2-PART QUESTIONS: CAUSES – SOLUTIONS

– PROBLEMS/ EFFECTS
Table of Contents
COMMON TYPES OF QUESTIONS...........................................................................................................2
TEMPLATE: CAUSES & SOLUTIONS........................................................................................................3
TEMPLATE: CAUSES & EFFECTS.............................................................................................................4
TEMPLATE: PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS...................................................................................................6
CAUSES & SOLUTIONS...........................................................................................................................7
HOMEWORK 1: 10/04/2021: Many students find it difficult to concentrate or pay attention at
school. What are the reasons? What could be done to solve this problem?..................................7
Example 3: Influence of human beings on the world's ecosystem is leading to the extinction of species
and loss of biodiversity. What are the primary causes of loss of biodiversity? What solutions can you
suggest?...........................................................................................................................................11
SOLUTIONS FROM THE GOVERNMENT:..........................................................................................12
Example 3: Influence of human beings on the world's ecosystem is leading to the extinction of species
and loss of biodiversity....................................................................................................................13
OUTLINE CAUSES-SOLUTIONS.............................................................................................................14
Exercise 2: 1/2/2020: People are having more and more sugar-based drinks.................................16
HOMEWORK 2 - 6/8/2020: Although it is widely recognized that cars damage the environment,
their manufacture and use continue to increase...........................................................................17
HOMEWORK 3 - 1/8/2020: Nowadays people waste a lot of food that was bought from shops and
restaurants......................................................................................................................................19
Example 4: Some students work while studying. This often results in lacking time for education and
constantly feeling under pressure...................................................................................................22
Example 5: Students leave high school without learning how to manage their money. What are the
reasons and solutions for this issue?...............................................................................................23
Exercise 3 - (23/11/2019) Many young people now know more about international pop and movie
stars than famous people in the history..........................................................................................24
Example 6: Research suggests that the majority of criminals who are sent to prison commit crimes25
CAUSES/EFFECTS.................................................................................................................................29
Từ vựng Cause- Effect Essay (  Cause- Effect Specific Vocabulary).................................................31
Exercise 5 These days people in some countries are living in a "throw-away" society which mean
people use things in a short time then throw them away...............................................................33
 HOMEWORK 3: 16/5/2020 Today, parents spend little free time with their children..................34
Example 7: People in many countries are spending less time with their family. What are the reasons,
and effects of this?..........................................................................................................................36
HOMEWORK 4: DIRECT QUESTION: Online shopping is increasing dramatically..........................37
PROBLEM- SOLUTION..........................................................................................................................38
Exercise 1 - 13/06/2020: Cyclists and car drivers sharing the same road........................................38
Example In the developed world, average life expectancy/ longevity/ life span (live longer) is
increasing........................................................................................................................................41
Example 1: Despite a large number of gyms, a sedentary lifestyle is gaining popularity.................43
Example 2: More and more people are migrating to cities..............................................................45

