PUBLIC SECTOR

IPSAS 6—CONSOLIDATED AND SEPARATE

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Acknowledgment
This International Public Sector Accounting Standard (IPSAS) is drawn primarily
from International Accounting Standard (IAS) 27 (Revised 2003), Consolidated
and Separate Financial Statements, published by the International Accounting
Standards Board (IASB). Extracts from IAS 27 are reproduced in this publication
of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB) of the
International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) with the permission of the
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Foundation.
The approved text of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) is
that published by the IASB in the English language, and copies may be obtained
directly from IFRS Publications Department, First Floor, 30 Cannon Street,
London EC4M 6XH, United Kingdom.
E-mail: publications@ifrs.org
Internet: www.ifrs.org
IFRSs, IASs, Exposure Drafts, and other publications of the IASB are copyright of
the IFRS Foundation.
“IFRS,” “IAS,” “IASB,” “IFRS Foundation,” “International Accounting
Standards,” and “International Financial Reporting Standards” are trademarks of
the IFRS Foundation and should not be used without the approval of the IFRS
Foundation.

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FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
History of IPSAS
This version includes amendments resulting from IPSASs issued up to January 15,
2011.
IPSAS 6, Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements was issued in May
2000.
In December 2006 the IPSASB issued a revised IPSAS 6.
Since then, IPSAS 6 has been amended by the following IPSASs:
 IPSAS 29, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement (issued
January 2010)

Table of Amended Paragraphs in IPSAS 6

Paragraph Affected How Affected Affected By
22 Amended IPSAS 29 January 2010
52 Amended IPSAS 29 January 2010
58 Amended IPSAS 29 January 2010
61 Amended IPSAS 29 January 2010
IG8 Amended IPSAS 29 January 2010

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December 2006
IPSAS 6—CONSOLIDATED AND SEPARATE
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
CONTENTS
Paragraph
Introduction .............................................................................................. IN1–IN19
Scope ........................................................................................................ 1–6
Definitions ................................................................................................ 7–14
Consolidated Financial Statements and Separate Financial
Statements ................................................................................... 8–11
Economic Entity ................................................................................ 12–14
Presentation of Consolidated Financial Statements .................................. 15–19
Scope of Consolidated Financial Statements ............................................ 20–42
Establishing Control of Another Entity for Financial Reporting
Purposes ..................................................................................... 28–29
Control for Financial Reporting Purposes ......................................... 30–36
Regulatory and Purchase Power ........................................................ 37
Determining Whether Control Exists for Financial Reporting
Purposes ..................................................................................... 38–42
Consolidation Procedures ......................................................................... 43–57
Accounting for Controlled Entities, Jointly Controlled Entities and
Associates in Separate Financial Statements ..................................... 58–61
Disclosure ................................................................................................. 62–64
Transitional Provisions ............................................................................. 65–68
Effective Date ........................................................................................... 69–70
Withdrawal of IPSAS 6 (2000) ................................................................. 71
Appendix: Amendments to Other IPSASs
Basis for Conclusions
Implementation Guidance
Illustrative Examples
Comparison with IAS 27

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International Public Sector Accounting Standard 6, Consolidated and Separate

Financial Statements, is set out in paragraphs 171. All the paragraphs have equal
authority. IPSAS 6 should be read in the context of the Basis for Conclusions and
the Preface to International Public Sector Accounting Standards. IPSAS 3,
Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors, provides a
basis for selecting and applying accounting policies in the absence of explicit
guidance.

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Introduction
IN1. IPSAS 6, Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements, replaces IPSAS 6,
Consolidated Financial Statements and Accounting for Controlled Entities
(issued May 2000), and should be applied for annual reporting periods
beginning on or after January 1, 2008. Earlier application is encouraged.

Reasons for Revising IPSAS 6

IN2. The IPSASB developed this revised IPSAS 6 as a response to the International
Accounting Standards Board’s project on Improvements to International
Accounting Standards and its own policy to converge public sector accounting
standards with private sector standards to the extent appropriate.
IN3. In developing this revised IPSAS 6, the IPSASB adopted the policy of
amending the IPSAS for those changes made to the former IAS 27,
Consolidated Financial Statements and Accounting for Controlled Entities
made as a consequence of the IASB’s improvements project, except where the
original IPSAS had varied from the provisions of IAS 27 for a public sector
specific reason; such variances are retained in this IPSAS 6 and are noted in
the Comparison with IAS 27. Any changes to IAS 27 made subsequent to the
IASB’s improvements project have not been incorporated into IPSAS 1.

Changes from Previous Requirements

IN4. The main changes from the previous version of IPSAS 6 are described below.

Scope
IN5. The Standard clarifies in paragraph 3 that it applies to accounting for
controlled entities, jointly controlled entities and associates in the separate
financial statements of a controlling entity, a venturer or an investor.

Definitions
IN6. The Standard:
 Defines two new terms: cost method and separate financial statements.
 No longer includes the unnecessary definitions: accounting policies,
accrual basis, assets, associates, cash, contributions from owners,
distributions to owners, equity method, expenses, “government
business enterprises, investor in a joint venture, joint control, joint
venture, liabilities, net assets/equity, reporting date, revenue and
significant influence.
 No longer includes the definition net surplus/deficit, which no longer
exists. This definition has also been eliminated from IPSAS 1,
Presentation of Financial Statements and IPSAS 3, Accounting
Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.

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IN7. Includes in paragraphs 811 further illustrations of the term separate financial
statements. Previously, IPSAS 6 did not contain these illustrations.

Exemptions from Preparing Consolidated Financial Statements

IN8. The Standard clarifies and tightens in paragraph 16 the circumstances in
which a controlling entity is exempted from preparing consolidated financial
statements. A controlling entity need not present consolidated financial
statements if and only if:
 The controlling entity is itself a wholly-owned controlled entity and
users of such financial statements are unlikely to exist or their
information needs are met by its controlling entity’s consolidated
financial statements; or the controlling entity is a partially-owned
controlled entity of another entity and its other owners, including those
not otherwise entitled to vote, have been informed about, and do not
object to, the controlling entity not preparing consolidated financial
statements;
 The controlling entity’s debt or equity instruments are not traded in a
public market (a domestic or foreign stock exchange or an over-the-
counter market, including local and regional markets);
 The controlling entity did not file, nor is it in the process of filing, its
financial statements with a securities commission or other regulatory
organization for the purpose of issuing any class of instruments in a
public market; and
 The ultimate or any intermediate controlling entity of the controlling
entity produces consolidated financial statements available for public
use that comply with International Public Sector Accounting Standards.
Previously, IPSAS 3 specified that a controlling entity that is a wholly owned
controlled entity, or is a virtually wholly owned, need not present consolidated
financial statements provided users of such financial statements are unlikely to
exist or their information needs are met by the controlling entity’s
consolidated financial statements; or, in the case of one that is virtually wholly
owned, the controlling entity obtains the approval of the owners of the
minority interest.

Exemptions from Consolidation

IN9. The Standard clarifies in paragraph 21 that a controlled entity shall be
excluded from consolidation when there is evidence that (a) control is
intended to be temporary because the controlled entity is acquired and held
exclusively with a view to its disposal within twelve months from acquisition
and (b) management is actively seeking a buyer. The Standard further
specifies that when a controlled entity previously excluded from consolidation

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is not disposed of within twelve months, it must be consolidated as from the
acquisition date unless narrowly specified circumstances apply.
The words “in the near future” used in previous IPSAS 6 were replaced with
the words “within twelve months.” In addition, there was no similar
requirement to (b) in previous IPSAS 6 for exclusion from consolidation.
IN10. The Standard clarifies in paragraph 26 that the requirement to consolidate
investments in controlled entities applies to venture capital organization,
mutual funds, unit trusts and similar entities. Previously, IPSAS 6 did not
contain this clarification.
IN11. The Standard no longer provides the previous exemption from consolidating
for an entity which operates under external long-term severe restrictions
which prevents the controlling entity from benefiting from its activities (see
previous paragraphs 22(b) and 25).

