Brianna Story
Unit 5B-Brief Review (Essentially Post-WW II)
WW II Allies
US, GB, France, USSR, China
Victors of WW II
Roots of Cold War
Stalin distrusts other Allies (who also distrust him b/c he is Communist) b/c he
believes it took them too long to launch 2nd western front (D-Day thru Fr) causing USSR
to deal w/ the Germans alone for 3 yrs
Soviets incurred HUGE loses
Yalta Conference Feb 1945
WW II in European theater drawing to a close (VE day 5/8/’45)
Big 3 (FDR-US, Churchill-GB, Stalin-USSR) determine:
1. UN security Council to be made up of 5 permanent members, the 5
Major Allies (UN chartered w/ Bretton Woods Agreement spring 1945)
• Each to have veto power
• Add’l members to be voted in on rotating basis
2. Occupation Zones for Europe
• 4 zones, ea occupied by Ally
• agreement that free elections will be held in ea zone for nations
to est own choice of govt, presumably something on
democratic lines
• although Stalin agrees, he will not allow free elections and will
insist on keeping control of territories USSR occupies as
“Satellite nations”, ostensibly for security reasons (b/c
Germany had invaded USSR from west twice in 20 yrs)
• Berlin w/in Soviet zone, also divided in to 4 zones
i. 1949 Stalin wants other Allies out or he will let Berlin
starve
ii. Allies refuse to leave, sponsor airlift of supplies every
10 min for 11 mos ‘til Stalin backs dwn=Berlin Crisis
and Berlin Airlift
iii. Creates 2 separate Germanies w/ sep govts until
1991 when reunified after fall of Sov Union
iv. 1960 Kruschev wants Allies out, also says West
Berliners are trying to come into E Berlin, reality, East
Berlin suffering Brain Drain w/ folks fleeing to West,
v. Berlin Wall constructed 1961 (taken dwn 1990 after
Communism falls in Soviet Union and USSR brks
apart)- the wall came to symbolize the Cold War
vi. JFK goes to Berlin to show support for ppl
3. USSR to re-mobilize to Pacific theater upon victory in Euro
• USSR will enter Pacific War 8/8/’45
• 2nd atomic bomb dropped on Japan at Nagasaki 8/9
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• Japan surrenders 8/14-VJ Day (treaty signed 9/2/45)
• Russia therefore gets to occupy something
• Korea needs to be occupied as Japan had controlled it for abut
half a century
i. Primary place of occupation =N Korea where it sets up
communist govt
ii. US occupies S Korea and est democratic form of govt
iii. Ec occupying nation tleave Korea 1949 to enable
Koreans to have election to re-unify Korea under the
govt they chose in the election (which never occurs b/c
N Korea invades So before elections are held)
• By end of decade, both US and USSR have nuclear capability
• Fear of MAD (mutual assured destruction) of US & USSR actually go to war
against ea other
• US and USSR the 2 Superpowers after WW II
• Ea rushes to aid newly independent nations
• Aid comes w/ “strings” attached- accept aid, be on that nations side (essentially an
ally)
• Some nations decide not to accept aid so as not to get caught up in anything
o Called non-aligned nations (India an example)
NATO created 1949 when Soviets get Nuclear bomb
Mutual protection of members (western Euro and US)
Warsaw Pact
Communist nations equivalent
SEATO and others = NATO –type orgs around globe
Chinese Civil War resumed after WW II
Communists won under Mao Zedong
Nationalist (Guomindaing) under Chiang Kaishek forced to set up shop on island of
Taiwan
Mainland China=PRC (Ppls Republic of China) not recognized by US and other
non-Communists
Believe Nat’lists had dominated China before WW II and are the ones on
the Sec Council (so little Taiwan remains on Sec Council, huge PRC not recognized as
THE China until after US Pres Nixon visits in 1972
Late 70s PRC recognized, PRC on Sec Council)
1949 Communist win in China, USSR angry that PRC not on Sec Council
USSR boycotts Sec Council
1950 N Korea invades S Korea,
US seeks Police Action by UN
Sec Council approves as USSR not there to veto!
1956-China still lagging, Mao implements Grt Leap Forward, an effort to
increase productivity by industrializing w/ sm industries and collectivizing farming
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not very successful
following death of Mao, Deng Xiaoping leads China
Deng implements Chinese Cultural Revolution 1966
Supposed to drum up renewed support for revolution but disastrous
Students encouraged to turn in teachers and adults who may not
seem Communist enough
Became kind of a witch hunt, many jailed, killed
Ppl afraid to have books, to speak
1980s China tries to encourage foreign investment and tourism
1989 students demonstrate in Tiananmen Square in Beijing
mowed down by govt tanks!
