QUARTER 2; Module 1

LESSON 1: Geologic Hazards

The Philippines is located in an archipelago characterized by having

mountainous terrains and is often visited by typhoons which bring heavy rain.
These two conditions combined in the most unfavorable manner may cause
landslides and sinkholes. Which are potential geologic hazard due t the
topographic and geologic composition of land.
Landslides and sinkholes are often referred to as generic name for soil
collapsing downward but it is also has different types and characteristics
based on its composition.
Geologic hazards are natural. Phenomena that cause major problems
around the world. The expansion and development of cities has led to an
increase in impact and damage due to geologic hazards. In general, most of
the geologic hazards are. Related to natural conditions, although some may
be due to human activities.
While landslides come in various names such as mudslide, flash flood,
avalanche, etc. the actual difference is in their composition provided that
there is an inclined terrain. Sinkholes, on the other hand, can occur on
elevated or flat surfaces and can range from massive to barely noticeable
which may leave a dent, a hole or a body of water on the ground.
WHAT IS IT?
Landslide
A landslide is a ground movement on a sloping terrain. It does not happen
on flat ground because of the angle on the ground, gravity induces the land
to move forward. It is aggravated by rain because water is a natural agent for
erosion. If rain or any source of water frequently flows down a slopping area,
the gravitational descent of loosened soil makes it possible for landslide to
occur.
Structures that are built on steep-slope mountains have a high
vulnerability to landslide hazards especially during heavy rains. Areas with:
steep slope, dense population and denuded terrain are distinguished by a
high susceptibility to rainfall-induced landslide hazards. Long or regular rain
may saturate the topsoil and the bedrock, weakening the soil base of
buildings or structures. Without plants and trees whose roots can absorb
water and hold the soil together, subsequent rain water can continue to
loosen up the soil that anchors the buildings. A heavy downpour of rain can
quickly destroy these buildings and communities, giving way to landslides,
mudslides and mudflows.
TYPE OF LANDSLIDE
1. SOIL CREEP LANDSLIDE is a very slow downslope movement of
particles that occurs in every slope with loose, withered material.
The level of creep induced by one rainfall has a strong association
with the amount of rainfall and changes in soil moisture. For the
valley-head slope, the dirt creeps down and accumulates a hollow
portion of the head at the bottom of the bottleneck, under which the
dirt is compressed and forms a wave-shaped soil.
2. SLUMPING LANDSLIDE is a downward movement of rock debris,
usually the consequence of removal of buttressing earth at the foot
of a slope of unconsolidated material.
3. DEBRIS FLOW LANDSLIDE happens when the slope becomes
saturated. With water, this then triggers a landslide water-soaked
mass of rock and soil that slides down the slope.
Colluvial landslide in a debris flow valley is a common occurrence
that is quickly caused by rainfall. The direct destructiveness of this
type of landslide is limited, but if failure occurs, the resultant
blockage of the channel can lead to a series of magnified secondary
hazards. For this cause, it is important to explore the possible
response of this type of landslide to rainfall.
4. ROCK FALL LANDSLIDES are sudden slides caused by heavy rain the
rock on the slope loosens and then slides down the slope.
Sinkhole
A sinkhole is a topographic depression created when groundwater
dissolves the underlying limestone bedrock. Often known as “sink” or
“doline.”