Consolidation Procedures
IN12. The Standard requires an entity to consider the existence and effect of
potential voting rights currently exercisable or convertible when assessing
whether it has the power to govern the financial and operating policies of
another entity (see paragraphs 33 and 34). Previously, IPSAS 6 did not
contain these requirements.
IN13. The Standard clarifies in paragraph 49 that an entity shall use uniform
accounting policies for reporting like transactions and other events in similar
circumstances. Previously, IPSAS 6 provided an exception to this requirement
when it was “not practicable to use uniform accounting policies.”
IN14. The Standard requires in paragraph 54 that minority interests shall be
presented in the consolidated statement of financial position within net
assets/equity, separately from the controlling entity’s net assets/equity.
Previously, though IPSAS 6 precluded presentation of minority interests
within liabilities, it did not require presentation within net assets/equity.

Separate Financial Statements

IN15. The Standard requires in paragraph 58 that investments in controlled entities,
jointly controlled entities be accounted for using the equity method, at cost or
as a financial instrument. Previously IPSAS 6 required entities to be
accounted for using the equity method or as an investment.
IN16. The Standard requires in paragraph 60 that controlled entities, jointly
controlled entities and associates that are accounted for as financial
instruments in the consolidated financial statements shall be accounted for in
the same way in the investor’s separate financial statements. Previously,
IPSAS 6 did not contain this requirement.

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Disclosure
IN17. The Standard requires additional disclosures in respect of separate financial
statements (see paragraphs 63 and 64).

Amendments to Other IPSASs

IN18. The Standard includes an authoritative appendix of amendments to other
IPSASs that are not part of the IPSASs Improvements project and will be
impacted as a result of the proposals in this IPSAS.

Implementation Guidance
IN19. The Standard includes Implementation Guidance and Illustrative Examples,
which illustrate how to consider the impact of potential voting rights on an
entity’s power to govern the financial and operating policies of another entity
when implementing IPSAS 6, IPSAS 7, Investments in Associates and
IPSAS 8, Interests in Joint Ventures.

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Scope
1. An entity that prepares and presents financial statements under the
accrual basis of accounting shall apply this Standard in the preparation
and presentation of consolidated financial statements for an economic
entity.
2. This Standard does not deal with methods of accounting for entity
combinations and their effects on consolidation, including goodwill arising on
an entity combination (guidance on accounting for entity combinations can be
found in the relevant international or national accounting standard dealing
with business combinations).
3. This Standard shall also be applied in accounting for controlled entities,
jointly controlled entities, and associates when an entity elects, or is
required by local regulations, to present separate financial statements.
4. This Standard applies to all public sector entities other than Government
Business Enterprises.
5. The Preface to International Public Sector Accounting Standards issued by
the IPSASB explains that Government Business Enterprises (GBEs) apply
IFRSs issued by the IASB. GBEs are defined in IPSAS 1, Presentation of
Financial Statements.
6. This Standard establishes requirements for the preparation and presentation of
consolidated financial statements, and for accounting for controlled entities,
jointly controlled entities, and associates in the separate financial statements
of the controlling entity, the venturer, and the investor. Although GBEs are
not required to comply with this Standard in their own financial statements,
the provisions of this Standard will apply where a public sector entity that is
not a GBE has one or more controlled entities, jointly controlled entities, and
associates that are GBEs. In these circumstances, this Standard shall be
applied in consolidating GBEs into the financial statements of the economic
entity, and in accounting for investments in GBEs in the controlling entity’s,
the venturer’s, and the investor’s separate financial statements.

Definitions
7. The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings
specified:
Consolidated financial statements are the financial statements of an
economic entity presented as those of a single entity.
Controlled entity is an entity, including an unincorporated entity such as
a partnership, which is under the control of another entity (known as the
controlling entity).
Controlling entity is an entity that has one or more controlled entities.

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The cost method is a method of accounting for an investment, whereby

the investment is recognized at cost. The investor recognizes revenue
from the investment only to the extent that the investor is entitled to
receive distributions from accumulated surpluses of the investee arising
after the date of acquisition. Entitlements due or received in excess of
such surpluses are regarded as a recovery of investment, and are
recognized as a reduction of the cost of the investment.
Minority interest is that portion of the surplus or deficit and net
assets/equity of a controlled entity attributable to net assets/equity
interests that are not owned, directly or indirectly, through controlled
entities, by the controlling entity.
Separate financial statements are those presented by a controlling entity,
an investor in an associate, or a venturer in a jointly controlled entity, in
which the investments are accounted for on the basis of the direct net
assets/equity interest rather than on the basis of the reported results and
net assets of the investees.
Terms defined in other IPSASs are used in this Standard with the same
meaning as in those Standards, and are reproduced in the Glossary of
Defined Terms published separately.

Consolidated Financial Statements and Separate Financial Statements

8. A controlling entity or its controlled entity may be an investor in an associate,
or a venturer in a jointly controlled entity. In such cases, consolidated
financial statements prepared and presented in accordance with this Standard
are also prepared so as to comply with IPSAS 7, Investments in Associates,
and IPSAS 8, Interests in Joint Ventures.
9. For an entity described in paragraph 8, separate financial statements are those
prepared and presented in addition to the financial statements referred to in
paragraph 8. Separate financial statements need not be appended to, or
accompany, those statements.
10. The financial statements of an entity that does not have a controlled entity,
associate, or venturer’s interest in a jointly controlled entity are not separate
financial statements.
11. A controlling entity that is exempted in accordance with paragraph 16 from
presenting consolidated financial statements may present separate financial
statements as its only financial statements.

Economic Entity
12. The term economic entity is used in this Standard to define, for financial
reporting purposes, a group of entities comprising the controlling entity and
any controlled entities.

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13. Other terms sometimes used to refer to an economic entity include
administrative entity, financial entity, consolidated entity, and group.
14. An economic entity may include entities with both social policy and
commercial objectives. For example, a government housing department may
be an economic entity that includes entities that provide housing for a nominal
charge, as well as entities that provide accommodation on a commercial basis.

Presentation of Consolidated Financial Statements

15. A controlling entity, other than a controlling entity described in
paragraph 16, shall present consolidated financial statements in which it
consolidates its controlled entities in accordance with this Standard.
16. A controlling entity need not present consolidated financial statements if
and only if:
(a) The controlling entity is:
(i) Itself a wholly-owned controlled entity, and users of such
financial statements are unlikely to exist or their information
needs are met by its controlling entity’s consolidated
financial statements; or
(ii) A partially-owned controlled entity of another entity and its
other owners, including those not otherwise entitled to vote,
have been informed about, and do not object to, the
controlling entity not presenting consolidated financial
statements;
(b) The controlling entity’s debt or equity instruments are not traded
in a public market (a domestic or foreign stock exchange or an
over-the-counter market, including local and regional markets);
(c) The controlling entity did not file, nor is it in the process of filing,
its financial statements with a securities commission or other
regulatory organization for the purpose of issuing any class of
instruments in a public market; and
(d) The ultimate or any intermediate controlling entity of the
controlling entity produces consolidated financial statements
available for public use that comply with IPSASs.
17. In the public sector, many controlling entities that are either wholly owned or
partially owned, represent key sectors or activities of a government, and the
purpose of this Standard is not to exempt such entities from preparing
consolidated financial statements. In this situation, the information needs of
certain users may not be served by the consolidated financial statements at a
whole-of-government level alone. In many jurisdictions, governments have

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recognized this and have legislated the financial reporting requirements of

such entities.
18. In some instances, an economic entity will include a number of intermediate
controlling entities. For example, while a department of health may be the
ultimate controlling entity, there may be intermediate controlling entities at
the local or regional health authority level. Accountability and reporting
requirements in each jurisdiction may specify which entities are required to
(or exempted from the requirement to) prepare consolidated financial
statements. Where there is no specific reporting requirement for an
intermediate controlling entity to prepare consolidated financial statements for
which users are likely to exist, intermediate controlling entities are to prepare
and publish consolidated financial statements.
19. A controlling entity that elects in accordance with paragraph 16 not to present
consolidated financial statements, and presents only separate financial
statements, complies with paragraphs 58–64.