World appalled, investment and tourism slow
1990s China tries to repair image somewhat
1997 China get control of Hong Kong after 150 yrs of British control as per Unequal
Treaties
Hong Kong capitalist and makes more money than the rest of China
China implementing some mkt techniques
Has nuclear capability
Tremendous econ growth
Much heavy mfg, high savings rates, direct foreign investments
4 Asian Tigers
4 Asian nations that have “tigers” in developing strong econ in post-WW II
world:
South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan
Much Mfg and trade
Korean War 1950-53
Police Action of internat’l troops, but mostly US troops
• Commanded by US Gen MacArthur who had led SCAP (occupying forces) in
Japan
After WW II-
o Helped Japan write new democratic constitution
No mil for Japan
US helps Japan rebuild
Japan can focus on econ growth, no part of budget to go for mil
o Japan econ dominated by alliance b/t govt and
corporations
o Develops tech to solve labor shortage due in lg
measure to population getting older
MacArthur wants to invade China b/ they are assisting N Korea
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Truman says no, Mac looks like he might anyway, so “fired” and recalled to US
Joint Chiefs of Staff determine that war should be ltd to
Korea, pulling in China would likely pull in USSR
Nation views him as hero
-Peace talks begin in Paris 1950 w/ no progress
-Stalin dies 1953, armistice signed w/ DMZ at 38th // (line that Geneva Convention had
used to temporarily split Korea
We are still operating under that armistice!
Vietnam War 1954-1973 (major involvement from 64-73)
Part of US Containment Policy, fear of Domino Effect
Nat’list movement against Fr who wish to make Indochina a colony again;
after WW II led by HoChi Minh of N. Vietnam, a Communist who created a
coalition against the Fr
Vietnam very poor, communism appealing
Viet Cong North Vietnamese guerilla fighters in the south which was nto
originally an area dominated by HoChiMinh
US got involved when asked by Fr for help
At first only as advisors
Fr defeated at battle at Dien Ben PHu and left in 1954
Under JFK, US began to escalate into ftg, not just advising
See Vietnam handout
With Communism having spread to eastern Europe, the US was concerned that it not
spread even further:
George Kennan’s (in State Dept)
Containment Policy
Also fear that if Communism spreads to one country, it will cause
neighboring ones to fall to Communism as well- known as Domino Theory (or
Effect)
Truman Doctrine- mil presence (near-by if necessary), econ aid
to help econ dev in Greece and Turkey (fear that if Comm spread to these nations, all of
Mideast would fall to Communism
Marshall Plan- aid to Europe, even offered to Russia
Russia turns it down, offers Comecon (their equivalent) to
eastern satellite nations
Eisenhower Doctrine –aid to Mideast
Alliance for Progress- aid to Latin America
These and other programs providing aid to make Communism less desirable, esp to
Third World Nations (newly independent, poor nations)
Cold War dictates US Foreign Policy 1945-1990
Post WW II US creates NSC (Nat’l Security Council)
Creates CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) to gather info from abroad
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Also works to “help” folks in various nations overthrow Communist &/or anti-
US regimes
1975or 76- Helsinki Accords
attended by US Pres Ford
some left-over boundary issues from WW II (boundary issues to be resolved thru
UN, not by invasion!)
