ENGLISH 9

Quarter 4 Week 1-7

Week 1
I. CONTENT
Concepts
DIRECT SPEECH - uses the exact word of the speaker. These words are written with
quotation marks. Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use
direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks (" ") and there
is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW (for
example a telephone conversation), or telling someone later about a previous conversation

QUESTIONS:
1. What are the exact words of the speaker in Group A? What punctuation marks enclosed
the actual words of the speaker?
2. Are the ideas expressed in Group A the same as the ideas expressed in Group B? What
do you think are their differences?
3. What do you call the sentences in Group A? In Group B?
Discussing New Concepts

RULE 1. Changes in Verbs:

•If the reporting speech is in present tense or future tense, then no change is required
to be made in the verb of reported speech.
Examples:
A. Direct Speech: He says, “I am ill.”
Indirect Speech: He says that he is ill.
B. Direct Speech: She says, “She sang a song.”
Indirect Speech: She says that she sang a song.
C. Direct Speech: You say, “I shall visit London.”
Indirect Speech: You say that you will visit London.
•If the introductory verb is in the past tense, the verb in the quoted part is changed
into past tense, present perfect is changed into the past perfect tense and present
continuous is changed into past continuous tense.
Examples:
A. Direct Speech: They said, “They plan to exercise every day.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they planned to exercise every day.
B. Direct Speech: They said, “They have plan to exercise.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they had planned to exercise.
C. Direct Speech: They said, “They are planning to exercise every day.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they were planning to exercise every day.
•In Future Tense, while no changes are made except shall and will
are changed into should or would.
Examples:
Direct Speech: They said, “They will plan to exercise.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they would plan to exercise.
RULE 2. If the quoted part is a declarative, we use the “that clause”.
Examples:
Direct Speech: She says, “I was not writing a letter to my brother.”
Indirect Speech: She says that she was not writing a letter to her brother.
RULE 3. If the quoted part is an imperative sentence, change it into to phrase, and
change said into told.
Examples:
Direct Speech: The teacher said to me, “Shut the door.”
Indirect Speech: The teacher told me to shut the door.
RULE 4. If the quoted part is an interrogative sentence answerable by yes or no, use
the if-clause and if there is a choice we use whether-clause.
Examples:
A. Direct Speech: My friend asked,” Are you sick?”
Indirect Speech: My friend asked if I was sick.
B. Direct Speech: Mother asked,” Do you like ice cream or cake?”
Indirect Speech: Mother asked whether I liked ice cream or cake.
If the quoted part is a wh-question, repeat the question word and interchange the
subject and verb.
Examples:
Direct speech: The teacher asks, “Where is your assignment?”
Indirect Speech: The teacher asks where my assignment is.
RULE 5. If the quoted part is a fact or truth, no need to change the tense of the verb in
the introductory part.
Examples:
A. Direct Speech: The professor said, “Manila is the capital of the Philippines.”
Indirect Speech: The professor said that Manila is the capital of the Philippines.
B. Direct Speech: Jeff said,” I am a Filipino.”
Indirect Speech: Jeff said that he is a Filipino
RULE 7. Changes in Place, Time, and Possessive Words
When we use indirect speech, we are reporting what someone else said in a different
time and situation. Logically, we need to change some of the words from the original
statement. This happens with place, time, and possessive words.
Examples:
A. DIRECT SPEECH: "It is sunny here."
REPORTED SPEECH: She said it was sunny there.
(We need to change the place word.)
B. DIRECT SPEECH: "I went to a concert yesterday."
REPORTED SPEECH: She said she went to a concert the day before.
(We need to change the time word.)
C. DIRECT SPEECH: "Harvey is our pet dog."
REPORTED SPEECH: She said Harvey is their pet dog.
(We need to change the possessive word.)
RULE 8. Reporting Verbs. There are some verbs that we use very often when we
report what other people said.
Some of the most common ones are:
say promise warn
announce tell mention
Examples:
 They said it rained all evening.
  She promised she would call me today.
 They announced that the President would make a speech.
 Greg mentioned that he was sick.
Remember that when we use the reporting verbs tell and warn, we always need to say who.
Examples:
•Emily told me she had finished her project.
•The lifeguard warned the swimmers there could be sharks.
It is important to remember that the word that in reported speech is almost always optional.
Examples:
•They said there was a meeting at four o'clock.
•They said that there was a meeting at four o'clock.
RULE 9. Tense Shift. When we report what someone else has said, we are giving the
information at a later time. They said something earlier, and we are reporting it now.
Because we are giving the information at a later time, we need to change the tense in
the original statement so that it makes sense. We "back-step" with the verb tense.
For example, if the statement was made in the simple present, we report it in the simple
past:
•"I am really tired," she said.
•She said she was really tired.
If the statement was made in the simple past, we use the past perfect when we report:
•"They came to the house around 4:30 pm," he told me.
•He told me they had come to the house around 4:30 pm.
If the statement was made in the present perfect, we use the past perfect when we report:
•"We have eaten breakfast already," Brian said.
•Brian said they had eaten breakfast already.
RULE 10. Reporting with Modal Verbs. Some common modal verbs must be changed
when we use reported speech.
Examples:
•"I will be there by dinnertime," she promised. (Direct Speech)
•She promised she would be here by dinnertime. (Indirect Speech)
•"Sam can play with you today," Mrs. Groban told me. (Direct Speech)
•Mrs. Groban told me Sam could play with me yesterday. (Indirect Speech)
•"You must wear formal clothes to the event," the director said. (Direct Speech)
•The director said I had to wear formal clothes to the event. (Indirect Speech)
Activity 1.
ACTIVITY #2: FILL IN THE BLANKS. Complete the following indirect speeches based
on the given direct speech. Write only the letter of the best response on your answer
sheet.
1. "He will come tomorrow".
She told me that he ________ tomorrow.
a) is coming
b) will come
c) would come
2. "I see the clouds.".
He told me that she ________ the clouds.
a) sees
b) is seeing
c) saw
3. "My mother is taking the bus to work tomorrow".
He told me that his mother ________ the bus to work tomorrow.
a) is taking
b) was taking
c) will take
4. "I will call you".
I told her that I ________ her.
a) will call
b) would call