Scope of Consolidated Financial Statements

20. Consolidated financial statements shall include all controlled entities of
the controlling entity, except those referred to in paragraph 21.
21. A controlled entity shall be excluded from consolidation when there is
evidence that (a) control is intended to be temporary because the
controlled entity is acquired and held exclusively with a view to its
disposal within twelve months from acquisition, and (b) management is
actively seeking a buyer.
22. Such controlled entities are classified and accounted for as financial
instruments. IPSAS 28, Financial Instruments: Presentation, IPSAS 29,
Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, and IPSAS 30,
Financial Instruments: Disclosures provides guidance on financial
instruments.
23. An example of temporary control is where a controlled entity is acquired with
a firm plan to dispose of it within twelve months. This may occur where an
economic entity is acquired, and an entity within it is to be disposed of
because its activities are dissimilar to those of the acquirer. Temporary control
also occurs where the controlling entity intends to cede control over a
controlled entity to another entity – for example a national government may
transfer its interest in a controlled entity to a local government. For this
exemption to apply, the controlling entity must be demonstrably committed to
a formal plan to dispose of, or no longer control, the entity that is subject to
temporary control. An entity is demonstrably committed to dispose of, or no
longer control, another entity when it has a formal plan to do so, and there is
no realistic possibility of withdrawal from that plan.

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24. When a controlled entity previously excluded from consolidation in
accordance with paragraph 21 is not disposed of within twelve months, it shall
be consolidated as from the acquisition date (guidance on the acquisition date
can be found in the relevant international or national accounting standard
dealing with business combinations). Financial statements for the periods
since acquisition are restated.
25. Exceptionally, an entity may have found a buyer for a controlled entity
excluded from consolidation in accordance with paragraph 21, but may not
have completed the sale within twelve months of acquisition because of the
need for approval by regulators or others. The entity is not required to
consolidate such a controlled entity if the sale is in process at the reporting
date, and there is no reason to believe that it will not be completed shortly
after the reporting date.
26. A controlled entity is not excluded from consolidation simply because the
investor is a venture capital organization, mutual fund, unit trust, or similar
entity.
27. A controlled entity is not excluded from consolidation because its activities
are dissimilar to those of the other entities within the economic entity, for
example, the consolidation of GBEs with entities in the budget sector.
Relevant information is provided by consolidating such controlled entities and
disclosing additional information in the consolidated financial statements
about the different activities of controlled entities. For example, the
disclosures required by IPSAS 18, Segment Reporting, help to explain the
significance of different activities within the economic entity.

Establishing Control of Another Entity for Financial Reporting Purposes

28. Whether an entity controls another entity for financial reporting purposes is a
matter of judgment, based on the definition of control in this Standard and the
particular circumstances of each case. That is, consideration needs to be given
to the nature of the relationship between the two entities. In particular, the two
elements of the definition of control in this Standard need to be considered.
These are the power element (the power to govern the financial and operating
policies of another entity) and the benefit element (which represents the
ability of the controlling entity to benefit from the activities of the other
entity).
29. For the purposes of establishing control, the controlling entity needs to benefit
from the activities of the other entity. For example, an entity (a) may benefit
from the activities of another entity in terms of a distribution of its surpluses
(such as a dividend), and (b) is exposed to the risk of a potential loss. In other
cases, an entity may not obtain any financial benefits from the other entity but
may benefit from its ability to direct the other entity to work with it to achieve
its objectives. It may also be possible for an entity to derive both financial and

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non-financial benefits from the activities of another entity. For example, a

GBE may provide a controlling entity with a dividend, and also enable it to
achieve some of its social policy objectives.

Control for Financial Reporting Purposes

30. For the purposes of financial reporting, control stems from an entity’s power
to govern the financial and operating policies of another entity, and does not
necessarily require an entity to hold a majority shareholding or other equity
interest in the other entity. The power to control must be presently
exercisable. That is, the entity must already have had this power conferred
upon it by legislation or some formal agreement. The power to control is not
presently exercisable if it requires changing legislation or renegotiating
agreements in order to be effective. This should be distinguished from the fact
that the existence of the power to control another entity is not dependent upon
the probability or likelihood of that power being exercised.
31. Similarly, the existence of control does not require an entity to have
responsibility for the management of (or involvement in) the day-to-day
operations of the other entity. In many cases, an entity may only exercise its
power to control another entity where there is a breach or revocation of an
agreement between the controlled entity and its controlling entity.
32. For example, a government department may have an ownership interest in a
rail authority, which operates as a GBE. The rail authority is allowed to
operate autonomously and does not rely on the government for funding, but
has raised capital through significant borrowings that are guaranteed by the
government. The rail authority has not returned a dividend to government for
several years. The government has the power to appoint and remove a
majority of the members of the governing body of the rail authority. The
government has never exercised the power to remove members of the
governing body, and would be reluctant to do so because of sensitivity in the
electorate regarding the previous government’s involvement in the operation
of the rail network. In this case, the power to control is presently exercisable
but under the existing relationship between the controlled entity and
controlling entity, an event has not occurred to warrant the controlling entity
exercising its powers over the controlled entity. Accordingly, control exists
because the power to control is sufficient, even though the controlling entity
may choose not to exercise that power.
33. An entity may own (a) share warrants, (b) share call options, (c) debt or equity
instruments that are convertible into ordinary shares, or (d) other similar
instruments that have the potential, if exercised or converted, to give the entity
voting power or reduce another party’s voting power over the financial and
operating policies of another entity (potential voting rights). The existence and
effect of potential voting rights that are currently exercisable or convertible,
including potential voting rights held by another entity, are considered when

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assessing whether an entity has the power to govern the financial and
operating policies of another entity. Potential voting rights are not currently
exercisable or convertible when, for example, they cannot be exercised or
converted until a future date or until the occurrence of a future event.
34. In assessing whether potential voting rights contribute to control, the entity
examines all facts and circumstances (including the terms of exercise of the
potential voting rights and any other contractual arrangements, whether
considered individually or in combination) that affect potential voting rights,
except the intention of management and the financial ability to exercise or
convert.
35. The existence of separate legislative powers does not, of itself, preclude an
entity from being controlled by another entity. For example, the Office of the
Government Statistician usually has statutory powers to operate independently
of the government. That is, the Office of the Government Statistician may
have the power to obtain information and report on its findings without
recourse to government or any other body. The existence of control does not
require an entity to have responsibility over the day-to-day operations of
another entity or the manner in which professional functions are performed by
the entity.
36. The power of one entity to govern decision making in relation to the financial
and operating policies of another entity is insufficient, in itself, to ensure the
existence of control as defined in this Standard. The controlling entity needs
to be able to govern decision making so as to be able to benefit from its
activities, for example by enabling the other entity to operate with it as part of
an economic entity in pursuing its objectives. This will have the effect of
excluding from the definitions of a “controlling entity” and “controlled entity”
relationships that do not extend beyond, for instance, that of a liquidator and
the entity being liquidated, and would normally exclude a lender and borrower
relationship. Similarly, a trustee whose relationship with a trust does not
extend beyond the normal responsibilities of a trustee would not be considered
to control the trust for the purposes of this Standard.

