J. Trop. Agric. and Fd. Sc. 46(1)(2018): 55 – 63 F.

Abdullah

Variability in fruit characteristics of Chokanan mango

(Mangifera indica L.)
[Kepelbagaian ciri-ciri buah mangga Chokanan (Mangifera indica L.)]

F. Abdullah1
1Director General’s Office, MARDI Arau, Lot PT 3747, Jalan Tambun Tulang, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
This study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the characteristics of
Chokanan mango at harvest. The Chokanan fruits were harvested from selected
trees in commercial mango plot at Sintok MARDI Research Station, Kedah,
Malaysia. Data on the fruit characteristics such as weight, length (L), width (W),
thickness (T) and total soluble solid (TSS, °Brix) were measured and recorded for
13 weeks. The results revealed high significant differences (p <0.001) in terms
of recorded weight, W, L, T, size (W x L x T) and TSS of the Chokanan fruits
among the selected trees. The mean value of the fruits weight at harvest ranged
from 120 to 380 g and TSS ranged from 14.5 ºBrix to 22.8 ºBrix. In the present
study, the distribution of fruits weight was skewed to the left indicating larger
percentage of smaller fruits, but normal distribution was recorded for the TSS.
Apart from that, high significant correlation (R2 >0.80) was found in the weight
and size, L, W and T of the fruits. However, the weight and size of Chokanan
were inversely correlated with TSS. The coefficient of variation (cv) differed
among the harvested trees with the highest were recorded on weight and size of
fruits (cv = 9.5 and 11.4, respectively). Finally, the possible causes of variability
of Chokanan fruits were reported and discussed.

Keywords: fruit weight, size, total soluble solid, fruit distribution

Introduction juice, fresh salad and dry snack. Chokanan

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of is one of the mango cultivars that have
the popular tropical fruits in the Northern been commercially planted in Malaysia.
Region of Malaysia, especially in Perak, Originated from Thailand (Chintanawong
Kedah and Perlis. In the year of 2014, an et al. 2001), this type of mango cultivar
estimated of 5,283 ha area has been planted has good external appearance with golden
with mango trees in Malaysia (Anon. 2016). yellow skin when ripe and sweet taste
The highest mango planting area is in Perak with high TSS content (Zainal Abidin and
with 1,274.8 ha. In Malaysia, most mango Tengku Ab. Malik 1996b). Even though
trees are widely grown as commercial mixed Chokanan mango is well accepted by the
home gardens (Tengku Ab. Malik 2000c). consumers in Malaysia, fruits produced
Besides consumed fresh, local mangoes at harvest were highly variable and it is
are also used for food processing, such as believed that it may directly or indirectly

Article history Author's full names: Fadhilnor Abdullah

Received:19.4.17
Accepted:1.9.17
E-mail: fadhil@mardi.gov.my
©Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute 2018

