National

Profile for
Chemical
Management
in Pakistan
2009
Muhammad Zafar Iqbal

International Cooperation Wing

Ministry of Environment, Government of Pakistan
Islamabad
 National Profile for Chemical Mangement in Pakistan

Acknowledgements

The National Profile was initiated under the Supervision of Mr. Abid Ali, Joint Secretary,
International Cooperation Wing, Ministry of Environment and Focal Person for SAICM from
Pakistan. Mr. Zaheer Ahmed Gillani National SAICM Coordinator, National Project Manager,
Multilateral Environmental Agreements Secretariat (MEAS) and Syed Hashim Raza, Subject
Specialist SAICM and MEAS, Ministry of Environment, Government of Pakistan provided us
guidance and their continued support throughout this project.

The National Profile would not be complete without the contribution of our stakeholders,
especially, Federal Ministries of Environment, Agriculture, Commerce, Health, Labour and
Manpower, Production, Law Justice, Industry, Communication, Science and Technology, Federal
Bureau of Statistics and their departments; provincial departments of Agriculture and
Environment; Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs).

I take this opportunity to thank United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR)
for providing guidance and financial support towards the production of this report and for
supporting workshops related to this project.

Thanks to my all associates who worked diligently and provided support during the production of
this Profile. We have endeavored to ensure that the factual material that has been incorporated is
accurate, however, would invite comment on any errors or inaccuracies.

Muhammad Zafar Iqbal

National SAICM Consultant
Coordinator, Team Leader for
SAICM Baseline Document

International Cooperation Wing, Ministry of Environment, Government of Pakistan i

Contributors

Muhammad Zafar Iqbal National SAICM Consultant

Coordinator/Team Leader
SAICM Baseline Documents

Mrs. Nuzhat Mahmud Environmental/Analytical Chemist

Zafar Jalbani Chemical Engineer/Field Coordinator

Huma Afzal Research Assistant

Muhammad Umair Sheikh Data Analyst

From Ministry of Environment

Syed Zaheer Ahmed Gillani Editor/ National SAICM

Coordinator

NPM MEAs Secretariat, MoE

Syed Hashim Raza Coordinator, MEAs Secretariat, MOE

ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Chemical sector plays a vital role in the economic development of any country. Pakistan has not
yet utilized potential of chemical sector. At the time of independence, chemical industry in
Pakistan was practically non-existent. Over the years, some traditional sectors have developed,
however the Chemical Industry in Pakistan is still at a very nascent stage. The chemical industry in
Pakistan has by and large developed on a fragmented and ad hoc basis motivated by a combination
of the existence of small local market and attracted by traditionally high tariffs. As a result it suffers
from the lack of scales, national integration and consequent non-competitiveness. However, there
are sectors where some scale and integration has been achieved on the basis of growing local
market. These include fertilizers, pesticides and to some extent dyestuffs and other inputs for the
textile industries. Even in the domains of pesticides and dyestuffs, the production is primarily
based on imported base materials and the domestic value addition is confined to formulations and
packaging. Pakistan is an agricultural economy; therefore, major part of the chemical industry
provides agricultural inputs, i.e. fertilizer and pesticides.

Chemicals including pesticides, fertilizers, industrial chemicals and consumer chemicals have
become indispensable in many economic activities and are increasingly used in the industrial,
agricultural and consumer sectors of Pakistan. But, increasing evidence suggests that these
chemicals can cause health and environment problems at various stages during their life cycle from
production or import through disposal. Moreover, most of the industries in the country are
situated in urban center near the population without treatment and pollution control facilities.
Unfortunately there is no centralized treatment facility anywhere in the country.

The Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS), whose primary goal is to complete the
tasks and programmes defined in Chapter XIX of Agenda 21, has emphasized the need to prepare
national profiles on the sound management of chemicals. The National Profile is the first
document in Pakistan that summarizes the efforts of governmental bodies and non-governmental
organizations (of the industrial sector, the scientific community, special interest groups,
environmental groups, public interest groups) to promote chemical safety and the sound
management of chemicals. The National Profile provides an overview of the life-cycles (import,
production, use, disposal, etc.) of the most significant chemicals in Pakistan, analyses the national
infrastructure meant to ensure the sound management of chemicals, the human resources devoted
to making this function, and the regulatory aspects of all this; it also analyses the strong and weak
points of these factors, and discusses the possible social and economic advantages, the risks
associated with making mistakes, and the need to participate in international co-operation.
Furthermore, it contains recommendations on ways to improve chemical safety in Pakistan.

Primarily, in 2000 a National Profile on Chemical Management in Pakistan was prepared for
providing information on registered hazardous chemicals being imported or produced locally. Now

iii
the present National Profile is being prepared, with the aim that it can be used to inform both
members of the professional community and the general public, and that implementation of its
recommendations will go a long way towards improving the coordination of relevant tasks, and the
level of chemical safety in Pakistan.

National Background Information

Pakistan is located in the southeast of Asia and bordered by India, China, Iran and Afghanistan.
Pakistan covers about 796,095 sq km with a population of some 163.67 million in mid 2008-09.
The overall literacy rate (age 10 years and above) is 56%. The population of working age (15-65
years) is about 115.64 million while the unemployment rate stood at 5.2% in 2007-08. Pakistan
has extreme variations of temperature as well as great topographical variety. The administration is
federal parliamentary system with a president as head of state and an elected prime minister as
head of government. There are 4 provinces, and each province is divided into districts, sub-districts
and villages consecutively. The national language is Urdu, while Urdu and English, both are
recognized as the official languages.