Regulatory and Purchase Power

37. Governments and their agencies have the power to regulate the behavior of
many entities by use of their sovereign or legislative powers. Regulatory and
purchase powers do not constitute control for the purposes of financial
reporting. To ensure that the financial statements of public sector entities
include only those resources that they control and can benefit from, the
meaning of control for the purposes of this Standard does not extend to:
(a) The power of the legislature to establish the regulatory framework
within which entities operate, and to impose conditions or sanctions on
their operations. Such power does not constitute control by a public

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sector entity of the assets deployed by these entities. For example, a

pollution control authority may have the power to close down the
operations of entities that are not complying with environmental
regulations. However, this power does not constitute control because
the pollution control authority only has the power to regulate; or
(b) Entities that are economically dependent on a public sector entity. That
is, where an entity retains discretion as to whether it will take funding
from, or do business with, a public sector entity, that entity has the
ultimate power to govern its own financial or operating policies, and
accordingly is not controlled by the public sector entity. For example, a
government department may be able to influence the financial and
operating policies of an entity that is dependent on it for funding (such
as a charity), or a profit-orientated entity that is economically
dependent on business from it. Accordingly, the government
department has some power as a purchaser but not to govern the
entity’s financial and operating policies.

Determining Whether Control Exists for Financial Reporting Purposes

38. Public sector entities may create other entities to achieve some of their
objectives. In some cases, it may be clear that an entity is controlled, and
hence should be consolidated. In other cases, it may not be clear.
Paragraphs 39 and 40 provide guidance to help determine whether or not
control exists for financial reporting purposes.
39. In examining the relationship between two entities, control is presumed to
exist when at least one of the following power conditions and one of the
following benefit conditions exists, unless there is clear evidence of control
being held by another entity.
Power Conditions
(a) The entity has, directly or indirectly through controlled entities,
ownership of a majority voting interest in the other entity.
(b) The entity has the power, either granted by or exercised within existing
legislation, to appoint or remove a majority of the members of the
board of directors or equivalent governing body, and control of the
other entity is by that board or by that body.
(c) The entity has the power to cast, or regulate the casting of, a majority
of the votes that are likely to be cast at a general meeting of the other
entity.
(d) The entity has the power to cast the majority of votes at meetings of the
board of directors or equivalent governing body, and control of the
other entity is by that board or by that body.

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Benefit Conditions
(a) The entity has the power to dissolve the other entity and obtain a
significant level of the residual economic benefits or bear significant
obligations. For example the benefit condition may be met if an entity
had responsibility for the residual liabilities of another entity.
(b) The entity has the power to extract distributions of assets from the other
entity, and/or may be liable for certain obligations of the other entity.
40. When one or more of the circumstances listed in paragraph 39 does not exist,
the following factors are likely, either individually or collectively, to be
indicative of the existence of control.
Power Indicators
(a) The entity has the ability to veto operating and capital budgets of the
other entity.
(b) The entity has the ability to veto, overrule, or modify governing body
decisions of the other entity.
(c) The entity has the ability to approve the hiring, reassignment, and
removal of key personnel of the other entity.
(d) The mandate of the other entity is established and limited by
legislation.
(e) The entity holds a golden share1 (or equivalent) in the other entity that
confers rights to govern the financial and operating policies of that
other entity.
Benefit Indicators
(a) The entity holds direct or indirect title to the net assets/equity of the
other entity, with an ongoing right to access these.
(b) The entity has a right to a significant level of the net assets/equity of
the other entity in the event of a liquidation, or in a distribution other
than a liquidation.
(c) The entity is able to direct the other entity to cooperate with it in
achieving its objectives.
(d) The entity is exposed to the residual liabilities of the other entity.

1
Golden share refers to a class of share that entitles the holder to specified powers or rights generally
exceeding those normally associated with the holder’s ownership interest or representation on the
governing body.

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41. The following diagram indicates the basic steps involved in establishing
control of another entity. It should be read in conjunction with paragraphs 28
to 40.
Establishing Control of Another Entity for Financial Reporting Purposes

Does the entity benefit from the

activities of the other entity?
(Paragraphs 29, 39 and 40) No

Yes

Does the entity have the power to No

govern the financial and
operating policies of the other
entity?

(Paragraphs 30, 33, 34, 39 and

40)

Yes
No
Is the power to govern the
financial and operating policies
presently exercisable?

Yes

Entity controls other entity.

Control does not appear to
exist. Consider whether the
other entity is an associate, as
defined in IPSAS 7, or whether
the relationship between the
two entities constitutes “joint
control” as in IPSAS 8.

42. A controlling entity loses control when it loses the power to govern the
financial and operating policies of a controlled entity so as to benefit from its
activities. The loss of control can occur with or without a change in absolute
or relative ownership levels. It could occur, for example, when a controlled
entity becomes subject to the control of another government, a court,
administrator, or regulator. It could also occur as a result of a contractual
agreement or, for example, a foreign government may sequester the operating
assets of a foreign-controlled entity so that the controlling entity loses the

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power to govern the operating policies of the controlled entity. In this case,
control is unlikely to exist.

Consolidation Procedures
43. In preparing consolidated financial statements, an entity combines the
financial statements of the controlling entity and its controlled entities line by
line, by adding together like items of assets, liabilities, net assets/equity,
revenue, and expenses. In order that the consolidated financial statements
present financial information about the economic entity as that of a single
entity, the following steps are then taken:
(a) The carrying amount of the controlling entity’s investment in each
controlled entity and the controlling entity’s portion of net assets/equity
of each controlled entity are eliminated ( the relevant international or
national accounting standard dealing with business combinations
provides guidance on the treatment of any resultant goodwill);
(b) Minority interests in the surplus or deficit of consolidated controlled
entities for the reporting period are identified; and
(c) Minority interests in the net assets/equity of consolidated controlled
entities are identified separately from the controlling entity’s net
assets/equity in them. Minority interests in the net assets/equity consist
of:
(i) The amount of those minority interests at the date of the original
combination (the relevant international or national accounting
standard dealing with business combinations provides guidance
on calculating this amount); and
(ii) The minority’s share of changes in net assets/equity since the
date of combination.
44. When potential voting rights exist, the proportions of surplus or deficit and
changes in net assets/equity allocated to the controlling entity and minority
interests are determined on the basis of present ownership interests, and do not
reflect the possible exercise or conversion of potential voting rights.
45. Balances, transactions, revenues, and expenses between entities within the
economic entity shall be eliminated in full.
46. Balances and transactions between entities within the economic entity,
including (a) revenues from sales and transfers, (b) revenues recognized
consequent to an appropriation or other budgetary authority, (c) expenses, and
(d) dividends or similar distributions, are eliminated in full. Surpluses and
deficits resulting from transactions within the economic entity that are
recognized in assets, such as inventory and fixed assets, are eliminated in full.
Deficits within the economic entity may indicate an impairment that requires