1st maj push by US for Human Rts, geared toward USSR
Soviets not very responsive to that, but is beginning of international effort
to secure basic human rts for all w/ a world court to hold nations accountable
Ex: Iran
early 1950s Shah of Iran helped back into govt replacing an anti-western
govt chosen by the Iranians
Shah pro west, money form west (US) owned oil fields in Iran not
benefiting general Iranian ppl as US likely had intended; benefited shah and buddies only
Leads to anti west, esp anti-US sentiment in Iran
1970s Iran has a revolution, deposing shah and replacing w/ essentially a
theocracy of fundamentalist Muslims
led by Ayatolla Khomeni-very anti-west
Shah in bad health and at Mayo Clinic in US
Iranian college students take over US Embassy in Iran during Carter
Administration (Iranian Hostage Crisis)
Will not negotiate
1979-80 Carter authorizes 2 rescue attempts that are both
disasters
Hostages released on Reagan’s Inauguration Day (1/20/81) after
444 days of captivity
1980s
Iraq and Iran have war over Iraqi leader Suddam Hussein’s fear that Iran is
trying to cause religious uprising in Iraq
Saddam = Islamic but runs a secular govt
US initially supports Suddam
US mil escorts shipping of all nations thru Persian Gulf to enable oil to continue
being shipped
1991- Gulf War
Iraq owes much money to Kuwait mostly die to war w/ Iran, decides to
invade Kuwait (north end of Arabian peninsula)
claims Kuwait part of ancient Iraq
does not want to repay Kuwait
wants control of Kuwait’s oil
Kuwait small and cannot repel Iraq, asks UN for help, UN appeals to US to
provide most of that aid
US (the senior Bush =President) enables a victory in about 90 days,
pushing Iraqis bk into Iraq, but does not attempt to take control of Suddam
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2000s –War in Iraq/Afghanistan (War on Terror following 9/11 Attack)
9/11 attack prompted by belief that US has much influence over
Mideastern affairs and fundamentalist Muslims especially do not approve
US believed connection b/t Saddam Hussein and al Qaeda 9/11 attack on
US
believed Iraq to WMDs forbidden according to UN
led to US-led Coalition forces invading Iraq as part of War on
Terror still ongoing
secular ftg b/t Shi’ite and Sunni Islamic sects
US led fight to overthrow Taliban in Afghanistan seen as top breeding
ground for bin Laden’s alQaeda recruits
Other CIA covert activity:
1954-Guatemala-to resist Communist-leaning, anti-US govt that threatened to
seize lg fruit farms owned by US company
1961-CIA-trained Cuban exiles who had fled the Communist coup of Batista
(1959) led by Castro, dropped off at Bay of Pigs to lead an uprising to overthrow and kill
Castro (Operation Mongoose)-Bay of Pigs Operation failed
led to Cuban Missile Crisis of Oct 1962
USSR provided nuc missles to Cuba to use on US
Building missile silos
US spy plane (U-2) takes pics leads to US blockading USSR ships
to Cuba
Very close call- could have been nuc war and MAD
Am Pres Kennedy and Soviet Premier Kruschev negotiate
Each install a red phone w/ direct access b/t Oval Office in Wht House and
Kremlin in USSR
US promises will not invade Cuba, will remove US missiles from Turkey
USSR promises to take away missiles in Cuba
1963-treaty b/t US and USSR- no more above-ground testing of nucs
Post WW II US econ does very well
No mfg competition w/ Euro laying in ruins (Japan not a mfg giant until post WW
II-can’t have mil so no mil part in govt budget,; can focus on mfg, rebuilding, etc)
Accumulated savings during war as few consumer goods to buy due to most mfg
for war effort
B/c of war (soldiers often gone for the duration) many couples separated for long
period, had not had families
Baby boom begins (1946-1960) with all the purchases that go into having
children
Housing shortage leading to mass produced homes that go up quickly (Levittowns
starting on Long Island)
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Houses purchases lead of purchases all sorts of consumer items (appliances, cars,
etc)
Brief recession 1949- ends with Korean War 1950
1950s a time of affluence in US (but also fear to an extent b/c of MAD- fear of
Russians)
Post WW II arms race b/t US and USSR once both have nuclear weapons
1957 Russia launches Sputnik-a space satellite – and space race begins
USSR = 1 st manned space flight
US= 1st to have manned space flight to the moon
USSR spent most of its resources on mil goods rather than consumer goods,
therefore econ never did very well
Post WW II Nationalism
Returns after WW II
Euros have neither the manpwr nor money to hold on to colonies so in varying
ways, grant colonies independence
Subcontinent of India-
M. Gandhi worked for independence (Indian Nat’l Congress)
Used non-violent protest
Would fast to make a point
Worked for = rts for all regardless of rel or gender (he was Hindu)
Muslims in India wanted own nation based on where most Muslims lived
Led by Jinnah (All India Muslim League)
1947 India granted independence
(1948 Gandhi assassinated by a Hindu)
Pakistan created for Muslims, based on where Muslims lived
Therefore W Pak and E Pakistan separated by 1000miles of India in b/t
E and W Pakistan split in a civil War -1971
E Pakistan became Bangladesh
Very poor
Densest population on earth
Mostly agrarian using very outdated farming techniques
Pakistan
Often does not get along w/ India
A bone of contention=Kashmir (whose is it?)
