Historical happenings of india 1800 till date
1802 Treaty of Bassein.
The Treaty of Bassein (now called Vasai) was a pact signed on 31 December 1802
between the British East India Company and Baji Rao II,
the Maratha Peshwa of Pune(Poona) in India after the Battle of Poona. The treaty
was a decisive step in the dissolution of the Maratha Empire, which led to the East
India Company's usurpation of the empire's territories in western India in 1818.
On 13 May 1803, Baji Rao II was restored as Peshwa under the protection of the
East India Company and the leading Maratha state had thus become a client of
the British. The treaty led to expansion of the sway and influence of the East India
Company over the Indian subcontinent. However, the treaty was not acceptable
to all Marathas chieftains, and resulted in the Second Anglo-Maratha War.
1803: Battle of Assaye. British-Indian force beat Maratha Army
The Battle of Assaye was a major battle of the Second Anglo-Maratha War fought
between the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company.[4] It occurred
on 23 September 1803 near Assaye in western India where an outnumbered
Indian and British force under the command of Major General Arthur
Wellesley (who later became the Duke of Wellington) defeated a combined
Maratha army of Daulat Scindia and the Raja of Berar.
1846: Battle of Allwal, Brits beat Sikhs in Punjab
The Battle of Aliwal was fought on 28 January 1846 between British and Sikh
forces in northern India (now Punjab. The British were led by Sir Harry Smith,
[5] while the Sikhs were led by Ranjodh Singh Majithia. Britain's victory in the
battle is sometimes regarded as the turning point in the First Anglo-Sikh War.
1853: 1st passenger rail opened in India. It opened from Bombay to Thane
The country's first passenger train, which ran between Bombay's Bori Bunder
station and Thane on 16 April 1853, was dedicated by Lord Dalhousie. The 14-
carriage train was hauled by three steam locomotives: the Sahib, Sindh,
and Sultan. Travelling 34 kilometres (21 mi), the train carried 400 people. The
passenger line was built and operated by the Great Indian Peninsula
Railway(GIPR).[2][3] It was built in 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge, which
became the country's standard for railways.
1857 The Sepoy Mutiny or First War of Independence.
While British historians called it the Sepoy Mutiny, Indian historians named it the
Revolt of 1857 or the First War of Indian Independence. The Revolt of 1857 had
been preceded by a series of disturbances in different parts of the country from
the late eighteenth century onwards.
The first expression of organised resistance was the Revolt of 1857. It began as a
revolt of the sepoys of the Company’s army but eventually secured the
participation of the masses. Its causes lay deeply embedded in the grievances that
all sections of Indian society nurtured against the British rule.
Political causes
The political causes of the revolt may be traced to the British policy of expansion
through the Doctrine of Lapse and direct annexation. A large number of Indian
rulers and chiefs were dislodged, thus arousing fear in the minds of other ruling
families who apprehended a similar fate.
Rani Lakshmi Bai’s adopted son was not permitted to sit on the throne of Jhansi.
Satara, Nagpur and Jhansi were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse. Jaitpur,
Sambalpur and Udaipur were also annexed. Other rulers feared that the
annexation of their states was only a matter of time. The refusal to continue the
pension of Nana Saheb, the adopted son of Baji Rao II, created hostility among
the ruling class.
Moreover, the sentiments of the people were hurt when it was declared that the
descendants of the titular Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah II, would not be
allowed to live in the Red Fort. The annexation of Awadh by Lord Dalhousie on the
pretext of maladministration left thousands of nobles, officials, retainers and
soldiers jobless. This measure converted Awadh, a loyal state, into a hotbed of
discontent and intrigue.
Military Causes:
The Revolt of 1857 started as a sepoy mutiny. It was only later on that other
elements of society joined the revolt.
Indian sepoys formed more than 87% of British troops in India. They were
considered inferior to British soldiers. An Indian sepoy was paid less than a
European sepoy of the same rank. Besides, an Indian sepoy could not rise to a
rank higher than that of a Subedar
The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. A
rumour spread that the cartridges of the new Enfield rifles were greased with the
fat of cows and pigs. Before loading these rifles the sepoys had to bite off the
paper on the cartridges. Both Hindu and Muslim sepoys refused to use them.
Canning tried to make amends for the error and the offending cartridges were
withdrawn, but by then the damage had been done. There was unrest in several
places.