COMMON TYPES OF QUESTIONS

 (Đề thi ngày 8/4/2018) Consumers are faced with increasing numbers of
advertisements from competing companies. To what extent do you think
consumers are influenced by advertisements? What measures can be taken to
protect them?  Nêu problems & solutions
 (Đề thi ngày 1/11/2018) Cycling is more environmentally-friendly than other forms
of transport. Why is it not popular in many places? How to increase its popularity?
 Nêu causes & solutions
 (Đề thi ngày 5/5/2018) These days people in some countries are living in a 'throw-
away' society which means they use things in a short time then throw the things
away. What are the causes and the impacts this trend can have?
 18.6.2020 In some countries around the world, men and women are having
children late in life. What are the reasons for this development? What are the
effects on society and family life?  Nêu causes & effects
 20.6.2020 Some cities create housing areas by providing taller buildings. Others
create housing by building houses on a wider area of land . What solution is
better? (high-rise skyscrapers)  Phân tích Solution + Opinion
 TEMPLATE: CAUSES & SOLUTIONS
PARAGRAPH 1: Introduction
- Paraphrase
 Recently, there has been an alarming trend of Ving
 There is a growing concern that…
 It is widely argued that…
- Thesis statement
 This can be explained by a number of reasons…, and I believe the resolute actions
proposed in this essay offer potential improvements.
 There are a number of reasons behind this phenomenon and several solutions
should be adopted to solve the problem.
 While there are various reasons for this trend, some measures can be implemented
to…
PARAGRAPH 2: Problems
- Topic sentence
 The phenomenon can be attributable to two principal factors.
 To begin with, the aforementioned problem has roots in two main factors.
 There are two primary/main reasons why…
- Reason 1
 Firstly,… For example,…
- Reason 2
 Secondly,… For instance,…
PARAGRAPH 3: Solutions
- Topic Sentence
 To address the aforementioned underlying causes, I would propose two
solutions.
 Steps must be taken so as to solve/overcome/combat…
 One (possible) way to combat/deal with the problem of… is…
 The situation could be improved if…
 The effect/consequence/outcome/result of… would/might be…
PARAGRAPH 4: Conclusion
In conclusion, several factors/reasons lead to…and we should take the aforementioned
measures/ solutions to tackle/ address this problem
 TEMPLATE: CAUSES & EFFECTS
PARAGRAPH 1: Introduction
- Paraphrase
 It has been widely noted that,…
 In recent years, the…has become an increasingly popular trend.
 In recent years,…and this seems to be an increasingly common trend in many countries.
 There is a common trend that…
- Thesis statement
 There are a number of reasons behind this tendency and I would argue that it has a
serious negative impact on society.
 There are a number of reasons for this trend, which is having a significant impact on…
 This problem happens due to some reasons, and it can have some adverse impacts on
society.
PARAGRAPH 2: Causes
- Topic sentence
 The phenomenon can be attributable to two principal factors.
 There are two important reasons why…
- Reason 1
Firstly,… For example,… As a result,…
- Reason 2
Secondly,… Therefore,… For instance,…
PARAGRAPH 3: Effects
- Topic sentence
 However, this tendency could have negative consequence in term of both…and…(family
life and society/ personal and community)
 The effects of this trend on society are potentially serious.
 The problems of…can result in some negative effects.
 There are many harmful effects on the individuals and society.
- Effect 1
 One significant problem may be that…
 An important concern for…is that…
 The first impact is that…
- Effect 2
  Another negative factor is that…
 Additionally,… Consequently,…/ This will result in…
PARAGRAPH 4: Conclusion
- In conclusion, there are dangers/ negative impacts in… and the causes of this
phenomenon/trend should be addressed urgently.
- In conclusion, several factors/reasons lead to…and the negative influences/ impacts/ effects of
this trend/ phenomenon should be taken into consideration/are too serious to be neglected.
(In conclusion, several factors lead to obesity among children in Western nations and the
negative influence of this trend should be taken into consideration)
- In conclusion, … is caused by several factors and this problem might bring about serious
impacts. (In conclusion, the shortage of students choosing science subjects is caused by several
factors, and this problem might bring about serious impacts)
 TEMPLATE: PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS
PARAGRAPH 1: Introduction
- Paraphrase
 It is widely argued that…
 There is a growing concern that…
- Thesis statement
 Several problems have resulted from this tendency and they should be tackled by a
number of effective solutions from the government.
 Although there will undoubtedly be some negative consequences of this trend, societies
can take steps to mitigate these potential problems.
PARAGRAPH 2: Problems
- Topic sentence
As…, several related problems can be anticipated.
- Problem 1
One of the most obvious problems is…
Firstly,… This is because…
- Problem 2
Secondly,… For instance…
PARAGRAPH 3: Solutions
- Steps must be taken so as to solve/overcome/combat…
- One (possible) way to combat/deal with the problem of… is…
- By + V-ing … we/government can ensure that/prevent…
- The situation could be improved if…
- The effect/consequence/outcome/result of… would/might be…
PARAGRAPH 4: Conclusion
- In conclusion, the…is a big problem for…and solutions should be implemented urgently to
tackle issue.
- In conclusion, there are various negative consequences of…and appropriate steps need to be
taken to tackle these problems.
 CAUSES & SOLUTIONS
HOMEWORK 1: 10/04/2021: Many students find it difficult to concentrate or
pay attention at school. What are the reasons? What could be done to solve this
problem?
Bước 1: Đọc đề xác định đề
- Issue:
- Questions:
Bước 2: Suy nghĩ ý
Causes Solutions
Idea 1 