Economic structure of Pakistan is composed of two major sectors, i.e. agriculture sector (mostly in
rural area) and industrial sector (mostly in urban centres and industrial states). Major Export
oriented industries are textile, leather, carpet, supports and surgical instruments, that accounts an
80% of total exports. Among the agricultural raw products, the major export items are rice, cotton,
citrus fruit, dates, mangoes and cane melons.

In 2008-09, the major economic activity, based on the non-agricultural contribution to GDP, was
industrial / manufacturing (18.2%), while the agricultural sector having contribution of 21.8% to
the GDP. About 60-70% of industrial establishments in Pakistan are based on agricultural
commodities such as food manufacturing, tobacco, textile, leather, footwear, cotton yarn, wood
work, chemical, fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural machinery, etc.

Chemical Production, Import, Export and Use

Pakistan’s total imports have exceeded US$ 10 billion out of which chemicals imports constitute
approximately US$ 2 billion. Pakistan imports various chemicals in order for use in both
agricultural and industrial area. According to the statistics in 2008, the importation of petroleum
products was 9.03 million tons, ranked as the most abundant chemicals imported, followed by
industrial chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides (agricultural, public health and consumer use) and
consumer chemicals (pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and disinfectants) respectively. With respect to
commercial energy used in Pakistan during 2007-08, petroleum products were still the most
dominant, followed by natural gases, coal, and hydroelectric power.

The major chemical wastes generated per year are industrial hazardous wastes, wastes from
commerce & service, medical practice & laboratory, port & shipping, community and agriculture,
iv
respectively. The unattended chemical waste dumping sites scattered all over the country are a big
health risk. Unfortunately, there are very few waste disposal/ treatment/recycling facilities in the
country.

The unchecked illegal traffic of banned chemicals especially pesticides through border movement
especially in Balochistan is another issue of major concern

The capacity for data gathering is inadequate. Absence of data related to different aspects of
chemical life cycle. Centralized database is not present. The scope of data processed is too narrow.
The quality of statistical data is very poor.

Priority Concerns Related to Chemical Production, Import, Export and Use

The priority areas of concern related to chemical production, import, export and use include the
followings: - air pollution, pollution of inland waterways, marine pollution, groundwater pollution,
soil contamination, shallow – well water pollution, hazardous waste treatment / disposal,
occupational health (agricultural and industrial), chemical accidents (industrial and transport),
storage / disposal of obsolete chemicals, persistent organic pollutants, chemical residues in food,
drinking water contamination, public health and chemical poisoning / suicides.

The scale of problems ranges from local, regional to national. Five of the problems are identified as
high rank, six as medium rank and six as low rank in priority. Specific chemicals creating concerns
are CO2, Smoke, heavy metals, BOD, COD, Pesticides, Acids, Alkalis, and Organic solvents.
Commonly, the problems are addressed by the responsible agencies and relevant regulatory bodies,
for instance, the Ministries of Health, Agriculture, Industry, Labour, Social Welfare, Science &
Technology and Environment. However, an improved coordinating mechanism is needed in order
to gain more accurate and reliable data on problems related to chemical production, import,
export and use. This will, in turn, result in increased national capacity and capability for achieving
sound management of chemicals.

Legal Instruments and Non-Regulatory Mechanisms for Managing Chemicals

The different life-cycle phases of the various groups of chemicals in different sectors of the national
economy are regulated by a number of laws, governmental and ministerial decrees, while technical
specifications are governed by standards, technical guidelines, and safety regulations. The National
Profile summarizes the relevant legal instruments in tables and lists 55 regulations. These
regulations primarily deal with the various groups of chemicals—their use/handling. The rest deal
with food safety, the safety of various elements of the natural (the air, water, soil) and urban
(residential areas, workplaces) environment, and aim to promote chemical safety either by direct
regulation, through international agreements, or indirectly, through associated laws and
regulations.

v
There are numerous chemicals considered as severely restricted or banned for agricultural and
public health use, as well as use in foods, cosmetics and household products.

Legislation related to different aspects of life cycle of chemicals, especially with reference to import,
export, production, use and disposal is very comprehensive. The legislation dealing with disposal,
transportation and storage of chemicals is insufficient. These areas are required to be addressed
urgently. All institutions, in charge with enforcing these acts, should be sufficiently supported in
terms of increasing manpower and improving the infrastructure and equipment. Some of these
acts do not address problems of chemical management adequately, hence they need to be revised
and updated.

Ministries, Agencies and Other Institutions Managing Chemicals

In order to protect the environment and human beings from adverse effects of poor chemical
management, there are at least seventeen ministries (Environment, Health, Food & Agriculture,
Labour & Manpower, Commerce, Industry & Production, Finance, Petroleum & Natural
Resources, Interior, Science & Technology, Communication, Railways, Textile Industry, Law &
Justice, Ports & Shipping, Defence Production, Foreign Affairs, and Local Governments & Rural
Development) entrusted with the responsibilities of ensuring related laws, regulations and other
operational guidelines.

Mandates of various ministries and institutions related to chemical management are well defined.
No new ministry is required exclusively for chemicals management. But there is a need for capacity
building of existing institutions with reference to implementation of policies, rules, regulations
and acts; as well as in terms of improved availability of information, filling gaps in the
understanding of chemicals related health issues, risk assessment methods, protection of
vulnerable groups including children, workers and population in general, promotion of safe
alternatives and needs for prevention. The lack of human resource, awareness of existing
regulatory framework within implementing agencies and meagre funds available are main
bottlenecks to be removed. There should be a national monitoring and surveillance system. There
is also a need for close and effective collaboration among concerned authorities.

