REFERENCING AND DOCUMENTATION IN THE APA (6TH EDITION)

TRADITION: A BEGINNER’S GUIDE

COMPILED

BY

DR BARIGBON GBARA NSEREKA

FOR MAS 873 (PART C): ADVANCED MEDIA RESEARCH

MAY 2020
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Academic conventions and copyright law require one to acknowledge the source
or sources of one’s information when one uses the ideas of others. In most cases,
this means stating which book or journal article is the source of an idea or
quotation.
To make reference to and document sources, the American Psychological
Association (APA) format is widely accepted in the social sciences and such
other fields as education, business, and nursing. The APA citation format requires
parenthetical citations within the text rather than endnotes or footnotes. Citations in
the text provide brief information, usually the name of the author and the date of
publication, to lead the reader to the source of information in the reference list at
the end of the paper.
This guide to the APA 6th Edition is compiled mainly but not wholly, from the
guide prepared by staff of the Universal College of Learning (UCOL) Student
Experience Team (SET) Library and Learning Services, in December 2011.

1.1 Referencing
When you reference, you use the standardized style to acknowledge the source of
information used in your assignment or research work.
It is important (morally & legally) to acknowledge someone else’s ideas or words
you have used. Academic writing encourages paraphrasing information you have
researched and read. Paraphrasing means putting something you have read in your
own words. If you use someone else’s words or work and fail to acknowledge
them, you may be accused of plagiarism and infringing the consulted author’s
copyright.
Referencing correctly enables the reader of your assignment to locate the source of
the information. The reader can verify the information or read further on the topic.
Referencing also enables you to retrace your steps and locate information you
have used for assignments and discover further views or ideas discussed by the
author.
Referencing clearly and correctly, indicates that you have undertaken research
on the assignment topic and located relevant information.
Referencing comprises two main parts:
1. The first part involves indicating within your assignment the sources of the
information you have used to write your assignment. This lends credence to your
ideas, arguments and views. This is referred to as: citing in-text, or in-text
citations.

2. The second part of referencing is the construction of a reference list. The

reference list shows the details of everything you cited and it appears in an
alphabetical list on a separate page, at the end of the whole work.

Ensure that everything you cited in-text appears in your reference list at the end
of the whole work and that what appear in your reference list are only those items
that have been cited in the text. Be sure that this is so before handing in your
project work. The exception is when using a personal communication. Personal
communications – personal interviews, text messages, letters, telephone
conversations, e-mail, memos and circulars – are cited in the text but do not appear
in the reference list.

1.2 Documentation
When you use the words or original ideas of another person in your writing, you
need to document, or give credit to, the sources of those words or ideas. If you use
the exact words of the original writer, the use of quotation marks is necessary. If
you paraphrase or restate the idea in your own words, don't use quotation marks,
but document the source. Documentation, therefore, is the citing or putting down
of the sources of one’s ideas, information or views.

In the American Psychological Association (APA) format, which is one of several

documentation formats, the researcher briefly identifies the sources of information
in the text of the paper being written, and then give the full details of the sources in
the reference list at the end of the paper.

2.0 IN-TEXT CITATIONS (REFERENCES WITHIN THE TEXT)

APA utilizes a system of brief referencing in the text of a paper, whether one is
paraphrasing or providing a direct quotation from another author’s work.
Citations in the text usually consist of the name of the author(s) and the year of
publication. The page number is added when utilizing a direct quotation.
2.1. Short quote – less than 40 words
To indicate a short quote (less than 40 words), enclose the quotation within double
quotation marks.
Example:
“Cultural safety is based on attitudes which are difficult to measure. It needs to be
considered alongside other equally important safety requirements such as clinical,
ethical, legal and physical safety” (Wepa, 2005, p. 25).
2.2. Long quote – 40 words or more
For a quote that is 40 words or more, include it in your essay as a freestanding
piece of text or block form and do not use the quotation marks. Double-space the
entire quote. At the end of the quote, include the author’s name, year of publication
and page number/s after the full stop.
Example:
Cultural safety considerations are similar in that students are interacting in a
bicultural (two-person) context, where they are the giver of a health service and the
client is the receiver of that service. These bicultural interactions will be different
with every interaction, but the nurse’s awareness of the power differential between
them and client will be constant (Wepa, 2005, p. 25).