Idea 2

Idea 3

Idea 4

Bước 3: Lập dàn ý

General Statement: Paraphrase đề bài
Recently, there has been an alarming trend of students struggling to focus at
school.
Thesis Statement:
Introduction
This can be explained by a number of reasons (the popularity of social media
applications and rigid adherence to a traditional teaching approach), and I
believe the resolute actions proposed in this essay offer potential
improvements.
Body 1 Topic Sentence:
To begin with, the aforementioned problem has roots in two main factors.
Idea 1: Lý do thứ nhất Idea 2 Lý do thứ hai
distractions from social networking the monotony of classrooms
applications. - Reason: Many lectures lack
 - For instance, Facebook and relevance to real life, endorsing
Instagram purposefully a repetitive course of tedious
strive for consistent theoretical assignments and
engagement through lectures while failing to motivate
positive reinforcement by the students with varied
pushing real-time updates content.
on friends and viral videos
that young users often find
difficult to ignore during
lessons.
Topic Sentence: Giới thiệu view 2
To address the aforementioned underlying causes, I would propose two
solutions.
Idea 1 Idea 2
schools should impose a complete educators should redesign lecture
ban of portable devices in content to be more practical
classrooms. - Example: For example, business
- Explain: All personal schools could work in
Body 2
handsets could be stored in collaboration with enterprises to
a secure room and incorporate factual case studies
returned to their owners and engaging biographical
after class ends. material about entrepreneurs.
- Result: This would - Result: Once engaged, these
effectively block the students will be more likely to
stream of potential focus more fully on their
distractions from online studies, ensuring higher chances
networking sites. of success after graduation.
Restate Your Opinion:
In conclusion, several factor lead to the inattentiveness of students at school
and we should take the aforementioned measures to address this problem.
Conclusion In conclusion, a great number of students nowadays pay little attention at
school due to the advent of social media platforms and lessons largely
irrelevant to their needs. However, if schools adopt handset-free classroom
policies and modernise the curriculum, students will become more attentive.

VOCBULARY
ENGLISH TIẾNG VIỆT

Endorse a repetitive course of tedious Chứng thực một khóa học lặp đi lặp lại các bài
theoretical lectures giảng lý thuyết tẻ nhạt

Rigid adherence to a traditional teaching Tuân thủ nghiêm ngặt cách tiếp cận giảng dạy
approach truyền thống

Áp dụng chính sách lớp học không có thiết bị

Adopt a handset-free classroom policy
cầm tay

Distraction from social networking

Mất tập trung do các ứng dụng mạng xã hội
applications

Push real-time updates on friends and Cập nhật trong thời gian thực về bạn bè và các
viral videos video nổi bật

Impose a complete ban of portable Áp dụng lệnh cấm hoàn toàn các thiết bị di
devices in classrooms động trong lớp học

Block the stream of potential distractions Chặn luồng có khả năng gây xao nhãng từ tất
from all online networking sites cả các trang mạng trực tuyến

Incorporate factual case studies into the Kết hợp các nghiên cứu điển hình thực tế vào
curriculum chương trình giảng dạy

Ensure a higher chance of success after Có cơ hội thành công cao hơn sau khi tốt
graduation nghiệp

Purposefully strive for consistent Cố gắng có chủ đích nhằm lôi kéo sự tham gia
engagement thường xuyên
 Example 3: Influence of human beings on the world's ecosystem is leading to the
extinction of species and loss of biodiversity. What are the primary causes of loss of
biodiversity? What solutions can you suggest?

Gợi ý các nguyên nhân

Awareness

Subjective - Chủ quan

Ignorance
(do con người)

Money/ Profit

Brainstorm: Các
Society
nguyên nhân

Objective - Khách quan Government

Others Environment

Gợi ý các giải pháp:

Each individual - Cá nhân

Family/ school - Gia đình/ Nhà

trường
Brainstorm: Các giải pháp

Society - Xã hội

Government -Nhà nước

SOLUTIONS FROM THE GOVERNMENT:
Trong nhiều trường hợp, thí sinh có thể ứng dụng những giải pháp đến từ chính phủ như sau:
Ban hành luật lệ mới: “To introduce/implement/pass new regulations or policies” hoặc “to
enforce the law”.
Cấm điều gì: “To introduce a ban/prohibition on sth”
Đưa ra những hình phạt mới: “to introduce new punishments” (finance or imprisonment)
(fines, prison sentences, death sentences/death penalities)
Tăng thuế: “to increase taxes hoặc to impose taxes on sth”
Đầu tư: “To invest money in”
Chạy các chiến dịch tuyên truyền: “To run propagation campaigns to raise social awareness.”
Khuyến khích người dân làm gì: “To encourage people to do sth”
Ví dụ chủ đề bảo vệ môi trường:
The Government should introduce new regulations that monitor the dumping of toxic waste
into the ocean.
There should be a ban on the use of cars in cities in order to keep the air clean.
New punishments for poachers should be implemented immediately.
The Government should impose heavier taxes on factories that release exhaust that harms
the environment.
More state money should be invested in the protection of forests.
The Government should run more propagation campaign on mass media to raise social
awareness of the importance of protecting the environment.
The Government should encourage people to use public transport that is environmentally
friendly
Example 3: Influence of human beings on the world's ecosystem is leading to the extinction
of species and loss of biodiversity.
What are the primary causes of loss of biodiversity? What solutions can you suggest?

Problem

Causes Solutions
 OUTLINE CAUSES-SOLUTIONS
Mở bài:   
It is true that/ It is obvious that…..
 There are a number of reasons/ various reasons behind this phenomenon/
situation/ tendency/ trend/ view / 
 This tendency is caused by several factors and several solutions should be adopted
( by governments and individuals) to/ in order to improve/ enhance/ develop the
situation.
Thân bài:
Body 1:  There are two primary/ principal/ major reasons why the ……..
 One reason is that……
 Furthermore/ additionally……
Body 2:  Several measures/ solutions could be taken to prevent/ avoid/ deal with / face
with/ cope with/ reduce/ elimate this problem/ issue.
 The first solution would be…..
 The second measure would be
Kết bài:
In conclusion, it is clear that / it seems to be that/ there are various reasons for…..,
and steps need to be taken to tackle/ deal with this prolem/ phenomenon.

Introduction

Viết đoạn văn Introduction bằng 2 câu:

o Sentence 1 - paraphrase lại câu hỏi (nêu lại vấn đề):

Despite knowing about biodiversity’s importance for a long time, human activity has
been causing massive extinctions of different species.

o Sentence 2 – Nêu ra 2 câu hỏi bạn sẽ trả lời trong bài viết
This essay will examine the main causes of loss of biodiversity and suggest possible
solutions to this problem.

Body paragraph 1 - causes

o Sentence 1 – viết câu khái quát nội dung đoạn văn:

 The causes of species extinction are varied, including changes of their habitats and
overexploitation of natural resources..

o Sentences 2-4 – giải thích lý do thứ nhất:

When humans artificially transform the environment, they destroy vegetation and
animals’ natural habitats. For instance, to build new roads people are cutting down the
trees and cementing the soil, altering the environment. As a consequence, a lot of
species are dying out due to a lack of shelter and food sources.

o Sentences 5-7 – giải thích lý do thứ 2:

Also, when the activities connected with capturing and harvesting a natural resource are
too intense in a particular area, the resource becomes exhausted. For example, frequent
fishing does not leave enough time for fish to reproduce and makes them disappear.

o The last sentence – Tóm tắt lại nội dung đoạn văn (nếu thấy cần thiết)
In other words, human activities often deplete local flora and fauna species which
eventually causes the loss of biodiversity.

Body paragraph 2 - solutions

o Sentence 1 – Viết câu khái quát đoạn văn

Some possible solutions should be taken immediately to solve this acute problem./ There
are several actions that could be taken to solve the problems.

o Sentences 2-4 – giải thích chi tiết từng cách giải quyết
Gợi ý:
 First,....... It means that ......
 A second measure would be..... In particular, ......
 Finally,....... For example,...
First, people can save the untouched environment and prevent species from dying outby
protecting areas where human activity is limited and avoiding overexploitation of its resources.
Moreover, the next step in fighting biodiversity loss is informing the general population about
the dangers of this problem. By doing this, people will be more conscious of the environment
and will not overuse or destroy its resources.
Conclusion

o Sentence 1 – viết lại nguyên nhân của vấn đề

To conclude, people’s activities that change the environment have negative impacts on
the world's ecosystem.

o Sentence 2 – nhắc lại các giải pháp

However, we can significantly lessen the extinction of species by protecting natural areas
and enlightening people as to this problem.

