NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

A. RELATED STUDIES

A.1. International/Foreign Studies

1. Rittenhouse Square

SOURCE: https://www.visitphilly.com/things-to-do/attractions/rittenhouse-square-park/

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

Location of Rittenhouse Square

The Square is bounded by Walnut Street to the north, 18th Street to the east,

South Rittenhouse Street to the south, and West Rittenhouse Street to the

west in southwestern corner of Philadelphia's Center City.

Overview of the Project

One of five original squares planned by city founder William Penn in the late

17th century, Rittenhouse Square is the heart of Center City’s most expensive

and exclusive neighborhood. With a bevy of high-rise residences filled with

top-end luxury apartments and some of the best fine dining experiences in the

city, residents can marvel at their options, while also enjoying the luxury retail

shopping in the area, all of which surrounds the handsome tree-filled park.
SOURCE: https://www.visitphilly.com/things-to-do/attractions/rittenhouse-square-park/

History

The project was designed by William Penn founded Philadelphia in 1682, he

designed the first planed city in America. Coming from the crowded and

disease-ridden city of 17th Century London, Penn sought to create a city that

was greener and inviting. Penn designed five public squares into his city plan,

one of which was Rittenhouse Square. Originally called Southwest Square,

the square was renamed after David Rittenhouse in 1825 David Rittenhouse

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

was a descendant of a prominent early Philadelphian family that had

established and operated Philadelphia’s first paper mill. Rittenhouse became

a renowned astronomer and inventor who was respected by the likes of

Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. Rittenhouse would frequently meet

with Franklin and would become the President of Franklin’s American

Philosophical Society upon his death. Rittenhouse was also involved in early

American politics, becoming the treasurer of the newly independent state of

Pennsylvania in 1777 and later the first director of the United States Mint.
SOURCE: https://www.theconstitutional.com/blog/2015/08/25/rittenhouse-square

2. St. Peter’s Square

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

Location of St. Peter’s Square

St. Peter's Square is one of the largest and most beautiful squares in the

world. It is located in Vatican City, at the feet of St. Peter's Basilica.

Overview of the Project

The most impressive part of the square, besides its size, are its 284 columns

and 88 pilasters that flank the square in a colonnade of four rows. Above the

columns there are 140 statues of saints created in 1670 by the disciples of

Bernini. In the center of the square the obelisk and the two fountains, one of

Bernini (1675) and another of Maderno (1614) stand out. The obelisk, which
SOURCE: https://www.rome.net/st-peters-square
is 25 meters in height, was carried to Rome from Egypt in 1586. The most

spectacular way to arrive at St. Peter's Square is along the Via della

Conciliazione, a long street that begins in the Castel Sant'Angelo.

History

When Emperor Constantine had the first St. Peter’s Basilica built, he leveled

the Vatican hill and the city of the dead located there. Construction probably

began between the years 319 and 326. The Basilica of Constantine is located

under what is now St. Peter’s Basilica, which is 3.2 m (10.5 ft) above the old

basilica. The old basilica was much shorter and in front of it was a

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

quadriportico, a four-sided colonnade with an inner courtyard. At the St. Paul

Basilica outside the walls you can see very well what the old St. Peter’s

Basilica could have looked like.

In front of the basilica there was only the empty area that Constantine had

leveled. A fountain was built in the 5th century, but other buildings have not

been preserved well for a long time, and in the Middle Ages the Borgo quarter

increasingly approached the basilica. Pope Pius II had built marble stairs and

a box of blessings in the 15th century. The existence of the ancient fountain

to the right of the basilica can also be traced back to the 15th century.