2.3 Indirect Quotation with Parenthetical Citation

Example:

Libraries highly value intellectual freedom and patron confidentiality (LaRue,

2007).
2.4 Indirect Quotation with Author as Part of the Narrative
Example:

LaRue (2007) identifies intellectual freedom and patron confidentiality as two key
values held by libraries.
2.5 Direct Quotation with Parenthetical Citation
Quoting directly from a work should be done sparingly, in order to emphasise or
stress a point in your essay. When using a quote, it must be copied exactly as
written in the original work, including any punctuation or incorrect spelling. When
using a quote, include the author’s last name, year of publication and page
number(s) where the quote appears.
Example:
Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life "to express the other form of
interconnectedness–genealogical rather than ecological" (Gould & Brown, 1991, p.
14).
2.6 Direct Quotation with Author as Part of the Narrative
Example:

Gould and Brown (1991) explain that Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life
"to express the other form of interconnectedness–genealogical rather than
ecological”(p. 14).
2.7. Quotations from online resources that do not provide page numbers
The APA manual (2010, p. 171-172) states that when using direct quotes from
online material, you must provide the author’s name, year and page number
within parenthetical marks ( ). If the page number is not known, use a paragraph
number. If the paragraph number could confuse the reader, consider including a
section heading, e.g. discussion section.
Example:
“The WTN exists to ‘encourage serendipity’ -- the happy accidents of colliding
ideas and new relationships that cause the biggest breakthroughs for individuals
and institutions” (World Technology Network, 2010, para. 2).
Reference list entry:
Example:

World Technology Network. (2010). About WTN: The World Technology Network
in action. Retrieved from http://www.wtn.net/aboutus.html
2.8 Citing secondary Sources
When citing in the text a work discussed in a secondary source, give both the
primary and the secondary sources. In the example below, the study by
Seidenberg and McClelland is mentioned in an article by Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins,
& Haller.
Example:
Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller,
1993) provides a glimpse into the world.
In the references page, you would cite the secondary source you read, not the
original study.
Example:
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud:
Dual-route and parallel-distributed processing approaches. Psychological
Review, 100, 589-608.
3. 0 DOCUMENTING REFERENCES ON THE REFERENCE PAGE
All references or information sources cited in any written work (i.e. essays, reports,
research papers, etc.) need to be listed in a reference list on a separate page at the
end of your research work. The page is headed or entitled ‘References’ or
‘Reference List.’ The reference list provides all the details necessary for the
person reading and/or marking the assignment to locate and retrieve any
information source cited. An accurate and properly constructed reference list
provides credibility to the written work it accompanies.

3.1 Basic Rules for documenting References

1. The reference list is arranged in alphabetical order of the authors’ last names.

Example:

Aboyade, B.O. (1987). The provision of information for rural development.

Ibadan: Fountain Publications.
Bame, K.N (1975) Comic plays in Ghana: A rural art form for rural social change.
Rural Africana, 27, 25-42.

2. If there is more than one work by the same author, order them by publication
date – from the earliest to the latest (for example, a 2004 publication would
appear before a 2008 publication).

Example:

Wilson, D. (1988). Towards integrating traditional and modern

communication systems. In R. Akinfeleye (ed.) Contemporary
issues in mass media for development and national security
(Pp.67-85). Lagos: Unimedia Publications.

Wilson, D. (1997). Communication and social action. Port Harcourt:

Footstep Publications.

3. If there is no author, the title of the work moves to that position of the author
and the entry is alphabetised by the first significant word, excluding words such as
“A” or “The”. If the title is long, it may be shortened when citing within the text.

Example:

Ageing well: How to be the best you can be [Brochure]. (2009). Wellington, New
Zealand: Ministry of Health.
4. Use ampersand (i.e “&”) instead of “and” when listing multiple authors of a
source.

Example:

Rogers, E. M. & Shoemaker, F. F. (1973). Communication of innovations: A

cross-cultural approach (2nd ed.). New York: Free Press.
5. The first line of the reference list entry is left-hand justified, while all
subsequent lines are consistently indented ( i.e. hanging indentation).

Example:

Rogers, E. M. & Shoemaker, F. F. (1973). Communication of innovations: A

cross-cultural approach (2nd ed.). New York: Free Press.

6. Capitalise only the first letter of the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if
there is one, plus any proper names – i. e. only those words that would normally be
capitalised.

Example:

Ossai, O. J. (2006). Governance at the grassroots of Nigeria: An experiential

explication. Port Harcourt: Up Ulamba Publishers.

7. Italicise the title of the book, the title of the journal/serial and the title of the web
document.

Example:

(a) Okunna, C. S. (ed) (2002). Teaching mass communication: A multi-

dimensional approach. Enugu: New Generation Books.

(b) Tichenor, P (1970). Mass media flow and differential growth of

knowledge, Public Opinion Quarterly, 34, 159 – 170.