Relevant Activities of Industry, Public Interest Groups and the Research Sector

There is considerable expertise available outside the government in respective fields. A number of
organizations indirectly take part in the management of chemicals. They are considered as the
government counterparts. These organizations are identified as professional organizations, research
institutes, universities, industrial associations, environmental / consumer groups, labour unions
and non-governmental organizations. They can share information, and provide ideas and
suggestions to the government, but they have no capacity to make official decisions. In Pakistan all
these stakeholders are contributing well and taking effective measures.

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In order to strengthen the role of all counterparts, there is a need for a stronger coordinating and
consultative mechanism among the NGOs and community at grass root level. NGOs require
capacity building in chemical management exclusively. NGOs have the capacities for policy
analysis, legislation, research on alternatives, trainings, education, data collection/dissemination
and raising awareness. The cross cutting capacities are very important to deal with the chemical
management in the country. There is also a need to create some mechanism of standardizing these
organizations so that they can play some vital role in monitoring and inspections.

Inter-ministerial Commissions and Coordinating Mechanisms

Three inter-ministerial commissions are available for co-ordinating mechanisms among concern
institutions. All of them are centralized at the national level. These include National Technical
Advisory Committee on Chemicals (NTACC), Agricultural Pesticides Technical Advisory Sub –
Committee and Steering committee for elimination of adulteration in pesticides.

The existing coordinating mechanisms are working effectively, how ever there is a dire need of
centralised database related to chemicals life cycle. The presence of some of very important
sectors/ ministries/organizations have been neglected in the NTACC, e.g. representation of
ministry for Petroleum & Natural Resources, Labour, Railway, Communication, Ports &
Shipping, National Disaster Management Cell, Rescue 115 Service, is not there. To deal with
issues related with the all segments of chemical life cycle there representation in this committee is
very important. To enhance participation of academia, heads of departments of chemical
technology, chemistry and environmental sciences of the major universities of the country may also
be included in the committee. After the addition of above mentioned ministries/departments,
the existing mechanism will covers nearly all important aspects of chemical life cycle which require
inter-ministerial cooperation and coordination.

Data Access and Use

It is generally accepted that the availability and reliability of information are the key factors in
facilitating systemic development. In Pakistan, the national data is maintained by the relevant
departments and agencies. There is no harmonization in available data for analytical purpose.
There are many gaps in the data management for chemicals in Pakistan. The availability in many
areas and quality of available data is not satisfactory. Without reliable data the chemical
management is not possible and in this regard a serious effort is required. Data related to chemical
accidents, deaths caused due to industrial accidents, injuries, mitigation measures taken is nearly
absent. Industries neither maintain such records nor do they report to authorities due to fear of
reprisal. Public access to available data is not easy. Due to behavioural problems and lengthy
procedures often it takes too much time to acquire data from government agencies.

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Literature from international organizations such as, UNDP, WHO, UNITAR, FAO, UNEP,
UNIDO, UNICEF, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, USAID etc. are readily available on
internet unless it is classified.

Technical Infrastructure

A broad range of laboratory infrastructure has been set up at national level. These laboratories
have been designed to meet the requirements of the country. They conduct laboratory operations
in order for quality control, regulation, chemical residue monitoring, certification, diagnosis,
monitoring & surveillance for consumer protection, research & development, academic and
training. Many laboratories have been accredited through National Accreditation Council of
Pakistan, but still there are other laboratories which still require certification.

These laboratories also provide training and courses related to chemical management. Although
education in chemistry, chemical engineering, environmental management and environmental
studies is available but there are no specific course available for chemical management. The
additional modules are required in the curricula of the universities with reference to the chemical
management, waste management, waste treatment etc

With the e-government initiative the ministries and government departments are interlinked
through internet thus providing main source of Information Exchange System. Public has also
access to information through the same system. Ministries can interact with the relevant
international institutions/organizations through internet. They have access to databases, general
information and international literature.

Chemical Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Follow-up

Every country needs emergency response infrastructures to prepare for the tragic chemical
accidents, to avoid human, environmental and financial loss. In Pakistan, there is a need for
development of emergency response infrastructures for chemical disaster management. The
National Disaster Management Plan though include chemical accidents response and management
plan, but it is still not implemented. Most of the industries do not have a chemical hazard
identification system and they do not even maintain a record of chemical accidents. There is lack
of information regarding hazard identification, risk assessment & management, and linkages
between livelihoods and disaster preparedness. The emergency services in the country are also
lacking except in few big cities. The emergency services personnel are not properly trained and
provided with necessary equipment required in case of emergency. Moreover, disaster
management, development planning and environmental management institutions operate in
isolation and integrated planning between these sectors is almost lacking.

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Awareness / Understanding of Workers and the Public

Workers are considered as an important component for sound management of chemicals because
they directly handle chemicals in occupational settings. Moreover, the general public, especially
who are in the vicinity of chemical industry area, have the right to gain access to appropriate
information that can be applied to their situations. A number of measures have been conducted by
both government and non-government agencies to provide relevant and comprehensive
information about chemical risks in order to raise awareness and understanding of workers and
the public. These measures include operations according to regulations, publications, television &
radio programs, education, exhibitions and seminars.

