DESIGN RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION SERIES | —SS HOUSING THROUGH . HOMESTEADS * ‘TYPE DESIGN OF AFFORDABLE-RESILIENT HOUSES IN BANGLADESH Editors: Shayer Ghafur Catherine Daisy Gomes Md. Tariquzzaman Simita Roy = Design Studio Vill: Batch 2014EDITORS EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE COVER COPYRIGHTS PUBLISHED BY DISCLAIMER ISBN PRINTED BY PRICE Housing through Homestead: Type Design of Affordable-Resilient Houses in Bangladesh is the 1st Volume of the Design Research Documentation Series initiated by the Cell for Resilient Dwelling (CeRD) within the Housing and Settlement Division, DoA-BUET. Students of and with Batch 2014 prepared the contextual and design contents of this book based on their Pre-Design and Design phases of the Design Studio Vill project entitled Type Design of | Affordable-Resilient House for Rural Homesteads at the Dept. of | Architecture, BUET during the July, 2018 Session. Shayer Ghafur, Catherine Daisy Gomes, Md. Tarikuzzaman, Simita Roy (Besign Studio Vill Tutors of the July, 2018 Session, DoA-BUET) t Md. Farzad Ghani, Abdullah Saad Siddique, Prosenjit Biswas Mad. Yafiz Siddiqui The Dept. of Architecture, BUET retains the Copyright of the Book whereas the Intellectual Property Rights of the Pre-design investigations and Designs in Faridpur, Gazipur, and Sunamganj belong to the respective Groups of Students. No contents of this Book, textual or visual, can be stored, shared or published in any form. either by individuals, institutions or Third-Party entity without written permission of the Lead Editor. Dept. of Architecture, BUET © 2020 This Book is an academic Design Research Documentation published for dissemination of knowledge and information. All secondary Source textual and visual contents of this book are referred to thelr | original sources to the best knowledge of the Editors. | 978-984-34-9140-4 { Binimoy Printers Ltd., Central Road, Dhaka ~ 1205, Bangladesh | BDT 1000.00, USD 40.00Editorial vil Foreword Ix Introduction 01 Case studies 09 Part! Faridpur : Charvadrason 23 Contextual profile 25 Design ideation 39 Part Il Gazipur : Boroibari 99 Contextual profile 101 Design ideation 15 Part Ill Sunamganj: Anwarpur 175 Contextual profile 7 Design ideation 191 Postscript 251 Appendices Design Handout 257 Design Studio Project Images 261 Tutor-Student Profiles aEDITORIAL Geographical spaces across an urban-rural continuum in Bangladesh have recently begun reorganizing with new emphasis given to the village end of this continuum. Earlier gaps between the urban and tural areas have reduced by increasing mobility, connectivity, and service provisions in rural areas. Housing plays a pivotal role by accommodating the subjects of this transformation process across the continuum. As a basic human need, housing in human settlements across this continuum remains one of the key objects of this transformation, especially, during the nation’s path to Sustainable Development Goals 2030. The SDG Goal 11, in particular, requires our concerted efforts to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. We take this global-national policy scenatio as an opportunity to focus on rural housing in Bangladesh. People's access to rural housing in Bangladesh has become a crucial concern during increasing population and depleting commons like agricultural land, forests and water bodies. Lack of access to affordable and resilient houses for rural homesteads has been a long persisting problem in the backdrop of deepening crises of climate change and recurring natural disasters. Universities as tertiary Higher Educational Institution are set to perform a triple-role, i.e. education, research and forge a partnership with different stakeholders in the national endeavour to development. The Dept. of Architecture, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (DoA-BUET) takes part as an active partner in this development endeavour, among others, by addressing the housing problem through design research. Design has an important role to play for the optimum utilization of scarce land by exploring alternatives to the existing horizontal encroachment of land for housing. The participatory role of design by harnessing the collaborative synergies of development partners can improve the existing. living-livelihood linkages in a rapidly transforming landscape. The publication of Housing through Homesteads. Type Design of Affordable-Resilient Houses in Bangladesh attests DoA-BUET's performing the triple-roles. This book is a documentation of probler-identifying design education, problem-posing design research, and collaborative bridging among different stakeholders in the housing sector in Bangladesh. Housing through Homesteads is a collaborative enterprise among design studio tutors, students and different stakeholders. Housing through Homesteads is a more working template for identifying the incompleteness of its contents, taking the embedded threads for future social innovations and technological developments, and pursuing the path to future policy formulation and project implementation. This documentation remains a reference to further future design research at DoA-BUET. An Introduction at the outset charts the rural housing contexts to outline a scalar framework of design research to locate the pre-design investigation, design ideation, and post-design implementation phases at the three contextually different sites. We, the Editors, celebrate the enthusiasm for collective social engagement of all the students of Design Studio Vill without which the completion of the design project, and this publication would not have been possible. We have received cooperation and supports from numerous sources at different stages of carrying out the Design Studio Vill project which we would like to acknowledge with gratitude, We are indebted, first and foremost, to the people and communities in Faridpur, Gazipur and Sumanganj sites for receiving our students and sharing their housing experiences and aspirations. For setting ground at the outset, we would like to thank Lamia Ahmed Himi and Mukshatu Khanam Setu, two recent graduates who shared their BArch design research experiences with the students; we are especially thankful to Francis Atul Sarker whose in-depth sharing of CARITAS Bangladesh experiences on post-disaster low-income rural housing in Bangladesh was revealing to us all; we thank Golam Mostafa for explaining in detail the different rural credit schemes of the