931

Grant Wood has a very soft rhythm in his work. His color palette tends
to be very subtle and he uses patterns in almost every piece of work. In
landscapes like "Young Corn" (1931), Wood uses a pattern to depict rows in
a farm field and his trees have a fluffy quality that creates a pattern. Even the

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 shapes of the rolling hills in the painting repeat to create a pattern.

“ Ocean Greyness”by Jackson Pollock, 1953

His work has a very bold rhythm, almost chaotic like what you
might find in electronic dancehall music. The beat of his paintings come
from the actions he made to create them. Slinging paint over the canvas in
the way he did, he created a mad fury of motion that pops and he never
gives the viewer a break from this.

“ The Starry Night” by Vincent Van Gogh

"The Starry Night" (1889) has a rhythm thanks to the swirling, well-
defined brush strokes he used throughout. This creates a pattern without
being what we typically think of as a pattern. Van Gogh's piece has a
more subtle rhythm than Pollock, but it still has a fantastic beat.

Translating these three artists into music will help you recognize
their rhythm. While Pollock has that electronic vibe, Van Gogh has more
of a jazzy rhythm and Wood is more like a soft concerto.

Rhythm is defined as continuous, recurrent, or organized movement. It

Abstraction allows for underlying unity and variety in a design.
It is based on repetition of colors, shapes, forms, lines and other existing
elements of arts.
Also known as REPITITION.
We can create rhythm in 5 different ways…
1. Rhythm by Repetition… Can be achieved through… Repeated lines,
shapes and forms, colors, textures, or patterns.

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 2. Rhythm by Gradation… Completed by increasing or decreasing one or
more qualities, such as height or width or overall size.

3. Rhythm by Transition… Often subtle. Leads the eye in a gentle,

continuous, uninterrupted visual flow from one area to another or object
to another. Arches are much smoother, less abrupt, than doorways with
square corners. Curved lines are a sign of transition.

4. Rhythm by Opposition… The direct placement of lines, forms, or colors

to create opposition by an abrupt change. Ornate objects placed in
simple backgrounds Old versus new Complementary colors next to each
other Intersecting lines--Square corners

5. Rhythm by Radiation… All parts of a composition are balanced and

repeated around a central axis. Petals of a daisy Chairs around a table
Circular objects such as plates, bowls, light fixtures, textile patterns,
hanging plants and chandeliers Not used as frequently as other types.

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 What is repetition, pattern, and rhythm?  How do they relate to each
other?

Repetition refers to one object or shape repeated; pattern is a

combination of elements or shapes repeated in a recurring and regular
arrangement; rhythm--is a combination of elements repeated, but with
variations.

The best way to learn about rhythm in art is to see it in action. Below,
I take a closer look at master paintings which feature a strong use of
rhythm.

In Vincent van Gogh's Undergrowth with Two Figures, the trees

provide a very repetitive beat, which contrasts against the energetic
brushwork used for the grass and flowers.

The key to RHYTHM is continuity.

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 Art Activity 1
Application 1. Design a repeated pattern that shows rhythm.. Use 2 colors only ( black
and white)applying also the elements of line and space.

Note: Follow the same instruction in creating an Artwork.

Example:

Closure Congratulations for completing the lesson! I hope you got it right.

Module No. and PRINCIPLES OF ART

Title “CONTRAST”
Lesson No. and Contrast in Art - The Value Factor
Title
Learning 1. Show how to use the elements of art together to achieve contrast and
Outcomes emphasis in an artwork.
2. Describe the characteristics of contrast.
Time Frame 3 hours
Introduction Contrast can be created through any difference including value,
color, texture, size, etc.
Contrast adds variety to the total design and creates unity. It draws
the viewer's eye into the painting and helps to guide the viewer around the
art piece. Contrast also adds visual interest. ... Too little contrast results in
a design that is bland and uninteresting to view.
Using the color wheel, give the complementary of the following colors:
Activity
1. yellow - purple
2. blue - orange
3. red - green

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 Take this image for example...
Analysis

Notice how the red and green vibrate off of each other. The result is
aesthetically horrid. The problem lies in the use of value. There needs to be
contrast in value along with the contrast in color. If we change the values, not
the colors, the result is more successful...

Describe what you see after changing color green as background in relation to
the value of its color.

What can you say?

The color green complements the color red in which the color red appeared to
be not dark as what it used to be .

Abstraction Contrast is simply defined as difference. Difference between art

elements like color, value, size, texture, and so on can intensify the
elements used. As a result, the elements used in a work of art can become
more powerful. Although contrast is closely related with variety, it is
usually considered a principle of art. Although some art purist, stick with
variety and argue that contrast simply creates variety.

Understanding Color Contrast

It is easy to understand how color can create contrast. For
example, complementary colors provide a high level of contrast.
Complementary colors are colors that are located directly across from
each other on the color wheel. Red and green, blue and orange, and
purple and yellow are all examples of this. But when using
complementary colors, we also have to consider value. Value is the
darkness or lightness of color. Without contrast in value, the contrast
created by complementary colors is counter-productive.
Color Contrast

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 This color wheel shows the saturated colors that give maximum color
contrast between complementary and, between Yellow and Violet,
compound complementary that yield less color contrast.