For the anniversary in 1500, Pope Alexander VI built Via Alessandrina,

which led from the Angel Bridge to the Apostolic Palace, and the Spina di

Borgo was built, which blocked the view of St. Peter’s Basilica from the Tiber

river. At the time, the area between the basilica and the borgo was a free,

almost rectangular field with a gradient of around 10 meters.The construction

of the new Peter’s Basilica began in 1505 and was inaugurated in 1626 after

a checkered history. After the completion of the basilica, the problem of the

area in front of the basilica came up. A first project by Bernini in 1656 provided

for a trapezoidal square with arcades and shops because the St. Peter’s

Basilica factory wanted to rent or sell apartments and shops with a view of the

valuable square. Only after the intervention of Pope Alexander VII did Bernini

succeed in implementing a new project with a free-standing colonnade in

1657.
SOURCE: https://www.tourist-in-rom.com/en/st-peters-square

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

A.2. Local Studies

1. Plaza Moriones

SOURCE: https://fIntramuros_Manila_Landmarks_Bu

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

Location of Plaza Moriones

Plaza Moriones is a public square in Intramuros, Manila. Located in front of

the entrance to Fort Santiago, it is one of three major plazas in Intramuros

Overview of the Project

Plaza Moriones is a major public square in Tondo, Manila. Unlike other

squares in Manila, the plaza is in the shape of a linear park occupying the

central median of Moriones Street, starting at the intersection of Moriones and

Juan Luna Streets, and ending at the intersection with Santa Maria Street,

bisected by Nicolas Zamora Street in the center.

History

Plaza Moriones was originally bare open space, with the plaza being

documented as having grass as early as 1875. By 1903, despite still being

considered an "unremarkable" space, the plaza had a few trees growing

around its periphery, and by the 1930s, aerial photos show that trees were

found growing on the northern side of the plaza, close to the fort's entrance,

while the southern side remained open space.[2] After World War II, the plaza

reverted to being largely covered in grass, although shrubbery was planted in

1983. Concrete paths and a fountain were also installed in the 1980s. Plans

to redevelop the plaza were first conceptualized in 1973 as part of the

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

Development Plan for Intramuros presented by the Spanish government, in

which the plaza was envisioned as a “cultural-recreational area". In the early

1990s, the Intramuros Administration commissioned landscape architect Dolly

Perez to redesign the plaza. Perez's redesign, completed in 1993, transformed

the space into a garden with flora typical of 19th-century gardens. As part of

the redesign, trees were planted and, in keeping with the general historical

appearance of Intramuros, the plaza's walkways and low walls were framed in

natural adobe and brick.

2. Plaza de Roma

SOURCE: https://Plaza_de_Roma#/media/File:01063jfIntramuros_Manila_Landmarks_Bu

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

Location of Plaza de Roma

Plaza de Roma, also known as Plaza Roma, is one of three major public

squares in Intramuros, Manila. It is bounded by Andres Soriano Avenue

(formerly Calle Aduana) to the north, Cabildo Street to the east, Santo Tomas

Street to the 10 south, and General Antonio Luna Street (formerly Calle Real

del Palacio) to the west. The plaza is considered to be the center of

Intramuros.

Overview of the Project

Plaza de Roma is dominated by the Manila Cathedral, the seat of the

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila. Plaza de Roma, also known as Plaza

Roma, is one of three major public squares in Intramuros, Manila. The plaza

is considered to be the center of Intramuros.

History

During Spanish colonial times, the plaza was the Plaza Mayor of Manila, and

was thus considered the center of the city, with bullfights and other public

events being held in the plaza until Governor-General Rafael Maria de Aguilar

converted it into a garden in 1797. It was also often referred to as the Plaza

de Armas (not to be confused with the Plaza de Armas inside Fort Santiago)

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

during this time. In 1901, with the start of American rule, the plaza was

renamed Plaza McKinley, after U.S. President William McKinley, who

authorized the colonization of the Philippines by the United States. The plaza

was given its current name in 1961, following the elevation of Rufino Santos

to the College of Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church as the first Filipino

cardinal. In recognition of this, the city of Rome reciprocated by subsequently

renaming one of its squares Piazzale Manila. Its current configuration as a

garden does not anymore allow Plaza de Roma to function as a public square

like Plaza Miranda and Plaza Moriones. However, the Intramuros

Administration plans to revert the square to its appearance in the Spanish Era.
SOURCE: https://fIntramuros_Manila_Landmarks_Bu

B. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This portion shall present various related literature that will convey sets

of information that offers relevant and significant consideration in the process

of fulfilling the objectives of the study.