st
1 Prime Minister=Mohammad al Jinnah
1st female PM=Benazir Bhutto
ousted, was running again and assassinated late 2007
issues
relatively frequent mil coup
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battle b/t those wishing a theocracy of fundamentalist Muslims and those
favoring a secular govt (often w/ mil leanings)
next to Afghanistan
recipient of refugees when USSR invaded Afghanistan in 1979 (about a
10yr war where US provided aid to Afghans- Russia’s Vietnam)
concerns that there are many fundamentalist Islamic terrorist grps there
incl Taliban, al Qaeda and others
Pakistan has nucs
India
Nonaligned nation
Did not want to get caught in the middle b/t Us & USSR
1st PM= Nerhu
2nd=his daughter Indira Gandhi
elected, not a rt of succession
angered Sikhs who want own nation
attacked them in a temple in Amritsar (seen of a English massacre
of Indians yrs earlier) which they were using for terrorist activities
assassinated by 2 of her bodyguards who were Sikhs
her son Rajiv elected as PM in 80s, lost in 89
ran again and won in ‘91
Tamils engaged in terror activity b/c they want own nation
Rajiv put dwn rebellion w/ troops
Tamils assassinated Rajiv 1991
Wife involved in politics after 5-6 yr absence but refused
PM position
2004-1st Sikh to become Indian PM
Israel
became independent May 1948 by UN action
Palestinians wanted all of Palestine or nothing
Jews willing to accept half
As Pals wanted all or nothing, Jews got all—became Israel
Frequently attacked by the Arab nations surrounding it
US major ally, therefore Muslim nations opposed to US
Ongoing issues b/t Palestinians and Israelis
PLO led by Yassar Arafat (died a few yrs ago, had modified stance
somewhat)did not recognize Israel’s rt to exist
Hezbollah of that opinion now as well as many other Arab grps/nations
1979- Camp David Accords
facilitated by Pres Carter at US Camp David
b/t Anwar Sudat of Egypt and Menachem Begin of Israel
Arab nation of Egypt recognized Israel-Sadat assassinated when he
returned to Egypt
Many wars/attacks b/t Arabs and Israelis
1950s Egypt led by Col. Nassar
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asked US for $ help to build Aswan Dam
US wanted to “attach strings”, so Nassar declined
Accepted help from USSR instead, US not happy
1956-Israel, FR, GB attacked Egypt over control of Suez Canal
US arbitrated and got the other 3 to back dwn
1967- Six Day War
US busy w/ Vietnam War
Israel fought Arabs w/o US aid and still won
Acquired land that still source of today’s issues
Golan Hts, Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula ,West Bank (of Jordan River, very
valuable, fertile region), all of Jerusalem
1973 Arab-Israeli War led to oil embargo
Arab members of OPEC (which is most of OPEC) would not sell oil to any
supporter of Israel
Caused such loss of revenue fro OPEC, they stopped in less than a year
Caused gas shortages and maj inflation in US and elsewhere
**Made western nations take notice of Arab-Israeli struggle as major global
problem
misc-western nations tend to oppose strict Islamic restrictions on women
Nationalism and De-colonization in Africa
Like India, many African colonies had been promised independence if they fought w/ the
mother country in WW I only to NOT be granted independence after WW I, despite
Wilson’s rhetoric about self-determination of nations
Many Africans had become Christian to receive or b/c of mission schools which often
were beneficial
Health care for Africans actually often worse due to colonization
Monetary benefits usually went to Europeans and Euro settlers
Post WW II Africans returns from ftg in WW II w/ radical ideas of independence,
equality, etc
Egypt independent in 1930s, ruled Sudan jointly w/ GB
Sudan given independence post WW II
Italy controlled Libya, grants independence in 1960s
Libya then ruled by monarchy & aristocracy
Oil found there after Italian departure
Benefited only monarch and aristocrats
1980s Col Quadalfi stages coup
institutes socialism and internat’l terrorism
responsible for bombing in W Ger killing at least 1 US soldier
responsible for explosion of PanAm jetliner over Scottish airspace late ‘80s
sanctions implemented against Libya
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Morocco & Tunisia given independence by France
Algeria
Fr would not let go
Colons (Fr settlers) dominated best land, made most $ from Algeria
Algeria fought for independence
Guerilla attacks began 1954
French govt collapsed in late 50s b/c of the $ and deaths
Gen De Gaulle brought out of retirement
Became Pres
New constitution written
Took to 1962 and 1 million deaths and lots of money for Algeria to
gain independence
Guinea
Fr gave ultimatum
Independence w/ Fr help if colony still followed Fr directives for foreign and
monetary policy
If Guinea not willing to have strings attached, could go their own way