In general these efforts seem to be inadequate. Normally the factory workers are not fully aware of
risks to the environment, health, and safety from chemicals, and measures which should be taken
in order to protect themselves from chronic or acute exposure to hazardous chemicals in everyday
life, as well as at the time of a chemical emergency. There is a need to Raise the awareness of
decision-makers and legislatures concerning chemical safety and encourage them to take timely
action to implement sound management measures. Also the understanding of communicators and
media concerning chemical safety issues should be improved in order to improve understanding
and chemical safety actions by the public and civil society in general.

International Linkages

Pakistan is a member of numerous international organizations, and has participated in various

programmes. It has become a signatory to many international Conventions/Protocols/Agreements
like Agenda-21, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Montreal Protocol
on Ozone Depleting Substances, Global Environment Facility (GEF), Commission on sustainable
Development (CSD), Basel Convention on the Control of Trans boundary Movement of
Hazardous Waste and their Disposal, Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC)
For Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic
Pollutants (Pops), Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) and
GATT / WTO agreements. The focal point for each international cooperation is usually located at
the institution which is considered to be the prime responsible agency. Through the international
linkages, Pakistan is trying to implement these international agreements, and have accepted
funding and technical assistance from UNITAR.

Resources available and needed for chemicals management

This chapter attempts to provide a nation-wide overview of the resources utilized for the purposes
of chemicals management. It notes that the tasks of governmental bodies – ministries, agencies,
authorities and background institutes – in connection with the management of different groups of
chemicals are governed by regulations. Their expenses are generally financed by the state budget.

ix
In certain cases the costs of an administrative procedure are borne by the requesting party
(applicant).

The number of staffs and experts present at each institution is basically dependent on the related
ministry and budget available. In this regard, specific trainings are required to enhance the
capability and capacity of the existing human resources.

x
Background on National Chemical Profile

International Context Concerning the Chemicals Management

Sound chemicals management means that chemicals are produced and used in such a way to
minimize the adverse effects to human health and the environment, as emphasized at the Earth
Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 in the Chapter 19, Agenda 211. One of the six program areas
for sound chemicals management was strengthening of national capabilities and capacities for
management of chemicals. Two years later, in 1994, at the meeting of the Intergovernmental
Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) aimed at monitoring implementation of activities referred to in
Agenda 21, a recommendation was adopted to obtain insight in local possibilities and capacities
concerning the chemicals management as well as to identify particular national needs through
preparation of the National Profile.

Sound chemicals management represents also one of the objectives of the Implementation Plan of
the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg in 2002, where 2020 was
indicated as a deadline for fulfillment of the set objective. Aimed at supporting countries to
achieve the set objective, a Strategic Approach for International Chemicals Management (SAICM)
was adopted in the occasion of the International Conference on Chemicals Management held in
Dubai in 2006.

SAICM is a global policy framework with an aim to coordinate and support a process leading to
achievement of the set objective at the Earth Summit in 2002. SAICM was developed at the
international level with the goal to support sound chemicals management as a basis for sustainable
development, to contribute to the reduction of differences between the developed countries and
developing countries i.e. countries with transition economies through increase of capacities for
sound chemicals management. One of the SAICM’s recommendations is preparation of National
Profile for Chemical Management.

Pakistan Context
National Chemical Profile of Pakistan is a comprehensive and systematic assessment of a country's
existing infrastructure and capabilities that are in place for the sound management of chemicals.
The profile has been prepared to highlight the national priorities, identify existing gaps and
weaknesses in the chemicals infrastructure.

The information in the National Profile will assist the Government to develop a national action
programme with an integrated approach for chemicals management. Execution of this national
action programme will contribute to the sound management of chemicals in Pakistan.

The major achievements of National Chemical Profile will:

Provide an understanding of chemicals produced, imported, exported, used, handled or
disposed of in the country, and the people and environmental resources that are
potentially affected by these chemicals.
Give information on ongoing and planned activities at a national level (activities related to
the implementation of the Agenda 21 programme).
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 Document the existing national infrastructure both for general aspects of chemicals (e.g.
information on existing legislation, ministerial responsibilities) and for specific aspects of
chemical management such as pesticides registration, occupational health, transport of
dangerous substances.
Initiate a process by which the Government will be able to identify gaps and weaknesses in
the existing legal, institutional, administrative and technical infrastructure related to
chemicals management and safety.
Provide a basis for cost-effective allocation of resources by including information on the
resources available for management of chemicals, including financial resources and human
skills /capabilities, as well as an indication of resources needed for undertaking priority
actions. The process of compiling the National Profile report will involve the participation
of all concerned stakeholders (national and provincial State departments, NGO, labour,
business, interested and affected parties) who are directly involved with the various aspects
of chemicals management and safety. National action plans that will be developed from the
National Profile will assist the Government to address the following:
Adequate chemicals management legislation.
Information generation, gathering, use and dissemination.
Capacity for hazard and risk assessment, interpretation and communication.
Establishment of risk management policy, including evaluation of safer chemical
alternatives and non-chemical options.
Effective education programmes.
Capacity to respond to emergencies.