Exercise 2: 1/2/2020: People are having more and more sugar-based drinks. What
are the reasons? What can be done to make people drink less?

Reasons Solutions

General Statement: Paraphrase đề bài

People are consuming more and more sugar-based drinks such as soft or
energy drinks
Introduction
Thesis Statement:
I will discuss a number of reasons for this as well as several ways to
encourage people to reduce their consumption of such drinks.
Body 1 Topic Sentence:
There are two main reasons why sugar-based drinks are consumed in large
amounts everyday.
 Idea 1: Lý do thứ nhất Idea 2 Lý do thứ hai
Firstly, such drinks provide extra Secondly, the increased
energy, increase mental alertness and consumption of sugar-based drinks is
help consumers to maintain high linked to consumers’ lack of
concentration necessary for their awareness and knowledge of a
work. healthy diet and lifestyle as well as
- Most modern jobs are the dominance of fast food in the
becoming more and more food industry.
demanding and require - That is why sedentary
people to spend greater effort lifestyles and convenient but
to succeed, consequently nutrient-poor meals which
leading to the popularity of include sugar-based drinks
sugar-based drinks. like Coca-Cola or Pepsi are
being favored by a large
number of people.
Topic Sentence: Giới thiệu view 2
Although reducing the consumption of sugar-based drinks is a complex task,
there are a few ways that could be done to discourage people from using
those drinks regularly.
Idea 1 Idea 2

Body 2 One instance is to impose higher Another solution is that there should
taxes on the production and be more educational propagation
distribution of sugar-based drinks, campaigns that encourage people to
which inevitably increases their price.  follow healthy dietary guidelines and
This may have an effect on the lifestyles and to refrain from using
amount of such drinks being sugar-based drinks.
consumed.
Restate Your Opinion:
In conclusion, the problem of people having more and more sugar-based
drinks is caused by a number of factors as discussed in the essay.
Conclusion
Increasing taxes on sugar-based drinks and running propagation campaigns
to raise consumers’ awareness of their health are two feasible solutions to
combat such problem.

HOMEWORK 2 - 6/8/2020: Although it is widely recognized that cars damage the

 environment, their manufacture and use continue to increase. Why is this the
case? How could this increase be controlled?

Bước 1:
Issue: The manufacture and use of cars is increasing despite although people recognize its
damage to the environment
Question 1: Reasons
Question 2: Measures
Bước 2:

Reasons Measures
Idea 1

Idea 2

Idea 3

Bước 3:

General Statement: Paraphrase đề bài

Across the globe, the automobile industry is booming, despite the fact that
many people believe cars are damaging the environment.
Introduction
Thesis Statement:
The following essay will discuss why this is occurring and what can be done to
control the situation.
Topic Sentence:

Idea 1: Lý do thứ nhất Idea 2 Lý do thứ hai

One of the main reasons is that they Another reason is that the
are the most popular, comfortable, automotive and petroleum
and efficient form of transportation industries are multi-billion dollar
Body 1
that is available to most people industries in many countries around
Although electric and hybrid cars are the world and provide millions of
now becoming increasingly more jobs for people and generate
common, they are not currently as millions of dollars in taxes for
affordable or as available as normal governments, and therefore shutting
combustion engine vehicles those industries down would be a
difficult process.
Topic Sentence:
Body 2
However, there are some strategies that could be implemented to try to
 control this issue.
Idea 1 Idea 2
Firstly, governments can try to Secondly, governments can also
promote the use and manufacture of encourage citizens to use bicycles
electric vehicles and other modes of more often by providing safe cycling
transport that do not burn fossil fuels. zones on roadways, to minimise the
- fund further research and risk of accidents with automobiles.
design of electric automobiles
that harness energy from the
sun or that use other
alternative forms of energy
Idea 3
Lastly, governments must renovate the public transportation infrastructure
in their countries and encourage citizens to use it more often by making it
cheap and efficient.
Conclusion Restate Your Opinion: Paraphrase lại Thesis Statement

HOMEWORK 3 - 1/8/2020: Nowadays people waste a lot of food that was bought
from shops and restaurants. Why do you think people waste food? What can be
done to reduce the amount of food they throw away?

