Biology is the scientific study of life.
[1][2][3] It is a natural science with a
broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single,
coherent field.[1][2][3] For instance, all living organisms are made up of cells
that process hereditary information encoded in genes, which can be transmitted to
future generations. Another major theme is evolution, which explains the unity and
diversity of life.[1][2][3] Finally, all living organisms require energy to move,
grow, and reproduce, as well as to regulate their own internal environment.[1][2]
[3][4][5]
Biologists are able to study life at multiple levels of organization.[1] From the
molecular biology of a cell to the anatomy and physiology of plants and animals,
and evolution of populations.[1][6] Hence, there are multiple subdisciplines within
biology, each defined by the nature of their research questions and the tools that
they used.[7][8][9] Like other scientists, biologists use the scientific method to
make observations, pose questions, generate hypotheses, and perform experiments to
satisfy their curiosity about the world around them.[1]
Life on Earth, which emerged before 3.7 billion years ago,[10] is immensely
diverse. Biologists have sought to study and classify the various forms of life,
from prokaryotic organisms such as archaea and bacteria to eukaryotic organisms
such as protists, fungi, plants, and animals. These various living organisms
contribute to the biodiversity of an ecosystem, where they play specialized roles
in the cycling of nutrients and energy.