The national Profile is also relevant to other global projects linked to the Johannesburg
Plan of Implementation (JPOI) which was adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable
Development (WSSD) held in Johannesburg, in 2002. These projects include the Globally
Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS), projects that seek to
reduce the negative effects of chemicals on humans and the environment

The National Profile will form a basis for the development of national priority actions in line with
the concrete measures articulated in the Strategic Approach to Chemicals

xii
 Abbreviations

AAS Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

AATCC American Association of Textile Chemists and Colourists
APFL All Pakistan Federation of Labour
APFTU All Pakistan Federation of Trade Unions
APFUTU All Pakistan Federation of United Trade Unions
APTUC All Pakistan Trade Union Congress
APTUF All Pakistan Trade Union Federation
ARL Attock Refinery Limited
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BHC Benzene Hexa Chloride
BOC British Oxygen Company Limited
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
BTX Benzene, Toluene, Xylene
BSE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
BSI British Standards Institute
BVCPS Bureau Veritas Consumer Product Services
CAN Calcium Ammonium Nitrate
CBOs Community Based Organizations
CBR Crude Birth Rate
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CDR Crude Death Rate
CERs Certified Emission Reductions
CETP Combined Effluent Treatment Plant
CLEAN Central Labs for Environmental Analysis and Networking
CNG Compressed Natural Gas
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CSD Carbonated soft drinks
CWC Chemical Weapon Convention
DAP Di Ammonium Phosphate
DEEPP Development for Education, Environment, Population Welfare and
Poverty Alleviation Organization
DNA Designated National Authority
ECC Economic Coordination Committee
EFB Environment Foundation Balochistan
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EPS Environmental Protection Society
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EPO Environment Protection Order
ETAD Ecological and Toxicological Association of the Dyestuff
ETPI Environmental Technology Programme for Industry
FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas

xiii
FBS Federal Bureau of Statistics
FBS Federal Bureau of Statistics
FFBL Fauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim Limited
FJFC Fauji Jordan Fertilizer Company
FO Foreign Office
FPCCI Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry
FRC Fuel Research Centre
GEL Global Environmental Lab (Private) Limited
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GHG Green House Gases
GQCTL Grain Quality Control and testing Labs
HANDS Health and Nutrition Development Society
HCl Hydrochloric
HCWM Health Care Waste Management
HDIP Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan
H&O Home and Office
HIES Household Integrated Economic Survey
HOPE Health Oriented Preventive Education
HSD High Speed Diesel
IAC Institute for Applied Chromatography
IAC Industrial Analytical Centre
ICM Integrated Chemical Management
IEE Initial Environmental Examination
ILO International Labour Organisation
ISO International Organization for Standardization
KATI Korangi association of Trade and Industry
LDO Light Diesel Oil
LFS Labour Force Survey
LPG Liquefied petroleum gas
LRC Leather Research Centre
MEAS Multilateral Environmental Agreements Secretariat
MDF Management for Development Foundation Training &
Consultancy
MEG Mono Ethylene Glycol
MINFAL Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock
NA Northern Areas
NARC National Agricultural Research Centre
NCS National Conservation Strategy
NEC National Environmental Consulting (Pvt.) Ltd
NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards
NIAB Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology
NRDF National Research and Development Foundation
NRL National Refinery Limited
NP Nitro-Phosphate

xiv
NPK Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium
NTACC National Technical Advisory Committee on Chemicals
NWQL National Water Quality Laboratory
NWFP North West Frontier Province
OHSAS Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series
OHSMS Occupational Health and Safety Management System
OH&S Occupational Health & Safety
OPP-RTI Orangi Pilot Project Research and training Institute
PARC Pakistan Agricultural Research Council
PAEA Pakistan Atomic Energy Agency
PCRWR Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources
PCSIR Pakistan Council for Scientific & Industrial Research
PCRWR Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources
PDS Pakistan Demographic Survey
PE Polyethylene
PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act
PIC Prior Informed Consent
PIDC Pakistan Industrial Development Corp
PILER Pakistan Institute of Labour Education and Research
PIDS Participatory Integrated Development Society
PINSTECH Pakistan Institute of Science and Technology
PIEDAR Pakistan Institute for environmental Development Action Research
PFW Pakistan Workers Federation
PIHS Pakistan Integrated Household Survey
PNFTU Pakistan National Federation of Trade Unions
PNAC Pakistan National Accreditation Council
POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants
PP Polypropylene
PPD Plant Protection Department
PPC Pakistan Penal Code
PSQCA Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority
PSQC Pakistan Standards and Quality Control
PSLM Pakistan Social and Living Measurement
PSMA Pakistan Sugar Mills Association
PSST Pakistan Society of Sugar Technologies
PS Polystyrene
PTA Purified Terephthalic Acid
PVA Poly Vinyl Acetate
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
PX Paraxylene
QCL Quality Control Laboratory
QHSE Quality, Health, Safety, Environment
QMS Quality Management System
RBD Refined, Bleached & Deodorized

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R&D Research and Development
REACH Registration, Evaluation, and Authorization of Chemicals
RENPAP Regional Network on Pesticides in Asia and Pacific
SA Social Accountability
SARC Southern zone Agriculture research Centre
SAFWCO Sindh agricultural and Forestry Workers Coordinating Organization
SCOPE Society for Conservation and Protection of Environment
SHERI Shehri-Citizen for Better Environment
SLGO Sindh Local Government Ordinance
SMART Self-Monitoring and Reporting System
SMD Surface-Mounted Device
SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises
SSP Single Super Phosphate
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TiO2 Titanium Di-Oxide
TFR Total Fertility Rate
TNT Tri Nitro Toluene
TRS Total Reduced Sulfur
TSS Total Suspended Solid
USD US Dollar
VCM Vinyl Chloride
VSF Viscose Staple Fiber
WTO World Trade Organization
WESS Water environment and Sanitation Society

xvi
 National Profile for Chemical Mangement in Pakistan

International Cooperation Wing, Ministry of Environment, Government of Pakistan Page 1

 National Profile for Chemical Mangement in Pakistan

Acknowledgements

The National Profile was initiated under the Supervision of Mr. Abid Ali, Joint Secretary,
International Cooperation Wing, Ministry of Environment and Focal Person for SAICM from
Pakistan. Mr. Zaheer Ahmed Gillani National SAICM Coordinator, National Project Manager,
Multilateral Environmental Agreements Secretariat (MEAS) and Syed Hashim Raza, Subject
Specialist SAICM and MEAS, Ministry of Environment, Government of Pakistan provided us
guidance and their continued support throughout this project.