55
Variability in fruit characteristics of Chokanan mango

affect consumer preferences. Also, the The fruits were ripened by means of using
characteristics of Chokanan fruits such standard practice, i.e. using calcium carbide
as weight, size and sweetness at harvest induction method (Tengku Ab. Malik
were highly variable between trees and et al. 1996).
season. To the researchers’ knowledge, no
study has looked into the variation on fruit Measurement of fruit characteristics
characteristics or morphological traits of Digital balancing was used to measure
this type of mango. Only a few publications the fruit weight (g) at harvest (Satorius,
on the effect of preharvest and postharvest ELT6000). The characteristics of fruits
factors on local mango cultivars have been such as length-L (mm), width-W (mm) and
reported (e.g. Mohd Azhar et al. 2013; thickness-T (mm) were measured using
Pauziah Muda et al. 2014). It is noteworthy digital calliper (Mitutoyo, Digimatic Calliper
that the knowledge of correlations within Series 500). The size of fruits expressed
the fruit traits is beneficial in order to by L x W x T was also calculated and total
improve breeding selection, which focuses soluble solid (TSS) was measured by using
on special traits such as the size and colour handheld Refractometer (Atago Model DBX
of the fruit. Apart from that, the assessment -55, Japan). A few drops of solid liquid
of variability that present in this fruit crop from the sampled fruits were applied to
may be useful to improve the breeding the measuring surface of the prism and the
programme, especially in developing results displayed on the screen panel were
suitable variety for better yield and recorded in ºBrix.
quality. Also, this information is of utmost
importance for the enhancement of cultural Statistical analysis
management of mango (Tengku Ab. Malik All the data were manually recorded in
et al. 2000c; Léchaudel and Joas 2007). an Excel spreadsheet and summarised
Given such a backdrop, the present study using Pivot Table Microsoft Excel. The
was undertaken to evaluate the variability ANOVA procedure of SAS (version 9.0,
of Chokanan mango fruit at harvest. Hence, SAS Institute Inc., NC USA) was used
the possible reason for the variability of to carry out the analysis and the mean
Chokanan fruit characteristics were reported separation were compared by using Duncan
and discussed. Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at p = 0.05.
The correlation matrix between variables
Materials and methods in this study was analysed using Pearson
Study site and growing condition Correlation Coefficients in SAS to identify
This study was carried out during fruiting the interaction among the characteristics.
season at Sintok MARDI Research Station, The distributions of selected variables were
Bukit Kayu Hitam, Kedah, Malaysia. The analysed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov at the
five-year-old Chokanan trees were planted 95% significance level (9.0, SAS Institute
at 12 m x 12 m distance and managed under Inc., NC USA). Data for the general
standard normal horticultural practices for characteristics, correlation and distribution
mango in the Northern Region of Malaysia analyses were conducted on pooled data
(Tengku Ab. Malik et al. 1996). Based on from all trees.
the standard nursery propagation method in
Malaysia, the trees were cleft grafted onto Results and discussion
seedling rootstock cv. Telur. As regards the The general characteristics of fruits
present study, twenty fruits per tree were The weight of fruits ranged from 120
randomly harvested on the selected trees – 380 g with an average fruit weight of
(eleven trees) at 13 weeks after fruit setting. 200.9 g. The length (L), width (W) and

56
 F. Abdullah

thickness (T) of Chokanan fruits varied is closely approximated to the normal

from 7.8 mm to 13.4 mm, 5.3 mm to 8.3 distribution (p >0.15) with more than 50%
mm, and 4.4 mm to 6.6 mm, respectively. TSS higher than 18% °Brix.
In addition, the size of Chokanan fruit The researchers deemed that the
expressed by L x W x T ranged from 215 correlation studies between the selected
mm3 to 723 mm3 (Table 1). The average of traits of the crop will be of the breeders’
TSS was 18.8 ºBrix and ranged from 14.5 interest in planning the hybridization
ºBrix to 22.8 ºBrix. Figure 1 presents the programme and evaluating the individual
distribution and descriptive statistics of fruit plants in segregating populations. Based on
weight and TSS. The fruit size distributions the correlation matrix analysis (Table 2),
(Figure 1a) of Chokanan cultivars (n = 220) high significant correlation (p <0.0001) was
into six different classes showed a skewed discovered among the fruits characteristics
distribution curve to the left indicating larger of Chokanan mango. With regards to the
percentage of smaller fruit (i.e. more than present study, the size of Chokanan fruits
30% is smaller than 250 g). was correlated well with fruit weight
As demonstrated in Figure 1a, this (Table 2). The highest correlation coefficient
result was confirmed by the statistical was recorded between fruit weight and
significance (p <0.01) on the distribution size (R2 = 0.96, Table 2), suggesting that
analysis. In contrast, the distribution of the yield per tree of Chokanan mango can
TSS into nine different classes (Figure 1b) be predicted by simple measurement of L,

Table 1. The general characteristics of Chokanan mango fruits at harvest (n = 220)

Ranged Standard Standard

Fruit characteristics Means
(min – max) deviation error (±)
Fruit weight (g) 200.9 120 – 380 51.2 ± 4.9
Fruit length - L (mm) 10.6 7.8 – 13.4 1.1 ± 0.1
Fruit width - W (mm) 6.2 5.3 – 8.3 0.6 ± 0.1
Fruit thickness - T (mm) 5.2 4.4 – 6.6 0.5 ± 0.0
Fruit size (L xW x T) (mm3) 349.0 215.0 – 722.7 100.1 ± 9.5
TSS (°Brix) 18.8 14.5 – 22.8 1.9 ± 0.2