Bangladesh House Building Finance Corporation (BHBFC); we thank Akhtar Hossain Sarker for explaining and showing us the low-cost building materials and constructions at the Housing and Building Research Institute (HBRI); and appreciate the sharing of rural experiences by Delwar Jahan, Prakritik Krishi, Last but not least is our deepest gratitude to the Honorable Vice-Chancellor, BUET, for gracing the publication with a Foreword. This publication should have been the recent edition in the long line of a well-tuned design documentation process at DoA-BUET by now, especially, noting its pioneering role in the architectural education in Bangladesh. We are just pleased to start the process after over fifty years of its inception by the initiative of Cell for Resilient Dwelling (CeRD), Housing and Settlement Division. We hope follow up issues of this series will appear regularly. SG, CDG, TT, SRINTRODUCTION HOUSING THROUGH HOMESTEADS Shayer Ghafur The rural areas in Bangladesh provide spaces for 72 percent of her total 156 million population in 2014 (BBS, 2015a, 8). Viewing Bangladesh as an agrarian country by demographic measures alone, however, does not capture the multi-faceted rural roles in an urban-rural continuum. Spaces in the village end of this continuum are now the sites of agricultural produce and pool of migrant labour population as much as expanding markets and industrial enclaves. Rural population's producing food, sending remittance, and providing domestic labour to export industries have progressively contributed to reducing rural poverty to 26.4 percent in 2016 (BBS, 2017, 41). These aggregate improvements, however, don't relate the rural occupational transformations with rural housing differentiations in their socio-economic contexts. We have witnessed a remarkable occupational diversification from farm to non-farm livelihoods, and innovation through the rise of landless tenancy in rural Bangladesh (Sen, 2018). While extension of the Grameen Bank housing loan model made housing affordable and accessible to rural masses, natural and man-made causes have led to internal displacement of people from their houses. These progresses and paradoxes underlie an ongoing transformation: Amidst adverse environmental and socio-economic conditions people made choices for living-livelihood adjustments in relation to the surrounding environment to ensure their continued existence in this, World. Reimagining rural housing at the village end of the continuum is an intriguing aspect of this transformation. People historically built rural houses in the predominantly deltaic landscape of Bangladesh in inherited than purchased homestead lands. In the process of settlement formation in an agrarian society, people's social and psychological attachments to their homestead land get deep-rooted. Homestead land has had also been a space of resources; now it plays a role either in generating income by home-based enterprises and renting or supplementing income by home-grown produces and services, Homestead land, therefore, is not merely a spatial backdrop of locating a house; it transcends from the private domain by mediating the residing household's living-livelihood activities from house to settlement level in the public realm. In the context of rural developments, the juxtaposed house-homestead spatial setting has been more a means of household members’ accessing varied supports, assets, and claims at the settlement scale and beyond. People are HOUSING THROUGH HOMESTEADS literally homeless without access to homestead land (Ghafur, 2004; 2002), Taking into account of the mediating roles of house-homestead in the inter-scalar living-livelihood activities, the crises rural housing in Bangladesh face are: first, persisting housing deficit because of increases in population; second, depleting household living-livelihood supports due to rapid loss of arable land, wetland and forests (Hasan et al, 2013); and last, rising internal displacements of people from their homesteads due to climate change impacts and natural disasters (khan and Scott, 2019). When the per capita land is decreasing and the impacts of climate change and natural disasters are affecting rural living-livelihoods in Bangladesh, how can homestead lands be reimagined in addressing the housing crises for a transforming society in space? Our challenge ahead is reimagining possible new ways of appropriating homesteads for housing supply through inter-scalar living-livelihoods linkages, across the village end of an urban-rural continuum. Housing through Homesteads. Type Design of Affordable-Resilient Houses in Bangladesh is a design research documentation at the Dept. of Architecture, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (DoA-BUET). This design research is a collaborative academic engage- ment among the Design Studio Vill tutors’ , Batch 2014 students, and different stakeholders. We envision Housing through Homesteads as an approach to rural housing for first, scaling up owner-built affordable and resilient rural housing stock for owner-occupying, renting and selling; second, conserving arable land by stopping indiscriminate horizontal expansion of housing by vertical expansion in homestead land; last, keeping people at their familiar places of residing than facilitating their post-disaster migration to large cities in Bangladesh. Homestead is a basic socio-spatial type varying in contents and configurations, and an integral element of the rural settlement morphology. We use the concept of type as a heuristic device for reimagining rural housing in the following two ways: First, homestead type as a spatial setting for designing houses in relation to its geography-specific climate change impacts. We develop three homestead types for scaling up owner-built housing through community-involved, stakeholders-assisted, and market-driven interventions; they are: single homestead for owner-occupation, "The four Editors of this book.INTRODUCTION multiple-adjoining homesteads for shared owner-occupations, and multiple-adjoining homesteads for owner-occupation, renting and selling, Second, type design as a form generating principle of houses in homestead types. Type design aims to articulate modular spaces and structural elements for flexible and progressive construction with affordability and resiliency in mind, Introduction to Housing through Homesteads explains the formation and transformation of homestead land from an environmental history perspective; then it