@ Bie See =) BOOK Levels |, Il and Ill Review Questions Book A.QUESTIONS & ANSWERS Third Edition Radiographic Testing Method Levels |, Il and Ill Review Questions - Book A The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.Copyright © 2014 by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing. The American Society for Nondestructive Testing Inc. (ASNT) isnot responsible for the authenticity or accuracy of information herein. Publshac opinions and statements do not necessorly reflect the opinion of ASNT. Products or services that are advertised Cor mentioned do not carry the endorsement or recommendation of ASNT. 3 No part ofthis publication may be reproduced or hrarsmitted in any form, by means electronic or mechanical including photo- copying, recoreing or otherwise, vithout the expressed pvior wrtien permission of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, inc. IRRSP, NDT Handbook, The NOT Technician and wnw.csnt.o1g ore trademarks of the American Society fer Nondestuctive Testing. Ine. ACCP, ASNT, Level ll Study Guide, Materials Evaluation, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Research in Nondestructive Evaluation and NDE ote reqittered trademarks of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing. In. “hire Edition fist printing 12/14 e-book 12/14 Errata, if avaliable for this printing, may be obtained ftom ASNT's website, www.asnt.org. E-books contain ail corections and Updates. including the latest ercta, ISBN: 978-1-57117-335-5 (orint) ISBN: 978-1-57117-336-2 (e-book) Printed in the United States of America Published by: ‘The American Society for Nondestuctive Testing, Inc. 1711 Afingate Lone. Columbus. OH 43298-0518 wewwasnt org Ealted by: Cynthia M. Leman, Educational Materials Supervisor Assisted by: Bobo Cork, Educational Matercls Editor Jey Grimm, Production Manager ‘Tim Jones, Senior Manager of Pubiications ASNT Mision Statement: ‘ASNT exis fo create a safer world by promoting the profession and technologies of nondestructive testing.ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ‘The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. is grateful for the volunteer contributions, technical expertise, Knowledge and dedication of the following individuals who have helped make this work possible. Technical Reviewers award J. Briggs - FMC Technologies Galip Buyulyildirim ~ Kuzguncuk Mah Icadiye Cad ‘Chinam Dwarikenath Patra ~ PSL Limited Claudia Kropas-Hughes ~ Air Force ‘Trey Gordon ~ Boeing Scott McClain - US Army, Picatinny Arsenal David Savoy ~ Versa Integrity Group ‘Bahman Zoofan ~ Amerapex Corporation Publication Review Committee Glenn M, Light, Chair - Southwest Research Institute Martin T. Anderson ~ Alaska Technical Training Joseph L. Mackin - Reel Group@ INTRODUCTION Purpose This book was previously published as Supplement fo Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Radiographic Testing. ‘This is an update of previous editions prepared by members of ASNT's Penetrating Radiation Committee. As with other books in the ASNT Questions & Answers series, this book is intended to provide candidates studying for qualifying examinations with sample Level 1 I, and III questions. The questions are similar to the types of questions one might encounter on a certification examination and should be used for review and for practice examinations only. Though this book is intended to cover the body of knowledge in ANS/ASNT CP-105: ASNT Standard Topical Outlines for Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Persormel (2011), itis not intended to comprehensively cover all possible technical Issues that may appear on a certification exam, What Is New ‘The main changes between the second and third editions are that the references have been updated, many questions have been updated, and every question is multiple choice with four unique answers to more closely match the ASNT exam format, Additional Information Because ASNT is an International System of Units (S1) publisher, throughout the text both ST and imperial unite are used, qm _ {evel Land Level II questions use imperial units first. Level IT questions use SI units first.For simplicity, many equations in this book use 25 mm equals 1 in. Where SI units are not used in the original text of a standard or code, conversions to SI units were not made, All figures are from ASNT sources unless otherwise i licated.REFERENCES Recommended References ‘The following references were used in formulating the ques- tions contained in this book. Reference A Bossi, RH., RA. Iddings, and G.C. Wheeler, tech. eds, P.O. Moore, ed, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: ‘Volume 4, Radiographic Testing. Columbus, OH: American, Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2002. Reference B Staton, J. Radiographic Testing Classroom Training Book (PTP Series). Columbus, OH: American Society for ‘Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2005. Reference C ASNT Level IT Study Guide: Radiographic Testing Method. Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive ‘Testing, Inc. 2014, Reference D ‘McCain, D., ASNT Study Guide: Industrial Radiography Radiation Safety. Columbus, OV: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2008. Reference E Radiography in Modern Industry, fourth edition, Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. ttp:/wwwkodakcom/eknec! ocuments/87/0900688a802b3c87/Radiography-in- ‘Modern-Industrypaf. 1980. Reference F Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 03.03, Nondestructive Testing. “Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination? Standard ASTM F 94, and “Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (ID) Used for Radiology” Standard ASTM E 1025. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials Latest edition, (Reference numbers after the questions contain the standard number. Example: FES4.) vi Reference Becker, WT. and RJ. Shipley: Metals Handbook, ninth edi- tion, Nondestructive Inspection and Quality Control, Volume 11, Metals Park, OH: American Society for Metals. 2002, Additional References "The following references are listed in CP-105-2011 as, recommended references but were not used in building this book. These references may be useful for additional study of the radiographic testing method. Materials and Processes for NDT Technology. Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 1981, ‘McGuire, $.A. and C.A, Peabody. Working Safely in Radiography. Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, In. 2004 Mix, PE. Introduction to Nondestructive Testing: A Training Guide, second edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2005. Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Controk: ASM ‘Handbook, Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM International. 1989. Schneeman, J.G. Industrial X-ray Interpretation. Evanston, IL: Intex Publishing Co. 1985. ‘Taylor, JL, ed, Baste Metallurgy for Non-Destructive Testing, revised edition. Essex, England: W.H. Houldershaw Ltd. (British Institute of Nondestructive Testing). 1988. ‘Thiclsch, H. Defects and Failures in Pressure Vessels and Piping. New York: RE. Krieger Publishing, 1977. Welding Inspection Handbook. Miami, FL: American ‘Welding Society. Latest edition.Reference Codes Each question in this book is followed by Letter(s) and page snumber(s) indicating the specific recommended reference here the answer may be found. For example: 7. Co-60 used in nondestructive testing emits: M6, 74-78, In this example, the letter “A” refers to Reference A in the list above and 44, 74-75 are the specific pages in Reference Awhere the answer to the question is located. Reference Usage Reference A Total = 210 Level I (48) Level If (80) Level III (82) Reference B Total = 27 Level 1 (6) Level II (8) Level III (13) Reference C Total = 33, Level 1 (5) Level II (5) Level III (23) Reference D Total Level I (5) Level I'(0) Level II (6) Reference E Total = 168 Level 1 (38) Level II (34) Level Ill (96) Reference F Total = 15 Level 1 (3) Level 11(3) Level III (9) Reference G Total = 5 Level I (0) Level II (5) Level 11 (0) vii® LEVEL I Review Questions Although there may be other reasons for using 5. When radiographing to the 2-2T quality level, calcium tungstate screens in industrial radiography, an ASTM 1QI for 0.5 in, (12.7 mm) thick they are most often used to: 2024 aluminum alloy has a thickness of: 2 improve definition and resoltion in radiographic 2 05 in. (127 mm) ee tows (ons) nap improve cor in radiographic ir = a5 aay ee ae eee ane 4. 