Note: While the title of the book in example (a) is in lower case letters, the title of
the journal in example (b) is in initial capital letters. Both are, however,
written in italics.
8. Do not create separate lists for each type of information source. Books, articles,
web documents, brochures, etc. are all arranged alphabetically in one list.

BAD EXAMPLE:

Books

Ossai, O. J. (2006). Governance at the grassroots of Nigeria: An experiential

explication. Port Harcourt: Up Ulamba Publishers.

Olaitan, S. O. & Nwoke, G. I. (eds) (1988). Practical research methods in

education. Onitsha: Summer Educational Publishers Ltd.

Opubor, A (1985). Mass communication and modern development in Nigeria. In

O. Nwuneli (ed). Mass communication in Nigeria: A book of readings.(
Pp.154- 170). Enugu. Fourth Dimension Publishers.

Journals

Quebral, N.C (1973). What do we mean by development communication?

International Development Review 15(2) pp.25-28

Online Sources

Ramirez, R. (1997). Communication: A meeting ground for sustainable

development. Retrieved from (www.fao.org/sd/cddirect/cdanalys.htm),
August 20, 2005.

Good Example:

Ossai, O. J. (2006). Governance at the grassroots of Nigeria: An experiential

explication. Port Harcourt: Up Ulamba Publishers.
Opubor, A (1985). Mass communication and modern development in Nigeria. In
O. Nwuneli (ed). Mass communication in Nigeria: A book of readings.
( Pp.154- 170). Enugu. Fourth Dimension Publishers.

Quebral, N.C (1973). What do we mean by development communication?

International Development Review 15(2) pp.25-28.

Ramirez, R. (1997). Communication: A meeting ground for sustainable

development. Retrieved from (www.fao.org/sd/cddirect/cdanalys.htm),
August 20, 2005.

4.1 INGREDIENTS OF DOCUMENTATION

When creating the reference list entry for an information source you need to
identify and record specific details, it might be useful to remember these Ws:
Who – wrote /edited it (author or editor)

When was it written – date

What is it – title of book, title of the article & serial/journal, title of the web
document

Where was it published (books) – publisher’s name and place of publication–

usually city & country

Where is the article located (Serial/journal) - volume number, issue number and
page numbers of the article

Where you located it (Internet sources) - URL – web address.

The information on publications is usually found on the title page and the back of
the title page of a book. For serials/journals, you will find the information included
on the article plus the front cover or inside pages of a print serial. For web pages,
you may need to scroll to the bottom of the page to find a date and an author.

5.0 DOCUMENTATION SEQUENCE

5.1 Books
1. Author/s or Editor/s last name (surname) appears first, followed by initials
(Bloggs, J.).
2. Year of publication in brackets (2010).
3. Full title of the book. Capitalise only the first letter of the first word of the title
and the subtitle, if any, and proper names. Italicise the title. Use a colon (:)
between the title and subtitle.
4. Include the edition number, if applicable, in brackets after the title or subtitle
(3rd ed.) or (Rev. ed.).Note: No full stop, after the title, if there is an edition.
5. Place of publication. Always include the city and a two-letter state code when
published inside the USA, and the city & country, if published outside the USA
(Fort Bragg, CA or Auckland, New Zealand or Benalla, Australia or Weybridge,
England). If there are two or more places included in the source, then use the first
one listed.
6. Publisher’s name. When the author and the publisher are the same, use the
word Author as the name of the publisher.
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

5.1.1 Book – one author

Collier, A. (2008). The world of tourism and travel. Rosedale, New Zealand:
Pearson Education New Zealand.
5.1.2 Book – place of publication
Note: Always include the city and a 2-letter state code when published inside the
USA, and city & country if published outside the USA.
Airey, D. (2010). Logo design love: A guide to creating iconic brand identities.
Berkeley, CA: New Riders.
Stein, R. (2001). Rick Stein’s seafood. London, England: BBC.
5.1.3 Book – editor
Wepa, D. (Ed.). (2005). Cultural safety in Aotearoa New Zealand. Auckland, New
Zealand: Pearson Education New Zealand. Beginners Guide to APA
referencing - 6th edition
5.1.4 Book – editors & edition
Collins, C., & Jackson, S. (Eds.) (2007). Sport in Aotearoa/New Zealand society
(2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Australia: Thomson.
5.1.5 Book – author & publisher are the same
Mid-Central District Health Board. (2008). District annual plan 2008/09.
Palmerston North, New Zealand: Author.
5.1.6 Chapter in an edited book
Dear, J., & Underwood, M. (2007). What is the role of exercise in the prevention
of back pain? In D. MacAuley & T. Best (Eds.), Evidence-based sports
medicine (pp. 257-280). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
5.2 Serial/journal articles
1. Author/s last name (surname) first, followed by initials.
2. Year of publication in brackets. (2012)
3. Title of article. Capitalise only the first letter of the first word of the title and
the subtitle, if any, and proper names. Use a colon (:) between the title and subtitle.
4. Title of the serial/journal in full in italics.
5. Volume number, in italics. Do not use “Vol.” before the number.
6. Issue number. This is bracketed immediately after the volume number but not
italicised.
7. Use the month, season or any other designation of publication if there is no
volume or issue number.
8. Include all page numbers.
9. Include any Digital Object Identifiers [DOI].