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recognition in the consolidated financial statements. Guidance on accounting

for temporary differences that arise from the elimination of surpluses and
deficits resulting from transactions within the economic entity, can be found
in the relevant international or national accounting standard dealing with
income taxes.
47. The financial statements of the controlling entity and its controlled
entities used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements
shall be prepared as of the same reporting date. When the reporting dates
of the controlling entity and a controlled entity are different, the
controlled entity prepares, for consolidation purposes, additional
financial statements as of the same date as the financial statements of the
controlling entity, unless it is impracticable to do so.
48. When, in accordance with paragraph 47, the financial statements of a
controlled entity used in the preparation of consolidated financial
statements are prepared as of a reporting date different from that of the
controlling entity, adjustments shall be made for the effects of significant
transactions or events that occur between that date and the date of the
controlling entity’s financial statements. In any case, the difference
between the reporting date of the controlled entity and that of the
controlling entity shall be no more than three months. The length of the
reporting periods and any difference in the reporting dates shall be the
same from period to period.
49. Consolidated financial statements shall be prepared using uniform
accounting policies for like transactions and other events in similar
circumstances.
50. If a member of the economic entity uses accounting policies other than those
adopted in the consolidated financial statements for like transactions and
events in similar circumstances, appropriate adjustments are made to its
financial statements in preparing the consolidated financial statements.
51. The revenue and expenses of a controlled entity are included in the
consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date (the relevant
international or national accounting standard dealing with business
combinations provides guidance on the meaning of the acquisition date). The
revenue and expenses of a controlled entity are included in the consolidated
financial statements until the date on which the controlling entity ceases to
control the controlled entity. The difference between the proceeds from the
disposal of the controlled entity and its carrying amount as of the date of
disposal, including the cumulative amount of any exchange differences that
relate to the controlled entity recognized in net assets/equity in accordance
with IPSAS 4, The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates, is
recognized in the consolidated statement of financial performance as the gain
or loss on the disposal of the controlled entity.

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52. From the date an entity ceases to be a controlled entity, provided that it does
not become (a) an associate as defined in IPSAS 7, or (b) a jointly controlled
entity as defined in IPSAS 8, it shall be accounted for as a financial
instrument. IPSAS 29 provides guidance on the recognition and measurement
of financial instruments.
53. The carrying amount of the investment at the date that the entity ceases to be a
controlled entity shall be regarded as the cost on initial measurement of a
financial instrument.
54. Minority interests shall be presented in the consolidated statement of
financial position within net assets/equity, separately from the controlling
entity’s net assets/equity. Minority interests in the surplus or deficit of the
economic entity shall also be separately disclosed.
55. The surplus or deficit is attributed to the controlling entity and minority
interests. Because both are net assets/equity, the amount attributed to minority
interests is not revenue or expense.
56. Losses applicable to the minority in a consolidated controlled entity may
exceed the minority interest in the controlled entity’s net assets/equity. The
excess, and any further losses applicable to the minority, are allocated against
the majority interest, except to the extent that the minority has a binding
obligation and is able to make an additional investment to cover the losses. If
the controlled entity subsequently reports surpluses, such surpluses are
allocated to the majority interest until the minority’s share of losses previously
absorbed by the majority has been recovered.
57. If a controlled entity has outstanding cumulative preference shares that are
held by minority interests and classified as net assets/equity, the controlling
entity computes its share of surpluses or deficits after adjusting for the
dividends on such shares, whether or not dividends have been declared.

Accounting for Controlled Entities, Jointly Controlled Entities

and Associates in Separate Financial Statements
58. When separate financial statements are prepared, investments in
controlled entities, jointly controlled entities, and associates shall be
accounted for:
(a) Using the equity method as described in IPSAS 7;
(b) At cost; or
(c) As a financial instrument in accordance with IPSAS 29.
The same accounting shall be applied for each category of investments.
59. This Standard does not mandate which entities produce separate financial
statements available for public use. Paragraphs 58 and 60–64 apply when an

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entity prepares separate financial statements that comply with IPSASs. The
entity also produces consolidated financial statements available for public use
as required by paragraph 15, unless the exemption provided in paragraph 16 is
applicable.
60. Controlled entities, jointly controlled entities, and associates that are
accounted for as financial instruments in the consolidated financial
statements shall be accounted for in the same way in the investor’s
separate financial statements.
61. Guidance on the recognition and measurement of financial instruments can be
found in IPSAS 29.

Disclosure
62. The following disclosures shall be made in consolidated financial
statements:
(a) A list of significant controlled entities;
(b) The fact that a controlled entity is not consolidated in accordance
with paragraph 21;
(c) Summarized financial information of controlled entities, either
individually or in groups, that are not consolidated, including the
amounts of total assets, total liabilities, revenues, and surplus or
deficit;
(d) The name of any controlled entity in which the controlling entity
holds an ownership interest and/or voting rights of 50% or less,
together with an explanation of how control exists;
(e) The reasons why the ownership interest of more than 50% of the
voting or potential voting power of an investee does not constitute
control;
(f) The reporting date of the financial statements of a controlled entity
when such financial statements are used to prepare consolidated
financial statements and are as of a reporting date or for a period
that is different from that of the controlling entity, and the reason
for using a different reporting date or period; and
(g) The nature and extent of any significant restrictions (e.g., resulting
from borrowing arrangements or regulatory requirements) on the
ability of controlled entities to transfer funds to the controlling
entity in the form of cash dividends, or similar distributions, or to
repay loans or advances.

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63. When separate financial statements are prepared for a controlling entity
that, in accordance with paragraph 16, elects not to prepare consolidated
financial statements, those separate financial statements shall disclose:
(a) The fact that the financial statements are separate financial
statements; that the exemption from consolidation has been used;
the name of the entity whose consolidated financial statements that
comply with IPSASs have been produced for public use and the
jurisdiction in which the entity operates (when it is different from
that of the controlling entity); and the address where those
consolidated financial statements are obtainable;
(b) A list of significant controlled entities, jointly controlled entities,
and associates, including the name; the jurisdiction in which the
entity operates (when it is different from that of the controlling
entity); proportion of ownership interest; and, where that interest
is in the form of shares, the proportion of voting power held (only
where this is different from the proportionate ownership interest);
and
(c) A description of the method used to account for the entities listed
under (b).
64. When a controlling entity (other than a controlling entity covered by
paragraph 63), venturer with an interest in a jointly controlled entity, or
an investor in an associate prepares separate financial statements, those
separate financial statements shall disclose:
(a) The fact that the statements are separate financial statements and
the reasons why those statements are prepared if not required by
law, legislation, or other authority;
(b) A list of significant controlled entities, jointly controlled entities,
and associates, including the name; the jurisdiction in which the
entity operates (when it is different from that of the controlling
entity); proportion of ownership interest; and, where that interest
is in the form of shares, the proportion of voting power held (only
where this is different from the proportionate ownership interest);
and
(c) A description of the method used to account for the entities listed
under (b);
and shall identify the financial statements prepared in accordance with
paragraph 15 of this Standard, IPSAS 7, and IPSAS 8 to which they
relate.

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Transitional Provisions
65. Entities are not required to comply with the requirement in paragraph 45
concerning the elimination of balances and transactions between entities
within the economic entity for reporting periods beginning on a date
within three years following the date of first adoption of accrual
accounting in accordance with IPSASs.
66. Controlling entities that adopt accrual accounting for the first time in
accordance with IPSASs may have many controlled entities, with a significant
number of transactions between these entities. Accordingly, it may be difficult
to identify some transactions and balances that need to be eliminated for the
purpose of preparing the consolidated financial statements of the economic
entity. For this reason, paragraph 65 provides relief from the requirement to
fully eliminate balances and transactions between entities within the economic
entity.
67. Where entities apply the transitional provision in paragraph 65, they
shall disclose the fact that not all balances and transactions occurring
between entities within the economic entity have been eliminated.
68. Transitional provisions in IPSAS 6 (2000) provide entities with a period of up
to three years to fully eliminate balances and transactions between entities
within the economic entity from the date of its first application. Entities that
have previously applied IPSAS 6 (2000) may continue to take advantage of
this three-year transitional period from the date of first application of IPSAS 6
(2006).

Effective Date
69. An entity shall apply this Standard for annual financial statements
covering periods beginning on or after January 1, 2008. Earlier
application is encouraged. If an entity applies this Standard for a period
beginning before January 1, 2008, it shall disclose that fact.
70. When an entity adopts the accrual basis of accounting as defined by IPSASs
for financial reporting purposes subsequent to this effective date, this Standard
applies to the entity’s annual financial statements covering periods beginning
on or after the date of adoption.

