AISHWARYA VASANT SANAP
FY M.ARCH – CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
DR. D. Y. PATIL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
WHAT IS PILE
• A pile is a long slender foundation member,
made either of timber, structural steel or
concrete which might be cast-in- situ or
driven and acts as a structural member to
transfer the load of the structure to a
required depth in deep foundations
carrying a load which may be vertical or
lateral or lateral plusvertical.
• If the load is transmitted to the soil, the pile
is called a FRICTION PILE.
• If the load is transmitted to the soil through
the pile’s lower tip, the pile is called an END
BEARING PILE.
Timber
a. Treated with preservative
b. Untreated
Concrete
a. Precast Prestressed
b. Cast in place with shells
c. Augured cast in place
PILE TYPES Steel
a. H section
b. Steel pipe
Composite
a. Concrete and steel
b. Plastic with steel core
• The type size and weight of structure to be
supported.
• The physical properties of soil stratum at the
site
SELECTION OF • The availability of materials for piles.
PILES • The no. of piles required.
• The driving equipment.
• The durability required.
PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT
• Pile driving is the process of installing a pile — a braced,
structural column — into the ground without first
excavating the area. These piles are driven, pushed or
otherwise installed into the ground.
• A pile driver is a mechanical device Used to drive piles
(poles) into soil to provide foundation support for
buildings or other structures.
• One traditional type of pile driver includes a heavy
weight placed between guides so that it is able to freely
slide up and down in a single line.
The weight is raised, which may involve the use of
hydraulics, steam, diesel, or manual labour.
When the weight reaches its highest point it is then
released and smashes into the ground.
Pile driving hammer
EQUIPMENT Pile driver
CONSIST OF
Accessory Tools
• Piling rigs
• Piling winches
TYPES OF PILE • Hanging leader
DRIVING • Hammer guides
• Piling hammer
EQUIPMENTS • Helmet, driving cap, dolly, and packing
PILING RIGS
• It composed of a series of leaders,
which are consist of tabular
element or hard box, placed and
fixed on a crane base as it can be
seen from Figure-3.Not only does
the leaders support the hammer
and the pile but also guide them
when the pile is forced into the
ground. The leader can be sloped
forward and backward using screw
or hydraulic adjustment and
attachment at the base of the
equipment. It is possible to install a
series of piles, without the need to
move the equipment, through
turning around base machine and
positioning leaders.
• Moreover, it is considerably crucial to
pay adequate attention to the position
and alignment of the leader since any
disposition would lead to hammer
eccentric blows eventually the pile will
be either damages or displace from its
original position. Furthermore, efforts
have been made to improve the
efficiency of driven pile machine and
the Delmag MDT 0802, which possess
broad range of adjustments with great
movement capacity, is compelling
example. The machine on which
Delmag MDY 0801 is fixed on is a
wheeled hydraulic excavator that it's
rams provided sideway, forward, and
backward sloping leader, in addition to
arrange the location of the rig in
relation to the equipment. Finally, not
only does the leader operation height
can be changed thought leader
telescoping but also it could be folded
onto the base while the machine it
moved from and to the construction
site.
PILING WINCHES
• The prime goal of piling winches is to left the hammer and piles in addition to
support tools that responsible for leader raking and rotation. It functions with
pile frames and different powering sources such as hydraulic power, stream;
diesel; or petrol engines, and occasionally electric motors could be applied for
powering winches. There are different piling winches with different capacity for
instance winches with double or triple drums possess satisfactory controlling
and pile driving speed whereas one drum winch does not have that advantage.
So, the former type would be favored provided that handing and driving piles
with great speed is required.
HANGING LEADER
• Hanging leaders are specifically designed to be hanged from
the jib of a crane as shown in Figure-9. A steel strut, which its
length can be varied as per requirements of construction
site, provides a stiff connection from the leader foot to the
machine bed frame.
• Moreover, crane or excavator winch units are utilized to left
the hammer and piles using separate drums. Regarding
hammer application, either drop hammer with friction winch
is considered or it may be operated using stream or hydraulic
power or compressed air which are provided by different
units. Finally, it is substantially crucial to practice utmost
precaution to hanging leader stiffness particularly in the case
of long sloped pile driving since intolerable deformation
would lead to eccentric hammer blow and possibly cause pile
fracture.
HAMMER GUIDES
• When it is intended to remove hanging leaders or
piling frames completely, rope suspended leaders
which are commonly guided by timber or steel
formwork, would be considered. In this technique, an
independent crane needed to control the pile and
establishing the guide and hammer. it is necessary to
set and secure the guide properly in order to avoid
movements specifically in the during raking pile
installation. This is because serious fatigue stress
would generate if the thrust is not centered properly
and the guide might deteriorate. Finally, it is required
to prevent disproportionate bending stress
development in guide and piles because it leads to
undesired results. for example, when heavy hammer
is attached to the upper end of a long pile which is
driven at flat angle of rake, excessive bending stress
may be generated at support point in the guide. This
problem might be tackled by providing suitable
support for the pile at proper position.