5.2.1 Serial / journal article (print)

Thompson, C. (2010). Facebook: Cautionary tales for nurses. Kai Tiaki: Nursing
New Zealand, 16(7), 26.
5.2.2 Serial / journal article – more than one author (print)
Gabbett, T., Jenkins, D., & Abernethy, B. (2010). Physical collisions and injury
during professional rugby league skills training. Journal of Science and
Medicine in Sport, 13(6), 578-583. Beginners Guide to APA referencing -
6th edition 14
5.2.3 Serial / journal article (online from a database – e.g. EBSCO or
Newztext)
The database name and retrieval date are no longer required. Include the home
page of the journal. This may require a quick web search to locate the URL.
Example:
Marshall, M., Carter, B., Rose, K., & Brotherton, A. (2009). Living with type 1
diabetes: Perceptions of children and their parents. Journal of Clinical
Nursing, 18(12), 1703-1710. Retrieved from
http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0962-1067
Otherwise, simply reference the print version of the journal article.
Huy, C., Becker, S., Gomolinsky, U., Klein, T., & Thiel, A. (2008). Health,
medical risk factors and bicycle use in everyday life in the over-50
population. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity, 16(4), 454-464.
5.2.4 Serial / journal – more than one author (online– DOI)
The 6th ed. of the APA manual emphasizes the use of DOI (Digital Object
Identifiers). Many publishers, databases and online journals use DOIs. They are
alpha-numeric codes that usually appear on the first page of the article. Copy the
DOI exactly as it appears.
Example:
Gabbett, T., Jenkins, D., & Abernethy, B. (2010). Physical collisions and injury
during professional rugby league skills training. Journal of Science and
Medicine in Sport, 13(6), 578-583. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2010.03.007
If the article has no DOI, consider providing the home page URL of the journal. If
you are accessing the article from a database, you may need to do a quick web
search to locate this URL.
It is not necessary to include the name of the database.
No retrieval date is necessary for content that is not likely to be changed or
updated.
These are DOI resolver / locator sites: http://dx.doi.org/ and
http://www.crossref.org/
5.2.5 Serial / Journal article – 8 or more authors (online – no DOI)
Reference list:
Crooks, C., Ameratunga, R., Brewerton, M., Torok, M., Buetow, S., Brothers, S.,
… Jorgensen, P. (2010). Adverse reactions to food in New Zealand children aged
0-5 years. New Zealand Medical Journal, 123(1327). Retrieved from
http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/123-1327/4469/
In-text citation:
(Crooks et al., 2010). Beginners Guide to APA referencing - 6th edition
15
5.3 Internet sources
Where possible, include similar information, in the same order, as you would for
other types of information and other sources (who, when, what) and then add the
electronic retrieval information required for people to locate the material you cited
(where).
1. Author/s of the document or information – individual or organisation/corporate
author.
2. Date of publication. If no date is available use (n.d.).
3. Title of the document or webpage in italics.
4. Complete & correct web address/URL.
Note: APA 6th edition does not require a retrieval date for most online
information, although the APA manual requires the inclusion of a retrieval date
for material that may change over time (e.g. Wikis)
5.3.1 Internet – no author, no date
When using information from the Internet, consider carefully the origins of the
information. Is it credible, valid and reliable? Sometimes it is not clear who
(author) wrote it or when (date) it was written.
Reference list:
Pet therapy. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.holisticonline.com/stress/stress_pet-
therapy.htm
In-text citation:
(Pet therapy, n.d.).
5.3.2. Internet – Organisation / Corporate author
Reference list:
Ministry of Health. (2008). Drug policy in New Zealand. Retrieved from
http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/wpg_index/About-drugs
In-text citation:
First time cited: (Ministry of Health [MOH], 2008).
Second and subsequent citations: (MOH, 2008).
SPCA New Zealand. (2011). Your dog may be dying from the heat [Press release].
Retrieved from http://www.rnzspca.org.nz/news/press-releases/360-your-
dog-may-be-dying-from-the-heat
In-text citation:
(SPCA New Zealand, 2011). Beginners Guide to APA referencing - 6th edition
16
6.0 EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
6.1 Act (statute / legislation)
Reference list:
Copyright Act 1994. (2011, October 7). Retrieved from
http://www.legislation.govt.nz
In-text citation:
(Copyright Act 1994, 2011).
6.2 Blog post
Reference list:
Liz and Ellory. (2011, January 19). The day of dread(s) [Blog post]. Retrieved
from http://www.travelblog.org/Oceania/Australia/Victoria/Melbourne/St-
Kilda/blog-669396.html
Note: The title of the blog post is not italicised
In-text citation:
(Liz and Ellory, 2011).