Withdrawal of IPSAS 6 (2000)

71. This Standard supersedes IPSAS 6, Consolidated Financial Statements and
Accounting for Controlled Entities, issued in 2000.

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Appendix

Amendments to Other IPSASs

In IPSASs applicable at January 1, 2008, references to the current version of
IPSAS 6, Consolidated Financial Statements and Accounting for Controlled Entities,
are amended to IPSAS 6, Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements.
The following is added to paragraph 4(f) of IPSAS 15, Financial Instruments:
Disclosure and Presentation:
However, entities shall apply this Standard to an interest in a controlling
entity, associate, or joint venture that, according to IPSAS 6, IPSAS 7, or
IPSAS 8 is accounted for as a financial instrument. In these cases, entities
shall apply the disclosure requirements in IPSAS 6, IPSAS 7, and
IPSAS 8 in addition to those in this Standard.

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Basis for Conclusions

This Basis for Conclusions accompanies, but is not part of, IPSAS 6.
Background
BC1. The IPSASB’s IFRS Convergence Program is an important element in the
IPSASB’s work program. The IPSASB’s policy is to converge the accrual
basis IPSASs with IFRSs issued by the IASB where appropriate for public
sector entities.
BC2. Accrual basis IPSASs that are converged with IFRSs maintain the
requirements, structure, and text of the IFRSs, unless there is a public sector-
specific reason for a departure. Departure from the equivalent IFRS occurs
when requirements or terminology in the IFRS is not appropriate for the
public sector, or when inclusion of additional commentary or examples is
necessary to illustrate certain requirements in the public sector context.
Differences between IPSASs and their equivalent IFRSs are identified in the
Comparison with IFRS included in each IPSAS.
BC3. In May 2002, the IASB issued an exposure draft of proposed amendments to
13 International Accounting Standards (IASs) 1 as part of its General
Improvements Project. The objectives of the IASB’s General Improvements
Project were “to reduce or eliminate alternatives, redundancies and conflicts
within the Standards, to deal with some convergence issues and to make other
improvements.” The final IASs were issued in December 2003.
BC4. IPSAS 6, issued in May 2000, was based on IAS 27 (Reformatted 1994),
Consolidated Financial Statements and Accounting for Controlled Entities,
which was reissued in December 2003. In late 2003, the IPSASB’s
predecessor, the Public Sector Committee (PSC), 2 actioned an IPSAS
Improvements Project to converge, where appropriate, IPSASs with the
improved IASs issued in December 2003.
BC5. The IPSASB reviewed the improved IAS 27 and generally concurred with the
IASB’s reasons for revising the IAS and with the amendments made. (The
IASB’s Bases for Conclusions are not reproduced here. Subscribers to the
IASB’s Comprehensive Subscription Service can view the Bases for
Conclusions on the IASB’s website at http://www.iasb.org). In those cases

1
The International Accounting Standards (IASs) were issued by the IASB’s predecessor, the
International Accounting Standards Committee. The Standards issued by the IASB are entitled
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs). The IASB has defined IFRSs to consist of
IFRSs, IASs, and Interpretations of the Standards. In some cases, the IASB has amended, rather than
replaced, the IASs, in which case the old IAS number remains.
2
The PSC became the IPSASB when the IFAC Board changed the PSC’s mandate to become an
independent standard-setting board in November 2004.

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where the IPSAS departs from its related IAS, the Basis for Conclusions
explains the public sector-specific reasons for the departure.
BC6. The IPSASB has departed from the provisions of IAS 27 in that it has decided
to retain the equity method as a method of accounting for controlled entities in
the separate financial statements of controlling entities. The IPSASB is aware
that views on this treatment are evolving and that it is not necessary at this
time to remove the equity method as an option.
BC7. IAS 27 has been further amended as a consequence of IFRSs issued after
December 2003. IPSAS 6 does not include the consequential amendments
arising from IFRSs issued after December 2003. This is because the IPSASB
has not yet reviewed and formed a view on the applicability of the
requirements in those IFRSs to public sector entities.

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Implementation Guidance
This guidance accompanies, but is not part of, IPSAS 6, IPSAS 7, and IPSAS 8.
Consideration of Potential Voting Rights
Introduction
IG1 Most public sector entities do not issue financial instruments with potential
voting rights. However, they may be issued by GBEs. Therefore, a
government or other public sector entity may hold potential voting rights of
GBEs.
IG2. Paragraphs 33, 34, and 44 of IPSAS 6, Consolidated and Separate Financial
Statements, and paragraphs 14 and 15 of IPSAS 7, Investments in Associates,
require an entity to consider the existence and effect of all potential voting
rights that are currently exercisable or convertible. They also require all facts
and circumstances that affect potential voting rights to be examined, except
the intention of management and the financial ability to exercise or convert
potential voting rights. Because the definition of joint control in paragraph 6
of IPSAS 8, Interests in Joint Ventures, depends upon the definition of
control, and because that Standard is linked to IPSAS 7 for application of the
equity method, this guidance is also relevant to IPSAS 8.

Guidance
IG3. Paragraph 7 of IPSAS 6 defines control as the power to govern the financial
and operating policies of an entity so as to benefit from its activities.
Paragraph 7 of IPSAS 7 defines significant influence as the power to
participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of the investee, but
not to control those policies. Paragraph 6 of IPSAS 8 defines joint control as
the agreed sharing of control over an activity by a binding agreement. In these
contexts, power refers to the ability to do or affect something. Consequently,
an entity has control, joint control, or significant influence when it currently
has the ability to exercise that power, regardless of whether control, joint
control, or significant influence is actively demonstrated or is passive in
nature. Potential voting rights held by an entity that are currently exercisable
or convertible provide this ability. The ability to exercise power does not exist
when potential voting rights lack economic substance (e.g., the exercise price
is set in a manner that precludes exercise or conversion in any feasible
scenario). Consequently, potential voting rights are considered when, in
substance, they provide the ability to exercise power.
IG4. Control and significant influence also arise in the circumstances described in
paragraphs 39 and 40 of IPSAS 6 and paragraphs 12 and 13 of IPSAS 7
respectively, which include consideration of the relative ownership of voting
rights. IPSAS 8 depends on IPSAS 6 and IPSAS 7, and references to IPSAS 6
and IPSAS 7 from this point onwards should be read as being relevant to

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IPSAS 8. Nevertheless it should be borne in mind that joint control involves
sharing of control by a binding agreement, and this aspect is likely to be the
critical determinant. Potential voting rights such as share call options and
convertible debt are capable of changing an entity’s voting power over
another entity – if the potential voting rights are exercised or converted, then
the relative ownership of the ordinary shares carrying voting rights changes.
Consequently, the existence of control (the definition of which permits only
one entity to have control of another entity) and significant influence are
determined only after (a) assessing all the factors described in paragraphs 39
and 40 of IPSAS 6 and paragraphs 12 and 13 of IPSAS 7 respectively, and (b)
considering the existence and effect of potential voting rights. In addition, the
entity examines all facts and circumstances that affect potential voting rights
except the intention of management and the financial ability to exercise or
convert. The intention of management does not affect the existence of power,
and the financial ability of an entity to exercise or convert is difficult to
assess.
IG5. An entity may initially conclude that it controls or significantly influences
another entity after considering the potential voting rights that it can currently
exercise or convert. However, the entity may not control or significantly
influence the other entity when potential voting rights held by other parties are
also currently exercisable or convertible. Consequently, an entity considers all
potential voting rights held by it and by other parties that are currently
exercisable or convertible when determining whether it controls or
significantly influences another entity. For example, all share call options are
considered, whether held by the entity or another party. Furthermore, the
definition of control in paragraph 7 of IPSAS 6 permits only one entity to
have control of another entity. Therefore, when two or more entities each hold
significant voting rights, both actual and potential, the factors in
paragraphs 39 and 40 of IPSAS 6 are reassessed to determine which entity has
control.
IG6. The proportion allocated to the controlling entity and minority interests in
preparing consolidated financial statements in accordance with IPSAS 6, and
the proportion allocated to an investor that accounts for its investment using
the equity method in accordance with IPSAS 7, are determined solely on the
basis of present ownership interests. The proportion allocated is determined
taking into account the eventual exercise of potential voting rights and other
derivatives that, in substance, give access at present to the economic benefits
associated with an ownership interest.
IG7. In some circumstances, an entity has, in substance, a present ownership as a
result of a transaction that gives it access to the economic benefits or service
potential associated with an ownership interest. In such circumstances, the
proportion allocated is determined taking into account the eventual exercise of