B.1. Project Locale

Quezon City also known as the City of Quezon, QC, is a highly

urbanized city and the most populous city in the Philippines. It was founded

by and named after Manuel L. Quezon, the 2nd President of the Philippines,

to replace Manila as the national capital. The city was proclaimed as such in

1948, though a significant number of government buildings remained in

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

Manila. Quezon City held status as the official capital until 1976 when a

presidential decree was issued to reinstate and designate Manila as the

capital and Metro Manila as the seat of government. It is the largest city in

terms of population and land area in Metro Manila, the National Capital Region

of the Philippines. Quezon City is not located in and should not be confused

with the province of Quezon, which was also named after the president.

B.1.1. Profile of Quezon City

B.1.1.a. Location

Quezon City is situated on the northeast portion of Metro Manila. It is

bounded on the north by Caloocan City and San Jose del Monte City in

Bulacan Province, on the east by San Mateo and Marikina, on the south by

Pasig and Mandaluyong, San Juan and Manila, and on the west by

Valenzuela, Caloocan and Manila. Its northeastern and eastern boundaries

are defined by the Novaliches Watershed and the Marikina River.

It is close to the region’s major activity centers like Binondo, Ayala,

Monumento, Ortigas, the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA), the North

and South Harbor as well as the newly developed Fort Bonifacio Global City.

With an area of 16,112.58 hectares (based on 1995 GIS graphical plot), it is

the largest among the sixteen (16) cities and one (1) municipality in the region

and is almost one-fourth the size of Metro Manila.

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Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

SOURCE: QUEZON CITY EcologicaProfile2015.pdf

B.1.1.b. Topography

The City’s slope is generally manageable ranging from less than 8% to

15%. A small, scattered area has a very steep slope which can be utilized for

parks and green area development.

B.1.1.c. Slope

The City’s slope is generally manageable ranging from less than 8% to

15%. A small, scattered area has a very steep slope which can be utilized for

parks and green area development.

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Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

SOURCE: QUEZON CITY EcologicaProfile2015.pdf

B.1.1.d. Soil

A survey by the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM)

showed that the predominant soil type in the City is of the Novaliches Loam

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Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

series, commonly called “adobe” and mainly characterized as hard and

compact. The quality of the soil varies as the depth increases.

SOURCE: QUEZON CITY EcologicaProfile2015.pdf

B.1.1.e. Drainage

The City is drained thru four (4) principal river basins namely: the San

Juan-San Francisco River, Marikina River, Tullahan River and Meycauayan

River. The San Juan River which traverses the central and southern sections

of the city, as well as the Marikina River which traverses along the eastern

boundary discharge to the Pasig River. The Tullahan River traversing the

Novaliches area discharges to Tenejeros River in Malabon. The creeks at the

northwestern most portion drain to the Meycauayan River. The ultimate

drainage outfall of these river systems is the Manila Bay. The San Juan-San

Francisco River Basin covers the largest area of 80 sq. km. extending from

the city’s southern limits up to San Bartolome in Novaliches and from Quirino

Highway towards Marikina Valley ridge in the east, except for La Loma and

Galas which slope down directly to the Pasig River. Meanwhile, the Marikina

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

River Basin, comprising 26 sq. km, is the outfall of marginal areas east of

Marikina Ridge from Don Jose Subdivision near Fairview down to Corinthian

Gardens at Ortigas Avenue. The Tullahan River basin with an approximate

drainage area of 28.94 sq. km. serves most of the Novaliches District from

Batasan at the east towards Caloocan City at the west, including Fairview and

Lagro and across Novaliches proper up to Damong Maliit Road in Nagkaisang

Nayon. The remaining areas at the northwestern peripheries drain to

Meycauayan River. The Novaliches Watershed with an area of 2,574 hectares

serves exclusively the La Mesa Reservation Area.

SOURCE: QUEZON CITY EcologicaProfile2015.pdf

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

B.1.1.f. Groundwater Levels

The 1955 piezometric map indicates that in the northern part near

Novaliches reservoir and at +60 meter contour in the groundwater divide, two

separating groundwater flow directions exist. One towards southeast direction

to Marikina Valley and the other towards southwest direction to Pasig River

near the sea. Since 1955, the groundwater flow pattern has been significantly

altered due to excessive withdrawal of groundwater. The adversely affected

parts of the aquifer created cones of depression. The 2004 groundwater level

proved the worsened situation as increased groundwater abstraction resulted

in deeper cones of depressions.