6.3 Brochure / pamphlet

Tamihana, B. (2007). Gambling health promotion: Mate petipeti whakapiki
hauora [Brochure]. Palmerston North, New Zealand: Best Care (Whakapai
Hauora) Charitable trust.
6.4 Brochure / pamphlet (no author)
Reference list:
Ageing well: How to be the best you can be [Brochure]. (2009). Wellington, New
Zealand: Ministry of Health.
Same brochure accessed online
Ageing well: How to be the best you can be [Brochure]. (2009). Retrieved from
https://www.healthed.govt.nz/resource/ageing-well-how-be-best-you-can-be
In-text citation:
(“Ageing well,” 2009). Beginners Guide to APA referencing - 6th edition
17
6.4 Conference Paper
Reference list:
Williams, J., & Seary, K. (2010). Bridging the divide: Scaffolding the learning
experiences of the mature age student. In J. Terrell (Ed.), Making the links:
Learning, teaching and high quality student outcomes. Proceedings of the
9th Conference of the New Zealand Association of Bridging Educators (pp.
104-116). Wellington, New Zealand.
In-text citation:
(Williams & Seary, 2010).

6.4.1 Conference paper (online)

Reference list:
Cannan, J. (2008). Using practice based learning at a dual-sector tertiary
institution: A discussion of current practice. In R. K. Coll, & K. Hoskyn
(Eds.), Working together: Putting the cooperative into cooperative
education. Conference proceedings of the New Zealand Association for
Cooperative Education, New Plymouth, New Zealand. Retrieved from
http://www.nzace.ac.nz/conferences/papers/Proceedings_2008.pdf
MacColl, F., Ker, I., Huband, A., Veith, G., & Taylor, J. (2009, November 12-13).
Minimising pedestrian-cyclist conflict on paths. Paper presented at the
Seventh New Zealand Cycling Conference, New Plymouth, New Zealand.
Retrieved from
http://cyclingconf.org.nz/system/files/NZCyclingConf09_2A_MacColl_Ped
CycleConflicts.pdf
In-text citation:
First time cited: (MacColl, Ker, Huband, Veith & Taylor, 2009).
Second and subsequent citations: (MacColl et al., 2009).
6.5 Dictionary (print)
Reference list:
Weller, B. F. (Ed.). (2009). Bailliere’s nurses dictionary: For nurses and health
care workers (25th ed.). Edinburgh, Scotland: Elsevier. Beginners Guide to
APA referencing - 6th edition 18
6.5.1 Dictionary (online)
Reference list:
Cambridge dictionaries online. (2011). Retrieved from
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/
In-text citation:
(Cambridge dictionaries online, 2011).
6.5 .2 Specific entry in an online dictionary (no author or editor)
Reference list:
Acquiescence. (2011). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved from
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/acquiescence
In-text citation:
(Acquiescence, 2011).
6.5.3 Specific entry in an online dictionary (editor)
Simpson, J. (Ed.). (2011). Acquiescence. In Oxford English dictionary. Retrieved
from http://www.oed.com/
6.6 DVD / Video / Motion Picture (including Clickview & Youtube)
Reference list:
Gardiner, A., Curtis, C., & Michael, E . (Producers), & Waititi, T. (Director).
(2010). Boy: Welcome to my interesting world [DVD]. New Zealand:
Transmission.
In-text citation:
(Gardiner, Curtis, Michael & Waititi, 2010).
Reference list:
Boland, M. (Producer & Director). (2009). Job seeking skills for young people
[Clickview DVD]. Australia: VEA.
E -learning NZ. (2009, January 26). Learning in the 21st century: Part 1: What is
e-learning? [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKwLERpP78w
In-text citation:
(E-learningNZ, 2009). Beginners Guide to APA referencing - 6th edition
19
6.7 E-book (including Safari and Google books)
Reference list:
Rich, J. R. (2011). Your iPad 2 at work [e-book]. Retrieved from
http://safaribooksonline.com
Sadun, E., Grothaus, M., & Sande, S. (2011). Taking your iPad 2 to the max (2nd
ed.). [e-book]. Retrieved from http://books.google.co.nz
6.8 Magazine
Reference list:
White, M. (2011, October). Food, inglorious food. North & South, 307, 96-97.
Ng, A. (2011, October-December). Brush with history. Habitus, 13, 83-87.
In-text citation:
(Ng, 2011).
6.9 Music recording (Whole album)
Reference list:
Midler, B. (2010). Memories of you [CD]. London, England: Warner Music UK.
In-text citation:
(Midler, 2010).
Reference list:
Nga Pihi. (2011). Taki mei ao: Maori songs for children [CD]. New Zealand:
Universal Children’s Audio.
In-text citation: (Nga Pihi, 2011). Beginners Guide to APA referencing - 6th
edition
20
6.10 Music recording (Song from album)
Reference list:
Midler, B. (2010). The folks who live on the hill. On Memories of you [CD].
London, England: Warner Music UK.
In-text citation:
The heartfelt “The folks who live on the hill” provides an ideal vehicle for Midler
to showcase her talents (Midler, 2010, track 5).
Reference list:
Nga Pihi. (2011). Korikori. On Taku meiao: Maori songs for children [CD]. New
Zealand: Universal Children’s Audio.
In-text citation: The children responded positively to “Korikori” (Nga Pihi, 2011,
track 14).
6.11 Newspaper article
Matthews, L. (2011, November 23). Foodbanks urge public to give generously.
Manawatu Standard, p. 4.
6.11.1 Newspaper article (no author)
Reference list:
Little blue penguins homeward bound. (2011, November 23). Manawatu Standard,
p. 5.
In-text citation:
Shorten the title and enclose in quotation marks.
(“Little blue penguins”, 2011).
6.11.2 Newspaper (online)
Rogers, C. (2011, November 26). Smartphone could replace wallets. The
Dominion Post. Retrieved from
http://www.stuff.co.nz/technology/gadgets/6038621/Smartphone-could-
replace-wallets.
6.12 Personal communication
In-text citation:
The no-tillage technology has revolutionised the way arable farmers manage their
operation (W.R. Ritchie, personal communication, September 30, 2011). Beginners
Guide to APA referencing - 6th edition 21
6.13 Podcast (audio or video)
Rozaieski, B. (2011). Logan cabinet shoppe: Episode 37: Entertainment centre
moulding [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://blip.tv/hand-tools-
techniques/episode-37-entertainment-center-molding-5568215