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those potential voting rights and other derivatives that give the entity access to
the economic benefits at present.
IG8. IPSAS 29 provides guidance on the recognition and measurement of financial
instruments. However, it does not apply to interests in controlled entities,
associates, and jointly controlled entities that are (a) consolidated, (b)
accounted for using the equity method, (c) or proportionately consolidated in
accordance with IPSAS 6, IPSAS 7 and IPSAS 8 respectively. When
instruments containing potential voting rights in substance currently give
access to the economic benefits or service potential associated with an
ownership interest, and the investment is accounted for in one of the above
ways, the instruments are not subject to the requirements of IPSAS 29. In all
other cases, guidance on accounting for instruments containing potential
voting rights can be found in IPSAS 29.

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Illustrative Examples
These examples accompany, but are not part of, IPSAS 6, IPSAS 7, and IPSAS 8.
IE1. The ten examples below each illustrate one aspect of a potential voting right.
In applying IPSAS 6, IPSAS 7, or IPSAS 8, an entity considers all aspects.
The existence of control, significant influence, and joint control can be
determined only after assessing the other factors described in IPSAS 6,
IPSAS 7, and IPSAS 8. For the purpose of these examples, however, those
other factors are presumed not to affect the determination, even though they
may affect it when assessed.

Options are Out of the Money

IE2. Entities A and B own 80 percent and 20 percent respectively of the ordinary
shares that carry voting rights at a general meeting of shareholders of Entity
C. Entity A sells one-half of its interest to Entity D, and buys call options
from Entity D that are exercisable at any time at a premium to the market
price when issued, and if exercised would give Entity A its original 80 percent
ownership interest and voting rights.
IE3. Although the options are out of the money, they are currently exercisable and
give Entity A the power to continue to set the operating and financial policies
of Entity C, because Entity A could exercise its options now. The existence of
the potential voting rights, as well as the other factors described in
paragraphs 39 and 40 of IPSAS 6, are considered, and it is determined that
Entity A controls Entity C.

Right to Purchase at Premium to Fair Value

IE4 The municipalities of Dunelm and Eboracum own 80 percent and 20 percent
respectively of Dunelm-Eboracum General Hospital, a public sector entity
established by charter. The hospital is managed by a board of ten trustees,
appointed by the municipalities in proportion to their ownership interest of the
hospital. The charter permits either municipality to sell part or its entire
ownership interest in the hospital to another municipality within the region.
Dunelm sells one-half of its interest to the municipality of Formio; however,
the sale contract gives Dunelm the right to repurchase Formio’s interest in the
hospital at an amount equal to 115 percent of the fair value of the ownership
interest determined by an independent valuer. This right is exercisable at any
time and, if exercised would give Dunelm its original 80 percent ownership
interest and the right to appoint trustees accordingly.
IE5. Although the right to reacquire the ownership interest sold to Formio would
involve paying a premium over the fair value, the right is currently exercisable
and gives Dunelm the power to continue to set the operating and financial
policies of the Dunelm-Eboracum General Hospital, because Dunelm could
exercise its right to reacquire Formio’s interest now. The existence of the

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potential right to appoint trustees, as well as the other factors described in

paragraphs 39 and 40 of IPSAS 6, are considered, and it is determined that the
municipality of Dunelm controls the Dunelm-Eboracum General Hospital.

Possibility of Exercise or Conversion

IE6. Entities A, B, and C own 40 percent, 30 percent, and 30 percent respectively
of the ordinary shares that carry voting rights at a general meeting of
shareholders of Entity D. Entity A also owns call options that are exercisable
at any time at the fair value of the underlying shares and, if exercised, would
give it an additional 20 percent of the voting rights in Entity D and reduce
Entity B’s and Entity C’s interests to 20 percent each. If the options are
exercised, Entity A will have control over more than one-half of the voting
power. The existence of the potential voting rights, as well as the other factors
described in paragraphs 39 and 40 of IPSAS 6 and paragraphs 12 and 13 of
IPSAS 7, are considered, and it is determined that Entity A controls Entity D.

Possibility of Exercise of Rights

IE7. The federal government of Arandis, in agreement with the state governments
of Brixia and Mutina, establishes the University of Pola-Iluro. The University
of Pola-Iluro is near the cities of Pola, Brixia and Iluro, Mutina, which are
located next to each other on the border between the two states. The federal
legislation that establishes the University of Pola-Iluro provides that the
federal minister of education has the right to appoint four of the ten governors
that manage the university. The state ministers of education of Brixia and
Mutina are given the right to appoint three governors each. The legislation
also provides that the federal government has ownership of 40 percent of the
university’s net assets, with the state governments having 30 percent each.
The federal legislation gives the federal minister of education the right to
acquire an additional 20 percent of the ownership in the university’s net
assets, with the right to appoint an additional two governors. This right is
exercisable at any time, at the discretion of the federal minister. It requires the
federal government to pay each state government the fair value of the net
assets of the university acquired. If the federal government exercises its right,
it would own 60 percent of the net assets of the university, and have the right
to appoint six of the ten governors. This would reduce the state governments’
ownership to 20 percent each, with the right to appoint only two governors
each.
IE8. The existence of the potential right to appoint the majority of the university’s
governors, as well as the other factors described in paragraphs 39 and 40 of
IPSAS 6 and paragraphs 12 and 13 of IPSAS 7, are considered, and it is
determined that the federal government of Arandis controls the University of
Pola-Iluro.

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PUBLIC SECTOR
Other Rights that have the Potential to Increase an Entity’s Voting Power or
Reduce Another Entity’s Voting Power—Example A
IE9. Entities A, B, and C own 25 percent, 35 percent, and 40 percent respectively
of the ordinary shares that carry voting rights at a general meeting of
shareholders of Entity D. Entities B and C also have share warrants that are
exercisable at any time at a fixed price and provide potential voting rights.
Entity A has a call option to purchase these share warrants at any time for a
nominal amount. If the call option is exercised, Entity A would have the
potential to increase its ownership interest, and thereby its voting rights, in
Entity D to 51 percent (and dilute Entity B’s interest to 23 percent and Entity
C’s interest to 26 percent).
IE10. Although the share warrants are not owned by Entity A, they are considered in
assessing control because they are currently exercisable by Entities B and C.
Normally, if an action (e.g., purchase or exercise of another right) is required
before an entity has ownership of a potential voting right, the potential voting
right is not regarded as held by the entity. However, the share warrants are, in
substance, held by Entity A, because the terms of the call option are designed
to ensure Entity A’s position. The combination of the call option and share
warrants gives Entity A the power to set the operating and financial policies of
Entity D, because Entity A could currently exercise the option and share
warrants. The other factors described in paragraphs 39 and 40 of IPSAS 6 and
paragraphs 12 and 13 of IPSAS 7 are also considered, and it is determined that
Entity A, not Entity B or C, controls Entity D.