0.010 in. (0254 mm) 4 make fms respond to maltimilion volt ret0as radiation, 6 The penetrating ability of an X-ray beam is es governed by: {An exelent radiograph i obtained under given a. Mlomgs conditions of exposure with the film located at a ih th distance of 36 in. (914.4 mm) from the target of the milliamperage. X-ray tube Ifthe film is ow placed only 18 in @. oust uence (457.2 mm) from the target, and all exposure Foe conditions except time ae held constant the Goecmea atone ore to cegcast eset ye ge 2. sinchanged, & a parties, . longer by approximately 80%, neupecits. shorter by approximately 55% «gaia 4. only about 25% as long as the original exposure mays time. Aas, r475 tay 8 Adenstometer isan instrument for messing An exelent aograph i obtained under given i piste exposure conditions with a tube current of 5 mA and b. film density an exposure time of 12 min. If other conditions are density of a material. ‘not changed, what exposure time would be required 4. Gibecurrent, if the X-ray tube current could be raised to 10 mA? Aus a 24min 9. Three liquids which are essential to process an b min exposed film propery are: © 6m oo a. sop bath, acticacid and water. b. developer, stop bath, and H,O,. z eae c. developer, fixer, and water. In film radiography, image quality indicators (IQIs) d. acetic acid, fixer, and stop bath. are usually placed: pa 2. between the intensifying srcen and the fin, bs on the source side of the ext abject 10, Thetwo most common causes for excessively ©. on the film side ofthe test object, high-density radiographs ae 4. between the operator and the radiation source. Ase insufficient washing and overdevelopment, contaminated fixer and insufficient washing, overexposure and contaminated fixer. overexposure and overdevelopment. eore Anat, 242, 12 13. 4 15, 16. ‘The time required for one-half of the atoms in a particular sample of radioactive material to disintegrate is called: a. the inverse square law. b. acurie, c ahalf-life. d._ the exposure time, ‘What does Rih refer to? Radiation limits for humans. b. Roentgen per hour «X-rays per hour 4. Radiation in hydrogen. Das ‘The ability to detect a small detail is called radiographic: contrast. bb. sensitivity. density. 4d. resolution, 181,170 "The term used to express the number of curies (becquerels) of radioactivity per ounce or gram of source weight is: a decay. b. emissivity, specific activity, source output, ASS ‘The unit of measurement used for the output of a gamma-ray source is the: cutie (becquerel). roentgen (sievert) half-life, MeV. Aa a2 Exposure to X-rays or gamma rays: 8 may have a cumulative effect which must be considered. b, willbe beneficial since they build up an immunity to radiation poisoning, will have no effect on human beings. 4. will have only a short-term effect on human. tissues. ba 7, 18, 19. 20. a, ‘Which dose would be most dangerous, ifnot fatal, if applied to the entire body in a short period of time? a. 0-25 R (0-250 mS), 25-100 R (250-1000 msv). 400-600 R (4000-6000 mSv). 4.600 R or more (6000 mSv or more). 623; 0.18 ‘When doing gamma-ray radiography with high-intensity emitters, the sources are best handled: &. directly by personnel equipped with special protective clothing. b. by remote handling equipment. directly by personnel with special protective clothing except when radiographs are being ‘made, by the same methods used for low-intensity emitters. Ago Ifa film is placed in a developer solution and allowed to develop without any agitation: ‘the radiograph may not show proper contrast. ‘i. it willbe impossible to fix the radiograph permanently. ©. there will bea general fogging condition over the entire radiograph. uneven development or streaking could occur. Est, 108 ‘The selection of the proper type of film to be used for the X-ray examination ofa particular part depends on: a the thickness of the part. ’. the material ofthe specimen. the voltage range ofthe available X-ray machine. quality of radiograph or exposure time. en A.Co-60 source has a al Hite of a L2 years, b. 6months. © 5.27 years . 74.3 days. Am X-ray tube current is controlled by the: 4. current passing through the filament. bi. distance from the cathode to the anode. type of material used in the target. 4. voltage and waveform applied to the X-ray tube. BSI: c.13@ 24, 25, 27. Lead foil in direct contact with X-ray film: 28. 4. intensifies the scatter radiation more than the primary radiation, b, decreases the contrast of the radiographic image. © intensifies the primary radiation more than the scatter radiation. 4. should not be used when gamma rays are emitted by the source of radiation. 