elaborates the role of housing as a platform for dwelling—an active, mediated inter-scalar relationship with the surrounding environment—across the village end of an urban continuum; we examine next the nature and extent of the rural housing stock in Bangladesh for guiding type design ideation of owner-initiated affordable-resilient houses; and last, the scalar framework of design research for type design ideation of rural housing is presented to relate the contextual findings and design ideations in the later parts of this book. Formation and Transformation of Homestead Land The geographic space of Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) delta Bangladesh grew over thousands of years by annual monsoon deposited silts, carried all along the way from the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal. Fertile land that grew from this siltation process had attracted people to settle in the GBM delta, People toiled hard under the elements to clear forests and lands for cultivation amidst seasonal floods and periodic land formation-river erosion (van Schendel, 2013; Iqbal, 2010, 2007). This land formation-erosion process had shaped the GBM delta physiognomy out of which grew a collaborative land-water-people relationship. The locally emerged and practiced people-environmental relationships have had contributed to forming living-livelinood representations at the regional level; Alam (2007, 42) elaborates, "...Bengal’s geographic situation has given her ample opportunities to experience commercial and cultural contacts, easy anthropological assimilation, monsoonal climate, heavy rainfall, and hence, rice civilization" (emphasis original). Since pre-history, the practice of rice cultivation had shaped peoples’ lived experiences around social structure and the division of labour as much as their social norms and cultural expressions. Rice culture runs deep into the deltaic people's psyche as"“cultural expressions, motifs and practices in Bangladesh are found to be still dominated by wet-land ‘ecology’ (Iqbal, 2007, 49). The practice and continuity of rice cultivation required an adaptive cultivators adobe that strengthen the living livelihood linkages. Local geography, climate, and ecology had all influenced the forming of settlements and the making of an indigenous house form—dochala—in response to the local climatic consideration of light, ventilation, rain and available building materials, and its later atticulation around a courtyard (Figure 1). These settlement patterns and house forms were specific to the GBM delta when compared with its hilly eastern and moribund flat western borders (Khan, 1996; Mukerjee, 1961). Three settlement patterns—dispersed, clustered and linear—developed in the GMB delta over the centuries based on how settlers had adjusted local ecology, topography and hydrology for livelihood and living. Houses were located in homesteads and related to each other in the settlement space differently in the southem coastal Bengal, northern Barrind region and along the flood plains of the large rivers (Islam, 1992a). Across the fluid deltaic space, human settlements grew as dispersed places where cultivators built their houses in isolated homesteads on raised earth mounds as a measure against seasonal floods. Figure 1. Fishing Vilage near Padma River in 1895 Image: William Henry Jackson Settlement formation in the GBM delta started with clearing the forests and char lands (alluvial lands) into parcels of cultivable agricultural land. The historic process of land reclamation by farmers for the absentee landlords in returns of their right to cultivate by paying taxes had continued through the Mughal and Colonial periods (Eaton, 1996; Islam, 1992b, 19). Early settlers in the 18th century used to have a doula house as a second home for temporary residence during the land clearing and cultivation period (Iqbal, 2007). As settlers secured the tenancy right of the land and stabilize the process of cultivation, members of tHe household moved to these second home tolive permanently. Collaborative solidarity existed among these early settlers because of the common nature of their struggle for living and livelihoods; in the absence of hired labour, rural households practice reciprocal exchange of ‘extra labour’ in each other's need (slam, 1992a, 23). Settlers appropriated a designated homestead land first to build a house. The process began by digging a pond to collect earth for raising a mound above flood level to build houses around a central courtyard; the pond oalso served as a source of drinking water, and for bathing and fishery. They used the central courtyard as a crop processing yard and a place for social interaction (Hasan, 1985). Ina subsistent economy, early cultivators developed homestead land as a productive unit for attaining self-sufficiency; included a house with a detached kitchen and toilet, cow-shed, granary, agroforestry and water tank. Selective planting around the hoyse in the homestead land ensured the supply of fruits, vegetables, and wood while provided privacy for women from the male outsiders. The traditional gender division of labour mediated appropriation and maintenance of indoor-outdoor spaces within homesteads. They relate homesteads and their agricultural lands through a distance by which people can go to cultivate and walk back within daylights. settlers replicated this process of developing homestead land elsewhere when an increase in family members required an independent house. The traditional construction practice that allows the quick dismantling of a house in different parts, and they're ready relocating in the event of natural disasters has been clear even today albeit with regional variations (Figure 2); households develop the adaptive capacity to allow seasonal floods to pass by. Homestead land has had been the basic social and spatial units of settlement formation in the GBM delta. Initially, homesteads were dispersed with agricultural land in between; but later over one homestead lands of an extended family became attached, often leading to the formation of a para (neighbourhood). Consistent among these transformative stages was the horizontal nature of housing expansion. Figure 2. Modes of Dwelling at the Village End of the Urban-Rural Continuum Image:The New Humanitarian.org_22 July, 2019 The archaic relationship that people in each natural setting had developed over a long duration was premised in an unchanged nature (Braudel, 1996 cited in