Bước 1:
Issue: Food waste from shops and restaurants
Question 1: Reasons
Question 2: Measures
Bước 2:

Reasons Measures
Idea 1

Idea 2
 Idea 3

Bước 3:

General Statement: Paraphrase đề bài

These days, a great amount of food bought from shops and restaurants is being
thrown away irresponsibly.
Introduction
Thesis Statement:
This situation is occurring due to a number of reasons, and there are several
feasible solutions that could be adopted to mitigate this problem.
Topic Sentence: There are two major reasons why food is being wasted

Idea 1: Lý do thứ nhất Idea 2 Lý do thứ hai

One of the main reasons is that thanks Another reason because consumers
to advanced agricultural technologies, are failing to make a detailed plan of
farming has become increasingly what they are going to buy before
mechanised, which accelerates they shop
production and helps to maximize - Consequently, their shopping
harvests. carts are often full of food
Body 1 - the way food is transported, products that they might
stored and distributed has also never use.
become more and more
streamlined than ever before
- As a result, the price of food in
shops and restaurants has
reduced significantly, making it
all the easier for consumers to
purchase large quantities of
food, and waste it without a
second thought.
Body 2 Topic Sentence:
Some effective measures could be implemented to alleviate this situation
Idea 1 Idea 2
The first solution would be for Another feasible solution is that
restaurants to make their customers people should develop a habit of
 think twice about what dishes they are making a list of ingredients and
going to order. foodstuffs that they really need
- This can be done by imposing a before going shopping
heavy fine on diners who order This would help consumers to have
too many dishes but cannot time to prepare carefully and decide
finish them wisely what food items should be
bought, which would prevent a great
deal of food from being thrown away.
Restate Your Opinion: In conclusion, increasingly cheaper food products and
poor meal planning are two primary reasons contributing to the huge amount
Conclusion of food waste occurring these days. Fortunately, there are various effective
solutions to tackle this issue, including penalizing restaurant customers who
waste food and making detailed shopping lists.
Example 4: Some students work while studying. This often results in lacking time for
education and constantly feeling under pressure.
What do you think are the causes of this? What solutions can you suggest?

Causes Solutions

Nowadays, there are a lot of students who work while studying. Although this tendency may lead to
negative results, the number of young people who sacrifice education for work is growing. I believe that
this problem has certain causes and can be solved by taking special measures.

It is apparent that the main reasons why students work while studying is that they have many
expenses to cover. One common cause is high cost of education. As many colleges and
universities set high tuition fees, some families cannot fully afford the higher education for their
children. Consequently, these students have to work to pay university and college fees. The
other cause is living expenses. Many students study away from hometown, and have to pay for
accommodation, food, entertainment etc. As it is often hard to cover these expenses, students
are forced to earn money to afford their living. I think that the problem of students working
during their studies results in lower quality of education and has no benefits at all. Thus, it
should be solved on the governmental level.

I can suggest two possible solutions to this problem. Firstly, the government could make
higher education free. For instance, this result can be achieved by financing educational
establishments from the country’s budget. Not only will it make universities and colleges
accessible for everyone, but it will also reduce the number of working students. The second
solution is promoting unpaid e-learning. Such form of distance education doesn’t require a lot
of resources to be maintained. What’s more, students don’t have to leave their homes and can
plan their schedules the way they prefer.
In conclusion, I believe that a lack of financial resources causes students to work, but this
problem can be solved by lowering the amount of financial expenses students have to face.
 Example 5: Students leave high school without learning how to manage their
money.
What are the reasons and solutions for this issue?