c) would have called
5. "I have been there".
She told me that she ________ there.
a) had been
b) has been
c) was
6. "I will be studying tomorrow".
I told him that I ________ tomorrow.
a) will be studying
b) would be studying
c) will study
7. "Open the window!".
He asked me ________ the window.
a) to open
b) open
c) opened
8. I am happy".
She told me that she ________ happy.
a) has been
b) is
c) was
9. "I have seen that movie".
He told me that he ________ that movie.
a) had seen
b) will have seen
c) has seen
10. "I am flying to India tomorrow".
He told me that he ________ tomorrow.
a) is flying
b) was flying
c) will fly
Source: https://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/reported-speech-mixed1.html
 Week 2
CONTENT
1. Predicting Outcome- Telling the possible event to happen next or results based on the
given idea, sentence or phrase.
2. Taking a Stand- To express one’s opinion.
Predicting Outcomes
Predicting outcome is the ability to predict wat will happen next based on two things:
1. Clues given in the picture or story.
2. What you already know.
One way to predict outcome is to look at a picture. You can see what is happening and then
predict what is most likely to happen. You will look for clues in the picture to help you predict
what the outcome will be.
1. Your neighbor has cleaned his front yard every Saturday morning for as long as you can
remember. Can you predict what your neighbor will be doing next Saturday?
You can predict that your neighbor will be cleaning his front yard. If he is doing for as long as
you can remember, it is most likely he will be doing this next Saturday.
2. Jessie has a spelling quiz in English tomorrow. She is practicing her spelling words.
You can predict that Jessie will be passing or getting a high score in her spelling quiz in
English because she is practicing her skill in spelling words.
You also need to predict outcomes when you are reading. It can be as short as one
sentence, or as long as a short story. Take note of the following when reading:
 look for the reason for actions
 find implied meaning
 sort out fact from opinion
 make comparisons – The reader must remember previous information and compare
it to the material being read now.
Activity 1. Read the following passages. Determine what event is likely to occur next.
Explain your answer using textual evidence.
Passage A:
“You have a pimple on your forehead!” Eric shouted to Katie. Katie snapped back at him, “I
do not!” Eric was delighted to see that he had gotten under her skin. He laughed, “Ha ha ha!
You do too and now that you’re turning red, it’s easier to see. Katie scowled then she
charged at Eric. Eric knew better than to stand still when Katie charged, so he started
running. Katie caught up to him in the living room. Mom had a beautiful antique vase on a
large marble pedestal near the corner of the room. Eric took refuge behind it knowing that as
long as he could keep running around the vase faster than Katie, she would never catch him.
Katie yelled at the top of her lungs, “Take it back!” As she circled around the pedestal, her
foot bumped into the corner. The antique vase wobbled on the top of the pedestal. “Your
pimple really looks red when you get mad!” Eric remarked snidely. He was really enjoying
this. The vase continued wobbling but remained upright. Katie charged again. This time she
bumped the pedestal with her elbow as she circled it….
1. What event is likely to occur next?
2. What evidence from the text support your prediction?
Passage B
“You have to water the tomatoes in the morning, not midday or night,” Veronica told her
brother AJ. He nodded, but he really didn’t look like he was paying attention. “They need to
aspirate water all day, so please water them in the morning, “she continued. “Yeah, yeah
water the plants,” AJ said with frustration. Veronica was travelling out of the country to Spain
for two weeks. She was counting on her brother AJ to water her plants. He had been
irresponsible in the past, but she was giving him another chance. She had heard that
gardening was therapeutic, and AJ needed therapy. She hugged and kissed him goodbye
and went to the airport. While she was gone, AJ stopped by the garden once or twice at the
start of the first week , and the he lost interest. Veronica wanted to call her brother to remind
him to water the plants but she was having so much fun in Spain that she forgot. When
Veronica finally returned, the first thing she did was check out her garden. She walked up to
the patch and…
1. What event is likely to occur next?
2. What evidence from the text support your prediction?
Source: https://www.ereadingworksheets.com/worksheets/reading/predictions/making-predictions-worksheet-03/
Activity 2 Let us practice even more. This time, read and analyze the following news
articles and answer the guide questions.
News Article 1:
Vietnam to Buy AstraZeneca Vaccine, in Talks with other Producers
We've already signed an agreement to guarantee the AstraZeneca vaccine for 15 million
people, which is equivalent to 30 million doses,' deputy health minister Truong Quoc Cuong
says. Vietnam has agreed to buy 30 million doses of
the COVID-19 vaccine produced by AstraZeneca, the
government said on Monday, January 4, adding
authorities are also seeking to purchase vaccines
from other sources, including Pfizer.
The Southeast Asian country has previously agreed
to get a Russian vaccine though it also said it would
not rush to secure vaccine deals, citing the potential
for high financial costs and after managing to contain
its coronavirus outbreaks to only 1,494 cases, with GUIDE QUESTIONS:
35 deaths.
The AstraZeneca and Oxford University COVID-19 1. Do you think the
vaccine is cheaper than some others and can be government can afford
stored at fridge temperature, which makes it easier to AstraZeneca vaccine to
transport and use, particularly in developing
be given among all the
countries.
"We've already signed an agreement to guarantee
Filipinos?
the AstraZeneca vaccine for 15 million people, which
is equivalent to 30 million doses," deputy health 2. If you were given a
minister Truong Quoc Cuong told a government meeting. chance to be one of the
Vietnam is also in talks to purchase vaccines from Pfizer Inc,first hundred
Russia's Filipino
Sputnik V and China,
peoplecandidate.
the deputy minister said. Cuong did not name the Chinese vaccine to be injected,
Cuong also said Vietnam would be eligible to buy vaccines would youfromgrab
the the
World Health
Organization's COVAX program to cover 16%, or 15.6 million opportunity? Why or98
of its almost million
why
population, but said more information would be available in the first quarter.
not?
Source: https://www.rappler.com/world/asia-pacific/vietnam-buy-astrazeneca-vaccine
ACTIVITY 3 TAKE A STAND. Look at the following pictures or drawing and the issues
they represent. Express your opinion whether you agree or not with the issues and
explain your stand through predicting the possible outcomes or effects of the issues
in the future.
1. Lowering of Criminal Age from 15 to 9-12 years old.