6.14 Software (including apps-applications)

UBM Medica. (2010). iMIMS (Version1.2.0) [Mobile application software].
Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com
6.15 Television programme
Flanagan, A., & Philipson, A. (Series producers & directors). (2011). 24 hours in A
& E [Television series]. Belfast, Ireland: Channel 4.
6.16 Thesis (print)
Smith, T. L. (2008). Change, choice and difference: The case of RN to BN degree
programmes for registered nurses (Master’s thesis). Victoria University of
Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
6.16.1 Thesis (online)
Mann, D. L. (2010). Vision and expertise for interceptive actions in sport (Doctoral
dissertation, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia).
Retrieved fromhttp://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44704
6.17 Wikis (including Wikipedia)
Wikis can generally be written and edited by more than one person. Use wiki
information wisely. Wikipedia can be a good starting point to discover background
information on a topic and you can use the citations and links in any entry to verify
information and locate original sources.
Example:
(2011). Retrieved November 28, 2011, from Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moodle
7.0 SOURCING INFORMATION FOR DOCUMENTATION

Particulars of a book are usually found on the title page and the back of the title
page of a book. For serials/journals, you will find the information included on the
article plus the front cover or inside pages of a print serial. Webpages can take a bit
of detective work. You may need to scroll to the bottom of the webpage to find a
date and an author.