1866: Allahabad High Court was established
The Allahabad High Court or the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad is a high
courtbased in Prayagraj (Allahabad) that has jurisdiction over the Indian state
of Uttar Pradesh. It was established on 17 march 1866
It was founded as the High Court of Judicature for the North-Western Provinces at
Agra on 17 March 1866 by the Indian High Courts Act 1861 replacing the old Sadr
Diwani Adalat. Sir Walter Morgan, Barrister-at-Law and Mr. Simpson were
appointed the first Chief Justice and the first Registrar respectively of the High
Court of North-Western Provinces.
1885 AD - Indian National Congress was formed
The Indian National Congress first convened in December 1885, though the idea
of an Indian nationalist movement opposed to British rule dated from the 1850s.
During its first several decades, the Congress Party passed fairly moderate reform
resolutions, though many within the organization were becoming radicalized by
the increased poverty that accompanied British imperialism. In the early 20th
century, elements within the party began to endorse a policy of swadeshi (“of our
own country”), which called on Indians to boycott of imported British goods and
promoted Indian-made goods.
1892: Dadabhai Naoroji was elected as 1st Indian Member of Parliament in Britain
Naoroji moved to Britain once again and continued his political involvement.
Elected for the Liberal Party in Finsbury Central at the 1892 general election, he
was the first British Indian MP.
During his time he put his efforts towards improving the situation in India. He had
a very clear vision and was an effective communicator. He set forth his views
about the situation in India over the course of history of the governance of the
country and the way in which the colonial rulers rules. In Parliament, he spoke
on Irish Home Rule and the condition of the Indian people. He was also a
notable Freemason. In his political campaign and duties as an MP, he was assisted
by Muhammed Ali Jinnah, the future Muslim nationalist and founder of Pakistan.
1905: Partition of Bengal took place
The decision to effect the Partition of Bengal (Bengali: বঙ্গভঙ্গ) was announced on
19 July 1905 by the Viceroy of India, Curzon. The partition took place on 16
October 1905 and separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely
Hindu western areas. The Hindus of West Bengal who dominated Bengal's
business and rural life complained that the division would make them a minority
in a province that would incorporate the province of Bihar and Orissa. Hindus
were outraged at what they saw as a "divide and rule" policy[1][2] (where the
colonisers turned the native population against itself in order to rule), even
though Curzon stressed it would produce administrative efficiency. The partition
animated the Muslims to form their own national organization on communal
lines. In order to appease Bengali sentiment, Bengal was reunited by Lord
Hardinge in 1911, in response to the Swadeshi movement's riots in protest
against the policy and the growing belief among Hindus that east Bengal would
have its own courts and policies.
1915 AD - Home Rule League was founded by Annie Besant
The Indian Home Rule movement was a movement in British India on the lines
of Irish Home Rule movement and other home rule movements. The movement
lasted around two years between 1916–1918 and is believed to have set the stage
for the independence movement under the leadership of Annie Besant all over
India whereas B. G. Tilak participation was limited to the educated English
speaking upper class Indians.[1] In 1921 All India Home Rule League changed its
name to Swarajya Sabha.
1917: World War I took place.
World War I began in 1914, after the assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand, and lasted until 1918. During the conflict, Germany, Austria-
Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire (the Central Powers) fought
against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Japan and the United
States (the Allied Powers). Thanks to new military technologies and the
horrors of trench warfare, World War I saw unprecedented levels of carnage
and destruction. By the time the war was over and the Allied Powers claimed
victory, more than 16 million people—soldiers and civilians alike—were
dead.
The Indian Army during World War I contributed a large number of divisions and
independent brigades to the European, Mediterranean and the Middle East
theatres of war in World War I. Over one million Indian troops served overseas, of
whom 62,000 died and another 67,000 were wounded. In total at least 74,187
Indian soldiers died during the war.
1919 AD - Khilafat Movement, Jalianwala Bagh Massacre, Rowlat Act
The Khilafat movement, also known as the Indian Muslim movement (1919–24),
was a pan-Islamist political protest campaign launched by Muslims of British
India led by Shaukat Ali, Mohammad Ali Jauhar and Abul Kalam Azad[1] to restore
the caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate, who was considered the leader of Sunni
Muslims, as an effective political authority. It was a protest against the
humiliating sanctions placed on the caliph and the Ottoman Empire after the First
World War by the Treaty of Sèvres.[2][3]
The movement collapsed by late 1922 when Turkey gained a more favourable
diplomatic position and moved towards secularism. By 1924 Turkey simply
abolished the role of caliph.[4]
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place
on 13 April 1919 when Acting Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer ordered troops of
the British Indian Army to fire their rifles into a crowd of unarmed civilians
in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab, killing at least 400, including 41 children,
one only six weeks old. Over 1,000 were injured.