CHARACTERISTICS:
 Occur in areas where the soil foundation is made of soft
minerals and rock such as limestone, salt beds, or any acidic
rocks.
 He depth of sinkholes ranges from a couple of meters to
several miles deep.
HOW IT CCURS:
Water from the rainfall seeps underneath the soil through the cracks and
fissures. As water passes through these cracks and fissures, it erodes the soil
and forms a conduit system, these underground water systems increase in
size as the soil is carried by the water through internal erosion. This can
either form a void filled with air with an underground drainage. If the void is
clogged with clay, then it forms a depression which then accumulates water
and forms a pond. Otherwise it forms a hole once the cover collapses into the
void which can be either filled with air or water.
NATURAL CAUSES OF SINKHOLE
- DISSOLUTION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sinkhole occurs when sedimentary rocks are dissolved. When
these rocks are dissolved, it can either form a void of water or air. A
void filled with air form a hole and a void filled with underground
water makes a lake or pond. Sinkholes can be in the form of holes or
depressions on the ground.
HUMAN CAUSES OF SINKHOLE
- UNDERGROUND WATER PUMPING
Pumping water underneath the ground causes drainage to alter
their flow which causes the soil to be eroded by water. Broken pipes
underneath the ground can also cause internal erosion making a void
underneath the ground. Altering drainage systems cause water to
branch into other routes where there is a soluble rock can cause
erosion through the flow of water.
TYPES OF SINKHOLES
 There’re three main types of sinkholes, according to the geologist, but
there is an additional category, the artificial sinkholes which are caused by
human activity.
1. COVER COLLAPSE SINKHOLE it develops suddenly (over an hour
period) thus, causing catastrophic damage. They occur where he
covering sediments contain a significant amount of clay. Over time,
surface drainage, erosion and deposition of sinkhole into a shallower
bowl-shaped depression.
2. COVER SUBSIDENCE SINKHOLE it gradually grows where the sediment
covers are permeable and contain sand. In areas where cover
material is thicker or sediments contain more clay, cover-subsidence
sinkholes are relatively uncommon and therefore may not be seen
frequently. They are smaller and thus may go undetected for long
periods.
3. DISSOLUTION SINKHOLE it occurs in areas where calcareous
(limestone) is exposed on the ground or where thin layers of soil and
permeable sand are also covered. Limestone or dolomite dissolution
is most intense when the water first reaches the rock surface.
Aggressive dissolution also occurs where flow is focused in pre-
existing openings in the rock, such as long joints, fractures and
bedding planes and in the zone of water-table fluctuation where
groundwater is in contact with the atmosphere. Solution sinkholes
are generally small in size and also slow to develop.
4. ARTIFICIAL SINKHOLE such type of sinks may be caused by various
human activities, including groundwater pumping and building.
However, the most common activities that result in artificial
sinkholes are mining, drilling, considerable changes in weight, as well
as a tremendous increase in water flow, such as a construction of an
artificial pond.

MODULE 2
LESSON 2: Causes of Geologic Hazards

Geologic hazards pose a threat to humans and properties alike.

There are different causes of landslide and sinkhole. Any of the triggers
are only caused by a triggering element. A landslide can be caused by a
natural or mechanical factor (human). Natural causes of landslides can be
due to climate, earthquakes, weathering, flooding, volcanic activity, forest
fires and gravity while humans triggered landslides by mining or clear cutting
of trees.

Causes of Geologic Hazards

LANDSLIDE
Natural Causes of Landslides
- CLIMATE
Long-term climatic changes can significantly impact soil stability. A
general reduction in precipitation leads to lowering of water table
and reduction in overall weight of soil mass, reduced solution of
materials and less powerful freeze-thaw activity. A Significant
upsurge in precipitation or ground saturation would dramatically
increase the level of groundwater. When slope areas are completely
saturated with water, landslides can occur. If there is absence of
mechanical root support, the soils start to run off.
- EARTHQUAKES
Seismic activities have, for a long time, contributed to landslides
across the globe. Any moment tectonic plates move, the soil covering
them also moves along. When earthquakes strike areas with steep
slopes, on numerous occasion, the soil slips leading to landslides. In
addition, ashen debris flow instigated by earthquakes could also
cause mass soil movement.
- WEATHERING
It is the natural procedure of rock deterioration that leads to
weak, landslide susceptive-materials. It is brought about by the
chemical action of water, air, plants and bacteria. When the rocks are
weak enough, they slip away causing landslides.
- EROSION
Erosion caused by sporadic running water such as streams, rivers,
wind, currents, ice and waves wipes out latent and lateral slope
support enabling landslides to occur easily.
- VOLCANIC ERUPTION
If an eruption occurs in a wet condition, the soil will start to move
downhill instigating a landslide. Stratovolcano is a typical example of
volcano responsible for most landslides across the globe. Volcanic
gases partially dissolve in groundwater turns into acidic hydrothermal
system that weakens rock by altering minerals to clay.
- FOREST FIRES
 Burns vegetation that holds soil in place. Since it takes time for
vegetation to re-establish on steep slopes, the risk of landslides
prevails or up to 20 years in dry climates. Wildfire removes the
protective ability of vegetation which increases runoff, erosion and
debris flow because the water cannot penetrate through soil thus
carrying the debris downslope. Burying insects also play a role by
aerating the soil destabilizing it during wildfire because they tend to
seek for cooler soil to survive.
- GRAVITY
Steeper slopes coupled with gravitational force ca trigger a
massive landslide. Steeper slopes can also cause the debris to move
farther from the foot of the area.
Human Causes of Landslides
- MINING
Mining activities that utilize emanating blasting techniques
contribute mightily to landslides. Vibrations emanating from the
blasts can weaken soils in other areas susceptible to landslides. The
weakening of soil means a landslide can occur anytime. Earthwork
alters the shape of a slope, imposing new loads on an existing slope.
- CLEAR CUTTING
Clear cutting is a technique of timber harvesting that eliminates all
old trees from the area. This technique is dangerous since it
decimates the existing mechanical root structure of the area. It
changes the amount of water infiltrating the soil.