SOURCE: QUEZON CITY EcologicaProfile2015.pdf

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

B.1.1.g. Climate

The climate in Quezon City is typical of Metro Manila’s, which has a

distinct dry season from December to April and wet season from May to

November. From 2001 – 2013, climatological values measured at the

PAGASA Station 430 Science Garden showed that Quezon City had a total

amount of rainfall of 35,983.50 mm. Maximum amount of rainfall was

experienced in August 2012 with a record of 1,387.20 mm of which 1,007.4

mm of rain was recorded on a 3-day period. The heavy downpour was brought

by the southwest monsoon, locally known as Habagat, which was enhanced

by typhoon Gener. The minimum amount of rainfall were recorded in March,

April and February of 2004, 2006 and 2010, respectively where no rainy day

was recorded. The maximum number of 29-rainy days occurred in July 2013.

Over the 13-year period, highest temperature is experienced during the month

of April averaging at 34.9 while lowest temperature is recorded during the

month of January with an average of 21.2.

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

B.1.1.h. Fault System

The west Marikina Fault of the Marikina Valley Fault System (MVFS)

affects Quezon City. It runs along the City’s eastern boundary from the down

slope area east of Violago Parkwoods in the northeast to Bagong Silangan to

Northview; Capitol Park Homes; Loyola Grand Villas; Industrial Valley

Subdivision; St. Ignatius to Green Meadows Subdivision in Ugong Norte in the

southeast.

B.1.1.i. Land Use

Historically, the development of Quezon City was based on two master

plans: the 1940 Frost Plan named after its principal architect, Harry Frost; and

the 1949 master plan prepared by the City Planning Commission in

accordance with the vision of Pres. Manuel Luis Quezon. The 1940 Frost Plan

was only partially implemented owing to the occurrence of World War II.

Hence, it was the succeeding Master Plan prepared in 1949 that directed the

development of the city from the destruction brought about by the war. This

was followed by the Revised Charter of QC in 1950 which retained the

residential character of the city including other major land use allocations,

such as road/public/utility terminals, parks/playground and agricultural. The

development was then succeeded by the City Zoning Plan of 1963 in which

residential land use still had the highest allocation with no significant changes

in other major land uses.

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

a) Residential Development

Quezon City being a highly urbanized city and a potential hub for huge

developments, investors and developers continued to develop high rise

residential condominium in Districts I, III and IV in the year 2011, thus

residential development again increased by 6% comprising about 41.57% of

the city’s urban area. The developers opted to convert some industrial land

uses in District V & VI along with the commercial land uses within the core of

the city and converted into residential uses.

SOURCE: QUEZON CITY EcologicaProfile2015.pdf

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

b) Commercial Development

Generally, commercial development in the city was concentrated along

its major roads reflecting a ribbon type and from clusters of small to medium

commercial shops and stores in residential communities to smaller

commercial nodes in some prominent commercial areas in the city. Major

commercial developments emerged at the beginning of the year 2000 with the

establishments of SM city and Robinson’s in Fairview, the Triangle North of

Manila (Trinoma) and Eastwood Cyberpark. These developments covered

huge land areas in the city that caused significant increase in the city’s

commercial area. The area coverage of the commercial use is approximately

8.23% equivalent to 1,326.61 hectares.

SOURCE: QUEZON CITY EcologicaProfile2015.pdf

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

c) Industrial Development

Industrial development continues to be confined at the city’s industrial

zones such as Balintawak, Novaliches and Libis. These are the traditional

industrial district of the city owing to the large land parcels and proximity to

industrialized areas and adjoining towns and cities (Caloocan, Malabon,

Valenzuela and Pasig), and accessibility to international and domestic sea and

airports (via A. Bonifacio Quirino Highway).