Iqbal, 2007, 44). Nature in this context as an unbound force of destruction and reconstruction had attained a supernatural presence in people's everyday lives. People revered rivers and forests as providers, and water as purifiers, People revered Lord 0 HOUSING THROUGH HOMESTEADS, Shiva as the God of agriculture and His wife Durga as Annapurna seen as.a symbol of plenty. They took homestead elements to exist under the cosmic influence; local parables in Bangla folklore, e.g. Khonar Bachan, suggested orienting a house, and planting different trees on practical and climatic considerations (Chowdhury, 2017). Placement is an archaic manifestation arising out of a social group's social, psychological, cultural, and economic embeddedness in homestead land. But when nature is variable and vulnerable due to climate change and man-made reasons, people make adaptations to placements for developing a new relationship with their surrounding nature. This long duration of people's developing changed relationship with nature has now been on a fastforward track in Bangladesh on two main grounds—population increase and environmental calamities. Displacement occurs as a placement failure when people cannot adapt and forced to move out of their homesteads in one's lifetime. The unchanged rural way of living has lately begun transforming because of the nation's progressive integration into the global economy since the early 1980s and by climate change and natural disaster-induced events, The increase of rural population in Bangladesh from 52.11 million in 1960/61 to 112.5 million in 2014 had accompanied the continued decrease of arable land, wetlands, and forests with implications for food security and ecological balance. While recurring natural disasters and climate change-induced internally displaced people are rising, Homestead is the last immovable household asset in the GBM delta before one’s becoming an utterly destitute, Internally displaced people is a category associated with their loss of homestead land. Housing for Dwelling Building houses in homestead land provide a physical roof, social roots, and economic resource for ensuring an occupying household members’ daily survival. But this process of rural housing has become a contested arena amidst rapidly transforming society and space in Bangladesh. Underneath the visible presence of rustic huts in idyllic settings, a negotiated extended household-homestead linkage is active, going beyond the designated domestic private realm within homesteads. That's why when population increases alongside decreasing per capita land, household-homesteads mediations become central to our understanding of how more people would dwell in less land, Response to this concern, we argue, would follow the track of social innovation in contexts than submissive provisions in numbers. This means imagining our future rural housing, not in terms of mere delivering house form per se but harnessing the mediating role of homesteads for household members’ appropriation of house form in relation to its surrounding physical environment. Housing through Homesteads, therefore, embeds in dwelling, The concept of dwelling, after German philosopher Martin Heidegger, doesn't denote the physicality of a house form. Dwelling refers toINTRODUCTION 1. Natural dwelling: Paddy fields, Kaliakoir 4, Private dwelling: house, Kaliakoir Images: Author except the Image 3 (Archnet.org) peoples’ making conscious and informed decisions on their chosen modes of living and livelihood by making a meaningful relationship with their surrounding environment. Christian Norberg-Schulz (1985), by referring Heidegger, concretizes dwelling by peoples’ four modes of engagements within the environment; they are natural, collective, public, and private modes of dwelling (Figure 3). These four modes are a resolution of people's ‘ongoing navigation for identifying where they are and orienting how they are in a place. People created distinct places to set these four modes into work respectively: paddy fields for settling with means of livelihoods, village bazaar for creating a milieu of possibilities through collective gathering, village mosque for agreeing to a set rules for living together in harmony and tolerance, and last, a house for making a personal domain of ‘one’s own or group's for daily production and reproduction of life. Owelling is place-bound in the sense of grounding peoples’ placement but without their getting entrapped to lead a pre-destined mode of living. The self-sufficient and isolated villages within an earlier urban-rural divide have now almost disappeared because of mobility, connectivity to infrastructure and access to social services. As these developments takes place in space, people continue dwelling through making adaptations to the four modes’ corresponding tangible spatial types in the village end of the continuum. Homestead land alongside roads, paddy fields, bazaars, canals etc. are all the constituent types in the formation and functioning of village in Bangladesh. As people's living-livelihood manifests their active engagements in these types, retaining the relation between these types is crucial for all future settlement planning and development. Among all these types, people's placement in homestead land anchors multi-modal dwelling, The practice of their placement in homestead has been taking place across generations, and is imbued with placial attachment, social identity and cultural practices; how people have had been physically, socially and culturally rooted in a homestead land later guides their building houses elsewhere. People’s placement within homestead in relation to their surrounding scalar physical environment. sustains socialization, cultural practice and livelihoods. Homestead land, a basic socio-spatial type, would guide our reimagining rural housing. Dwelling today is multimodal and interscalar taking place in a consolidating urban-rural continuum when market exchange relations have penetrated deep to the village end of the continuum (Figure 4). Alongside occupational transformation, how climate change and natural disasters induced vulnerabilities affect people's way of living and livelihood, and what adaptations they make, and where, need reflections in thinking rural housing. The environmental vulnerability of dwelling across house-homestead-settlement scales has to guide our responses to the housing need- provision at the village end of the continuum. This tweaking of the existing modes