Table 2. Correlation coefficients among different fruit characteristics in Chokanan mango

Fresh Fruit-L Fruit-W Fruit-T TSS Fruit

Fruit
weight (mm) (mm) (mm) (ºBrix) size
characteristics
(g) (L x W x T)
Fruit weight (g) -
Fruit-L (mm) 0.85*** -
Fruit-W (mm) 0.80*** 0.63*** -
Fruit-T (mm) 0.91*** 0.65*** 0.75*** -
TSS (ºBrix) -0.37*** -0.45*** -0.30** -0.24* -
Fruit size (L x W x T) 0.96*** 0.86*** 0.89*** 0.90*** -0.39*** -
*significant at p = 0.05, **significant at p = 0.01 and ***significant at p = 0.0001 according to Pearson
Correlation Coefficients Analysis (9.0, SAS Institute Inc., NC USA)

57
Variability in fruit characteristics of Chokanan mango

50 25
(a) Mean = 200.9 g Mean = 18.8 °Brix
(b)
SD = 51.2 SD = 1.9
Distribution test (p <0.01) Distribution test (p >0.150)
40 n = 220 n = 220
20
Frequency of fruit weight (%)

30
15

Frequency of TSS (%)

20
10

10
5

0
100 – 149
150 – 199
200 – 249
250 – 299
300 – 349
350 – 399

0
14 – 15
15 – 16
16 – 17
17 – 18
18 – 19
19 – 20
20 – 21
21 – 22
22 – 23
Range of fruit weight (g)
Range of TSS (°Brix)
Figure 1. Percentages of fruit distributed into (a) different range of fruit weight (g) and (b)
different range of total soluble solid (°Brix)

W and T of fruits. It is worthy of note that compared to bigger fruits size. As soluble
fruit size is an important factor influencing solid and sugar content are related to dry
mango orchard profitability due to the fact matter content (Saranwong et al. 2004;
that mango fruit in Malaysia is normally Léchaudel and Joas 2007), it would also
graded by the size (the economic value of be reasonable to suggest that smaller fruit
a fruit). For future study, estimating yield size of Chokanan mango may have higher
from equations using simple measurements dry matter content compared to bigger fruit
of L, W and T of fruits could be employed size. Thus, it would be interesting for future
as a non-destructive alternative method for study to evaluate the dry matter content
assessing mango yield at the orchard level. of Chokanan fruits by specifically looking
Additionally, weight and size of into whether there is a relationship with the
Chokanan fruit were positively correlated different individual size. Since dry matter
with L, W and T of fruits (R2 >0.80, content is also related to the fruit quality
p <0.0001). However, they were inversely attribute (Saranwong et al. 2004; Léchaudel
correlated with TSS (Table 2). A general and Joas 2007), smaller size Chokanan fruits
trend indicating that higher fruit weight is deemed to be graded as unmarketable fruit
and size may contain lower TSS (Figure and discarded for marketing. Nevertheless,
2a and b) was also observed. Although the further study is still needed to evaluate
correlations are weaker (R2 = 0.14 and 0.16), this aspect of Chokanan and other tropical
these trends suggest that Chokanan fruits mango cultivars.
with smaller size and less weight tended to
have higher soluble solid and sugar content

58
 F. Abdullah

25
(a) (b)

20
Total soluble solid (°Brix)

15

y = -0.0139x + 21.604 y = -0.0076x + 21.457

(R2 = 0.14) (R2 = 0.16)
10
100 200 300 400 500 200 400 600 800

Fruit weight (g) Fruit size (L x W x T)

Figure 2. The relationship between total soluble solid (TSS, °Brix) and
(a) fruit weight (g) and (b) fruit size (L x W x T) of Chokanan mango