• There are several factors that greatly influence the decision to
choose suitable piling hammer. For example, pile size and weight,
the resistance of the ground which should be overcame in order to
obtain specified penetration, construction site space availability,
noise limitation that might be imposed at certain areas, and
availability of cranes. Previously, the combination of a dynamic
equation result and extensive experiences were employed to select
piling hammer, but this has changed nowadays and drivability
PILING analysis results, which is conducted using computer program based
on Smith wave equation, is considered for the piling hammer
determination. As for input data required for drivability analysis,
HAMMER piling hammer producer provided necessary data about efficiency
and energy feature of the piling hammer. It should be bore in mind
that piling hammer efficiency is not a constant and it is affected by
number of factor for example mechanical condition of the hammer
and operation temperature. It should be known that the mechanical
condition is not influence the efficiency of piling drop hammer. That
is why dynamic pile analysis is carried out and its results would be
used to assess the influence of different factor on the piling
hammer efficiency.
Drop hammer Pile hammer
Application Advantages Disadvantages
description
The height of
hammer dropping
it is a forged Its application cannot be
steel with solid removes the controlled
mass ranges need to employ properly at
from 1000 to Applied to steam boiler or project site, and it
5000Kg, and it install test air compressor is possible to use
is fitted with piles to power the substantial
lifting eye and hammer, so it is dropping when
lugs for sliding economical driving becomes
in the leaders choice tough and hence
the pile damage is
possible
Single acting steam Description Application Advantages Disadvantages
or compressed air
hammer Consist of massive
weight ranges from
2500 to 20000Kg
with a cylinder
shape, and the
power source Used for placing
would lift the piles with different
Drop height and
hammer to weights in different Pile fracture is
frequency of
specified height types of soils and possible is the
each drop can be
then the power is suitable for pile specified hammer
controlled by
cut to drop the installation in height is exceeded
operator,
hammer and hit marine
pile helmet. environment
Maximum hammer
height is 1.37m
and no higher 1.2m
in case of heavy
pile
Pile hammer
Double acting pile description
Application Advantages Disadvantages
hammer Double acting
pile hammer is
Applied to It is specifically
powered by
install sheet designed to
steam or
piles and impart
compressed
suitable for numerous
and its mass
providing blows at short
rages from 90
rapid time. 300 blows It is needs
to 2300Kg.
succession of per minute for maintenance and
Vulcan
blows. It can lightweight lubrication
hammer is an
be used to hammer and
example of
demolish 100 blow/
double acting
rocks for minute for
hammer. The
extracting heavyweight
pile is guided
piles hammer
by timber
frame.
Diesel pile Description Application Advantages Disadvantages
hammer It is powered
through self-
ignition of
compressed fuel
and air mixture.
It might damage
There are various It is economical
precast concrete
types of such and self-
pile when strong
hammer with It properly contained. It
layer come up
different weights drives pile in provides
while driving
ranges from 4500 soft soil sustained blow
through soft
to 15000Kg. Lastly, condition which more
ground It is not
it is considerably efficient that
suitable for all
reliable type of ordinary blows
ground condition.
hammer and
different pile types
such as sheet pile,
batter pile, and H-
beams.
Hydraulic Description Application Advantages Disadvantages
operated hammer Hydraulic hammer is
manufactured in
different and large
sizes ranges from
moderate loading to
heavy loading. It creates less
Hydraulic fluid raises noise and
It suitable for
the pile and then vibration
piling in land and
release it to fall freely compared with
in water to a
on the pile in diesel hammer
depth of 1000m
addition to have and it does not
power activated release fumes
downstroke. Not only
can hammer be
operated manually
but also
automatically.
Helmet, Driving Cap, Dolly
and Packing
• Helmet is a cast steel that placed over the pile to hold the dolly that
placed between the pile and the hammer to avoid pile head
deterioration that may cause by pile driving hammer. Dolly, which is
square at the bottom and round at the top, is placed in a square
recess at the top of the helmet. There are different types of dollies
for example Elm dollies, hardwood like oak; greenheart and pyinkado,
and their selection is dependent on the driving force. As far as
packing is concerned, it is placed between pile top and the helmet in
order to protect the former from the hammer blow. Different types of
packing include paper sacking, thin timber sheet, coconut mapping,
and sawdust in bags. Regarding driving cap, it is provided as a
protection for steel bearing piles. It is necessary to place the driving
cap tightly otherwise the pile cap would suffer deterioration. That is
why it is fitted with a recess for hardwood or plastic dolly and with
steel wedges to fix the cap tightly on its position. Lastly, serious pile
head damage and hammer breakage cannot be avoided unless
appropriate material and suitable thickness is selected for dollies and
packing.
Piling rig is a construction machine for piling
Piling in foundation engineering.
Mainly applied to drill in sandy soil, clay, silty
rig clay, etc. widely used cast-in-place piles,
diaphragm walls, foundation reinforcement and
other foundation projects.
power of engine is around 108–450 kW
output torque 60–400 KNm
maximum pile diameter 1.5–4 m
maximum pile depth 60–90 m.
middle-sized – torque is around 120–180
kN.m, engine power 125–200 kW, drilling
diameter 0.8–1.8m, drilling depth 60m,
total quality 42–65t.
large-sized - torque is around 240 kN.m,
Piling rigs engine power 300 kW, drilling diameter 1–
2.5m, drilling depth 80m, total quality 100t
categories
small-sized – torque is around 60–100 kN.m,
engine power 108 kW, drilling diameter 0.5–
1.2m, drilling depth 40m, total quality 40t.