8.0 DEMONSTRATION OF REFERENCE PAGE DOCUMENTATION

REFERENCES
Acquiescence. (2011). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved from
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/acquiescence.
Ageing well: How to be the best you can be [Brochure]. (2009). Wellington, New
Zealand: Ministry of Health.
Airey, D. (2010). Logo design love: A guide to creating iconic brand identities.
Berkeley, CA: New Riders.
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Boland, M. (Producer & Director). (2009). Job seeking skills for young people
[Clickview DVD]. Australia: VEA.
Cambridge dictionaries online. (2011). Retrieved from
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/
Cannan, J. (2008). Using practice based learning at a dual-sector tertiary
institution: A discussion of current practice. In R. K. Coll, & K. Hoskyn
(Eds.), Working together: Putting the cooperative into cooperative
education. Conference proceedings of the New Zealand Association for
 Cooperative Education, New Plymouth, New Zealand. Retrieved from
http://www.nzace.ac.nz/conferences/papers/Proceedings_2008.pdf
Collier, A. (2008). The world of tourism and travel. Rosedale, New Zealand:
Pearson Education New Zealand.
Collins, C., & Jackson, S. (Eds.). (2007). Sport in Aotearoa/New Zealand society
(2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Australia: Thomson.
Copyright Act 1994. (2011, October 7). Retrieved from
http://www.legislation.govt.nz
Crooks, C., Ameratunga, R., Brewerton, M., Torok, M., Buetow, S., Brothers, S.,
... Jorgensen, P. (2010). Adverse reactions to food in New Zealand children
aged 0-5 years. New Zealand Medical Journal, 123(1327). Retrieved from
http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/123-1327/4469/
Darragh, L. (2010). Professional and cultural practice 513: Consent: Patient care
in professional and cultural practice [Moodle]. Palmerston North, New
Zealand: UCOL.
Dawson, L. (2006). Wise up!: How to be fearless and fulfilled in midlife.
Auckland, New Zealand: Randon House New Zealand.
Dear, J., & Underwood, M. (2007). What is the role of exercise in the prevention
of back pain? In D. MacAuley & T. Best (Eds.), Evidence-based sports
medicine (2nd ed., pp. 257-280). Malden, MA: Blackwell. Beginners Guide
to APA referencing - 6th edition 23
E-learningNZ. (2009, January 26). Learning in the 21st century: Part 1: What is e-
learning? [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=IKwLERpP78w
Flanagan, A., & Philipson, A. (Series producers & directors). (2011). 24 hours in A
& E [Television series]. Belfast, Ireland: Channel 4.
Gabbett, T., Jenkins, D., & Abernethy, B. (2010). Physical collisions and injury
during professional rugby league skills training. Journal of Science and
Medicine in Sport, 13(6), 578-583.
Gardiner, A., Curtis, C., & Michael, E. (Producers), & Waititi, T. (Director).
(2010). Boy: Welcome to my interesting world [DVD]. New Zealand:
Transmission.
Huy, C., Becker, S., Gomolinsky, U., Klein, T., & Thiel, A. (2008). Health,
medical risk factors and bicycle use in everyday life in the over-50
population. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity, 16(4), 454-464.