SOURCE: QUEZON CITY EcologicaProfile2015.pdf

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

B.1.1.j. Water Supply

Like the rest of Metro Manila, Quezon City gets its water from the

Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) through its private

distribution concessionaires: Maynilad Water Services, Inc. (MWSI) and

Manila Water Company, Inc. (MWCI). The west half of the city is served by

MWSI and the east by MWCI.

In terms of service connections, data from MWSI and MWCI show a

total of 356,794 households served as of December 2008. MWSI shares a

total of water service connection of 218,817 or 61.33% while MWCI has water

service connection of about 137,977 or 38.67%. Total Domestic users account

for 319,733 or 89.61% connections, semi commercial consumers at 13,748 or

3.85 %, commercial users are 20,440 or 5.73 % and industrial users at 2,873

or 0.81% water service connections.

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

B.1.1.k. Power Supply

As of 2015, the total number of MERALCO customers is 614,251 of

which 558,603 metered connections or 90.94% are residential, 54,309 or

8.84% are commercial, 994 or 0.16% are industrial and 345 or 0.06% are for

streetlights.

B.1.1.l. Road Network

The City has a total road kilometerage of 2,297.59 kilometers. There

has been a 202.07 kilometers increase from 2007 to 2016 total road

kilometerage. The present road-to-land area ratio is 16.81 km/100 hectares.

There has been an 8.10% increase from the 2007 road-to-land area ratio of

15.55 km/100 hectares. This is most significant in District II (became District

II, V and VI last July 2, 2012) where much of the new land development

activities had taken place. A total of 138.97 km. new roads have been added

in District II during the 9-year period compared to only 63.10 km. of total new

roads in the already developed Districts I, III and IV. (Refer to Table GP-9) Of

the total new roads constructed from 2007 to 2016, only 3.59 km. (1.78%)

were primary arterial roads. These were the extension of Mindanao Avenue

and Katipunan Avenue Extension at Bgy. Nagkaisang Nayon and the rest

198.51 km. (98.22%) were secondary, collector, tertiary and service roads.

Tertiary or distributor roads are basically used as access to properties.

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

SOURCE: QUEZON CITY EcologicaProfile2015.pdf

C. RELATED LEGAL BASES AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION

C.1. NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (PD 1096)

A. SIDEWALKS

1. The minimum width of the sidewalk for a RROW width of 9.00

meters or more shall be 1.20 meters on each side of the RROW or

a total of 2.40 meters on both sides of the RROW.

SOURCE: NBC, PRESIDENTIAL DECREE (P.D.) NO. 1096. pdf

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

Range of Required Sidewalks and Planting Strips Width (total at both

Table 2.9 Required Sidewalk and Planting Strips Width

SOURCE: NBC, PRESIDENTIAL DECREE (P.D.) NO.

SOURCE: NBC, PRESIDENTIAL DECREE (P.D.) NO. 1096.pdf

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

SOURCE: NBC, PRESIDENTIAL DECREE (P.D.) NO. 1096.pdf

Figure 2.36 Sidewalks & Planting strips ‘B’

C.1.2. Accessibility Law (BP 344)

In order to ensure the proper and uniform implementation of

accessibility features for the use of persons with disabilities along national

roads pursuant to “Batas Pambansa Blg 344”, otherwise known as the

Accessibility Law, and its implementing Rules and Regulations, all

implementing offices of the Department shall adopt the attached standard

drawings containing the following minimum requirements for accessibility:

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

A. DROPPED SIDEWALKS

SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS, p. 15

Minimum Requirements:
1.1 Changes in level at sidewalks should be effected by slight ramps and

dropped curbs;

1.2 Dropped curbs should be provided at pedestrian crossing and at the

end of footpaths of a private street of access road; no dropped curbs

shall be provided at corners of sidewalk.

1.3 Dropped curbs at pedestrian crossings should have a length

corresponding to the width of the crossing if the sidewalk width is less

than 3.50 meters otherwise, the minimum width should be 0.90 meters.

1.4 Dropped curbs shall be ramped towards adjoining curbs with a gradient

not more than 1:12;

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

1.5 Dropped curbs be sloped towards the road with a maximum cross

gradient of 1:20 to prevent water collection at the sidewalk;

1.6 The lowest point of the dropped curb should not exceed 25 millimeters

(mm) height above road gutter

SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS, p. 16

SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS, p. 16

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Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS, p. 17

B. CURB CUT-OUTS

SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS, p.