2. Same Sex Marriage

3. Death Penalty for Heinous and Drug-Related Crimes

 Week 3
Concept
Social Issues – are problems that influence many citizens within a society.

Activity 1
Activity 2
FEEL ME: Read the short story and answer the guide questions that follow.

The Last Leaf by O. Henry

"The Last Leaf" opens with a description of the winding streets of Greenwich Village, New
York City, where artists flock to find low-cost apartments with north-facing windows and
Dutch-style gables. After they meet at a restaurant, Sue and Johnsy, the story's
protagonists, discover they have similar tastes in art, food, and fashion.
In May they get a studio apartment together in Greenwich Village. By November, a
pneumonia pandemic has hit New York. Johnsy, being used to California's warmer weather,
falls ill. A doctor assesses her, and informs Sue that Johnsy’s chances of survival are one in
ten, largely because she has lost the will to live.
In Johnsy's room, Sue works on an illustration for a magazine. She hears Johnsy quietly
counting the leaves left on the old and struggling ivy vine that clings to the brick of the
neighboring building. Johnsy says there are only six left, and she has known now for three
days that she will die when the last leaf falls.
Sue asks her not to speak such nonsense and commands her to go to sleep. Sue goes
downstairs to ask old Behrman to pose for her drawing. Sixty-year-old Behrman is a painter,
but he has never found success. He always speaks of creating a masterpiece, but he never
starts it. He drinks heavily and feels he has a special responsibility to protect the young
women who live upstairs. Sue tells him about Johnsy's superstitious belief that her life is
connected to ivy leaves. Behrman laments and denounces such foolishness.
Johnsy is asleep, so Sue lowers the window shade. In the other room, she and Behrman
look unhappily at the rain and snow and wind threatening the final ivy leaves. Behrman
poses and Sue draws him.
In the morning, Johnsy asks Sue to raise the shade. Miraculously, a single leaf remains
attached to the vine, having withstood the night's storms. Johnsy says it will surely fall by
night, and then she too will die. But the leaf doesn't fall. In the morning, Sue raises the shade
to reveal that the leaf is still attached. Johnsy stares at the leaf for some time. She then asks
Sue for some broth; she now believes the leaf is there to remind her that it is sin to wish to
die.
The doctor visits and says Johnsy's chance are now fifty-fifty. He tells Sue he must now visit
Behrman, who has a critical case of pneumonia and needs to be taken to hospital.
The next day the doctor says that Johnsy is beyond any danger. Behrman, however, passed
away after having been ill for only two days.
That afternoon, Sue goes to Johnsy and puts an arm around her. Sue explains that Behrman
died; two days earlier the building janitor found Behrman in his room helpless with pain. He
was soaked through with rain, and the janitor wondered why he would have been out in the
miserable night. He then found a lantern still lit, a ladder, and a palette with green and yellow
paints on it.
Sue asks Johnsy if she ever wondered why the last leaf never moved with the wind. It's
because Behrman painted it the night the actual last leaf fell, and he contracted pneumonia
in the process. It was Behrman’s greatest masterpiece, Sue says.
Source: https://www.gradesaver.com/the-last-leaf/study-guide/summary
Note: For an entire copy of the short story, you may read it on this site:
https://americanenglish.state.gov/files/ae/resource_files/the-last-leaf.pdf
Activity 3. Read the article given below and accomplish the table shown by figuring
out the ISSUE, SPEAKER’S STAND, PROBLEM, and SOLUTION.