These two reds are identical but when surrounded by its complementary,
the second red appears more intense.
Using black paper as a background to the bright yellow and orange
stamped flowers, allow the paint to POP, creating not only contrast but
emphasis. The bright blue pot is brighter than the other colors which
creates a focal point. This is the essence of emphasis.
Drawing the blue draw large and without any competing subjects in
the background, emphasizes the dog’s importance to the artist.

CONTRAST is the arrangement of opposite elements: light vs dark,

rough vs smooth, large vs small.  

Create a collage using a ¼ size of illustration board with the black as your
Application background. Show contrast and emphasis on you artwork.
Materials:
 Illustration board ( ¼ size)
 Colored paper or any from magazines, paints, etc.
 Paste
 Scissors
 Organic or inorganic materials/indigenous materials

Note: Refrain from using protruding objects.

Example:

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 Value contrast Texture Contrast

Line Contrast Size Contrast

Closure Congratulations for completing the lesson! I hope you got it right.

Module No. and PRINCIPLES IN ART

Title
Lesson No. and VARIETY
Title
Learning 1. Describe the characteristics of variety.
Outcomes 2. Appreciate artworks showing the characteristic elements
of the arts.
Time Frame 2 hours
Introduction For many people, performing the same task or following the same
routine over and over again leads to boredom. That is why vacations are
such a pleasure. A vacation is an interruption of life’s routines. Some
people are active when on vacation while others do nothing at all. One
thing is certain – vacations look different than the routines they interrupt.
Vacations are a measured dose of variety in a person’s life. Art needs
variety also

. Variety is the use of several elements of design to hold the viewer's

attention and to guide the viewer's eye through and around the work of
art.
It's about the variety of elements and objects in your image, to avoid
making them boring. Variety can also be varying angles, exposure,
composition etc.

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 List all the elements of art that you can identify in this artwork.
Activity

The elements are line, shape, color and size.

Examine and describe an art work in terms of the elements of art
Analysis Applied and used properly according to its purpose.

Abstraction Good design and, therefore, good art is all about variety. Variety in
art means using different sizes, shapes and colors in your artwork to
create visual diversity. Artists achieve visual variety with several
elements treated in different ways.

Variety is the principle of art that adds interest to an artwork.

Variety works through juxtaposition (placing two or more things
side-by-side, often with the intention of comparing or contrasting the
elements) and contrast. When an artist places different visual elements
next to one another, he/she is using variety. Straight lines next to curvy
lines add variety. Organic shapes among geometric shapes add variety.
Bright colors next to dull colors add variety.

Harmony and variety are really opposite expressions of the same

nebulous concept. To emphasize one is to de-emphasize the other.
Harmony and variety play tug-of-war in a composition. Too much
harmony is boring while too much variety is aimless and
incomprehensible.

Look at the image below. Both harmony and variety are evident.
The orange squares and the blue grid that surround them are in harmony
based on both color and shape. The round form of distorted squares adds
variety. The ball breaks the monotony of squares and adds interest.

Unity and Variety

Unity in an artwork creates a sense of harmony and wholeness, by
using similar elements within the composition and placing them in a way
that brings them all together.
Variety adds interest by using contrasting elements within the

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 composition.
The example below is a very simple illustration of the principle,
using circles of different sizes and colors to show how a composition can
be unified by similarities, and how interest can be added by varying
aspects of the composition.

All harmony and no variety is boring.

Application Variety refers to how artists and designers add complexity to their work
using visual elements. Contrast, difference and change, and elaboration all
add visual interest to an artist’s work.

Circle the letter of your answer.

1. Why is variety important in a piece of artwork?
a. It provides complexity and interest in an artwork
b. Without variety the artwork wouldn’t be very colourful
c. It allows the artist to show lots of different ideas at the same time

2. What is elaboration?
a. Adding detail and complexity to a composition
b. Using very different elements in a composition
c. Using similar elements but varying them slightly

3. How does contrast create variety?

a. Contrast creates variety through rich detail
b. Contrast creates obvious variety through dramatic differences
between elements
c. Contrast creates variety through subtle differences between elements

4. How does difference and change create variety?

a. By creating complex patterns, textures and detail
b. By creating obvious clashes and differences between elements
c. By using similar elements that have small differences between them

5. How can colors be used to create obvious variety and dramatic visual
impact?
a. Using colors that clash or are very different from one another can
create visual impact
b. Using colors that harmonize with one another will create visual

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 impact
c. Using lots of black will create visual impact

6. How has Kandinsky used variety to effect in his painting Several

Circles?

a. Kandinsky has used lots of different brush techniques to create a

variety of textures
b. Kandinsky has used lots of different materials and layers to create
variety
c. Kandinsky has used lots of colors and different sized circles that
overlap to create variety

7. What term is used to describe adding detail and complexity to a work?

a. Elongation
b. Elaboration
c. Gradation

8. How has George Hyde created variety in his painting The Haymarket
(1910)?

a. A wide variety of colors is used

b. There is strong contrast between light and dark areas
c. Figures and buildings are shown in elaborate detail

9. How is variety shown by this mosaic inside the Jameh Mosque of

Isfahān?

a. There is a great variety of texture

b. A wide variety of colors are used

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 c. The pattern is elaborate and varied

10. How is variety shown in this El Lissitzky poster?

a. Elaborate detail
b. Contrasting elements
c. A range of different but similar elements

Closure Congratulations for completing the lesson! I hope you got it right.

Prepared by Lina R. Ombon BEED 3B

https://thevirtualinstructor.com
https://drawpaintacademy.com

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