Other Rights that have the Potential to Increase an Entity’s Voting Power or
Reduce Another Entity’s Voting Power—Example B
IE11. The cities of Deva, Oxonia, and Isca own 25 percent, 35 percent, and 40
percent respectively of the Deva-Oxonia-Isca Electricity Generating
Authority, a public sector entity established by charter. The charter gives the
cities voting rights in the management of the Authority and the right to receive
the electricity generated by the Authority. The voting rights and electricity
access are in proportion to their ownership in the Authority. The charter gives
Oxonia and Isca rights to increase their ownership (and therefore voting
rights) in the Authority each by 10 percent at any time, at a commercial price
agreed by the three cities. The charter also gives Deva the right to acquire 15
percent interest of the Authority from Oxonia and 20 percent from Isca at any
time for a nominal consideration. If Deva exercised the right, Deva would
increase its ownership interest, and thereby its voting rights, in Deva-Oxonia-
Isca Electric Generating Authority to 60 percent. This would dilute Oxonia’s
ownership to 20 percent and Isca’s to 20 percent.
IE12. Although the charter gives Oxonia and Isca the right to increase their
proportion of ownership, the overarching right of Deva to acquire a majority

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 CONSOLIDATED AND SEPARATE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

interest in the Authority for a nominal consideration set out in the charter is, in
substance, designed to ensure Deva’s position. The right held by Deva gives
Deva the capacity to set the operating and financial policies of the Deva-
Oxonia-Isca Electricity Generating Authority, because Deva could exercise
the right to increase its ownership and therefore voting rights at any time. The
other factors described in paragraphs 39 and 40 of IPSAS 6 and paragraphs 12
and 13 of IPSAS 7 are also considered, and it is determined that Deva, not
Oxonia or Isca, controls the Deva-Oxonia-Isca Electricity Generating
Authority.

Management Intention—Example A
IE13. Entities A, B, and C each own 33⅓ percent of the ordinary shares that carry
voting rights at a general meeting of shareholders of Entity D. Entities A, B,
and C each have the right to appoint two directors to the board of Entity D.
Entity A also owns call options that are exercisable at a fixed price at any time
and, if exercised, would give it all the voting rights in Entity D. The
management of Entity A does not intend to exercise the call options, even if
Entities B and C do not vote in the same manner as Entity A. The existence of
the potential voting rights, as well as the other factors described in
paragraphs 39 and 40 of IPSAS 6 and paragraphs 12 and 13 of IPSAS 7, are
considered, and it is determined that Entity A controls Entity D. The intention
of Entity A’s management does not influence the assessment.

Management Intention—Example B
IE14. The cities of Tolosa, Lutetia, and Massilia each own 33 1/3 percent of TLM
Water Commission, a public sector entity established by charter to reticulate
drinking water to the cities of Tolosa, Lutetia, and Massilia and a number of
outlying towns and villages. The charter gives each city an equal vote in the
governance of the Commission, and the right to appoint two Commissioners
each. The Commissioners manage the Commission on behalf of the cities. The
charter also gives the city of Tolosa the right to acquire the ownership rights
of Lutetia and Massilia at a fixed price, exercisable at any time by the Mayor
of Tolosa. If exercised Tolosa would have sole governance of the Commission
with the right to appoint all the Commissioners. The Mayor of Tolosa does
not intend to exercise the right to acquire full ownership of Commission, even
if the Commissioners appointed by Lutetia and Massilia vote against those
appointed by Tolosa. The existence of the potential voting rights, as well as
the other factors described in paragraphs 39 and 40 of IPSAS 6 and
paragraphs 12 and 13 of IPSAS 7, are considered, and it is determined that
Tolosa controls TLM Water Commission. The intention of the Mayor of
Tolosa does not influence the assessment.

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 CONSOLIDATED AND SEPARATE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

PUBLIC SECTOR
Financial Ability—Example A
IE15. Entities A and B own 55 percent and 45 percent respectively of the ordinary
shares that carry voting rights at a general meeting of shareholders of Entity
C. Entity B also holds debt instruments that are convertible into ordinary
shares of Entity C. The debt can be converted at a substantial price, in
comparison with Entity B’s net assets, at any time and, if converted, would
require Entity B to borrow additional funds to make the payment. If the debt
were to be converted, Entity B would hold 70 percent of the voting rights and
Entity A’s interest would reduce to 30 percent.
IE16. Although the debt instruments are convertible at a substantial price, they are
currently convertible, and the conversion feature gives Entity B the power to
set the operating and financial policies of Entity C. The existence of the
potential voting rights, as well as the other factors described in paragraphs 39
and 40 of IPSAS 6, are considered, and it is determined that Entity B, not
Entity A, controls Entity C. The financial ability of Entity B to pay the
conversion price does not influence the assessment.

Financial Ability—Example B
IE17. The cities of Melina and Newton own 55 percent and 45 percent respectively
of the interests that carry voting rights of MN Broadcasting Authority, a
public sector entity established by charter to provide broadcasting and
television services for the regions. The charter gives the city of Newton the
option to buy additional 25 percent interest of the Authority from the city of
Melina at a substantial price, in comparison with the city of Newton’s net
assets, at any time. If exercised, it would require the city of Newton to borrow
additional funding to make the payment. If the option were to be exercised,
the city of Newton would hold 70 percent of the voting rights and the city of
Melina’s interest would reduce to 30 percent.
IE18. Although the option is exercisable at a substantial price, it is currently
exercisable, and the exercise feature gives the city of Newton the power to set
the operating and financial policies of MN Broadcasting Authority. The
existence of potential voting rights, as well as the other factors described in
paragraphs 39 and 40 of IPSAS 6, are considered, and it is determined that the
city of Newton, not the city of Melina, controls MN Broadcasting Authority.
The financial ability of the city of Newton to pay the exercise price does not
influence the assessment.

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 CONSOLIDATED AND SEPARATE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Comparison with IAS 27

IPSAS 6, Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements is drawn primarily from
IAS 27, Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements (2003). At the time of
issuing this Standard, the IPSASB has not considered the applicability of IFRS 5,
Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations, to public sector
entities; therefore IPSAS 6 does not reflect amendments made to IAS 27
consequent upon the issue of IFRS 5. The main differences between IPSAS 6 and
IAS 27 are as follows:
 Commentary additional to that in IAS 27 has been included in IPSAS 6 to
clarify the applicability of the Standard to accounting by public sector
entities.
 IPSAS 6 contains specific guidance on whether control exists in a public
sector context (paragraphs 28–41).
 IPSAS 6 uses different terminology, in certain instances, from IAS 27. The
most significant examples are the use of the terms “statement of financial
performance,” “net assets/equity,” “economic entity,” “controlling entity,”
and “controlled entity” in IPSAS 6. The equivalent terms in IAS 27 are
“income statement,” “equity,” “group,” “parent,” and “subsidiary.”
 IPSAS 6 does not use the term “income,” which in IAS 27 has a broader
meaning than the term “revenue.”
 IPSAS 6 permits entities to use the equity method to account for controlled
entities in the separate financial statements of controlling entities.
 IPSAS 6 requires controlling entities to disclose a list of significant
controlled entities in consolidated financial statements (paragraph 62(a)).
IAS 27 does not require this disclosure. IPSAS 6 includes a transitional
provision that permits entities to not eliminate all balances and transactions
between entities within the economic entity for reporting periods beginning
on a date within three years following the date of first adoption of this
Standard (paragraphs 65–68). IAS 27 does not contain transitional
provisions.
 IPSAS 6 contains additional illustrative examples that reflect the public
sector context.

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