Minimum requirements:

1.1 Curb cut-outs should only be allowed when it will not obstruct a

sidewalk or in any way lessen the width of a sidewalk or if the sidewalk

width is less than 3.50 meters. No curb cut-outs shall be provided at

corners of sidewalks.

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

1.2 The minimum width of a curb cut-out should be 0.90 meters;

1.3 Curb cut-outs should not have a gradient not more than 1:12.

C. Sidewalks, Handrails and Open Spaces

Figure 2.42 Rest stop on busy lengthy sidewalk

SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS, p. 21

Minimum Requirements:

1.1 Sidewalks should be kept as level as possible and provided with slip-

resistant material;

1.2 Whenever and wherever possible, sidewalks should have a grade no

more than 1:20 or 5%

1.3 Sidewalks should have a maximum cross gradient of 1:100;

1.4 Sidewalks should have a minimum width of 1.20 meters;

1.5 If possible, gratings should never be located along sidewalks; when

occurring along sidewalks, grating opening should have a maximum

dimensions of 13mm x 13mm and shall not project more than 6.5 mm

above or below the level of the sidewalk;

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

1.6 Sidewalks should have a continuing surface without abrupt pitches in

angle or interruptions by cracks or breaks creating edges above 6.5mm;

1.7 In lengthy or busy sidewalks, spaces should be provided at some point

along the route so that a wheelchair may pass another or turn around;

these spaces should have a minimum dimension of 1.5 meters and

should be spaced at maximum distance of 12 meters between stops;

1.8 To guide the blind, sidewalks should as much as possible follow straight

forward routes with right angle turns;

1.9 Where planting is provided adjacent to the walkway regular maintenance

is essential to ensure branches of trees or shrubs do not overhang

sidewalks or paths, as they do not only present a particular danger to the

blind, but they also reduce effective footway width available to

pedestrians;

1.10 Sidewalk headroom should not be less than 2.00 meters and should be

preferably be higher;

1.11 Passageways for the disabled should not be obstructed by street

furniture, bollards, sign posts, or columns along the defined route as they

can be hazardous;

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NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS, p. 23

SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS, p. 23

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

1.12 Handrails should be installed at both ends of ramps and stairs and at the

outer edges of dropped curbs at crossings; handrails should not be

installed beyond the width of any crossing so as not to obstruct

pedestrian flow;

1.13 Handrails shall be installed at 0.90 meters and 0.70 meters above steps

or ramps; Handrails for protection at great heights may be installed at

1.00 meters to 1.06 meters;

1.14 0.30 meters long extension of the handrail should be provided at the start

and end of ramps and stairs;

1.15 Handrails that require full grip should have a dimension of 30mm to

50mm;

1.16 Handrails attached to walls should have a clearance no less than 50mm

from the wall; handrails on ledges should have a clearance not less than

40mm;

SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS, p. 22

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS, p. 22

1.17 Where open space are provided adjacent to walkway, the blind become

particularly disoriented. Therefore, it is extremely helpful if any sidewalk

or paths can be given defined edges either by the use of planters with

dwarf walls, or grass verge, or similar, which provides a texture different

from the path.

D. STAIRS

Minimum Requirements:

1.1 Uniform risers of 150 mm (maximum) and treads of 300 mm (minimum)

shall be used.

1.2 Tread surfaces shall be of slip-resistant material; nosings shall be slip

resistant to further minimize slipping

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 NATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Amafel Bldg. Aguinaldo Highway, Dasmarinas, Cavite
Architecture Department

SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS, p.

1.3 Slanted nosings are preferred than protruding nosings so as not to pose

difficulty for people using crutches or braces whose feet have a tendency

to get caught in protruding nosings.

1.4 A tactile strip 300 mm wide shall be installed before hazardous areas

such as sudden changes in floor levels and at the top, bottom and

intermediate landings of stairs; special care must be taken to ensure the

proper mounting or adhesion of tactile strips so as not to cause

accidents.

SOURCE: BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) AMENDMENTS, p.

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