of rural housing delivery system is, however, is not without caution. Progress in rural housing without reflecting on dwelling in the GBM delta through the lenses of environmental history and agrarian relations risks repeating the age-oldFigure 4: Multi-modal and Inter-scalar Living-livelihood Linkages urban Rural hegemonic agenda towards the pauperization of the peasantry, We can avoid this policy trap by looking at the rural housing needs through explicating the segmented nature of the housing deficit, and by considering housing differentiation’s entanglement with social stratification. The Rural Housing Deficit guided Affordable-Resilient Houses ‘An updated and stable housing stock, in quantity and quality, maintained by the public-private measures ensure access to housing for all in each society. With an increase in the national population, the housing stock in Bangladesh has more than doubled during the 2011-1981 period; it rose from 14.78 million in 1981 to 31.86 million in 2011 (BBS, 2015b, 136). During this period, the percentage share of rural housing decreased with an increase in urban housing, The nature and extent of the housing stock vary between the rural and urban areas, and according to the four types of structure - Pucca, Semi-pucca, Kutcha, and Jhupries. The national housing stock in 2011 notes over two-thirds of the houses as non-permanent (Kutcha and Jhupri) in nature; a housing disparity across rural-urban areas is clear as the non-permanence of the rural housing structure (78.82%) is more than double of the urban housing (36.13%). By comparing 2011 and 2001 census findings, however, we note decadal improvements in all four types of housing structures: increase in permanence within Pucca and Semi-pucca while a decrease in non-permanence within Kutcha and Jhupries types. The ongoing sectoral transformation has influenced the rural housing stock in Bangladesh, albeit in occupation and quality. The share of the agricultural sector in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has reduced from about 50 percent in 1972 to only 16 percent in 2015. Agriculture sector's reported 17 percent contribution to GDP by using 45 percent of the labour force highlights low labour productivity and peasant impoverishment, including their housing conditions (MoF, 2014 cited in Toufique, 2017, 100). In comparison, the structural condition of houses with agricultural livelihoods are lagging than those with industrial and service sector livelihoods. Changes in rural livelihoods from farm to non-farm activities have also changed the rural housing tenures during the 1981-2011 period. The owner-occupation has reduced from 89.67 percent to 83.03 percent 0s HOUSING THROUGH HOMESTEAD: while rental accommodation has increased from 5.02 percent to 13.74 percent during this period. The poor rural households living in rent-free land has decreased from 5.31 percent to 3.2 percent (BBS, 2015b, 136). This decrease is largely attributed to the increase in landless households, and their eventual migration to urban areas for survival (BBS, 2015b). Increasing population, depleting living-livelihood supporting commons, and recurring natural disasters in Bangladesh have always been eroding an existing rural housing stock, expressed as housing deficit. Housing deficit, as a number of dwelling units, is the difference between housing needs of an increasing number of households and the available housing stock. Estimating housing deficit is a normative exercise varying across countries; it usually includes the number of dwelling units for new households, the replacement of older and damaged dwelling units of existing housing stock, and unbuilt backlog from a previous year. For estimating annual housing deficit during 2011-2021 period, we use the rural Annual Exponential Growth Rate of 1.24 to calculate the total rural households in 2021 (BBS, 2015c, 507); we calculate the share of the General (Dwelling) households as the 2011 census outlined 99.4 percent of the total rural households. Based on these basic figures, we estimate the rural housing deficit per annum during the 2011-2021 period by following the GoB-ADB (1993) adopted method (Table 1). Closer scrutiny of the annual rural housing deficit underpins our case for Housing through Homesteads—type design of affordable-resilient rural housing. Table 1. Rural Housing Deficit per Annum during 2011-2021" ase Tee by ar ‘a Wot | Rew aoe | Recon |— Bag Taal let et | ‘pon Tipe Pema ca so tne] sais 35908] ase] TT [Beacon eine Wes Sempemanastampueal | | Tasr| — eaais| Lay] — aoe | ma HT [costae aEe. pata Mees Type Tepocry ates) 3 aa) a | — ae | Ta TY Typed Pera Unori) 15 | 2a) toa] —eanoo | ae | naar a) [itroch fama) rr ea) ea] te *Note: Based on the methodology followed in GoB-ADB (1993) Figures in parentheses are in Percentage The constituent segments of the rural housing deficit are: first, the new requirements of 355,000 dwelling units per annum for population increase (13.7%); second, the replacement of 2,089,000 old and disaster-affected dwelling unit (80.6%); all perishable shacks Uhupries) need to be replaced on the ground of adequate shelter; third, a backlog of 148,000 dwelling units that have not been built in the previous year (5.7%). With 2011 as the base year, the estimated rural housing deficit is 2,592,000 dwelling units per year towards 2021 The replacement segment makes up 80.6 percent of the annual housing deficit. Replacement of older dwellings occurs for non-permanence of the housing structure—826 percent (Type 3 and 4)—and their vulnerability to damage and destruction under the recurring natural disasters and climate change impacts. Given the extent of the replacement need, spending on rebuilding and repairing housesINTRODUCTION incurs huge annual costs. Rural Credit Survey 2014 reports the annual average expenditure on the repair and maintenance as Tk. 6,266 that is 5.86 percent of the total household expenditure; households’ annual average expenditure on food and clothing is 52.06 percent (BBS, 2014). This meagre house repair and maintenance figure reveal the rural poor households’ vulnerability to withhold to their homestead land in the face of recurring natural disasters and sudden socio-economic shocks. Replacement suggests households’ in situ engagements within their respective homestead lands, irrespective of size and location; replacement keeps household placement within existing inter-scalar familiar living, socializing, and earning settings. We ground