RAINFALL-INDUCED LANDSLIDES are the most common and widespread

damaging landslides in the Philippines, with an average of 20 typhoons each
year due to prolonged or heavy rainfall. Most rainfall-induced landslides are
shallow (less than a few meters deep), thin and move quickly.
Rainfall can be case for landslides, but soil conditions are also very critical.
Researchers wanted to take into account a number of variables including
weather type, soil type and land-cover characteristics. However, there was
no single source for the data they needed.
The features of precipitation occurrences, including the accumulated
volume of rainfall, length and severity and the slope of the terrain show the
greatest effects on the stability of the slope and the rate of occurrence of
landslides and debris. In addition, the precipitation-induced depends on the
type of land covered and the type of soil. In short, the cause of rainfall-
induced landslides still relies on the factors mentioned.

LESSON 12: Soil Conservation Methods and Practices

Soil as one of the most important natural resources needs a personal and
societal actions devising and implementing ways of how to conserve and
protect it. Analyzing the food pyramid, plants are at the base signifying that
they are fundamental to the existence of life. Most organisms are dependent
to the food produced by plants as being autotrophic (self-feeder). Pants
require soil for survival as their roots get the necessary nutrients to grow and
to bear fruits. Soil is one of the three primary factors for plant growth,
together with sunlight and water. It is an important element of the ecological
system and therefore, its conservation is essential for the upcoming
generations.
WHAT’S NEW
Footprint on the Soil
Soil is threatened due to progressing degradation process caused by the
climate change and other factors. Thus, soil conservation and protection are
in the limelight emphasizing the informational, educational and motivational
impact of all the measures. The success of any program cannot be attained
without the active participation of every member of the community. It
targets to elevate the public awareness and the farmers’ traditional and
professional knowledge about protecting the landscapes by having real
efforts to comply with mandated practices and technologies.

SECOND QUARTER
MODULE 3: Signs of an Impending Geologic Hazard

Geologic hazards are unpredictable but their occurrence can be

determined.
Whenever two or three signs are evident in particular place, people
should be warned to evacuate or be ready for the occurrence of a landslide
or a sinkhole. Being aware of these signs will make the students alert of what
they observe in their surroundings.
These signs may be apparent in areas where there is a high risk of
landslide or sinkhole, but other indications may only be due to changing
weather. It should be viewed with caution in order to determine a logical
evacuation plan, appropriate actions to prepare for the potential dangers and
to avoid loss of life and properties.
Prevention is still better than cure in situations of impending disasters.
Rather than feeling sorry at the end, it’s better to be aware of the possible
hazards that can bring eminent disaster.

WHAT IS IT?
Signs of Impending Landslide or Sinkhole
Signs of impending landslides and sinkholes are observed on man-made
infrastructures, bodies of water and vegetation.