The Jallianwalla Bagh is a public garden of 6 to 7 acres (2.8 ha), walled on all sides,
with only five entrances.[2] Dyer blocked the main exits, and the troops continue
to fire into the fleeing civilians until their ammunition was almost exhausted. He
later declared his purpose was not to dispel the rally, but to "punish the Indians".
[3]
He did not stay to count the dead, much less offer aid, and his curfew
condemned many of the wounded to die overnight where they lay
The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919 , popularly known as
the Rowlatt Act or Black Act, was a legislative act passed by the Imperial
Legislative Council in Delhion 10 March 1919, indefinitely extending the
emergency measures of preventive indefinite detention, incarceration without
trial and judicial review enacted in the Defence of India Act 1915 during the First
World War. It was enacted in light of a perceived threat from revolutionary
nationalists to organisations of re-engaging in similar conspiracies as during the
warwhich the Government felt the lapse of the DIRA regulations would enable
Passed on the recommendations of the Rowlatt Committee and named after its
president, British judge Sir Sidney Rowlatt, this act effectively authorized the
government to imprison any person suspected of terrorism living in British India
for up to two years without a trial, and gave the imperial authorities power to
deal with all revolutionary activities.
1920 AD – non cooperation Movement
The Non-Cooperation Movement was a significant but short phase of the Indian
independence movement from British rule. It was led by Mahatma Gandhi after
the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and lasted from 1920 to February 1922.[1]It aimed
to resist British rule in India through non-violent means or Ahimsa. Protesters
would refuse to buy British goods, adopt the use of local handicrafts and picket
liquor shops. The ideas of Ahimsa and non-violence, and Gandhi's ability to rally
hundreds of thousands of common citizens towards the cause of Indian
independence, were first seen on a large scale in this movement through the
summer of 1920. Gandhi feared that the movement might lead to
popular violence. The non-cooperation movement was launched on 1 August
1920
1922 AD - Quit India Movement suspended after the Chauri-Chura violence
The Chauri Chaura incident occurred at Chauri Chaura in the Gorakhpur district of
the United Province, (modern Uttar Pradesh) in British Indiaon 5 February 1922,
when a large group of protesters, participating in the Non-cooperation
movement, clashed with police, who opened fire. In retaliation the demonstrators
attacked and set fire to a police station, killing all of its occupants. The incident led
to the deaths of three civilians and 22 policemen. Mahatma Gandhi, who was
strictly against violence, halted the non co-operation movement on the national
level on 12 February 1922, as a direct result of this incident. [1] In his
autobiography, Jawaharlal Nehru describes this decision as a set back and
extremely demoralizing for workers of Congress who were in jail when Gandhi
took this decision.
1925: Communist Party of India was founded.
he Communist Party of India has officially stated that it was formed on 26
December 1925 at the first Party Conference in Kanpur, then Cawnpore.
S.V.Ghate was the first General Secretary of CPI. But as per the version of CPI(M),
the Communist Party of India was founded in Tashkent, Turkestan Autonomous
Soviet Socialist Republic on 17 October 1920, soon after the Second Congress of
the Communist International. The founding members of the party were M.N. Roy,
Evelyn Trent Roy (Roy's wife), Abani Mukherji, Rosa Fitingof (Abani's wife),
Mohammad Ali (Ahmed Hasan), Mohammad Shafiq Siddiqui, Hasrat
Mohani, Rafiq Ahmed of Bhopal and M.P.T. Aacharya, and Sultan Ahmed Khan
Tarin of North-West Frontier Province.
1930 AD - Dandi Salt March, Simon Commission, First Round Table Conference
The Salt March, also known as the Salt Satyagraha, Dandi March and the Dandi
Satyagraha, was an act of nonviolent civil disobediencein colonial India led
by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. The 24-day march lasted from 12 March 1930
to 6 April 1930 as a direct actioncampaign of tax resistance and nonviolent
protest against the British salt monopoly. Mahatma Gandhi started this march
with 80 of his trusted volunteers.[1] Walking ten miles a day for 24 days, the march
spanned over 240 miles, from Sabarmati Ashram, 240 miles (384 km) to Dandi,
which was called Navsari at the time (now in the state of Gujarat). Growing
numbers of Indians joined them along the way. When Gandhi broke the salt laws
at 6:30 am on 6 April 1930, it sparked large scale acts of civil disobedience against
the British Raj salt laws by millions of Indians.[2]
After making salt by evaporation at Dandi, Gandhi continued southward along the
coast, making salt and addressing meetings on the way. The Congress Party
planned to stage a satyagraha at the Dharasana Salt Works, 25 miles south of
Dandi. However, Gandhi was arrested on the midnight of 4–5 May 1930, just days
before the planned action at Dharasana. The Dandi March and the
ensuing Dharasana Satyagrahadrew worldwide attention to the Indian
independence movement through extensive newspaper and newsreel coverage.