Guineas opted for no strings but clear they needed help (had had no experience in self –
governance since 1800s
USSR offered help, Guinea therefore on Soviet side and implemented a command
economy
France upset b/c France not Communist
Learned to free colonies with help offered w/o strings attached
British Colonies
Ghana
1st west African colony gain independence (Liberia was never a colony and was
est by US)
nationalist leader Khwame Nukrama (spelling on these Aftican names may not be
quite right)
mkt economy
exported gold, diamonds, cocao
poor financial mgt led to Nukrama being ousted
Kenya
Nationalist Leader Jomo Kenyatta
British held best land
Kenyata head of nat’list grp and jailed for his activities
MauMau a terrorist grp targeting Brits, Kenyata blamed as head of MauMau
Upon Kenya becoming independent, Kenyata became 1st Pres and was re-elected
several times
US Embassy attacked by al Qaeda
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Tanzania and Uganda dabbled in socialism upon gaining independence
Not very successful, now more of a mkt econ
Islamic nation
US embassy attacked by al Qaeda
Rhodesia and S. Africa practiced very strict segregation called apartheid
Practice caused GB to let go of the colonies, but not inhands of African majority, but in
hand s of Euro settlers
In Rhodesia, after guerilla uprisings, wht leader Ian Smith negotiated to allow
Africans to vote, govern, etc
Rhodesia re-named Zimbabwe
S. Africa
ANC (African Nat’l Congress) began in 60s
Led by Nelson Mandela
Jailed 1967 for leading guerilla tactics which began in 1960
ANC activity did escalate after wht shootings of blk folks in Sharpsburg
Wht minority contolled blk majority thru aprthied
Most blks had to live in rural “homelands” under guard
Families often split as fathers bussed away to
forced jobs (not much better than slavery)- a practice used in several African
countries when they were colonies
World sanctions against S Africa b/c of apartheid
No membership in UN
No trade
No participation in Olympics
Peaceful protests led by Bishop Desmond Tutu -received Noble Peace Prize
1990s
Pres. Le Klerk surprisingly led reforms
Freed Mandela
Blk folks got rt to vote and be elected to govt
Mandela elected President as part of ANC~1995
Rawanda
Genocide of Tutsis by Rawandan Hutus
Somalia
Ftg among war lords for control
Civilians cannot get supplies, etc
When UN tried to send in aid , getting intohands of warring grps who used
supplies or sold them on Blk Mkt
US tried to help ~ 1995 when UN asked
Blackhawk helicopter shot down, American killed
US pulled out
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Somalian war lords send out pirates to hold ships for ransom to fund their wars
Similar scenario true in several African nations
Varied groups
In terms of religions, culture, language
Lack of trust
Grps often fight each other for control or try to brk off to form own
nations
Civilians literally caught in the cross fire and often targeted as a deterrent
Ex: 1965-70 Biafra broke off from Nigeria where there are 250 different ethnic
grps and 395 languages are spoken!
Returned to Nigeria in 1970
Famine due to ftg
Could not survive on their own
28 million of the 40 million infected w/ HIV live in Africa
Latin American Nationalism
By early 19th cen most Lat AM nations technically politically independent
Economically dependent on US and Euro
Lack of Lat AM unit b/c
Geog
Lack of industrialization, therefore depending on industrial nations
Many pol upheavals
Independence movements led by creoles
Not willing to share pwr w/ peasants and Mestizoes
Lacked govt experience
Needed mil to win independence
needed mil for exp to run things, needed them in govt
led to mil coups
were developing differently from one another
Mexico
Rev of 1905
Peasants wanted reforms
Much of the land owned by Mex and American elites
One coup after another, but no one coup represented all Mexicans
US got involved during Wilson Pres, Mexicans, even those helped by US
involvement, not happy
Pancho Villa killed Am over this even in US
Ger encouraged Mexico t invade US and Germany would help
US pulled out of Mex to go to WW I in 1917
Post WW I- many foreign nations owned Mex businesses such as oil fields
Benefited foreigners much more than Mexicans
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Mex leader told foreign investors to shape up, when thy did not the Mex govt took
over the businesses and nationalized them
All of Lt Am hurt by Depression, esp Argentina and Brazil
Had allowed GB to build rr, etc
Other nations controlled their radio broadcasts
Willing to export what other nations wanted
Benefited ruling oligarchy (wealthy landowners) and ruler
Grt Depression other nations aren’t buying, building, etc
As in Italy, Germany, fascist regimes rise in Argentina and Brazil