our case for Housing through Homesteads in this reality. Given the significance of housing as one of the five basic needs, Bangladesh is constitutionally obligated to ensure housing for all. Towards that aim, the rural housing deficit is a useful indicator and instrument for policy formulation through inter-sectoral integration. Its aggregated data helps scrutinize through social stratification, interventional variations, and market facilitation. To begin with, the percentage distribution of the four different structure types of the housing deficit show how housing entangles with the rural social stratification. The poor rural households living under the Type 3 and 4 houses are vulnerable to internal displacements because of the precarious structural condition of their houses to natural disasters, absence or meagre landed asset base, and dependence on waged livelihoods, Without a tangible asset base, these vulnerable households’ exposure to periodic natural disasters or sudden socio-economic shocks triggers internal displacements from their homesteads. Households! failure to replace their damaged house is likely to lead displacements from their homesteads. The total numbers of environmentally affected houses out of which replacement need occur don't exist; however, a recent 2019 study reports internal displacements of 68 million people in the previous ten years (Khan and Scott, 2019). Household capacities in addressing the housing deficit, by types and segments, differ under existing (rural) social stratifications. This has led to interventional variations by the Government Organizations (GO) and Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) along with the broadly defined actual displacement and potential displacement categories. Displaced People are most likely to come from Type 4 perishable houses. GOs and NGOs respond to their rehabilitation through a right-based approach for collaborative provisioning. GO run Ashrayan and Guchcho Gram housing projects across Bangladesh and NGO assisted housing initiatives to rehabilitate a fraction of these internally displaced rural households; the rest travel to large arrival cities for survival as climate refugees. The potentially displaced people live in Type 3 houses and make up the largest single group (54.7%) in the rural housing deficit. Approaches to cater to their needs are demand-driven; the public and private sectors facilitate households’ access to finance and building materials through market enabling mechanisms. The cost of land doesn't arise in the replacement segment (76.52%) of this Kutcha house Type-constituting more than half (51.9496) of the total housing deficit. New construction, replacement of houses and backlog clearance within Type 1 and 2 constitute 19.4% of the housing deficit and represent the upper tiers of rural housing. Households with these types are likely to accelerate the changing tenure profile of owner-occupation and rental accommodation. These groups though less have more access to resources for future investments. Addressing their role would require demand-driven market facilitation. With due access to financing, building materials, construction technology, and transportation and infrastructure, they can be the micro-developers on their land by delivering dwelling units for owner-occupation, renting, and selling. Taking aside the conventional GO-NGO provisions for disaster-affected housing rehabilitations of the rural poor, there are limits to the owner-initiated new construction and replacement ways in addressing the rural housing deficit. This conventional way of rural housing provisions increases the built-up areas of the homestead land by reducing spaces for home-based enterprises and homestead-based Agro-forestry and kitchen gardens. This age-old housing trend through horizontal expansion by reduction of homestead land and conversion of agricultural land contributes to an ongoing rapid loss of land, wetlands, and forests. This housing trend is not tenable anymore as it poses a serious threat, among others, to national food security, rural livelihood strategy, and ecological balance. We seek an altermative to the conventional ways of rural housing to reverse this land conversion trend by homestead land conservation. This alternative approach would not only arrest the loss of land by new horizontal construction but also release land by proposing a progressive vertical extension of new construction. This alternative has to deal with the owner-built segment of the rural housing stock for up-scaling the housing delivery for ‘owner-occupying, renting and selling ‘Scalar Framework of Design Research on Rural Housing Visioning is an act of imagining what is possible based on a systematic understanding of the context in present. Visioning through design is a driver of change in society. The Dept. of Architecture (DoA-BUET) has been addressing Housing—one of the five basic needs—since its inception in the early 1960s. At the advent of the Term system in 1992, Design Studio Vill, at Level 4/Term Il, has been providing an academic platform for housing design research. Imagining through design research shows us possible future housing, grounded in places for people as a creative endeavour. A design focus on rural housing has had been long due. We carry out the first comprehensive Design Studio VIII project on rural housing in 2015 entitled Visioning Sustainable Village (RJevolution-1 at Boroibari, Kaliakoir Upazila, Gazipur’. Its aim was visioning sustainable village for living and livelihoods by preserving land amidst population 2 We are indebted to Dr. Salim Rashid, Professor Emeritus, Dept. of Economics, University of Iiins at Urbana-Champaign for quiding our design ideation of his book Compact Town: ship. The magical 1095 (Rashid, 2013).increase; studio tutors later synthesized and documented the design research outcomes of this project (Ghafur et al., 2015). Since then we grew in experience and confidence by other works, especially on resilience issues of rural housing at DoA-BUET. A follow up rural housing project entitled Type Design of Affordable-Resilient House for Rural Homesteads was carried out at Faridpur, Gazipur, and Sumanganj rural settings in 2018. These three sites represent geographically different contexts in relation to peoples’ living and livelihood, and the nature and extent of vulnerability to houses in homesteads. This project aims to ensure access to housing for sustainable human settlement development. The