The National Profile would not be complete without the contribution of our stakeholders,
especially, Federal Ministries of Environment, Agriculture, Commerce, Health, Labour and
Manpower, Production, Law Justice, Industry, Communication, Science and Technology, Federal
Bureau of Statistics and their departments; provincial departments of Agriculture and
Environment; Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs).

I take this opportunity to thank United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR)
for providing guidance and financial support towards the production of this report and for
supporting workshops related to this project.

Thanks to my all associates who worked diligently and provided support during the production of
this Profile. We have endeavored to ensure that the factual material that has been incorporated is
accurate, however, would invite comment on any errors or inaccuracies.

Muhammad Zafar Iqbal

National SAICM Consultant
Coordinator, Team Leader for
SAICM Baseline Document

International Cooperation Wing, Ministry of Environment, Government of Pakistan Page 2

 National Profile for Chemical Mangement in Pakistan

Contributors

Muhammad Zafar Iqbal National SAICM Consultant

Coordinator/Team Leader
SAICM Baseline Documents

Mrs. Nuzhat Mahmud Environmental/Analytical Chemist

Zafar Jalbani Chemical Engineer/Field Coordinator

Huma Afzal Research Assistant

Muhammad Umair Sheikh Data Analyst

From Ministry of Environment

Syed Zaheer Ahmed Gillani Editor/ National SAICM

Coordinator

NPM MEAs Secretariat, MoE

Syed Hashim Raza Coordinator, MEAs Secretariat, MOE

International Cooperation Wing, Ministry of Environment, Government of Pakistan Page 3

 National Profile for Chemical Mangement in Pakistan

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Chemical sector plays a vital role in the economic development of any country. Pakistan has not
yet utilized potential of chemical sector. At the time of independence, chemical industry in
Pakistan was practically non-existent. Over the years, some traditional sectors have developed,
however the Chemical Industry in Pakistan is still at a very nascent stage. The chemical industry in
Pakistan has by and large developed on a fragmented and ad hoc basis motivated by a combination
of the existence of small local market and attracted by traditionally high tariffs. As a result it suffers
from the lack of scales, national integration and consequent non-competitiveness. However, there
are sectors where some scale and integration has been achieved on the basis of growing local
market. These include fertilizers, pesticides and to some extent dyestuffs and other inputs for the
textile industries. Even in the domains of pesticides and dyestuffs, the production is primarily
based on imported base materials and the domestic value addition is confined to formulations and
packaging. Pakistan is an agricultural economy; therefore, major part of the chemical industry
provides agricultural inputs, i.e. fertilizer and pesticides.

Chemicals including pesticides, fertilizers, industrial chemicals and consumer chemicals have
become indispensable in many economic activities and are increasingly used in the industrial,
agricultural and consumer sectors of Pakistan. But, increasing evidence suggests that these
chemicals can cause health and environment problems at various stages during their life cycle from
production or import through disposal. Moreover, most of the industries in the country are
situated in urban center near the population without treatment and pollution control facilities.
Unfortunately there is no centralized treatment facility anywhere in the country.

The Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS), whose primary goal is to complete the
tasks and programmes defined in Chapter XIX of Agenda 21, has emphasized the need to prepare
national profiles on the sound management of chemicals. The National Profile is the first
document in Pakistan that summarizes the efforts of governmental bodies and non-governmental
organizations (of the industrial sector, the scientific community, special interest groups,
environmental groups, public interest groups) to promote chemical safety and the sound
management of chemicals. The National Profile provides an overview of the life-cycles (import,
production, use, disposal, etc.) of the most significant chemicals in Pakistan, analyses the national
infrastructure meant to ensure the sound management of chemicals, the human resources devoted
to making this function, and the regulatory aspects of all this; it also analyses the strong and weak
points of these factors, and discusses the possible social and economic advantages, the risks
associated with making mistakes, and the need to participate in international co-operation.
Furthermore, it contains recommendations on ways to improve chemical safety in Pakistan.

Primarily, in 2000 a National Profile on Chemical Management in Pakistan was prepared for
providing information on registered hazardous chemicals being imported or produced locally. Now

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 National Profile for Chemical Mangement in Pakistan

the present National Profile is being prepared, with the aim that it can be used to inform both
members of the professional community and the general public, and that implementation of its
recommendations will go a long way towards improving the coordination of relevant tasks, and the
level of chemical safety in Pakistan.

National Background Information

Pakistan is located in the southeast of Asia and bordered by India, China, Iran and Afghanistan.
Pakistan covers about 796,095 sq km with a population of some 163.67 million in mid 2008-09.
The overall literacy rate (age 10 years and above) is 56%. The population of working age (15-65
years) is about 115.64 million while the unemployment rate stood at 5.2% in 2007-08. Pakistan
has extreme variations of temperature as well as great topographical variety. The administration is
federal parliamentary system with a president as head of state and an elected prime minister as
head of government. There are 4 provinces, and each province is divided into districts, sub-districts
and villages consecutively. The national language is Urdu, while Urdu and English, both are
recognized as the official languages.