WARNING SIGNS OF IMPENDING LANDSLIDE

1. EARLIER LANDSLIDE AS AN INDICATOR
 If there’s frequent occurrence of landslides in a section, it
implies that the soil in this area is weak and has unstable
geology; thus, more susceptible to landslides. This may
be caused by lack of vegetation, weathering, erosion, etc.
 Multiple landslide events within place are retrogressive,
piecemeal or reactivated.
 A reactivated landslide is when an old, semi-stable
landslide changed something, causing a new collapse at
the same place.
 Inspecting an area of an old landslide for scarps and
deposits is a clear indicator that a landslide will
reactivate. This is also a sure sign that much of the
region’s underlying geology is fragile and vulnerable to
landslides.
2. TENSION CRACKS
 These are caused by the stress and friction produced by
geologic materials moving apart which forms a steep lines of
cracks in the terrain.
 Tension cracks are above an existing landslide can hint at a
future reactivation.
 These cracks are located on higher elevated ground.
 Cracks that are found on flat terrain are caused by fault
movement and not landslide indicators.
3. THINGS MOVING
  Deformation and movement of non-living objects not caused
by human manipulation can also indicate a landslide.
 The most common of these is that trees are bending up in a
J-curve as a sign that the ground slips out from underneath
them.
 A patch of angled forest on a slope or J-curved trees
somewhere can be a good indicator that the ground is less
solid than it seems.
 No longer closing properly or broken utilities.
 This motion can be slow or rapid. Rapid landslides are results
of sudden collapse of a slope. This happens in terrains that
are steeper uphill. Whereas, indicators of slow landslides are
categorized by movement of floor tiles, deformation of door
frames which causes difficulty in closing and opening the
door, and broken electric posts, gas, water and sewage pipes.
 Creaking and cracking can also be warning and signs.
4. WATER DOING SOMETHING DIFFERENT
 Changes in water flow.
 Spring, seep, or wet ground may appear on a seemingly dry
terrain. Similarly, unexpected withdrawal of water also
indicates the same. Water causes alteration of the pressure
within the slopes of a terrain.
 A debris flow is a very wet, very mobile landslide, where
water is loaded with trees, mud, rock and everything else
caught in the current. Low water level precedes the arrival of
the debris flow surge.
WARNING SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING SINKHOLE
The occurrence of sinkholes and landslides may have something in
common because they are both geologic hazards. Here are some signs of an
impending sinkhole.
 Trees or fence posts that tilt or fall
 Foundations that slant
 New small ponds that appear after the rain
 Cracks in the ground
 Sudden drainage of a pond
 Rapid appearance of a hole in the ground
 Dips, depression, slopes that appear in a yard
 Dead patches of grass or plants
  Sinkholes in the neighborhood
 Wilted vegetation in a limited area
 Well water that is discolored or contaminated with debris
 Cracking or buckling of home’s concrete slab
 Presence of odd bugs like slugs, centipedes in homes
 Earthy odor in home after rain
 New or widening cracks
 Separation between walls and ceiling or floors
 Cracks around the door and window frames
 Cracked grout between tiles
 Cracked tiles
 Stair step cracks in blocks or bricks
 Uneven floors, warping of hardwood, bulging or sagging sections
 Doors or windows that don’t open or close easily
 Cracks in sheetrock near doors or windows

All homes are subject to some settling characteristics, signs of an

impending geologic hazard may or may not always cause a landslide or a
sinkhole but the presence of two or more of these signs may indicate that
there is something wrong happening in the area which alerts people to be
cautious and careful for possible dangers that it may cause.

SECOND QUARTER
MODULE 4: Interpretation of Geological Maps

WHAT IS IT?

What is a Geological Map?

This type of map shows geological features; rock units or geologic strata
are shown by colors or symbols to indicate where they are exposed at the
surface.

GEOLOGIC MAP FEATURES:

 Faults
 Tilts
 Folds
 Rock layers
PART OF GEOLOGICAL MAP
  Legend
 Interpretation
 Title
 Susceptibility
 Sources
SYMBOLS IN GEOLOGICAL MAPS
 Thick lines and thin lines
 First capitalized letter in geologic unit
 Colors
 Dotted contact line

SYMBOLIZING GEOLOGY
Contours and topography are just the first parts of geologic map. The map
also puts rock types, geologic structures and more onto the printed page
through colors, patterns and symbols.
Here is a sample of real geologic map. You can see the basic things—
shorelines, roads, towns, buildings and borders-in gray. The contours are
there too, in brown, plus the symbol for various water features in blue. All of
this are on the map’s base. The geologic part consists of the black lines,
symbols, labels and areas of color. The lines and the symbols condense a
great deal of information that geologists have gathered through years of
fieldwork.