The satyagrahaagainst the salt tax continued for almost a year, ending with
Gandhi's release from jail and negotiations with Viceroy Lord Irwin at the
Second Round Table Conference.[3] Over 60,000 Indians were jailed as a result of
the Salt Satyagraha.[4] However, it failed to result in major concessions from the
British.[5]
Rt conference
The Round Table Conference officially inaugurated by His Majesty George V on
November 12, 1930 in Royal Gallery House of Lords at London[1] and chaired by
the Prime Minister. Ramsay MacDonald was also chairman of a subcommittee on
minority representation, while for the duration his son, Malcom Macdonald
performed liaison tasks with Lord Sankey's constitutional committee.
The three British political parties were represented by sixteen delegates. There
were fifty-eight political leaders from British India and sixteen delegates from the
princely states. In total 74 delegates from India attended the Conference.
However, the Indian National Congress, along with Indian business leaders, kept
away from the conference. Many of them were in jail for their participation
in Civil Disobedience Movement.[6] Lord Irwin made a controversial statement
declaring that India should be eventually granted Dominionship. After a discussion
in Delhi in December 1929, Gandhi had refused to attend the London meetings. In
accordance with the law the Viceroy arrested Gandhi sending him to prison.
However the Mahatma's presence would prove vital for the conference success.
The culmination of events were settled by the Gandhi–Irwin Pact (1931). A
chastised Gandhi wanted the peaceful end to civil disobedience demanded by the
Viceroy and his Council. Lord Irwin was triumphant but the pathetic Simon
Commission had failed to gauge the determination of Indian opinion to ultimately
bring independence.[7] The Conservatives were disgusted: "the whole conference
was manipulated and manoeuvred by the Socialist Party, said Churchill, "to
achieve the result they had set before themselves from the beginning, namely the
conferring of responsible government at the centre upon Indians."
1931 AD - Bhagat Singh was hanged by the British, Second Round Table
Conference, Gandhi-Irvin Pact
Bhagat Singh (Punjabi pronunciation: [pə̀ ɡət̪ sɪ ́ŋɡ] ( listen) 1907[a] – 23 March
1931) was an Indian socialist revolutionary whose two acts of dramatic violence
against the British in India and execution at age 23 made him a folk hero of
the Indian independence movement.
In December 1928, Bhagat Singh and an associate, Shivaram Rajguru, fatally shot
a 21-year-old British police officer, John Saunders, in Lahore, British India,
mistaking Saunders, who was still on probation, for the British police
superintendent, James Scott, whom they had intended to assassinate.[4] They
believed Scott was responsible for the death of popular Indian nationalist
leader Lala Lajpat Rai, by having ordered a lathi charge in which Rai was injured,
and, two weeks after which, died of a heart attack. Saunders was felled by a single
shot from Rajguru, a marksman.[5] He was then shot several times by Singh, the
postmortem report showing eight bullet wounds.[6] Another associate of
Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad, shot dead an Indian police constable, Chanan Singh,
who attempted to pursue Singh and Rajguru as they fled.[5]
After escaping, Singh and his associates, using pseudonyms, publicly owned to
avenging Lajpat Rai's death. Surfacing again in April 1929, he and another
associate, Batukeshwar Dutt, exploded two improvised bombs inside the Central
Legislative Assembly in Delhi. They showered leaflets from the gallery on the
legislators below, shouted slogans, and then allowed the authorities to arrest
them.[7] The arrest, and the resulting publicity, had the effect of bringing to light
Singh's complicity in the John Saunders case. Awaiting trial, Singh gained much
public sympathy after he joined fellow defendant Jatin Das in a hunger strike,
demanding better prison conditions for Indian prisoners, and ending in Das's
death from starvation in September 1929. Singh was convicted and hanged in
March 1931, aged 23
1932: Establishment of Indian Air Force
The Indian Air Force was established on 8 October 1932 in British India as an
auxiliary air force[18] of the Royal Air Force. The enactment of the Indian Air
Force Act 1932[19][20] stipulated out their auxiliary status and enforced the
adoption of the Royal Air Force uniforms, badges, brevets and insignia.[21] On 1
April 1933, the IAF commissioned its first squadron, No.1 Squadron, with
four Westland Wapiti biplanes and five Indian pilots. The Indian pilots were led by
British RAF Commanding officer Flight Lieutenant (later Air Vice Marshal) Cecil
Bouchier.