Little blue penguins homeward bound. (2011, November 23). Manawatu Standard,
p. 5.
Liz and Ellory. (2011, January 19). The day of dread(s) [Blog post]. Retrieved
from http://www.travelblog.org/Oceania/Australia/Victoria/Melbourne/St-
Kilda/blog-669396.html
MacColl, F., Ker, I., Huband, A., Veith, G., & Taylor, J. (2009, November 12-13).
Minimising pedestrian-cyclist conflict on paths. Paper presented at the
Seventh New Zealand Cycling Conference, New Plymouth, New Zealand.
Retrieved from
http://cyclingconf.org.nz/system/files/NZCyclingConf09_2A_MacColl_Ped
CycleConflicts.pdf
Mann, D. L. (2010). Vision and expertise for interceptive actions in sport (Doctoral
dissertation, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia).
Retrieved fromhttp://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44704
Marshall, M., Carter, B., Rose, K., & Brotherton, A. (2009). Living with type 1
diabetes: Perceptions of children and their parents. Journal of Clinical
Nursing, 18(12), 1703-1710. Retrieved from
http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0962- 1067
Matthews, L. (2011, November 23). Foodbanks urge public to give generously.
Manawatu Standard, p. 4.
Mid-Central District Health Board. (2008). District annual plan 2008/09.
Palmerston North, New Zealand: Author.
Midler, B. (2010). The folks who live on the hill. On Memories of you [CD].
London, England: Warner Music UK.
Midler, B. (2010). Memories of you [CD]. London, England: Warner Music UK.
Mikosch, P., Hadrawa, T., Laubreiter, K., Brandl, J., Pilz, J., Stettner, H., &
Grimm, G. (2010). Effectiveness of respiratory-sinus-arrhythmia
biofeedback on state-anxiety in patients undergoing coronary
angiography. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(5), 1101-1110.
Ministry of Health. (2007). Looking at long-term residential care in a rest home or
hospital: What you need to know. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.
Ministry of Health. (2008). Drug policy in New Zealand. Retrieved from
http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/wpg_index/About-drugs
Moodle. (2011). Retrieved November 28, 2011, from Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moodle
Ng, A. (2011, October-December). Brush with history. Habitus, 13, 83-87.
Nga Pihi. (2011). Korikori. On Taku meiao: Maori songs for children [CD].
New Zealand: Universal Children’s Audio.
Nga Pihi. (2011). Taki mei ao: Maori songs for children *CD+. New Zealand:
Universal Children’s Audio.
Overton, A. (2005). Stress less: Make stress work for you not against you.
Auckland, New Zealand: Random House New Zealand.
Pet therapy. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.holisticonline.com/stress/stress_pet-
therapy.htm
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2008). Nursing research: Generating and assessing
evidence for nursing practice (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer
Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Rich, J. R. (2011). Your iPad 2 at work [e-book]. Retrieved from
http://safaribooksonline.com
Rogers, C. (2011, November 26). Smartphone could replace wallets. The
Dominion Post. Retrieved from
http://www.stuff.co.nz/technology/gadgets/6038621/Smartphone-could-
replace-wallets
Rozaieski, B. (2011). Logan cabinet shoppe: Episode 37: Entertainment centre
moulding [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://blip.tv/hand-tools-
techniques/episode-37-entertainment-center-molding-5568215
Sadun, E., Grothaus, M., & Sande, S. (2011). Taking your iPad 2 to the max (2nd
ed.). [e-book]. Retrieved from http://books.google.co.nz
Simpson, J. (Ed.). (2011). Acquiescence. In Oxford English dictionary. Retrieved
from http://www.oed.com/
Smith, T. L. (2008). Change, choice and difference: The case of RN to BN degree
programmes for registered nurses (Master’s thesis). Victoria University of
Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
SPCA New Zealand. (2011). Your dog may be dying from the heat [Press release].
Retrieved from http://www.rnzspca.org.nz/news/press-releases/360-your-
dog-may-be-dying-from-the-heat
Stein, R. (2001). Rick Stein's seafood. London, England: BBC.
Tamihana, B. (2007). Gambling health promotion: Mate petipeti whakapiki
hauora [Brochure]. Palmerston North, New Zealand: Best Care (Whakapai
Hauora) Charitable trust.
Thompson, C. (2010). Facebook: Cautionary tale for nurses. Kai Tiaki: Nursing
New Zealand, 16(7), 26. Beginners Guide to APA referencing - 6th edition
UBM Medica. (2010). iMIMS (Version1.2.0) [Mobile application software].
Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com
Watson, R., McKenna, H., Cowman, S., & Keady, K. (Eds.). (2008). Nursing
research: Designs and methods. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone
Elsevier.
Weller, B. F. (Ed.). (2009). Bailliere’s nurses dictionary: For nurses and health
care workers (25th ed.). Edinburgh, Scotland: Elsevier.
Wepa, D. (Ed.). (2005). Cultural safety in Aotearoa New Zealand. Auckland, New
Zealand: Pearson New Zealand.
White, M. (2011, October). Food, inglorious food. North & South, 307, 96-97.
Whitney, E., & Rolfes, S. (2011). Understanding nutrition (12th ed.). Australia:
Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Williams, J., & Seary, K. (2010). Bridging the divide: Scaffolding the learning
experiences of the mature age student. In J. Terrell (Ed.), Making the links:
Learning, teaching and high quality student outcomes. Proceedings of the
9th Conference of the New Zealand Association of Bridging Educators (pp.
104-116). Wellington, New Zealand.
World Technology Network. (2010). About WTN: The World Technology Network
in action. Retrieved from http://www.wtn.net/aboutus.html

9.0 CONCLUSION

As “announced” in the introduction to this compilation, this guide to the APA 6th
Edition is compiled mainly but not wholly, from the guide prepared in
December 2011, by staff of the Universal College of Learning (UCOL) Student
Experience Team (SET) Library and Learning Services.
Whereas in compiling the guide I strictly followed the ideas and specifications of
the American Psychological Association(APA) which has been pushing users of
its (APA’s) documentation format back and forth in terms of the vagaries of style, I
made some linguistic, aesthetic, pedantic and chronological modifications to the
version presented by UCOL, to make for easy comprehension by the average
reader.

Besides, I expunged aspects of the format that do not seem to make much aesthetic
sense to me, such as the instruction that reference documentation for each entry
should be double-line spaced and not single-line spaced.
Check:
Matthews, L. (2011, November 23). Food banks urge public to give generously.
Manawatu Standard, p. 4. (Nice style)

Matthews, L. (2011, November 23). Food banks urge public to give generously.

Manawatu Standard, p. 4. (APA-recommended style)

Finally, let it be noted that any aspect of the APA that one needs to know can be
googled. This compilation is just for a quick glance.