Economic structure of Pakistan is composed of two major sectors, i.e. agriculture sector (mostly in
rural area) and industrial sector (mostly in urban centres and industrial states). Major Export
oriented industries are textile, leather, carpet, supports and surgical instruments, that accounts an
80% of total exports. Among the agricultural raw products, the major export items are rice, cotton,
citrus fruit, dates, mangoes and cane melons.

In 2008-09, the major economic activity, based on the non-agricultural contribution to GDP, was
industrial / manufacturing (18.2%), while the agricultural sector having contribution of 21.8% to
the GDP. About 60-70% of industrial establishments in Pakistan are based on agricultural
commodities such as food manufacturing, tobacco, textile, leather, footwear, cotton yarn, wood
work, chemical, fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural machinery, etc.

Chemical Production, Import, Export and Use

Pakistan‘s total imports have exceeded US$ 10 billion out of which chemicals imports constitute
approximately US$ 2 billion. Pakistan imports various chemicals in order for use in both
agricultural and industrial area. According to the statistics in 2008, the importation of petroleum
products was 9.03 million tons, ranked as the most abundant chemicals imported, followed by
industrial chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides (agricultural, public health and consumer use) and
consumer chemicals (pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and disinfectants) respectively. With respect to
commercial energy used in Pakistan during 2007-08, petroleum products were still the most
dominant, followed by natural gases, coal, and hydroelectric power.

The major chemical wastes generated per year are industrial hazardous wastes, wastes from
commerce & service, medical practice & laboratory, port & shipping, community and agriculture,
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respectively. The unattended chemical waste dumping sites scattered all over the country are a big
health risk. Unfortunately, there are very few waste disposal/ treatment/recycling facilities in the
country.

The unchecked illegal traffic of banned chemicals especially pesticides through border movement
especially in Balochistan is another issue of major concern

The capacity for data gathering is inadequate. Absence of data related to different aspects of
chemical life cycle. Centralized database is not present. The scope of data processed is too narrow.
The quality of statistical data is very poor.

Priority Concerns Related to Chemical Production, Import, Export and Use

The priority areas of concern related to chemical production, import, export and use include the
followings: - air pollution, pollution of inland waterways, marine pollution, groundwater pollution,
soil contamination, shallow – well water pollution, hazardous waste treatment / disposal,
occupational health (agricultural and industrial), chemical accidents (industrial and transport),
storage / disposal of obsolete chemicals, persistent organic pollutants, chemical residues in food,
drinking water contamination, public health and chemical poisoning / suicides.

The scale of problems ranges from local, regional to national. Five of the problems are identified as
high rank, six as medium rank and six as low rank in priority. Specific chemicals creating concerns
are CO2, Smoke, heavy metals, BOD, COD, Pesticides, Acids, Alkalis, and Organic solvents.
Commonly, the problems are addressed by the responsible agencies and relevant regulatory bodies,
for instance, the Ministries of Health, Agriculture, Industry, Labour, Social Welfare, Science &
Technology and Environment. However, an improved coordinating mechanism is needed in order
to gain more accurate and reliable data on problems related to chemical production, import,
export and use. This will, in turn, result in increased national capacity and capability for achieving
sound management of chemicals.

Legal Instruments and Non-Regulatory Mechanisms for Managing Chemicals

The different life-cycle phases of the various groups of chemicals in different sectors of the national
economy are regulated by a number of laws, governmental and ministerial decrees, while technical
specifications are governed by standards, technical guidelines, and safety regulations. The National
Profile summarizes the relevant legal instruments in tables and lists 55 regulations. These
regulations primarily deal with the various groups of chemicals—their use/handling. The rest deal
with food safety, the safety of various elements of the natural (the air, water, soil) and urban
(residential areas, workplaces) environment, and aim to promote chemical safety either by direct
regulation, through international agreements, or indirectly, through associated laws and
regulations.

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There are numerous chemicals considered as severely restricted or banned for agricultural and
public health use, as well as use in foods, cosmetics and household products.

Legislation related to different aspects of life cycle of chemicals, especially with reference to import,
export, production, use and disposal is very comprehensive. The legislation dealing with disposal,
transportation and storage of chemicals is insufficient. These areas are required to be addressed
urgently. All institutions, in charge with enforcing these acts, should be sufficiently supported in
terms of increasing manpower and improving the infrastructure and equipment. Some of these
acts do not address problems of chemical management adequately, hence they need to be revised
and updated.

Ministries, Agencies and Other Institutions Managing Chemicals

In order to protect the environment and human beings from adverse effects of poor chemical
management, there are at least seventeen ministries (Environment, Health, Food & Agriculture,
Labour & Manpower, Commerce, Industry & Production, Finance, Petroleum & Natural
Resources, Interior, Science & Technology, Communication, Railways, Textile Industry, Law &
Justice, Ports & Shipping, Defence Production, Foreign Affairs, and Local Governments & Rural
Development) entrusted with the responsibilities of ensuring related laws, regulations and other
operational guidelines.

Mandates of various ministries and institutions related to chemical management are well defined.
No new ministry is required exclusively for chemicals management. But there is a need for capacity
building of existing institutions with reference to implementation of policies, rules, regulations
and acts; as well as in terms of improved availability of information, filling gaps in the
understanding of chemicals related health issues, risk assessment methods, protection of
vulnerable groups including children, workers and population in general, promotion of safe
alternatives and needs for prevention. The lack of human resource, awareness of existing
regulatory framework within implementing agencies and meagre funds available are main
bottlenecks to be removed. There should be a national monitoring and surveillance system. There
is also a need for close and effective collaboration among concerned authorities.