1939: Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose formed the All India Forward Bloc.
The Forward Bloc of the Indian National Congress was formed on May 3, 1939 by
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, who had resigned from the presidency of the Indian
National Congress on 29 April after being outmanoeuvered by Mohandas K.
Gandhi. The formation of the Forward Bloc was announced to the public at a rally
in Calcutta. Initially the aim of the Forward Bloc was to rally all the leftwing
sections within the Congress and develop an alternative leadership inside the
Congress. Bose became the president of the Forward Bloc and S.S. Cavesheer its
vice-president.
In August, the same year Bose began publishing a newspaper titled Forward Bloc.
He travelled around the country, rallying support for his new political project.
1947: India became independent from British Rule
1947: Lord Mountbatten was appointed as last viceroy of India
In March 1947, Mountbatten became viceroy of India with a mandate to oversee
the British withdrawal. He established good relations with leading politicians,
particularly with Jawaharlal Nehru, but was unable to persuade the Muslim leader
Mohammad Ali Jinnah of the benefits of a united, independent India.
1947: The Radcliffe Line between India and Pakistan was revealed
he Radcliffe Line was the boundary demarcation line between
the Indian and Pakistani portions of the Punjab and Bengal provinces of British
India. It was named after its architect, Sir Cyril Radcliffe, who, as the joint
chairman of the two boundary commissions for the two provinces, received the
responsibility to equitably divide 175,000 square miles (450,000 km2) of territory
with 88 million people.[1]
The demarcation line was published on 17 August 1947 upon the Partition of
India. Today its western side still serves as the Indo-Pakistani border and the
eastern side serves as the India-Bangladesh border.
1948: Lord Mountbatten resigned as the Governor General of India
Mountbatten remained as interim governor-general of India until June 1948. For
his services during the war and in India he was created viscount in 1946 and Earl
Mountbatten of Burma the following year.
India after Indepence (AD)
1950: India becomes a republic
The history of the Republic of India begins on 26 January 1950. The country
became an independent nation within the British Commonwealth on 15 August
1947. Concurrently the Muslim-majority northwest and east of British India was
separated into the Dominion of Pakistan, by the partition of India. The partition
led to a population transfer of more than 10 million people between India and
Pakistan and the death of about one million people. Indian National
Congress leader Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India, but
the leader most associated with the independence struggle, Mahatma Gandhi,
accepted no office. The new constitution of 1950 made India a democratic
country.
1952: The Rajya Sabha held its first sitting
13 May 1952, is remembered with pride and joy as the newly constituted “Council
of States” sat together for the first time. This “Second Chamber” of the
Parliament of India, was later named as the Rajya Sabha, on 23August 1954.
Since, India’s independence in 1947, the government had a vision of creating a
democratic infrastructure that would represent people from all walks of life and
all ages. Creation of a Second Chamber, was also in sync with the ideals of
bicameralism. Today, the Rajya Sabha is an important part of the Indian
Parliament, that provides the necessary deliberations on important matters of the
nation, with the Lok Sabha.
1956: Delhi became a territory of Indian union
The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 created the Union Territory of Delhi from its
predecessor, the Chief Commissioner's Province of Delhi. Later the Constitution
(Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be
formally known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
1960: Bombay state split into Maharashtra and Gujarat
Bombay State was a large Indian state created at the time of India's
Independence, with other regions being added to it in the succeeding years. On 1
November 1956, Bombay State was re-organized under the States Reorganisation
Act on linguistic lines, absorbing various territories including
the Saurashtra and Kutch States, which ceased to exist. On 1 May 1960, Bombay
State was dissolved and split on linguistic lines into the two states of Gujarat,
with Gujarati speaking population and Maharashtra,
with Marathi speaking population[1]
1974: India became 6th nation to explode an atomic bomb
Smiling Buddha[a] (MEA designation: Pokhran-I) was the assigned code name of
India's first successful nuclear bomb test on 18 May 1974.[1] The bomb was
detonated on the army base Pokhran Test Range (PTR), in Rajasthan, by
the Indian Army under the supervision of several key Indian generals.[2]
Pokhran-I was also the first confirmed nuclear weapons test by a nation outside
the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.[3] Officially,
the Indian Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) characterised this test as a "peaceful
nuclear explosion".