There is a common problem among high school graduates these days where students are
leaving school without any knowledge or skills in personal money management. This essay will
outline a number of reasons for this trend and a number of possible solutions to help tackle
the issue.
One of the main causes of this problem is that the majority of high school students live with
their parents and are completely financially dependent upon them. Most students do not need
to work to earn money while at high school, as their parents pay for all their needs, and
therefore do not gain any understanding of the realities of earning and saving money. Also, the
only money that students receive is from their parents and this is typically in the form of
pocket-money, which is given with the intent on it being spent. Therefore, young people only
really learn how to spend money, and not how to earn, save or manage it wisely.
However, there are a number of viable solutions to help students deal with this problem.
Firstly, basic money management skills could be included as a compulsory subject for students
in their high school years, which would help equip them with the knowledge and skills to
manage their own personal finances when they leave school, move out of home and enter
employment. The second possible step
that could be taken to help curb this problem is through education at home. Parents need to
take responsibility to make sure that their children are adequately educated in such matters to
ensure their children maintain a successful and independent financial situation after graduating
and leaving home.
In conclusion, although money management is a problem for a lot of school leavers, there are a
number of viable solutions to counteract this problem.
 Exercise 3 - (23/11/2019) Many young people now know more about international
pop and movie stars than famous people in the history of their countries. What are
the causes? Give solutions to increase the number of people to know about
famous people in history.

Reasons Solutions
Idea 1

Idea 2

Idea 3

These days, young people tend to have more interests in international celebrities than historical
figures in their country. This essay will present possible causes of this trend as well as the
appropriate solutions to improve the situation.
There are several reasons why the young nowadays know more about famous movie and music
stars instead of having knowledge of the history in their country. To begin with, social media
contribute to the increasing interest of young people in celebrities. It is common to notice that
famous people’s lives are grabbing the headlines of the majority of newspapers, especially the
online ones. Since teenagers now spend most of their spare time surfing the Internet, they are
likely to be exposed to ubiquitous posts or articles about actors or singers more frequently,
thus becoming more fascinated about such topics. In addition, another cause of this trend is
the tedious teaching method of history at high school. It seems that history itself is not
attractive, leading to the fact that students will suffer from utter boredom if their teachers fail
to make history lessons more interesting.
Various solutions can be adopted to make young people more interested in history and
historical people. First of all, film makers should be encouraged to produce movies based on
key historical events. Young people will be eager to watch such movies, especially when their
idols are chosen for the starring role. As a result, they will gain more knowledge about a
particular historical period by watching those films. Second, the teaching method in history
classroom should be tailored in order to arouse students’ interests. Instead of teaching merely
a long list of names and dates in textbooks, teachers can add motion images and vivid sound
effects to create more appealing lessons.
In conclusion, although young people these days do not pay as much attention to history as
they do to celebrities, this problem can be dealt with by several suggested solutions.
 Example 6: Research suggests that the majority of criminals who are sent to prison
commit crimes when set free. What are the reasons? What can be done to solve
the problem?
It is true that a large proportion of criminals are known to re-offend after they
have been released from prison. There are some important reasons for this return to a life of
crime, but there are solutions which could mitigate the problem
I believe that there are two principal reasons why many criminals who have
served their sentences, commit further crimes when they are released back into
society. Firstly, prison is popularly regarded as an institution whose purpose is
to punish wrongdoers. There is a public outcry against being soft on crime, and
many argue that only the full weight of the law will act as a deterrent, even
though this is obviously not working. As a result, few resources are allocated to
prison programmes which will help ex- offenders to make a fresh start in society.
Secondly, prisons are overcrowded and often violent places, in which the most
hardened criminals influence and intimidate other inmates, and form networks to
plan future crimes, such as a criminal prison gang called the PCC do in Brazil.
Steps should be taken to solve these problems. One solution is reintegrating
offenders back into the community. Programmes which provide vocational
training or academic study opportunities must be implemented in order to give
prisoners a chance of rehabilitation and to find work. Some universities in the
UK and the USA, for example, offer degree programmes to enable offenders to
gain qualifications. Another solution is to segregate the most dangerous
convicts, in order to prevent intimidation and bullying in prisons, from which
offenders are released as even more expert criminals.
In conclusion, while important reasons for the rate of re-offending can be
identified, some steps must be taken to implement workable solutions.
Vocabulary from crime and punishment:
 to serve a prison sentence
Example: They are serving long prison sentences for their part in the assassination.
 to release back into society
Example: He was released back into society after serving two years of a five-year sentence.
 to punish wrongdoers
Example: Stricter measures must be introduced by governments to punish wrongdoers.
 to be soft on crime
Example: In order to deter criminals effectively, governments must not follow policies which
are soft on crime.
 the full weight of the law
Example: In order to deter crime, the full weight of the law must be
imposed for all serious offences.
 to act as a deterrent
Example: Longer prison sentences would act as a deterrent and would be one useful measure
to tackle rising crime.
 to make a fresh start
Example: I believe that people should have the opportunity to make a fresh start after they are
released from prison.
 to reintegrate back into the community
Example: There is an increasing focus among policy-makers and practitioners on identifying
programs and strategies that will help prisoners successfully reintegrate back into their
communities without reoffending.
 a chance of rehabilitation
Example: We should give ex-offenders a chance of rehabilitation and teach them how to
become useful members of society.
Vocabulary from society:
 an outcry against
Example: The new tax provoked a public outcry.
 to segregate somebody
Example: Although society no longer tolerates the policy of segregating whites from blacks,
many people of different origins live in their own separate communities.
Vocabulary from government:
 to allocate resources to
Example: If governments allocate more resources to improving public transport, this will
reduce the problem of traffic congestion in cities.
Other vocabulary:
 to re-offend [verb]:
Example: What is the best way to stop a criminal from re-offending?
 to mitigate [verb]:
Example: The government is giving food and homes to the poor in order to mitigate the terrible
poverty in the country.
 hardened [adjective]:
Example: The man had been in prison many times for different crimes, and everybody knew
that he was a hardened criminal.
 to intimidate [verb]:
Example: In an attempt to intimidate the demonstrators, the police used dogs to attack them.
 inmate [noun]:
Example: The prison has 500 inmates, and is very overcrowded.
 convict [noun]:
Example: The police are looking for an escaped convict. He has a long beard and he is aged 35.