Fruit characteristics among trees significantly different (p <0.0001) among

Various sizes and shapes of Chokanan the trees (Table 3). It is evidenced in the
mango fruits were found during harvest present study that the mean value for L, W
(Figure 3). The coefficient of variation (cv) and T of Chokanan mango are slightly lower
also differed among the harvested trees than the observation made by Speer and
(Table 3) with the highest were recorded Müller (2011). They found that the mean
on weight and size of fruits (cv = 9.5 and value of L, W and T of Chokanan mango
11.4, respectively). These results imply in Thailand were around 115.8 mm, 74.0
that the fruit weight and size had higher mm and 64.3 mm, respectively (Speer and
amounts of genetic variability compared to Müller 2011). The differences in results
other characteristics (Table 3). Notably, the were due to the differences in the number of
weight, L, W, T and TSS of fruits among the samples collected, cultural management and
trees were significantly different (p <0.0001) environmental condition.
(Table 3). The highest mean fruit weight The largest fruit size was obtained
was recorded in trees R24T21, followed by from the trees with code number R24T21,
R1T17 and R7T15 with more than 200 g. followed by R1T17 and R7T15 with the size
According to Tengku Ab. Malik (1996), the value of 58,303.2 mm3, 45,452.8 mm3 and
standard fruit weight of Chokanan mango 40,769.3 mm3, respectively (Table 3 and
in Malaysia ranged from 250 g to 350 g. Figure 3). Depending on the environmental
In the present study, 82% of the observed condition, the accumulation of water and
trees produced fruits that are weight less dry matter in mango is in the various parts
than 250 g. In Thailand, the fruit weight of of fruits, for example the skin, stone and
more than 300 g is considered as the highest flesh during fruit growing stage that may
weight class and the weight below 200 g influence the final size (Léchaudel et al.
is classified as not marketable (Speer et al. 2002). It has been reported that the crop
2007). In addition to this result, the size load may affect the final fruit size of mango
(L x W x T) of Chokanan fruits was also (Bally 2007). Therefore, it is suggested that

59
Variability in fruit characteristics of Chokanan mango

3 cm
R1T17 R6T28 R7T15
R19T15 R6T27

R13T11 R21T10 R23T10 R24T21 R25T16 R27T11

Figure 3. Variability of fruit size and shape of Chokanan mango at harvest

(Scale: 1 section black or white equal to 3 cm)

Table 3. Comparison of the characteristics of Chokanan mango fruits at ripening stage from different
individual trees

Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Total soluble Fruit size

Tree code weight length-L width-W thickness-T solid (L x W x T)
(g) (mm) (mm) (mm) (ºBrix) (mm3)
R1T17 256.0 b 111.3 c 69.1 b 59.1 b 18.2 bc 45452.8 b
R6T27 196.0 d 102.1 d 59.8 cdef 51.8 de 20.9 a 31626.9 d
R6T28 144.0 f 88.3 e 55.9 f 50.5 def 20.8 a 24926.6 f
R7T15 237.0 c 117.9 b 63.8 c 54.2 c 18.6 bc 40769.3 c
R13T11 162.0 f 103.3 d 56.8 f 47.1 g 17.7 c 27635.6 ef
R19T15 180.0 def 101.7 d 59.8 cdef 50.1 ef 19.4 b 30469.1 de
R21T10 163.0 f 92.1 e 57.8 ef 49.5 f 18.6 bc 26137.8 f
R23T10 176.0 ef 105.4 d 59.2 def 48.9 f 16.6 d 30512.0 de
R24T21 315.0 a 127.4 a 74.9 a 61.1 a 16.3 d 58303.2 a
R25T16 183.0 de 103.1 d 63.3 c 51.8 de 18.5 bc 33805.9 d
R27T11 197.0 d 105.1 d 61.6 cde 52.5 dc 21.1 a 33989.3 d
CV 9.51 5.18 7.05 3.84 6.32 11.41
Significance p <0.0001 p <0.0001 p <0.0001 p <0.0001 p <0.0001 p <0.0001
*Means followed by similar letter within columns are not significantly different according to Duncan
Multiple range Test (DMRT) at p = 0.05
CV – Coefficient of variation