PhilHealth: 94% of P15 billion ’stolen’ funds liquidated

By: Daphne Galvez - Reporter / @DYGalvezINQ
MANILA, Philippines — Ninety-four percent of the P15 billion alleged to have been lost
to corruption has already been liquidated, Philippine Health Insurance Corporation
(PhilHealth) president Dante Gierran said Tuesday.
During a House hearing, Gierran said P14.09 billion that was released to health care
institutions (HCIs) under the Interim Reimbursement Mechanism (IRM) has been
liquidated as of Feb. 1.
Officials of Philhealth have been accused of pocketing off billions of pesos in a massive
corruption scandal, amounting to about P15 billion.
Gierran claimed that there are no missing funds in respect of the IRM since the funds
have been distributed to over 700 HCIs.
“With respect to the IRM of almost P15 billion, I would say, there were no missing
funds. Right now, these hospitals have already made liquidation of these advances we
made consisting of 94%,” he said during the hearing.
“Ang gusto kong malaman ng buong bayan, with respect doon sa IRM, walang
nawalang pera. Nasa mga hospitals po ito. Accounted yan. Other cases, I do not know.
Spare me,” Gierran added.
(What I want the nation to know, with respect to the IRM, there was no lost funds. The
funds are in hospitals. That’s accounted for. Other cases, I do not know. Spare me.)
Resigned PhilHealth anti-fraud legal officer Thorsson Montes Keith claimed all
members of PhilHealth’s executive committee composed the “mafia,” which had been
allegedly defrauding the corporation for the past several years.
He referred to the “syndicate-like” implementation of interim reimbursement
mechanism, the procurement of “overpriced” information and communication
technology equipment.

Activity 4 This time, study the material below and then decide whether you will be in
favor or against a particular issue being raised. Answer the questions that follow.
Image Source: https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1883402/Cebu/Opinion/Editorial-Carnival-of-
disruptions
1. What is the social issue presented on the picture?
2. What is your stand? Do you agree or disagree? Why?
3. If you would be given the opportunity to talk to someone regarding the issue, whom would you talk
to? Why?
4. What would you tell him/her?

PERFORMANCE TASK 1. Poster Making. In your own way as a student, how could you help
solve the problem? This time, you will create a simple poster based on your answers on this
question.
 Week 4
Concepts
1. Rhythm- refers to the property that arises from comparison of the relative durations and
accents of sounds.
2. Melody- refers to the pleasing or agreeable sound arising from an arrangement of such
sounds, a succession of tones constituting, in combination, a whole.
3. Tone- refers to the quality of having a definite pitch, loudness, and timbre—the tone and
color of a sound.
4. Note- a written character used to indicate the pitch and length of a tone.
5. Harmony- refers to any agreeable combination or succession of groups of tones that
sound simultaneously in music.
Activity #1 Let us listen to the song:
Everyone listens to music. Listening to music has great benefits. Studies have shown
that when you hear music to your liking, the brain actually releases a chemical called
dopamine that has positive effects on mood. Music can make us feel strong emotions,
such as joy, sadness, or fear—some will agree that it has the power to move us.
According to some researchers, music may even have the power to improve our health
and well-being. To understand the concept better, listen to the song entitled “Father and
Son” by Cat Stevens. The lyrics are provided below. After listening, answer the guide
questions that follow.

Literary selections can help a reader realize that a person’s behavior

--acceptable or detestable is a manifestation of his or her attitude. Read
the poem of Robert Frost and find out what is responsible for the
action he has taken.
The Road Not Taken
by Robert Frost
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;

Then took the other, as just as fair,

And having perhaps the better claim,
Because it was grassy and wanted wear;
Though as for that the passing there
Had worn them really about the same,

And both that morning equally lay

In leaves no step had trodden black.
Oh, I kept the first for another day!
Yet knowing how way leads on to way,
I doubted if I should ever come back.

I shall be telling this with a sigh

Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference
Activity 2. The path which the poet has chosen, decides his future, his destination.
After reading the poem, you are now tasked to answer the following questions.
Write only the letter of the correct answer.
1. What is the difference between the two roads in "The Road Not Taken"?
a) one road is a bit wider
b) one road has a better view
c) one road is slightly less traveled
d) one road is slightly less shady
2. The speaker in "The Road Not Taken" is most clearly which type of person?
a) a person lost in the woods
b) a person who made a decision
c) a person now standing at a fork
d) a person who likes a well-beaten path
3. Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the word diverged?
a) divided c) conformed
b) presented d) unequaled

4. According to the speaker, what "has made all the difference?" (Line 20)
a) He or she took the first of the two roads.
b) He or she took the road less traveled.
c) He or she took the road that bent in the undergrowth.
d) He or she chose a road after looking as far down it as possible.
5. Based on the information in the poem, why might the second road have "wanted wear"
and been "grassy?"
a) because the second road was close to a stream that ran through the woods
b) because the second road received a lot of sunlight
c) because many people had taken the second road
d) because few people had taken the second road

PERFORMANCE TASK 2. A WRITER IN YOU!