The letter symbols signify the name and age of the rock units in an area.
The first letter refers to the geologic age. The other letters refer to the
formation name or the rock type. The geologic map of Rhode Island is a good
example of how the symbols are used.
A few of the age symbols are unusual; for instance, so many age terms
begin with P that special symbols are needed to keep them clear. The same is
true for C, and indeed the Cretaceous Period is symbolized with the letter K,
from the German word Kreidezeit. That is why the meteor impact that marks
the end of the Cretaceous and beginning of tertiary is commonly called the K-
T event.
The other letters in a formation symbol usually refers to the rock type. A
unit consisting of Cretaceous shale might be marked Ksh. A unit with mixed
rock types might be marked with an abbreviation of its name, so the
Rutabaga formation might be Kr. The second letter might also be an age
term, particularly in the Cenozoic, so that a unit of Oligocene sandstone
would be labeled Tos.
All of the information on the geologic map- such as strike and dip, trend
and plunge, relative age and rock unit- are obtained by the hard work and
trained eyes of geologists working in the field. But the real beauty of geologic
maps- not just the information they present-is in their colors.
You could have a geologic map without colors, just lines and letter
symbols in black and white. But it would not be user-friendly, like a paint by-
numbers drawing without the paint.
What colors to use for the various age of rocks? There are two traditions
that arose in the late 1800s: the harmonious America standard and the more
arbitrary International standard. The familiarity with the difference between
the two makes it obvious at glance where a geologic map was made.
These standards are just the beginning. They apply only to the most
common rocks, which are sedimentary rocks of marine origin. Terrestrial
sedimentary rocks use the same palette but add patterns. Igneous rocks
cluster around red colors, while plutonic rocks use lighter shades plus
random patters of polygonal shapes. Both darken with age. Metamorphic
rocks use rich, secondary colors as well as oriented, linear patterns. All of
these complexities make geologic map design as specialized art.
Every geologic map ha its reason to deviate from the standards. Perhaps
rock of certain time periods are absent so that other units can vary in color
without adding confusion; perhaps the colors clash badly; perhaps the cost of
printing forces compromises. These are the reasons why geologic maps are
so interesting: each one is customized solution to a particular set of needs. In
every case, one of those needs is that the map on paper, represent a
dialogue between truth and beauty.

SECOND QUARTER
MODULE 5: Mitigation Strategies: A Prevention to Loss of Lives and
Properties

Mitigation involves acting to reduce the risk of life or property damage

from a potentially dangerous incident. There is no way to avoid natural
disasters, but people and organizations may take steps to minimize the harm
and losses that they cause.
Mitigation is defined as the process or result of making something less
severe, dangerous, painful, harsh or damaging.
Mitigation is actions taken to prevent or reduce the risk to life, social and
economic and natural resources from natural hazards.

Programs that intensify nation’s hazard mitigation capabilities includes the

following steps:
1. PROTECTION OF SCHOOLS AND HOSPITALS
All new schools and hospitals should be located and constructed
to ensure that high-hazard areas are avoided and that special
provision are made to reduce the potential for damage by natural
hazards. Existing school and hospital buildings should be surveyed to
determine their resistance levels to relevant hazards.
2. ADOPTION OF NONSTRUCTURAL MEASURES
Businesses and households should adopt non-structural
mitigation measures to mitigate casualties from natural hazards and
property damage. Furniture and equipment can be easily secured to
reduce earthquake injuries and damage. Other non-structural steps
are vegetation management to reduce damage from wildfires and
structure position away from high-risk areas.
3. INCORPORATION OF MITIGATION INTO NEW DEVELOPMENT
Local jurisdictions should ensure that new developments are
located, designed and built to resist natural hazards. They should use
hazard and risk assessment information, land use plans and zoning
regulations to limit the development of hazard-prone areas.
Compatible uses of floodplains and the other hazardous areas should
be incorporated into local planning and zoning so that losses are
reduced. Such areas could have a high value for recreation, reserves
for fish and wildlife, open space or other community use.
4. PROTECTION OF CULTURAL PROPERTIES
 Mitigation preparation and intervention will include preservation
of libraries, landmarks, historic buildings, art works and other cultural
resources.
5. PROTECTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
The mitigation plans and protection measures included the
disaster response plans should identify particularly valuable natural
resources such as endangered species of wildlife, fish and plants.
These natural resources are not only present in the wild but also in
the zoos and parks.
6. GOVERNMENT LEADERSHIP OF MITIGATION IMPLEMENTATION
Government at all levels should set an example by requiring that
new facilities that they fund, regulate or lease be designed, built and
located in accordance with modern buildings codes and sound.
7. MITIGATION TRAINING
Training programs should be developed and offered with a focus
on contemporary challenges associated with mitigation
implementation.
8. HAZARD-SPECIFIC RESEARCH
Recent disasters showed the advantages of mitigation activities,
thus emphasizing the need for research to improve mitigation
practices.