Vargas gets control of Brazil
Tries to quickly industrialize causing deforestation of rain forest
Major consequence
As Nazis lose, they realize they had better change
In Argentina, Pres (but much like a dictator) Peron tries to appear as a reformer, esp for
laborers
Has lovely, young, popular wife Eva that helps this, but he ws really still a
dictator
Eva died of cancer in early 1950s, Peron soon overthrown
Salvadore Allende sought socialist reforms for Chile
US Pres Carter arranged in 1979 to give Panama Canal to Panamanians 20 yrs later
US involved in Nicaragua in 30s-
Helped overthrow Sandino family, replaced w/ a pro-US ruling family
1980s, Communists overthrew this family and called themselves Sandinistas in memory
of the family overthrown in the ‘30s w/ US help
not everyone wanted Communism, so a counter-revolutionary (contra) grp formed
Congress wanted US to stay out but during Pres Reagan’s admin US
covertly became involved in making money by selling some arms to some Iranians who
could help US find civilians taken as hostages (this was NOT the embassy situation,
though), then using the $ money from the arms sales to aid the Contras-thus the Iran-
Contra Scandal
US support stopped then b/c of Congress, murder of Father Oscar Romero,
collapse of USSR, and lack of US-popular support
Neo-liberlaism in Lat AM
Reduction of role of state in the economy
Misc Post-Cold War
Yugoslavia (on Balkan Peninsula) had been Communist, but not a Soviet
satellite nation
Run by Tito
Communist, kept order and relative peace
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Died 1989, followed by Milosevich
Encouraged ethnic cleansing (genocide)
Occurred b/t Chr Serbians and Muslims
UN police action ( incl US) to stop this
Milosevich jailed for human rts violations
Was to stand trial in World Crt at the Hague in Netherlands
Did awaiting trial
Yugoslavia has been breaking up into smaller nations
Solidarity= Polish labor movement
During Cold War (1980s) Lech Walensa , labor leader, jailed
After fall of USSR, freed and elected Pres of Poland
Hard-line Communist movement tried to stop Gorachev’s perestroika (restructuring of
the econ and govt) and glasnost (openness)
A possible coup stopped by Boris Yeltsin
Became Russian leader after brk up of USSR
Current leader =Putin
Hard line wants to hold on to Chechnia (sp) which want s independence
and Georgia which has it
Russian invaded last summer—trying to take control
Some nations having fewer children
Usually wealthier, more developed
Said to have made the “demographic transition”
Developing nations still tending to large birth rate
One-third of world’s population reside in India or China
Economics-
Tremendous Global Econ Growth since WW II, but majority of world’s population
still lives in poverty!
W/o the threat of the spread of Communism, although it does still exist in
nations such as China, Cuba, and others, rich nations have spent about 1/3 less in
aid to developing nations no longer fearing that the poor will become Communist
Many developed nations have anti-immigrations feelings b/c of a fear of immigrants
taking jobs away form that nations citizens (similar view of outsourcing jobs to other
countries w/ lower cost-of-living)
Immigration fueled by pop growth – folks looking for a better life
Many w/in a nation have migrated to urban areas to enjoy better standard of living
World Trade Organization formed to reduce trade barriers and to enforce internat’l trade
agreements
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Many protests against WTO as many see it as a cause of job loss w/ jobs going to
nations that don’t pay very well (outsourcing)
Improved tech-making western (actually many different cultures) culture available
worldwide
Computer piece of tech w/ grtest influence over last 30 yrs
Internet responsible for rapid transfer of info (educ, business, govt, etc)
Globalization- interaction and integration of world’s culture, economics. Politics
Ex-NAFTA-No Atlantic Fr Tade among Canada, US, Mexico (no tariffs among
the 3);
2002-EU and the Euro (common currency), no passports needed for Europeans
traveling w/in Europe
Terrorism practiced by sev grps:
Chechen rebels in Russia
Tamils in Sri Lanka
Basques in Spain
Protestant and RC extremists in Northern Ireland
Fundamentalist Muslims belonging to alQaeda, Taliban, etc
UN Universal Dec of Human Rts reflects internat’l consensus against racism and
imperialism
Opposed by some as reflecting western ideas
In internat’l women’s conferences, western women condemned as condescending and
focused more on their concerns or what they perceive to be important
NGO= non-government organization
Global Warming becoming increasing internat’l concern
Greenhouse effect=warming caused by earth’s atmospheric gases
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