two objectives are: first, to investigate the general considerations for design-construction-management, and relevance of situating Type Design of the house for rural homesteads in Bangladesh; second, to imagine Type Design of the house based on the affordability and resilience dimensions in dissimilar contexts of rural homesteads in Bangladesh. Figure 5. Scalar framework of design research for Type Design Seale National Rural Housing Scenario Macross! Means/Ways a — vat | ‘ase Meio Regions Settlement Contest Feed suvey ‘tener | uvethoods | conmucton | Deum inausey | Precedence Homeete lane Fed suvey Institutional Coordination for Pilot Project Implementation a ‘Mlorabity-Reilence Aud and Port occupancy Evahition | We introduced the project to the students through presentations by key stakeholders involved in the post-disaster rehabilitation, institutional finance, and grassroot activists on rural housing. Later we took students to the Housing and Building Research Institute (HBRI), Dhaka, on a daylong trip for an exposure to the affordable and resilient o HOUSING THROUGH HOMESTEADS construction options. The project was carried out in a group of three students, and within a thirteen weeks academic Term; we divided the project into two phases. First, a four-week pre-design investigation phase for literature review’ (2 groups), case studies (2 groups) and fieldwork at three sites (12 groups); the objective was to compile and share the extracted multi-layered primary and secondary source information among all students. This compilation was archived for future academic use too. Second, a nine weeks phase for design development followed by open jury. In the first pre-design phase, literature review outlined a theoretical base, national and international case studies drew lessons, and field work collected information on settlement contexts, homestead settings, and household profiles. The scalar framework of Figure 5 outlines the scales, contents, and means/ways of this pre-design investigative framework, and the following design goals and design ideations in the three homestead types; this Figure also shows the suggested stages of post-design phase. Imagined housing—Housing through Homesteads—will avoid the trap of design determinism by developing knowledge-based, userengaged, community-involved, and phased-construction design decisions through investigating the context of housing. We carried out design research under the assumption of bringing dwellers’ control by taking into account of their ways of living and livelihoods in relation to the surrounding scalar spatial settings - house, homestead land, village, and settlement. Design ideations documented in Housing through Homesteads is a collaborative academic output that needs to be taken as an active template for critical scrutiny, and not a set of solutions per se. This documentation is meant for sharing among the stakeholders—academics, researchers, development partners, policy makers—of the process and products of design research for constructive feedback to further theories, technological and structural innovations on affordable and resilient house. Least but not the last is the purpose of no one’s starting from scratch again. 3 Literature review on rural housing and type design were carried out by Group 5 (Meher Anjum, Affin Hossain and Sadia Islam Shorna) and Group 8 (Sunaiya Tasnim Prottasha, Sonet Ahammed and Samia Zabeen). These works are assimilated in this Introduction ‘hile rest of the groups’ work are included under respective headings in the remaining parts of the book.INTRODUCTION Rererences BBS (2014), Report on Rural Credit Survey 2014, Dhaka: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. BBS (2015a), Statistical Pocket Book Bangladesh 2015, Dhaka: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. BBS (2015b), Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011. National Report, Volume - 1, Analytical Report, Dhaka: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics BBS (2015c), Seventh Five Year Plan FY2016-FY2020. Accelerating Growth, Empowering Citizens, Dhaka: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. BBS (2017), Preliminary Report on Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2016, Dhaka: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Braudel, F. (1996), Mediterranean & the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip, Vol- I, Berkeley: University of California Press. Chowdhury, MUH. (2017), Value of ‘Khona’s Parables’ in Bengali folklore, 8 June, The Daily Asian Age. downloaded from https://dailyasianage.com/news/66423/ value-of-khonas-parables-in-bengali-folklore on 12.10.2019. Eaton, R. M. (1996), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760, Berkeley: University of California Press. Ghafur, S. (2002), The nature, extent and eradication of homelessness in developing counties: The Case of Bangladesh, Country Report to ESCOR Project 7905, a DAID (UK) funded research carried out in ten developing countries in Asia, Atica and Latin America, Dhaka. Ghafur, S. (2004), Home for Human Development: Policty Implications for Homelessness in Bangladesh, International Development Planning Review, 26 (3), 231-256. Ghafur, S, Hossain, L, Shermin, S.. and Mim, N. J. (2015), Prospect of an Ecosophic Projects for Gram-Banglas Transformation in an Emerging Urban: Reflections on Compact Townships, BDI 2015 Intemational Conference on Development and Democracy in Bangladesh: Problems and Prospects, Bangladesh Development Initiatives (BDI), CD Proceedings, San Francisco: University of California at Berkeley. GoB-ADB (1993), Housing Sector Institutional Strengthening Project. Final Report, Dhaka: Government of Bangladesh and Asian Development Bank. Hasan, M. N., Hossain, M. S. Islam, M. R. and Bari, M. A. (2013), Trend in the availability of agricultural land in Bangladesh, Dhaka: Soil Resource Development institute (SDRI). Hasan, D. M. (1985), A Study of Traditional House Forms in Rural Bangladesh, Unpublished M.Arch thesis, Dept. of Architecture, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka. Iqbal, |. (2007), Environment and Culture, in Mohsin, K. M. and Ahmed, S. U (Eds. Cultural History, Cultural Survey of Bangladesh Series ~ 4, Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 44-72. 