I. Compose a 2-stanza poem.
II. Choose your own subject/topic/theme.
III. Be guided by the given poetry rubric.

Week 5
Concepts:
STAGE PLAY:
Types of Stages
Drama, just like the other genres, has undergone significant changes in its historical
development. This is partly attributable to the fact that stage types have also changed and
have thus required different forms of acting. Let us have a look at the various stage forms
throughout history (based on Pfister 2001: 41-45
Greek Classicism
Plays in ancient Greece were staged in amphitheaters, which were marked by a round stage
about three quarters surrounded by the audience. Since amphitheaters were very large and
could hold great masses of people (up to 25,000), the actors could hardly be seen from far
back, and for this reason, acting included speaking in a loud, declamatory voice, wearing
masks and symbolical costumes and acting with large gestures.
Plays were performed in broad daylight, which also made it impossible, at least for night
scenes, to create an illusion of ‘real life’ on stage. That was not intended anyway. Ancient
Greek drama was originally performed on special occasions like religious ceremonies, and it
thus had a more ritual, symbolic and also didactic purpose. Another interesting fact to know
is that the audience in ancient Greece consisted only of free men, i.e., slaves and women
were excluded.
Source:http://www2.anglistik.unifreiburg.de/intranet/englishbasics/DramaTypesofStages01.html
PERSUASIVE/ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY:
A persuasive essay, also known as an argumentative essay, is a piece of academic
writing where you use logic and reason to show that your point of view is more legitimate
than any other. You must expose clear arguments and support them by convincing facts and
logical reasons.
A PLAY is a work of drama, usually consisting mostly of dialogue between characters and
intended for theatrical performance rather than just reading. The writer of a play is a
playwright. It is important that you should familiarize yourself with the terms that they use in
a play for you to understand and appreciate it.
ACT
1) Subdivision between sections of a play. A short play is a 'One-Act-er', a play with one
interval has two Acts etc. Acts are subdivided further into Scenes.
2) The thing Actors can do which makes them different from Techies (!!).
BLOCKING
It is the process of arranging moves to be made by the actors during the play, recorded by
stage management in the prompt script. Positions at the start of scenes are noted. It must be
described in minute detail, but simple enough to enable anyone to read and understand it,
as well as being used to 'run the show' the prompt book is also used for the rehearsal of the
understudies. Stages which are not end-on must often use alternative notation, sometimes
based on the clock face or the points of a compass.
CAST
It is the members of the acting company. The Cast List contains the names of the actors and
the characters they'll be playing.
DIALOGUE
The spoken text of a play - conversations between characters is dialogue.
PLAYWRIGHT
The author of a play. Also known as a dramatist.
DIRECTOR
Broadly, the role involves being responsible for the overall artistic vision of a production.
Source: http://www.theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/topics/beginners/glossary/
ACTIVITY# 1: ARGUE or PERSUADE
I. Analyze and identify the following texts/statements as argumentative or persuasive.
Underline the words/phrases that proves your claim/stand.
1. President Obama said, “There were no winners in this government shutdown.”
“We need to grow the economy, create good jobs, strengthen the middle class, and
get our fiscal house ready, “he emphasized. Obama said. “it won’t be easy.”

2. The Wall Street Crash had a major impact on the U.S. and world economy, and it
has been the source of intense academic debate-historical, economic and political-
from its aftermath until the present day. Some people believed that abuses by utility
holding companies contributed to Wall Street Crash on 1929 and the Depression
that followed. Many people blamed the crash on commercial banks that were too
eager to put deposits at risk on the stock market.
Activity 2. ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY. Read the essay, and accomplish the table with correct
details from the essay.
As online learning becomes more common and more and more resources are
converted to digital form, some people have suggested that public libraries should be shut
down and, in their place, everyone should be given an iPad with an e-reader subscription.
Proponents of this idea state that it will save local cities and towns money because libraries
are expensive to maintain. They also believe it will encourage more people to read because
they won’t have to travel to a library to get a book; they can simply click on what they want to
read and read it from wherever they are. They could also access more materials because
libraries won’t have to buy physical copies of books; they can simply rent out as many digital
copies as they need. However, it would be a serious mistake to replace libraries with tablets.
First, digital books and resources are associated with less learning and more problems than
print resources.
A study done on tablet vs book reading found that people read 20-30% slower on tablets,
retain 20% less information, and understand 10% less of what they read compared to people
who read the same information in print. Additionally, staring too long at a screen has been
shown to cause numerous health problems, including blurred vision, dizziness, dry eyes,
headaches, and eye strain, at much higher instances than reading print does. People who
use tablets and mobile devices excessively also have a higher incidence of more serious
health issues such as fibromyalgia, shoulder and back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and
muscle strain. I know that whenever I read from my e-reader for too long, my eyes begin to
feel tired and my neck hurts. We should not add to these problems by giving people,
especially young people, more reasons to look at screens.
Second, it is incredibly narrow-minded to assume that the only service libraries offer is book
lending. Libraries have a multitude of benefits, and many are only available if the library has
a physical location. Some of these benefits include acting as a quiet study space, giving
people a way to converse with their neighbors, holding classes on a variety of topics,
providing jobs, answering patron questions, and keeping the community connected. One
neighborhood found that, after a local library instituted community events such as play times
for toddlers and parents, job fairs for teenagers, and meeting spaces for senior citizens, over
a third of residents reported feeling more connected to their community. Similarly, a Pew
survey conducted in 2015 found that nearly two-thirds of American adults feel that closing
their local library would have a major impact on their community. People see libraries as a
way to connect with others and get their questions answered, benefits tablets can’t offer
nearly as well or as easily.
While replacing libraries with tablets may seem like a simple solution, it would encourage
people to spend even more time looking at digital screens, despite the myriad issues
surrounding them. It would also end access to many of the benefits of libraries that people
have come to rely on. In many areas, libraries are such an important part of the community
network that they could never be replaced by a simple object.