1975: India launched 1st satellite with help of USSR
Aryabhatta was India's first satellite,[2] named after the famous Indian astronomer
of the same name
It was launched by India on 19 April 1975[2] from Kapustin Yar, a Russian rocket
launch and development site in Astrakhan Oblastusing a Kosmos-3M launch
vehicle. It was built by the Indian Space Research Organisation.The launch came
from an agreement between India and the Soviet Union directed by UR Rao and
signed in 1972. It allowed the USSR to use Indian ports for tracking ships and
launching vessels in return for launching Indian satellites.[7]
1980: Rohini 1, first Indian satellite, launched into orbit
It was also a 35 kg (77 lb) experimental spin stabilized satellite that used 16W of
power and was successfully launched on 18 July 1980 from Satish Dhawan Space
Centre[3] into an orbit of 305 km × 919 km (190 mi × 571 mi) with an inclination of
44.7°. It was the first satellite successfully launched by the indigenous launch
vehicle SLV. It provided data on the fourth stage of SLV. The satellite had mission
life of 1.2 years and an orbital life of 20 months.
2008: India launched its 1st unmanned lunar mission, Chandrayaan -1
Chandrayaan-1 (transl. Moon-craft, pronunciation (help·info))[4] was the first
Indian lunar probe under Chandrayaan program. It was launched by the Indian
Space Research Organisation in October 2008, and operated until August 2009.
The mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor. India launched the
spacecraft using a PSLV-XL rocket, serial number C11,[2][5] on 22 October 2008 at
00:52 UTC from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, at Sriharikota, Andhra
Pradesh about 80 km (50 mi) north of Chennai.[6] The mission was a major boost
to India's space program,[7] as India researched and developed its own technology
in order to explore the Moon.[8] The vehicle was inserted into lunar orbit on 8
November 2008.[9]
On 14 November 2008, the Moon Impact Probe separated from the Chandrayaan
orbiter at 14:36 UTC and struck the south pole in a controlled manner, making
India the fourth country to place its flag insignia on the Moon.[10] The probe hit
near the crater Shackleton at 15:01 UTC, ejecting sub-surface soil that could be
analysed for the presence of lunar water ice.[11][12] The location of impact was
named as Jawahar Point.
15 February 2017: ISRO has created a history by launching 104 satellites on board,
a flight of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)
PSLV-C37 was the 39th mission of the Indian Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)
program and its 16th mission in the XLconfiguration. PSLV-C37 successfully carried
and deployed a record 104 satellites in sun-synchronous orbits. Launched on 15
February 2017 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) from the Satish
Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, it broke the earlier record
of launching 37 satellites by a Russian Dnepr rocket on 19 June 2014. According to
ISRO, the 101 international satellites were launched as part of a commercial
arrangement between several firms and its commercial arm Antrix Corporation
Limited, run under the auspices of the Indian Government's Department of Space.
22 july 2019
Chandrayaan-2 (candra-yāna, transl. "mooncraft";[15][16]
pronunciation (help·info)) is the second lunar exploration mission developed by
the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO),[17][18] after Chandrayaan-1.[19][20] It
consists of a lunar orbiter, the Vikram lander, and the Pragyan lunar rover, all of
which were developed in India.[21] The main scientific objective is to map and
study the variations in lunar surface composition, as well as the location and
abundance of lunar water.[22][23]
The mission was launched on its course to the Moon from the second launch
pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre on 22 July 2019 at 2.43 PM IST (09:13 UTC) by
a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III).[9][10][24] The craft
reached the Moon's orbit on 20 August 2019 and began orbital positioning
manoeuvres for the landing of the Vikram lander.[25]Vikram and the rover were
scheduled to land on the near side of the Moon, in the south polar region[26] at a
latitude of about 70° south at approximately 1:50 am on 7 September 2019 and
conduct scientific experiments for one lunar day, which approximates two Earth
weeks.
However, the lander deviated from its intended trajectory starting at 2.1
kilometres (1.3 mi) altitude,[27] and had lost communication when touchdown
confirmation was expected.