60
 F. Abdullah

future studies should focus on evaluating et al. 2000). Both compounds contributed
the relationship between fruit size and crop to the sweetness and acidity of the mango
load in tropical mango. In addition, as, fruits (Malundo et al. 2001). It is noteworthy
manipulation on the fruit growth is also that the carbohydrate level in mango fruit
required in order to increase the percentage is dependent on the amount produced by
of bigger fruit since tropical mango such as leaf photosynthesis and the availability of
Chokanan is graded by size. Hence, this will the reserve pool, and also sink demand
help the growers to get higher income. (Léchaudel and Joas 2007). However,
From the breeding perspective, one in most tropical mango cultivars, the
possibility is to grow a selected Chokanan knowledge of these aspects is still wanting.
accession with an inherent ability to produce As regards tropical mango, it is worth
big fruit. Even though an attempt has highlighting that the source of variation
been made to breed and select a potential for fruit characteristics within a tree,
Chokanan accession (e.g. Mohd Azhar et al. such as limb position, canopy position
2013), conventional breeding of mango fruit and fruit position within a cluster have
trees is still constrained to certain inherent not been characterised. The researchers
characteristics, such as long juvenile period strongly believe that various factors such as
and complex reproductive biology (Iyer and environmental condition (i.e. light, canopy
Degani 1997). management and crop load) and pre-harvest
Also, it was reported that the choice cultural practices may influence the final
of rootstocks and interstock may affect quality of tropical mango (Léchaudel and
the fruit quality and yield of mango, as Joas 2007). Moreover, phenotypic variation
discovered on tropical cultivars such as of Chokanan mango fruits could also be
Masmuda and Harumanis (Ahmad Tarmizi affected by genetic effect of maternal plants
et al. 2005; Tengku Ab. Malik 2000a; b) as found in the present study. Therefore, to
and other mango cultivars (Avilán et al. improve the manipulation of quantitative
1996; Smith et al.1996; 2003). To date, and qualitative traits of tropical mango
the effect of rootstock on fruit quality of trees, these aspects warrant further study in
Chokanan and other tropical mangoes is still the future.
unknown. Nonetheless, considerable effort Furthermore, information with regards
has been made to study this matter in recent to fruit and tree variability is a prerequisite
year (e.g. Fadhilnor 2016). Other important for the cultivar improvement or breeding
characteristics in mango are TSS and sugar purposes. The phenotypic variability among
contents, which are related to dry matter fruit characteristics provides an indication
content (Léchaudel and Joas 2007). In the of potential genotypic variability. Further
present study, it was found that TSS (°Brix) research to explore more on phenotypic and
of Chokanan mango varied significantly genotypic characteristics in tropical mango
(p <0.0001) among trees (Table 3). trees is of utmost importance.
Generally, the TSS of Chokanan mango
is between 16 and 17 °Brix (Zainal Abidin Conclusion
and Tengku Ab. Malik 1996b). The result It is of advantageous to breeders to know
from the present study indicated that fruits the information of variability that is
from some trees tended to produce higher available in some important economic traits
TSS up to 21 °Brix (Table 3). Similarly, and their heritability in order to improve
Mohd Azhar et al. (2013) also found that a breeding programmes for tropical mango.
few selected Chokanan accessions produced Overall, it was found that the characteristics
higher TSS. Dry matter content in mango of Chokanan mango at harvest were highly
mainly consists of carbohydrates and almost variable and this supported the review by
60% compounds are sugar and acids (Ueda the Léchaudel and Joas (2007).

