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Notes Punctuations

1. Various punctuation marks are used within sentences to separate elements or indicate pauses: - Commas separate items in a list or elements in a sentence. - Semicolons separate two independent clauses or items in a list containing commas. - Colons introduce lists or explanations. 2. Dashes are used to connect numbers, elements, or insert phrases for emphasis or explanation. - The endash connects numbers or compound adjectives. - The em dash is longer and used to indicate breaks in thought or structure. 3. Parentheses contain further thoughts or remarks and can usually be replaced with commas without changing meaning.

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46 views1 page

Notes Punctuations

1. Various punctuation marks are used within sentences to separate elements or indicate pauses: - Commas separate items in a list or elements in a sentence. - Semicolons separate two independent clauses or items in a list containing commas. - Colons introduce lists or explanations. 2. Dashes are used to connect numbers, elements, or insert phrases for emphasis or explanation. - The endash connects numbers or compound adjectives. - The em dash is longer and used to indicate breaks in thought or structure. 3. Parentheses contain further thoughts or remarks and can usually be replaced with commas without changing meaning.

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jamesdigol
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Notes Punctuations c.

Use a semi-colon (;) before and a comma (,)


after however when you are using it as a
1. Comma – used to show a separation of ideas or
conjunctive adverb in writing a compound
elements within the structure of a sentence.
sentence.
Additionally, it is used in letter writing after the
salutation and closing. The engineers claimed that the bridge was safe;
however, they were still not prepared to risk
a. Separating elements or items within sentences:
crossing.
Suzi wanted the black, green, and blue shoes
In general, use a semicolon before such words
b. Separating two complete sentences: and terms as namely, however, therefore, that
is, i.e., for example, e.g., for instance , etc.,
We went to the movies, and we went to the
when they introduce a complete sentence. It is
beach.
also preferable to use a comma after these
c. Letter salutation: words and terms.
Dear Aunt Louise, 4. Endash - is a symbol that is used in writing or
printing to connect numbers or to connect elements
2. Colon – has two main uses:
of a compound adjective, such as 1880-1945 or
a. Introduce lists, series, quotations and Princeton-New York trains.
explanations.
5. Emdash – is twice as long as the endash and has a
He was going to buy three things: chairs, tables, more complicated grammatical use. The symbol is
and utensils. used to
John wrote: “I wish you a merry Christmas. All a. Indicate a break in thought or sentence
affection and best wishes to you and yours.” structure
b. Separate independent clauses. b. Introduce a phrase added for emphasis,
definition, or explanation
They will not make it: the storm is too strong.
c. Separate two clauses
c. Show emphasis
We only wanted to get two birds–but the clerk
He was there for one person: his mother.
talked us into four pregnant parakeets.
You have two choices: finish the work today or
6. Parentheses are curved notations used to contain
lose the contract.
further thoughts or qualifying remarks. However,
d. Separate units of time parentheses can be replaced by commas without
changing the meaning in most cases.
Sophia set her alarm clock for 6:30 a.m.
John and Jane (who were actually half brother and
3. Semicolon
sister) both have red hair.
a. Separate two independent clauses while still
demonstrating that a close relationship exists
between them.
They came all the way home; even so, they all
knew they had to go back once more.
My daughter is a teacher; my son is a doctor.
John was hurt; he knew she only said it to upset
him.
b. Between items in a list or series when the items
themselves contain commas.
There are eight members on the team: two
from China and Japan; three from France and
Spain; two from Brazil and Chile; and one from
India.
We visited Thailand, Vietnam, and Singapore in
the spring; Germany, France, and Italy in the
summer; and South Africa in the fall.

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