530 Lead intensifying screns are usually mounted in 2, pairs in rigid holders called: film racks. b. cassettes, . emulsifiers, 4d. diaphragms. E39 In order to decrease geometric unsharpness: radiation should proceed from as small a focal spot as other considerations will allow. ' radiation should proceed from as large a focal spot as other considerations will allow. & the film should be as far as possible from the ‘object being radiographed. 4. the distance from the anode to the material examined should be as small as is practical. 0, 144 As the kilovoltage applied to the X-ray tube is raised: 31 4 Xorays of longer wavelength and more penetrating power are produced, 'b. X-rays of shorter wavelength and more penetrating power are produced, X-rays of shorter wavelength and less penetrating power are produced. 4d. X-rays of longer wavelength and less penetrating 32, power are produced. Anat In order to increase the intensity of X-radiation: a. the tube current should be increased. b. the tube current should be decreased. the test specimen should be moved farther from the film, 4. allower kilovoltage should be applied to the tube, Anar1a2 Primary radiation that strikes a film holder or cassette through a thin portion of the specimen causes scattering into the shadows of the adjacent thicker portions, producing an effect called: radiation imaging. spotting. undercut. unsharpness. eoge 550 Scattered radiation caused by any material, such as a wall or floor on the film side ofthe specimen is referred t0 as: a. primary scattering. b. undercut, reflected scattering, 4. backscattered radiation. 550-51 ‘Which of the following materials is suitable for use in containers used to mix processing solutions? Stainless steel b. Aluminum. © Galvanized iron, @ Tin 2.104 Of the following, which would be especially sensitive to injury by excessive exposure to X-rays or gamma rays? & White blood cells. . Blood vessel cells. © Immature red blood cells, ._ Digestive system lining cells. pas Film overexposure from X-ray radiography may be caused by: a. lower kilovoltage radiations in the direct beam from the X-ray tube target. ', scatter radiation arising from objects in the direct beam. ©. residual radiation that exists for the fist few ‘minutes after the X-ray machine has been returned to the “off” position. high-speed films. 5.196.196, 209Radiographic Testing Method | LEVEL I 33, 34, 35. 36. 37. ‘A general rule often employed for determining the eilovoltage to be used when radiographing a part is that: a. the kilovoltage should be as high as other factors ‘will permit. '. the kilovoltage should be as low as other factors will permit the kilovoltage is always a fixed value and cannot be changed. 4. the kilovoltage is not an important variable and ‘can be changed over @ wide range without affecting the radiograph, est Ifa piece of lead 0.5 in. (12.7 mmm) thie is placed in the path of a beam of radiation emanating from Co-60, it wil reduce the dose rate at a given location by: ‘one-third, one-quarter, one-half, three-quarters, pose Aga Excessive exposure of film to light prior to ‘development ofthe film will most likely result in a foggy film, improved definition, streaks, yellow stain. aoge 5132-133 Reticulation resulting in a puckered oF net-like film surface is probably caused by: a. crimping film after exposure, . sudden extreme temperature change while processing in the developer. c._water or developer on unprocessed film. 4. excessive object-to-flm distance. Aza Filling or loosening of the emulsion from the base of the fl is most likely caused by: a. water or developer on unprocessed film. low temperature of processing solutions. developer solution contamination, warm or exhausted fixer solution. e107 Ifan exposure time of 60 s was necessary using a 4. (1.2 m) source-to-film distance for « particular exposure, what time would be necessary if 2 ft (0.6 m) source-to-flm distance is used and all other variables remain the same? a 120s b. 305 © 15s d. 2408 en ‘One of the general rules concerning the application ‘of geometric principles of shadow formation to radiography is: &. the X-rays should proceed from as large a focal spot as other considerations will allow. ‘the film should be as far as possible from the object being radiographed. . the distance between the anode and the material examined should always be as great as possible 4. as faras the shape of the specimen will allow, the plane of the maximum interest should be perpendicular to the plane of the film. e223 ‘Asa check on the adequacy of the radiographic technique, itis customary to place a standard test piece on the source side of the specimen. This standard test piece is called: areference plate, a lead sereen, ‘an image quality indicator (IQ), an illuminator. An72. 