61
Variability in fruit characteristics of Chokanan mango

As highlighted in the literature, Iyer, C.P.A. and Degani, C. (1997). Classical

variation in fruit characteristics of mango at breeding and genetics. p. 49-68. In: The
Mango: Botany, Production and Uses.
harvest is believed to affect the final quality
Litz R.E. (ed.), United Kingdom: CAB
and consumer preferences. The results International Publishing
of the present study can be employed for Léchaudel, M., Génard, M., Lescourret, F., Urban,
further evaluation on breeding program of L. and Jannoyer, M. (2002). Leaf-to-fruit ratio
Chokanan cultivar. Furthermore, similar affects water and dry-matter content of mango
studies on other local mango cultivars fruit. J. Hort. Sci. Biotechnol. 77: 773 – 777
such as Harumanis and Sala are needed Léchaudel, M. and Joas, J. (2007). An overview
of preharvest factors influencing mango fruit
in order to gain information on preharvest growth, quality and postharvest behaviour.
and postharvest factors that may affect the Braz. J. Plant. Physiol., 19: 287 – 298
quality of local mango cultivars in Malaysia. Malundo T.M.M., Shewfelt, R.L., Ware, G.O.
and Baldwin, E.A. (2001). Sugars and
Acknowledgements acids influence flavor properties of mango
The researchers would like to express their (Mangifera indica). J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci.
126: 115 – 121
deepest appreciation to Mdm. Normah Mohd Azhar, H., Mohd Asrul, S., Johari, S. and
Ahmad, Mr. Ahmad Mahdzir Ahmad, Mr. Tengku Ab. Malik, T.M. (2013). Variation
Abdul Aziz Abu Seman, Mr. Ros Shahidan study on morphological characters among
Abd Aziz, Mr. Hamdan Zainon and Mr. Mangifera indica L. 'Chokanan' for
Hassan Abu of Sintok MARDI Research development of superior mango clone. Acta
Station for their technical assistance. This Hort., 1012 (38): 305 – 313
Pauziah, M. and Wan Mohd Reza Ikwan, W.H.
project was sponsored by Horticultural (2014). Effects of 1-methylcyclopropene
Development Project MARDI 2008 on quality of Chokanan mangoes stored at
(Research Grant No. J-JH017). ambient. J. Trop. Agric. and Fd. Sc. 42(1):
37 – 49
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Pauziah, M. and Tham, S.L. (2005). of 118 mango fruit from its harvest quality
Rootstock and interstem influence the skin measured nondestructively by near infrared
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Postharvest Horticulture Conference 2005 (31): 137 – 145
Rotorua, New Zealand, 27 – 30 Sept. 2005 Speer, W. and Müller, J. (2011). Estimating the
Anon. (2016). Malaysia Agribusiness Directory mass of mango fruit (Mangifera indica L., cv.
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Avilán, L., Leal, F., Rodriquez, M., Ruis, J. and 75: 125 – 131
Marín, C. (1996). Mango rootstocks and their Speer, W., Nagle, M., Neidhart, S., Carle, R.,
influence on fruit shape and size. Acta Hort. Ongpraset, S. and Müller, J. (2007). Effect
455: 479 – 488 of regulated deficit irrigation and partial root
Chintanawong, S., Tidiprasert, W., Chaichakan, zone drying on the quality of mango fruits
M., Angoonsathian, N.S. and Sriphotha, (Mangifera indica L., cv. 'Chok Anan'). Agri.
D. (2001). Plant Germplasm Database Water. Mgt. 88: 173 – 180
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Thailand, Bangkok G., Mc Alister, S., Brown, C., Smith, G.S.
Fadhilnor, A. (2016). The earliest expression and Landrigan, M. (1996). Rootstocks
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Smith, M.W., Hoult, M.D. and Bright, J.D. (2003). Tengku Ab. Malik, T.M. (2000c). Production
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Ctr. Tech. Rpt. 3.1(28)

Abstrak
Kajian ini dijalankan bertujuan untuk menilai ciri-ciri buah mangga Chokanan
semasa tuaian. Buah Chokanan tersebut dituai daripada pokok yang terpilih di
plot mangga komersial di Stesen Penyelidikan MARDI Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia.
Data ciri-ciri buah seperti berat, panjang (L), lebar (W), ketebalan (T) buah-
buahan dan jumlah larut pepejal TSS (°Brix) telah diukur dan direkodkan pada
minggu ke-13. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan perbezaan yang bererti (p <0.001)
telah direkodkan pada berat buah, W, L, T, saiz (W x L x T) dan TSS daripada
buah Chokanan di antara pokok. Berat minimum buah yang dituai adalah di
antara 120 – 380 g dan TSS adalah di antara 14.5 ºBrix dan 22.8 ºBrix. Kajian
ini mendapati bahawa taburan berat buah telah condong ke kiri dan menunjukkan
bahawa peratusan yang lebih besar untuk buah yang kecil, tetapi taburan
normal dicatatkan bagi TSS. Selain itu, hubungan yang amat bererti (R2 >0.80)
telah diperoleh antara berat dan saiz, L, W dan T buah. Walau bagaimanapun,
perhubungan yang songsang telah dikaitkan antara berat buah dan saiz Chokanan
dengan TSS. Di samping itu, pekali variasi (cv) juga berbeza antara pokok-pokok
dengan berat dan saiz buah menunjukkan catatan yang tertinggi (cv = 9.5 dan
11.4, masing-masing). Akhir sekali, kemungkinan dan punca kepelbagaian ciri-
ciri buah Chokanan turut dilaporkan dan dibincangkan.

63