Causes – Solutions
Actual Test 11/10/2018: Many museums and historical sites are mainly visited by tourists but
not local people. Why is this the case and what can be done to attract more local people to visit
these places?

HOMEWORK
Introduction: Many museums and historical sites have become an attraction to tourists
although they fail to increase the number of local visitors.
Body 1: The causes f or a huge difference in the number of the two mentioned types of visitors
are varied.
- People who live in the neighbourhood seem to be familiar with their traditional customs
and history.
- The design of museums and historical sites almost remain unchanged throughout decades,
which can be visually unattractive to local residents who have been there at least once
earlier years.
Body 2: Some measures can be taken to stimulate more local inhabitants to visit museums and
historical places.
- Those places should serve both education and entertainment purposes.
- If the layout of museums and historical sites is renovated with more decorations and ornate
designs of the interior, not only tourists but also more local visitors will come.
Conclusion: There are two principal causes for the locals’ disinterest in spending their time in
nearby museums and historical places as mentioned, and actions should be taken to encourage
people to go to such places.
 Actual Test 2/3/2019 – Causes – Solutions
The world of work is rapidly changing and employees cannot depend on having the same work
or the same work conditions for life. Discuss the possible causes and suggest ways to prepare
for people to work in the future.

Introduction: With the changes in the nature of career in modern society, staff can hardly
depend on their present job or work in the same environment for their whole life. There are a
number of reasons for this situation and several measures will then be recommended so that
people can prepare well for their future work.
Body 1: Some reasons can explain the instability of career in modern workplaces.
- It is a sensible decision for workers to opt for a career change.
 A large proportion of workers are willing to abandon their low-
paying job for a more financially rewarding one.
- Employees’ lack of capacity is exacerbated by the job market saturation, which may
force individuals to quit jobs unwillingly.
 Those who tend to perform averagely or lack essential practical
skills could hardly thrive in highly sought fields such as IT or health care and
would eventually seek a different career path.
Body 2: Certain methods can be suggested so that people can make a good preparation for
their future occupation.
- It is necessary for business to offer better incentives for employees in terms of pay
rise or other perks like gym memberships.
 This could promote their loyalty by giving them a reassuring
sense of security and belonging.
- It is partly incumbent on institutes to develop an in-depth and specialized training
program for students or equip them with hands-on skills.
 This would set job seekers apart in the rigorous job search, and
their employability would thus be improved.
Conclusion: the escalating living expenses and the overabundance of the workforce explain the
job hopping trend, and corresponding solutions can be taken to tackle the issue.