Actions or Plans to Protect Human Lives and Properties

1. Develop and rehearse a family disaster plan-what to do if you are
force to leave home.
2. Include a communication plan- how to contact each other if you
become separated.
3. Put emergency supplies together, one set for your home and one set
for your car. Emergency supplies will contain, food, water, a kit for
first aid, flashlights, a radio and several batteries. The kit should also
have flares and jumper cables inside your car.
4. Know how to shut off your appliances and keep the resources you
need in hand. Make sure other family members know how to do that
too.
5. Duplicate important documents such as wills, birth certificates,
financial statements, insurance plans and number of credit cards.
Keep the originals in a box safe deposit.
 6. Make a detailed inventory of your personal belongings, home or an
apartment, garage and surrounding property, with photographs or
videos and store it in a save place.

Precautionary Measures for Landslides and Sinkholes

Vulnerability and exposure to geohazards are determined and validated
through scientific tools, visible signs and maps. Communities are advised to
take precautionary measure to prevent unnecessary damage to lives and
properties.
Landslides are also known as country slips. If your area is prone to
landslide, plant more trees, grasses and other vegetation for soil compaction
and erosion prevention. Build mudflow or debris flow diversion channels to
steer flow away from your property. Make sure that diversion does not affect
any neighbor or property or result in more substantial damage. Do not build
your house on or near steep slopes, mountains edges, drainages or natural
erosion valleys.

Here are some steps to consider before, during, and after a landslide:
A. BEFORE A LANDSLIDE
1. Be familiar with your surroundings. Watch for any changes to
certain object’s presence or positions. When there is sudden
debris flow, this could be a good indicator of an incoming
landslide.
2. Avoid open storm-water drainage and runoff as these areas are
likely to receive debris and soil from higher elevations, especially
when there is a storm or heavy rainfall.
3. Be updated on news regarding the condition of your area.
4. Be aware of the disaster plans of your local government.
5. Learn and participate in emergency response and evacuation
plans for your community.
B. DURING LANDSLIDE
1. Be attentive to unusual such as cracking objects, moving debris,
and rolling boulders.
2. Stay away from the path of debris. This is more dangerous if
mudflow occurs because it increases in strengths as it meets ore
water from ponds or streams and could be aggravated by heavy
rain.
 3. Stay alert and awake. Listen for unusual sounds that might
indicate moving debris, such as trees cracking or boulders
knocking together.
4. Stay on an elevated and sturdy area. Avoid low-lying areas and
steep slopes.
5. If escape is not possible, curl into a tight ball and protect your
head. Find a structure that can serve to protect you from the
flow of debris.
C. AFTER A LANDSLIDE
1. Stay away from a slide area as there is still danger of more
landslides.
2. Listen for the latest emergency information.
3. Follow warnings and instructions from the local government.
4. If the landslide is caused by rainfall, watch out for flooding as it
will follow the same path taken by the debris flow.
5. Check for injured or trapped people near the slide, and flooding
as it follows other potential hazards. Report these immediately to
the rescuers or authorities.
Sinkhole, also known as cenote, swallet, swallow hole or doline. The
sinkhole is a depression or a hole in the ground caused by some form of
surface layer collapse. Most of them are caused by processes of karst-the
chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks or suffusion. Sinkholes vary in a
diameter and depth from 1 to 600 m (3.3 to 200 ft.) and vary in shape from
soil-line bowls to bedrock-edged chasms. Sinkholes may gradually or
suddenly form, and are found all over the world.

In an event that sinkholes are not detected earlier and it appears suddenly,
do the following:
1. Find refuge in a stable ground or open area.
2. Wait until the structures on and around the sinkhole stops moving.
Do not attempt to go back and retrieve your belongings.
3. Wait for the local government’s announcement when it is safe to go
back.
After a sinkhole’s appearance, here are the following steps to do:
1. Stay away from the sinkhole.
2. Monitor the damages on objects. If the crack gets longer or wider the
sinkhole may still enlarge.
3. Do not throw anything into the sinkhole. Anything thrown into it may
contaminate the groundwater.
4. Secure whatever is left of your properties and relocate to safe
grounds, preferably far from this location because the same bedrock
or soil profile may characterize the vicinities of the sinkhole.