Week 6
Activity 1. Read and analyze each item about some of the literary texts we had
covered so far and choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following scenarios in the play Romeo and Juliet shows customary
traditions?
a. Juliet and Romeo’s love at first sight.
b. Juliet’s father arranging for her to marry Paris.
c. The Capulet and Montague’s long history of feud.
2. Based on the poem of Edwin Markham, “The Man with the Hoe” How does the society
treat the hard-workers?
a. Treated with little significance to the growth of society
b. Has a big contribution in terms of quality
c. They are loved and treasured
3. The story of Shirley Jackson,” The Lottery,” states that the tradition has changed over
time, and people really don't remember much but do it anyway. What point is the author
trying to get across with this aspect?
a. Things change and that's ok
b. Doing something just because it's tradition is ridiculous
c. It's not okay to change the tradition
Activity 2. Let us practice even more! How well do you know your own history? How
deep do you understand your own self? Let’s test your knowledge in this short
activity. Copy this graphic organizer on your answer sheet and supply the information
needed to show your “personal” influences.
Activity 3. STORY ANALYSIS. Complete the table below based on the given text. Limit
your thoughts in at least 2 sentences for each column.

Short Summary of Bob Ong’s 2007 Novel “Macarthur”

Policemen chase Cyrus after he snatches a fat lady's necklace worth thousands of
pesos. Refusing to share the spoil with the corrupt officers, he was beaten by the police and
he swallows the necklace while he's on the run, manually retrieving it when he takes a
dump.
Cyrus is a troubled teen who constantly has nightmares of police running after him
who will transform into big dogs who tries to eat him. His fear of this nightmare, pushes him
into buying a gun one of his friends is selling.
Abandoned by his parents, Cyrus is raised by his grandfather, Mang Justo, who
works as a part-time barber. Mang Justo is rushed to the hospital and is eventually
diagnosed to have end-stage renal disease. To pay for the transplant surgery, Cyrus steals
two necklaces and attempts selling drugs. He was told by doctors that his grandfather will
only be saved through a liver transplant. Cyrus decides to become the donor.
The surgery pushes through, his grandfather is saved, if only for the meantime, and
all is well again until Cyrus and his friends once again fall in the hands of illegal drugs which
one of them sells. Under the influence, Cyrus mistakes his grandfather as the dog in his
dream, and he takes the gun he keeps under his pillow and empties the magazine on his
grandfather’s chest.

Week 7
 Active and Passive Voice
An action of a subject, in relation to an object, is expressed in two ways. These two
ways of expressing action of a subject are known as Voices.

1. Active Voice
2. Passive Voice
Example:
I write a letter. (Active Voice)
A letter is written by me. (Passive Voice
The structure of same sentence changes when expressed as Active Voice or Passive
Voice. The meaning of a sentence, either expressed as Active Voice or Passive Voice,
remains the same.
Difference between Active Voice and Passive Voice
The meaning or main idea of sentence, either expressed as Active Voice or Passive
Voice does not change. The structure of a same sentence changes for Active Voice and
Passive Voice. We know that every sentence have a subject, a verb and an object. Subject
is an agent who works on an object in a sentence. In the above example, "I" is the subject of
the sentence that is doing some work on the object 'letter' in the same sentence.

To understand the difference in both voices, we should focus on the subject and the
object of a sentence. In Active Voice, the subject acts upon the object. In Passive Voice, the
object is acted upon by the subject. The meaning remains the same in both Voices but the
sequence of the words (subject & object) changes. The sequence of subject and object as in
Active Voice. is reversed when it is expressed in Passive Voice. Read the following example
for better understanding this difference.
Change in the Verb of a Sentence for changing Voice of a sentence
Apart from reversing the sequence of subject and object, the form of the verb of
sentence also changes in both Voices. In the above example, you can see the change in the
main verb as well as auxiliary verb of same both Voices. The only form of verb used in
Passive Voice is the 3rd form of Verb which is also called Past Participle.
Examples of Past Participles:

D. Discussing New Concepts

To know more about Active and Passive constructions, I want you

to read, analyze, and understand this part of our lesson.

Active and Passive Voice

An action of a subject, in relation to an object, is expressed in two ways. These two

ways of expressing action of a subject are known as Voices.