187 An IQL is used to indicate the: size of discontinuities in a part, density of the film, amount of film contrast, sensitivity of the radiographic technique. 90 A fluorescent intensifying screen will: emit light that may lessen the necessary exposue, result in reticulation, © decrease the graininess ofthe image when using gamma rays, 4. increase the definition in a radiograph, oF 2.93, 454a. 45. 46. 47. ‘The three main steps in processing a radiograph are: developing, frilling, and fixation, developing, fixation, and washing. exposure, developing, and fixation. developing, reticulating, and fixation A230 Kilovoltage, exposure time, and source-to-film distance are three of the most important X-ray ‘exposure factors that can be controlled. fourth such exposure factor is: a. focal point size. b. temperature. ¢ filament-to-focal spot distance. 4. milliamperage A150 ‘When the minute silver grains on which the X-ray film image is formed group together in relatively large masses, they produce a visual impression called: air bells, graininess. reticulation’ filling ppee 560 Static marks, which are black tree-like or circular tnarks on a radiograph, are often caused a. film being bent when inserted in a cassette or holder b foreign material or dirt embedded in screens. seratches on lead foil screens. 4 improper film handling techniques 598 ‘The purpose of agitating an X-ray film during development is to: protect the film from excessive pressure, renew the developer atthe surface of the film. disperse unexposed silver grains on the film surface i. prevent reticulation. ve A233 48, 49, 50, 51, 32, Review Questions ‘When manually processing films, the purpose for abruptly tepping the hangers against the side of the tank after the films have been lowered into the developer isto: a. disperse unexposed silver grains on the film surface. . prevent felling. dislodge any air bubbles clinging to the emulsion, 4. secure uniformity of development over the whole area ofthe film. 205 ‘The activity of the developer solution is stabilized by: constantly agitating it heating processing solutions. avoiding contamination from the wash bath. adding replenisher ana ‘The purpose of fixation is: a. to carry away and diffuse fixer from the film. '. to leave the developed silver as a permanent image. & todeactivate the development. 4. to transform the exposed silver halide crystal to ‘metallic crystal A230 Water spots on films can be minimized by: ‘the rapid drying of wet film, using a wetting agent solution. using a fresh fixer solution, 4. cascading water during the rinse cycle. A205 ‘The small area in the X-ray tube from which the radiation emanates is called the: diaphragm. ’. focal spot focusing cup. 4. cathode. Aso56. 57. ‘The radiation quality of a gamma-ray source ist 58. a. determined by the size ofthe focal spot. b. determined by the isotope involved. ©. varied by the operator, 4._greater in Ir-192 than in Co-60. ‘The radiation intensity ofa radioisotope: 58, increases with time, b. decreases with time, Isnotaflected as time elapses. Increases with tube current mA, Ad, 456 A curie is the equivalent of: 37 Bq, 37 GBq, 37-000 000 TBq 3.700 000 60. A30, 31 epee ‘With a given exposure time and kilovoltage, 4 properly exposed radiograph is obtained with 6 mA min exposure atthe distance of 20 in. (508 mm). Its desired to increase the sharpness of detail in the image by inereasing the source-to-film distance to 40 in, (1016 mm). The correct exposure to obtain the desired radiographic 61. density at the increased distance is: a. 12mAsmin b. 24mAsmin ©. 3mA-min 4.17 mA-min ear Very short wavelength electromagnetic radiation produced when electrons traveling at high speeds collide with matter is called: cy a. X-radiation, b. beta radiation, & gamma radiation. alpha radiation. ‘The exposure of personnel to X-radiation and ‘gamma radiation can be measured by means of a. gelger-milller counters. '. radiation detectors. . ionization chambers. 4. thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). cz Assuming that a good radiograph is obtained at a setting of 10 ma in 40 s, how much time would be necessary to obtain one equivalent radiograph if the ‘illiamperage is changed to 5 mA (all other conditions remaining constant)? a 208 b 10s 80s d. 160s E47 A graph showing the relation between material ‘thickness, kilovoltage, and exposure is called: bar chart. an exposure chart. a characteristic curve, a logarithmic chart pose esI AA graph that expresses the relationship between the logarithm of the exposure applied toa photographic material and the resulting photographic density is called: bar chart, aan exposure chart. a characteristic curve, a logarithmic chart. pose 53 Short wavelength electromagnetic radiation produced during the disintegration of nuclei of radioactive substances is called: a. X-radiation, b. gamma radiation. © scatter radiation, 4. backscatter radiation, e14> 2. 64, 65. > 66. 7. A photographic image recorded by the passage of ‘X-rays or gamma rays through a specimen onto a film is called a(n) fluoroscopic image. radiograph. isotopic reproduction, photofluorograph, pose e7 In order to achieve uniformity of development over the area of an X-ray film during manual processing: a. the film should be placed in a dryer after being developed. 1 the developer should be agitated by using mechanical stirers or circulating pumps. the film should be agitated while in the developer. 4. the film should be transferred directly from the developer to the fixe. E109 ‘When referring to a 2T or 4T hole in the ASTM IQK, the T refers to the: a. part thickness. b. plaque thickness. time of exposure. 4. time for developing. 88, 485 ‘A sheet of lead with an opening cut in the shape of the part to be radiographed may be used to decrease the effect of scattered radiation, which undercuts the specimen, Such a device is called a: a mask, b. filter. backscatter absorber. lead foil screen. E52 ‘Two X-ray machines operating atthe same nominal Iulovoltage and milliamperage settings: 4 will produce the same intensities and qualities of, radiation. b. will produce the same intensities but may produce diferent qualities of radiation. «. will produce the same qualities but may produce different intensities of radiation 44 may give not only different intensities but also diferent qualities of radiati Als 68, 69. a1. R. Review Questions Fluoroscopy differs from radiography in that: a. fluoroscopy uses a much lower kilovoltage than radiography. }. fluoroscopy is much more sensitive than radiography. the X-ray image is observed visually on @ fuorescent screen rather than recorded on a film, 4. fluoroscopy permits examination of thicker parts than does radiography. E161 ‘An advantage of the pocket dosimeter type of Ionization chamber used to monitor radiation received by personnel is: 4. it provides a permanent record of accumulated dosage. . itprovides an immediate indication of dosage. it is the most sensitive detector available. 4. it should be charged and set to zero prior to the beginning of the shift. p26 ‘The density difference between two selected portions ‘ofa radiograph is known as: ‘unsharpness, radiographic contrast. specific activity. subject density. ener A150 X-rays, gumma rays, and alpha particles all have one thing in common; they are all: particulate radiations. electromagnetic radiations microwave radiations. ionizing radiations. pose ‘When producing radiographs ifthe ki increased, the: subject contrast decreases. film contrast decreases. subject contrast increases. film contrast increases. A131, 170Radiographic Testing Method | LEVEL I 73, ma 4. 76. ‘The accidental movement of the specimen or film during exposure or the use of a focus-flm distance tat is too small wil produce a radiograph with poor contrast, ‘make it impossible to detect large discontinuities. result in unsharpness of the radiograph. result in a fogged radiograph. poge ee Lead screens in intimate contact with the film during, exposure: reduce exposure time and improve radiographic quality ', absorb the shorter wavelength scettered radiation ‘ore than the long wavelength primary radiation. intensify the photographic effect ofthe scatter radiation more than that of the primary radiation, 4. cause film overexposure. ase ‘The sharpness of the outline inthe image ofthe radiograph isa measure of stubject contrast radiographic definition. radiographic contrast. film contrast poge Aa70 ‘An unshielded isotope source gives a dosage rate of 900 mR at 10 ft (9000 uSv/h at 3 m). What would the unshielded dosage rate beat 30 (9 m)? 300 mR/h (3000 wSw/h) 600 mR/h (6000 Sv/h) 100 mR (1000 Sh) 2700 mR (27 000 ySx/h) pose Aas ‘Which has the shortest wavelength? Visible light. Microwaves. 100 kV peak X-rays. Infrared radiation. aoge = 78. 