'abal, |. (2010), The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State, and Social Change 1840-1943, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Islam, S, (19924), Introduction, Islam, S. (Ed), History of Bangladesh 1704-1971, Vol. 3: Social and Cultural History, Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Islam, S, (1992b), Introduction, Islam, S. (Ed), History of Bangladesh 1704-1971, Vol. 2: Economic History, Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. khan, A. A, (1996), Discovery of Bangladesh: Explorations into the Dynamics ofa Hidden Nation, Dhaka: UPL. Khan, MAA. and Scott, M. (2019), Bangladesh Law and Policy Report. Consultation Draft. Displacement in the Context of Disasters and Climate Chan indsia and the Pacific: A Human Rights-Based Approach to Law and Policy in Ten Countries. Raoul Wallenberg Institute and Independent University of Bangladesh. MoF (2014), Bangladesh Economic Review (in Bengali). Ministry of Finance, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh Mukerjee, R. K. (1961), Ways of Dwelling in the Communities of India, ‘Theodorson, G. A. (Ed), Studies in Human Ecology, Evanston and New York: Harper & Row, 390-401. Norberg-Schulz, C. (1985), The Concept of Dwelling: On the Way to Figurative Architecture, New York: Rizzoli. Rashid, S. (2013), Compact Townships and the Magical 10%, Dhaka: UPL. Sen, B. (2018), The Rise of Landiless Tenancy in Rural Bangladesh: Analysis of the Recent Evidence, Presentation made at the BIDS Research Almanac 2018, 11-12 November 2018, Dhaka: Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies. Downloaded from: https://bids.org.bd/uploads/events/almanac2018/TS-1_P-1.pdf on 10.10.2019 Toufique, K. A. (2017), Bangladesh Experience in Rural Development: The Success and Failure of the Various Models Used, Bangladesh Development Studies, Vol, XXX, (1 &2),97-117. van Schendel, W. (2009), A History of Bangladesh, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.HOUSING THROUGH HOMESTEADS CONTEXTUAL PROFILE The prevailing natural threat for the site: Charbhadrasan, Faridpur is iver erosion, resulting into a growing number of landless people over the years. The challenge of this site was to understand and preserve the riverine life rhythm of Charbhadrasan, while presenting an effective solution to the housing crises.PART | FARIDPUR ORIGIN OF SETTLEMENTS Union roads are pucca Asbhubaneshwar river worked as. since 1982-84.Theheight communication hub, that's why most level of the roads aresafe _of the commercial spaces took places during natural calamities near this iver. It gives them access to because they act as a do business easily and also the land barrier. value increases in bazaar area. For these reasons concentric settlements found here. local bazar boazarroad settlements near roadside area MOST INFLUENCING FACTOR The most influencing factor of Charbhadrashan is Padma river. It affected char Harirampur and Jhaukanda in the last ten years. Tthen the second most influencing factor is road networks where the upazilla union roads are more facing towards river The roads near Bhubaneshwar river and the Charbhadrashan bazaar area are more concentric in connections because the development at this area started from the very first begining The nearest settiementes are established through the peripherial area ofthis river. Charbhadrashan bazaar, govt. Offices like (post office land office, Iged office etc.) are located near the river. Now people can't cultivate fishes, rather they cultivate crops in this river. Bhubaneshwar has connection to Padma and also Arial khan river. This can work as a channel for flood when Padma’s water level rises.EFFECTS OF FLOOD AND RIVER EROSION sgicatual use of school eld internal courtyard of homestead te agricultural field r cent situation ofthe river es CE ee HOUSING THROUGH HOMESTEADS TIMELINE OF DEVELOPMENTS, ROADS, BAZAAR AND DISASTERS OF RECENT YEARS 1995-1996 Bhubaneshwar rivers totally ‘loted as thelr communication system. Te river lost it's rnavigabilty. 1996-2001 Bazaar was further being developed, 2001-2006 Development was merely being seen, 2008 [As we see in today's Bazaars ‘the result of further development which took in ‘this year. 1988 ‘A good number of damage occured 1998 Huge level of damage occurred in Charbhadrason Upazila. (Mostly in Jhaukanda & Harirampur union) 2008 Flood occured but merely damage Notable damages were jeen through these years. 2018 1947 From the very begining ‘Charbhadrason bazaar was Tocated at Hatkhoa. ater it ‘was drowned by Padma 1952 Bazaar was relocated from Hatkhola to ‘Charbhadrason 1971-1973 ‘During this period it became a {UNION Parishad. 1978 ‘Thana was relocated from ‘ajigan) to Charbhadrason, 1981 Before 1980's period water was thei only communication system. 1982-1984 Roads were developed in this eviod. Besides bazaar also Increases near Bhubaneshwar riverbank ares 1990 ‘After 90% BRAC, Grameen Bank, NGO started thelr activities. Kalbalshakhl Storm came up at the month of Api.PART: FARIDPUR RECREATION AND SOCIALIZATION ee Laon BAZAR yan Ea Luveunooo rashen hatter cONSTCTON BRR WEEKTRAT ites ‘teeny orpeis " ca "ersww smn OFFA ONE ie so aN a 9 ee nt ten UNDERSTANDING CRITERIA SERVICE AND. RECREATION SOCIALIZATION LAYOUT Ly AMENITIES -Khalashi Dangi -Own tea stall fio Tea seller Shop module added | School ~"Haat” of nearby Seourtyarc ob FOZOL MOLLA to homestead scharbhadrashan village house Bazar if, -Khalashi Dangi f -Mela’ #03 -Rickshaw puller, Pen for turkey School omrertersy Nearby tea ABDUL GHANI Turkey farmer farming Rickshaw stand a stall -bazar -Faridpur for paper eer r a Parking space for SES ~"Wajj Mabfil’ on -In locality MYGARUS AMMAN, Hawker the cart on Scr crater College playground while selling (tenant) cou ara Model School secede ISSUES IDENTIFIED DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR FLOOD PRONE AREA Dismantable structure i needed for Cha are owing to trarsent nature ofthe Flood aes Lateral water presse Tues ke unavalabilty ofcourse andquick dsmantabilty of house structure Humic ‘alls for itroducing prefabricated bulding elements Nor westerly Durable structural members concerning sue of longer house Mespan iver Eason -Adtional structural stabilty tobe ensured by the means of ntrodcig tracing Sand Heat i slemens at de strategie points i -Meund rabing shouldbe undertaken oesablsh new setlement, LOCAL PRACTICE HOMESTEAD CONDITION Gable roof is commonly used. Raised homestead for community houses. Minimum plinth height ensured in houses. Cl sheet used mostly as roofing and wall materia ~Bamboo/RCC post both are used as structural element, Use of locally available material for walland roofing, ~ 20OGSe