1. Active Voice

2. Passive Voice

Example:
I write a letter. (Active Voice)
A letter is written by me. (Passive Voice)

The structure of same sentence changes when expressed as Active Voice or Passive
Voice. The meaning of a sentence, either expressed as Active Voice or Passive Voice,
remains the same.

Difference between Active Voice and Passive Voice

The meaning or main idea of sentence, either expressed as Active Voice or Passive
Voice does not change. The structure of a same sentence changes for Active Voice and
Passive Voice. We know that every sentence have a subject, a verb and an object.
Subject is an agent who works on an object in a sentence. In the above example, "I" is
the subject of the sentence that is doing some work on the object 'letter' in the same
sentence.

I write a letter.

subject object
verb
To understand the difference in both voices, we should focus on the subject and the
object of a sentence. In Active Voice, the subject acts upon the object. In Passive Voice,
the object is acted upon by the subject. The meaning remains the same in both Voices
but the sequence of the words (subject & object) changes. The sequence of subject and
object as in Active Voice. is reversed when it is expressed in Passive Voice. Read the
following example for better understanding this difference.

Active Voice Passive Voice

I eat an apple. An apple is eaten by me.

He bought a car. A car was bought by him.

The sequence of the subject and the object of the sentence is reversed while converting
the sentence from Active Voice to Passive Voice.

The structures of a same sentence, for both Voices, are as follows:

Active Voice: Subject Verb+ Object Passive Voice: Object + Verb
Subject
I write a letter. A letter is written by me.

subject object object subject

verb verb
b b

Change in the Verb of a Sentence for changing Voice of a sentence

Apart from reversing the sequence of subject and object, the form of the verb of
sentence also changes in both Voices. In the above example, you can see the change
in the main verb as well as auxiliary verb of same both Voices. The only form of verb
used in Passive Voice is the 3rd form of Verb which is also called Past Participle.

Examples of Past Participles:

Present Simple Past Past Participle

Walk Walked walked
See Saw seen
Buy Bought bought
Hence, the rule for changing verb for converting a sentence from Active Voice into
Passive Voice is to use only 3rd form of Verb in Passive Voice. For changing the
auxiliary verb for converting a sentence from Active Voice into Passive Voice, there are
rules varying for tenses.
Basic Rules For Changing Active Voices Into Passive Voices

Rule No. 1. As mentioned earlier, the structure of sentence will be reversed in Passive
Voice. The places of the Subject and the object will interchange. The subject will shift
to the place of object and the object will take the place of subject in Passive Voice.
Example:
Active Voice: He buys a camera.
Passive Voice: A camera is bought by him.

Rule No. 2. Only Past Participle Form or 3rd form of verb will always be used as main
verb in Passive voices for all tenses. No other form of verb will be used as main verb.

Example:
Present Simple Past Past Participle
see saw seen
Active Voice: Daisy saw the missing ballpen.
Passive Voice: The missing ballpen was seen by Daisy.

Rule No. 3. The word "by" will be used before subject in the Passive voice.

Example:
Active Voice: She drinks water.
Passive Voice: Water is drunk by her.

Rule No. 4. Other words such as 'with' or 'to' may also be used instead of word 'by'
depending upon the subject of the sentence. These words are used in a very few
cases. The word 'by' is used in the most cases.

Examples:
Active Voice: I know him.
Passive Voice: He is known to me.
Active Voice: Water fills a tub.
Passive Voice: A tub is filled with water.

Rule No. 5. The auxiliary verb will be changed in Passive Voice depending upon the
tense of the sentence in its Active voice. There are rules for changing the auxiliary for
each tense.

Tense Active Voice Passive Voice

Present Simple James writes the letters. The letters are written by James.

Past Simple James wrote the letters. The letters were written by
James.

Present James is writing the letters. The letters are being written by
Continuous James.
 Present Perfect James has written the letters. The letters have been written by
James.

Future Simple James is going to write the The letters are going to be
(going to) letters. written by James.

Future Simple James will write the letters. The letters will be written by
(will) James.

Past James was writing the letters. The letters were being written by
Continuous James.

Past Perfect The scientists had found the The cure had been found, but it
cure, but it was too late. was too late.

Future Perfect The scientists will have found a A cure will have been found by
cure by then. then.

Rule No. 6. Subject may not always be mentioned in Passive voice. Passive Voice for
some sentences can also be written without having subject, if it gives clear idea about
the subject.

Examples:
Passive Voice: Women are not treated as equals.
Passive Voice: Sugar is sold in kilograms.

Source: Active and Passive Voice - Basic Rules with Examples (studyandexam.com)

E. Continuation of the Discussion of New Concepts

Aside from learning how to use active and passive voice in sentences, it is also
significant to learn how to express permission, obligation, and prohibition using Modal
Verbs.
Modals are words like can, may, must, will, shall and their past forms. They are
auxiliary verbs which express permission, obligation, necessity or recommendation,
prohibition, and arguments.

Study the following modals and their functions below.