80. al 2. Beta particles are neutrons. electrons. positrons, protons, aoee ‘The velocity of all electromagnetic radiation is: a. 186 000 miles per second (299 338 km per second) . 18 600 miles per second (29 934 km per second), 186 000 miles per minute (299 338 km per minute). 4d. 1860 miles per second (2993 km per second). aan ‘Unexposed boxes of X-ray film should be stored: fa oon edge or end. inapile. in any arrangement. aore E79 ‘The lead symbol B is attached to the back of the film holder to determine: sensitivity. whether excessive backscatter is present. radiographic contrast density. Fees Image quality indicators for ae considered Group I Materials and do not need to have an identification notch, high-temperature nickel-chromium alloy nickel stainless steel aluminum bronze E1025a4, 85, 86. 87. ‘The purpose of a dated decay curve is to: a. determine the source size at any time, . calculate shielding requirements, determine the source strength (activity) at any time. 4d, mark the date and length of time for each exposure, Bar Why is Co-60 used as a radiation source for ‘medium-weight metals of thickness ranges fom. 1.5 to 9 in, (38.1 to 228.6 mm)? ‘a. Because ofits short half-life . Because of the limited amount of shielding required. Because ofits penetrating ability. d._ Because of its weight and ease of handling, ATS; 8.13-14, 48 ‘The cause for poor image definition could be too short source-to-film distance. screens and film in close contact. fine-grain film, smaller source sizeeffective focal spot Boge a7 During manual film processing, the purpose of the stop bath is to: a change the exposed silver salts to black metalic silver. ', neutralize the developer and stop the developing process, climinate most water spots and streaks. 4. remove all ofthe undeveloped silver salt of the emulsion, eas A thin, metallic sheet (brass, copper, lead, et.) placed at the source to reduce the effects of softer radiation is known as: an intensifying screen a filter. an electron inducer. «focusing cup. pose 185-156 88. 89, s1. 2. 93. Review Questions ‘The reason a shim is used in a radiographic setup is to: improve the IQI image, b. reduce diffraction. simulate weld thickness, intensify the image, Aaee The density of a radiograph image refers to the: thickness of the film, thickness of the specimen. ‘weight of the film, degree of film blackening. Alea ‘Which of the following is not a common method of absorption of X-radiation and gamma radiation during their interaction with matter? 4. Photoelectric absorption. b. Compton effect. © Pairproduction, 4. Rayleigh scattering. an ‘The image ofthe appropriate IQI and hole on the radiograph indicates thatthe radiograph has the required: a. contrast b. definition, sensitivity, . latitude, 887 ‘The primary parts of an atom are: proton, neutrino, and electron, . proton, electron, and gamma ray . photon, electron, and neutron. 4. proton, electron, and neutron. ca X-rays and gamma rays travel i: pairs. orbital spheres. straight lines curved lines epee 81sRadiographic Testing Method | LEVEL I 94, A large source size can be compensated for by: a Increasing the source-to-specimen distance. . adding lead screens. increasing the specimen-to-film distance. 4. increasing the penumbra. 3.14, 99-100; €.39-40 95. Radiation arising directly from the target of an X-ray tube or an accelerator, or from a radioactive source, is usually referred to as: a. secondary radiation. ‘b. primary radiation backscatter. 4. inherent radiation. A665 96. To produce X-rays, electrons are accelerated to a high velocity by an electrical field and then suddenly stopped by a collision with a solid body. This body is called a: a. cathode. b. filament target: 4. generator. 155,59 97, ‘The best X-ray efficiency is produced when the target material has a: low atomic number. b. high atomic number. c. low hardiness 4. high hardness. en Answers Meera te Se ab: Seles Coteau 150 16. 7d tg 9d 20a te 20d 30a 3d «Sad BBS 43> 4d © 456d A7b BO, Bia 58d 59¢ 60> Ble. 62b «3D Td 72a 73¢ a 78D 78ST 8a 86> 87 © «BBC BG Ode 99¢ 200b 1018 10 98. 99. 100. 101 8 36 50d 78b 924 ‘What is sometimes used to change the alternating current from a high-voltage transformer to direct current for the purpose of increasing the X-ray machine outpat? Rectifier. Cathode X-ray tubes. Gas X-ray tube, ‘Vacuum X-ray tube. E1213 In X-radiography, the ability to penetrate the test object is governed by: 4. source-to-film distance, b. time, . kilovoltage. 