Tutorial 1
Natural and Manufactured Materials
A) Plastic.
-Derived form petroleum
-Usually in the form of polyprena
-Some physical properties: transparency, flexibility, elasticity, water absorption,
electrical resistance, Specific Gravity
-Some chemical properties: Chemical resistance, thermal stability, reactivity with
water, flammability, heat of combustion (exothermic).
B) Fiber Glass
-Made up of silica thin strand or formation glass.
-Properties:
1. High ratio of surface area to weight.
2. Good insulator- air trapped to maintain temperature.
3. Freshest, thinner fibers are the strongest because thinner fiber more
ductile.
C) Properties of Paper
-Made of pulp, plant fiber and some recycled materials (e.g. wastes)
-Physical properties: Light, Thin, easily torn, liquid absorption, opaque.
-Chemical properties: Easy to burn, not reactive, non-conductor
D)Examples of Product Made up of Plastics, Fiber Glass and Paper
Plastics Fiberglass Paper
Chair Fiberglass Roofing Box
Tissue
Toy Pipe Wrapping Tissue
Tissue
Pipe Fiberglass Wallpaper Diaper
Film sheet fabric Fiberglass textile Egg tray
Recreational Optic lenses Book
equipments
Textiles Canoe Furniture
Boats Fiberglass furniture Plate and cup
Medical instruments Water tank Dried food packaging
Carpet Helmet Car
Computer parts Pool Paper bag
Pollution of Fuel Burning
-Fuel burning releases: Sulphur Dioxide
Nitric oxide
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon monoxide
-Pollution caused by burning of fuel:
1. Greenhouse Effect
• Greenhouse gases like CO, CO2 and Methane block thermal
energy from radiating out into space, trapping the heat in the
atmosphere.
• The CO also react with the O2 on the ozone layer. Decreasing
number of O2 in ozone layer cause the ozone layer to be thinner.
• CO react with O2 forming CO2. this will make number of CO2
increase and trap the heat from going out. This will cause the global
warming.
2.Acid rain
• Fuel combustion release nitric oxide to the air.
• Nitric oxide combines with water molecule in rain.
• Too much nitric oxide released also effected nitrogen cycle by forming
nitrogen isotope.
Air Pollution Index
• The Air Quality Index (AQI) (also known as the Air Pollution Index
(API) or Pollutant Standard Index (PSI)) is a number used by
government agencies to characterize the quality of the air at a given
location.
• As the AQI increases, an increasingly large percentage of the population
is likely to experience increasingly severe adverse health effects.
API and Health Implications (Daily Targets)
Air Pollution
API Health Implications
Level
0 - 50 Excellent No health implications
51 -100 Good No health implications
Slight irrations may occur, individuals with
101-150 Slightly Polluted breathing or heart problems should reduce
outdoor exercise.
Slight irrations may occur, individuals with
151-200 Lightly Polluted breathing or heart problems should reduce
outdoor exercise.
Healthy people will be noticeably affected.
People with breathing or heart problems will
201-250 Moderately Polluted experience reduced endurance in activities.
These individuals and elders should remain
indoors and restrict activities.
Healthy people will be noticeably affected.
People with breathing or heart problems will
251-300 Heavily Polluted experience reduced endurance in activities.
These individuals and elders should remain
indoors and restrict activities.
Healthy people will experience reduced
endurance in activities. There may be strong
irritations and symptoms and may trigger other
300+ Severely Polluted
illnesses. Elders and the sick should remain
indoors and avoid exercise. Healthy individuals
should avoid out door activities.