MODALS USES EXAMPLES

 To express or inquire about  Can you help me move next
willingness Friday?
In the negative form, to show We can't fix it.
1. CAN inability or impossibility.[Negative
Form: "Cannot" contracted to
"can't"]
To show possibility, in the sense We can arrive in time if we leave
that an action is theoretically now.
possible
To show ability, in the sense of Mom, can I go over to my friend's
knowing how or being able to do house?
something
To make a request Could you say it again more slowly.
To give a suggestion We could try to fix it ourselves.
2. COULD To show ability in the past Until he grew taller than me,
I could run faster than my younger
brother.
To identify a possibility in We could go out for dinner, or we
the present could just eat leftovers.
To express or inquire about per- Could I borrow your car next week?
mission or willingness in a
more polite form
To identify a possibility in If she practiced more,
the future that is dependent upon she could sing beautifully.
a present action
To express possibility in Dr. Fox may be your teacher next
the present and future. [Note: In year.
3. MAY this context, may and might are
interchangeable]
In formal situations, to express May I be excused from the table?
permission, in the sense of being
allowed to do something
To express possibility in the past He might have seen the movie
4. MIGHT before he read the book.
To express intention I'll (I will) mow the lawn if you clean
the house.
To make a prediction The weather will be hot enough to
go to the beach this weekend.
For habitual behavior To make a prediction.
5. WILL To make a semi-formal request Will you open the window, please?
It's very hot in here.
To show willingness or interest We're going to go to the
mall. Will you come with us?
For making a promise or a threat If you don't finish your dinner
off, you'll go straight to bed!
To reassure someone or Don't worry! You'll settle down
to make a decision quickly, I'm sure.
For talking about Don't bother calling: they'll have left
the future or past with certainty for their 10 o'clock meeting.
 For requests Would you pass the salt please?
For preferences Would you prefer tea or coffee? I'd
like tea please.
To request permission Would you mind if I brought a
colleague with me?
To show habitual activity The dog would bark every time the
6. WOULD doorbell rang.
To enquire about willingness Would you like to come on vacation
with us this year?
To comment on a likely truth The doorbell just rang.
That would be your mother!
To talk about refusals in the past She wouldn't ride the roller coaster,
no matter how much we begged her
To comment on a hypothetical If I trained, I would be able to run a
possibility marathon.
To talk about habitual behavior in Every Saturday, dad would make
the past us pancakes.
To talk about the future in I knew it would be cold, so I packed
the past, as the past tense of sweaters and a coat.
"will"
To comment on someone's Mrs. Jones gave us so much
characteristic behavior (often homework! She would ruin our
with a negative connotation) weekends! (Meaning, it is just like
her to do so.)
To express a situation that If I had a million dollars, I would buy
is dependent upon another a fancy car.
action (this is called the
conditional mood)
For suggestions Shall we say 2:30, then?
For asking what to do Shall I do that or will you?
For offering someone help Shall I help you with your luggage?
7. SHALL In formal or legal situations The plaintiff shall be allowed to
speak.
In British English, The package shall be delivered on
to indicate a promise in the future Thursday.
In British English, Shall we meet at 7?
to form the simple
present for I and we
In American English, to form Shall I call you a taxi?
polite questions that include
a polite request for permission
8. SHOULD To make a suggestion or advice You should try this soup!
To convey the idea of He should come to the meetings on
an obligation time.
9. OUGHT In the same situations as He ought to come to the meetings
"should," but with a stronger on time! He's the boss!
sense of obligation or intensity
For prohibition (mustn't only) They mustn't disrupt the work more
than necessary.
 10. MUST To make a command in a more You must do your homework before
respectful way watching TV!
To make a conjecture, but It's already 9 PM! You must be
with some certainty hungry!

Source: Modal Verbs and Their Functions Lesson - Turtle Diary

Activity 1. Fill in the blanks with suitable modals from the ones given in the box
below.

Activity 2
Activity 3. Select the modal form that best completes the sentence and the context.
1. Before this year, I _________ move out of my parents' house because I did not have a
job.
a. may not b. cannot c. should not d. could not
2. But now that I have finished college and have a job, I realize that living at home _____
drive my parents and me crazy. (potentially)
a. could b. would c. should d. would have
3. Unfortunately, it's not so easy to find an apartment in the city. Without an agent, you
_____ not be able to find all the available listings. (possibility)
a. ought to b. must c. should d. might
4. Before now, I couldn't sign a lease, but now I _____ because I am twenty-one.
a. able b. can c. can able d. sign
5. I asked my friends to help me move because I knew that I _____ fit all my possessions
into my little car. (inability)
a. can't be able to b. couldn't c. couldn’t able to d. not able to
II. Choose the letter that correctly state the active sentences to passive and passive
sentences to active.
1. The thieves have been arrested by the police.
a. The police have arrested the thieves.
b. The police are arrested the thieves.
c. The police is arrested the thieves.
2. The marvelous performance delivered by the children enthralled us.
a. We was enthralled by the marvelous performance delivered by the children.
b. We are enthralled by the marvelous performance delivered by the children.
c. We were enthralled by the marvelous performance delivered by the children.
3. He has been invited to their party.
a. They were invited him to their party.
b. They have invited him to their party.
c. They invited him to their party.
4. We have shipped your order.
a. Your order has been shipped by us. c. Your order have been shipped by us.
b. Your order has shipped by us.
5. The girl recited the poem beautifully.
a. The poem was beautifully recited by the girl.
b. The poem is beautifully recited by the girl.
c. The poem were beautifully recited by the girl.