4. milliamperage. £36 ‘Which of the following types of radiation is emitted by Co-60 and used in nondestructive testing? Neutrons. Gamma rays. X-rays. Alpha particles. epee Aas "The term used to describe the loss of excess energy by the nucleus of radioactive atoms is called: a decay (disintegration) . ionization, ©. scintillation. a. activation. aa % 10d Me 12h 13h te 2c 2b 28a 26D Ta 28 37d 8c 380.0 Ad «SD Eb 525-53) Sb BB 56D sD 66a 67d = «Bo «BBD 70D 792 80> BI BIG BIE Bc 3c Sa 5D Eo OB» LEVEL II Review Questions 1, Low-voltage X-ray tubes are generally fitted with ‘windows made of: a. plastic. b. beryllium & glass. 4. lead. 02-85; 6.308 2. The projected area of the target of an X-ray tube is called the: a. focal spot. bb. focus. effective focal spot. geometric unsharpness, 3 The gencral method of producing X-rays involves the sudden deceleration of high-velocity electrons in & solid body called e: a. focus cup. +». filament. target d. cathode. Aga 4. fit were necessary to radiograph a7 in, (1778 mm) thick steel product, which of the following gamma-ray sources would most likely be used? a. Co-60 & Tm-170 & Iris2 d. C8137 ATA75 A Co-60 gamma-ray source has an approximate practical thickness limit of a 25 in, (63.5 mm) of steel or its equivalent. b. 4in, (101.6 mm) of steel or its equivalent. © 8 in, (203.2 mm) of steel or its equivalent. 4. 11 in. 279.4 mm) of stel or its equivalent, Ars ‘The absorption of gamma rays from a given source ‘when passing through matter depends on: 4 the atomic number, density, and thickness of the matter. . Young's modulus value ofthe matter. Poisson ratio value of the matter. . the specific activity value of the source, 48-51, 57 ‘The fact that gases, when bombarded by radiation, ionize and become electrically conductive makes them useful i a. Xeray transformers, b. Xray tubes. & masks 4. radiation detection equipment. 90 ‘The velocity of electrons striking the target in an X-ray tube is a function ofthe: ‘atomic number of the cathode material. ’. atomic number of the filament material, voltage difference between the cathode and anode. 4. current flow in the rectifier circuit.‘The uneven distribution of developed grains within 13, the emulsion ofa processed X-ray film causes the subjective impression of a. graininess, streaks. spots. di. white scum. ain Note: if questions similar to 10 or 11 are used on atest, 14, the examinee should be furnished with semilogarithmic. coordinate paper. 10. nL. 2 Co-60 is reported to have a half-life of 53 years. By how much should exposure time be increased (over that used initially to produce excellent radiographs When the Co-60 source was nev) when the source is. 2 years old? a. No change in exposure time is needed. b. Exposure time should be about 11% longer. © Exposure time should be about 37% longer. 15, 4. Exposure time should be about 62% to 100% longer. * Ars A source of 1-192, whose half-life is 75 days, provides an optimum exposure ofa given test object today in period of 20 min, Five months from now, ‘what exposure time would be required for the same radiographic density, under similar exposure 16. conditions? a 10min & 20min © hand 20 min a 6h Ars (Of the following, the source providing the most penetrating radiation ist wv. a Co-60. b. 220 kVp X-ray tube, 15 MeV X-ray betatron. electrons from Ir-192. ‘The gamma ray intensity at 1 ft (300 mm) from 1 Ci (37 GBq) source of radioactive Co-60 is nearest to: 15 R per hour (150 mSv per hou). 1000 R per hour (10 000 mSv per hous). 1 R per min (10 mSv per min). 10 mR per day (100 uSv per day). pose anes ‘The focal spot in an X-ray tube: 4 Is inclined at an angle of 30° from normal to the tube as b, is maintained at a high negative voltage during operations. should be as large as possible to ensure a narrow ‘beam of primary radiation, 4. should be as small as possible without unduly shortening the life ofthe tube. e134 In an X-ray tube, the filament and focusing cup are the two essential parts of the: a. anode. b. cathode. rectifier. 4. Xcray transformer. Aso ‘The quantity of radiation that will produce, by means of ionization, 1 electrostatic unit of electricity in 0.001293 g of dry air is known as a: gamma, roentgen. cure. pose Agta ‘The specific activity of an isotopic source is usually measured in: 4. million electronvolts (MeV). . cuties per gram (Cifg) [becquerel per gram (Bag) roentgen per hour (R/h) [coulomb per kilogram (Cig). 4. counts per minute (epm).. 85; 827;6.21