Relevant Activities of Industry, Public Interest Groups and the Research Sector

There is considerable expertise available outside the government in respective fields. A number of
organizations indirectly take part in the management of chemicals. They are considered as the
government counterparts. These organizations are identified as professional organizations, research
institutes, universities, industrial associations, environmental / consumer groups, labour unions
and non-governmental organizations. They can share information, and provide ideas and
suggestions to the government, but they have no capacity to make official decisions. In Pakistan all
these stakeholders are contributing well and taking effective measures.

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In order to strengthen the role of all counterparts, there is a need for a stronger coordinating and
consultative mechanism among the NGOs and community at grass root level. NGOs require
capacity building in chemical management exclusively. NGOs have the capacities for policy
analysis, legislation, research on alternatives, trainings, education, data collection/dissemination
and raising awareness. The cross cutting capacities are very important to deal with the chemical
management in the country. There is also a need to create some mechanism of standardizing these
organizations so that they can play some vital role in monitoring and inspections.

Inter-ministerial Commissions and Coordinating Mechanisms

Three inter-ministerial commissions are available for co-ordinating mechanisms among concern
institutions. All of them are centralized at the national level. These include National Technical
Advisory Committee on Chemicals (NTACC), Agricultural Pesticides Technical Advisory Sub –
Committee and Steering committee for elimination of adulteration in pesticides.

The existing coordinating mechanisms are working effectively, how ever there is a dire need of
centralised database related to chemicals life cycle. The presence of some of very important
sectors/ ministries/organizations have been neglected in the NTACC, e.g. representation of
ministry for Petroleum & Natural Resources, Labour, Railway, Communication, Ports &
Shipping, National Disaster Management Cell, Rescue 115 Service, is not there. To deal with
issues related with the all segments of chemical life cycle there representation in this committee is
very important. To enhance participation of academia, heads of departments of chemical
technology, chemistry and environmental sciences of the major universities of the country may also
be included in the committee. After the addition of above mentioned ministries/departments,
the existing mechanism will covers nearly all important aspects of chemical life cycle which require
inter-ministerial cooperation and coordination.

Data Access and Use

It is generally accepted that the availability and reliability of information are the key factors in
facilitating systemic development. In Pakistan, the national data is maintained by the relevant
departments and agencies. There is no harmonization in available data for analytical purpose.
There are many gaps in the data management for chemicals in Pakistan. The availability in many
areas and quality of available data is not satisfactory. Without reliable data the chemical
management is not possible and in this regard a serious effort is required. Data related to chemical
accidents, deaths caused due to industrial accidents, injuries, mitigation measures taken is nearly
absent. Industries neither maintain such records nor do they report to authorities due to fear of
reprisal. Public access to available data is not easy. Due to behavioural problems and lengthy
procedures often it takes too much time to acquire data from government agencies.

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Literature from international organizations such as, UNDP, WHO, UNITAR, FAO, UNEP,
UNIDO, UNICEF, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, USAID etc. are readily available on
internet unless it is classified.

Technical Infrastructure

A broad range of laboratory infrastructure has been set up at national level. These laboratories
have been designed to meet the requirements of the country. They conduct laboratory operations
in order for quality control, regulation, chemical residue monitoring, certification, diagnosis,
monitoring & surveillance for consumer protection, research & development, academic and
training. Many laboratories have been accredited through National Accreditation Council of
Pakistan, but still there are other laboratories which still require certification.

These laboratories also provide training and courses related to chemical management. Although
education in chemistry, chemical engineering, environmental management and environmental
studies is available but there are no specific course available for chemical management. The
additional modules are required in the curricula of the universities with reference to the chemical
management, waste management, waste treatment etc

With the e-government initiative the ministries and government departments are interlinked
through internet thus providing main source of Information Exchange System. Public has also
access to information through the same system. Ministries can interact with the relevant
international institutions/organizations through internet. They have access to databases, general
information and international literature.

Chemical Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Follow-up

Every country needs emergency response infrastructures to prepare for the tragic chemical
accidents, to avoid human, environmental and financial loss. In Pakistan, there is a need for
development of emergency response infrastructures for chemical disaster management. The
National Disaster Management Plan though include chemical accidents response and management
plan, but it is still not implemented. Most of the industries do not have a chemical hazard
identification system and they do not even maintain a record of chemical accidents. There is lack
of information regarding hazard identification, risk assessment & management, and linkages
between livelihoods and disaster preparedness. The emergency services in the country are also
lacking except in few big cities. The emergency services personnel are not properly trained and
provided with necessary equipment required in case of emergency. Moreover, disaster
management, development planning and environmental management institutions operate in
isolation and integrated planning between these sectors is almost lacking.

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Awareness / Understanding of Workers and the Public

Workers are considered as an important component for sound management of chemicals because
they directly handle chemicals in occupational settings. Moreover, the general public, especially
who are in the vicinity of chemical industry area, have the right to gain access to appropriate
information that can be applied to their situations. A number of measures have been conducted by
both government and non-government agencies to provide relevant and comprehensive
information about chemical risks in order to raise awareness and understanding of workers and
the public. These measures include operations according to regulations, publications, television &
radio programs, education, exhibitions and seminars.

In general these efforts seem to be inadequate. Normally the factory workers are not fully aware of
risks to the environment, health, and safety from chemicals, and measures which should be taken
in order to protect themselves from chronic or acute exposure to hazardous chemicals in everyday
life, as well as at the time of a chemical emergency. There is a need to Raise the awareness of
decision-makers and legislatures concerning chemical safety and encourage them to take timely
action to implement sound management measures. Also the understanding of communicators and
media concerning chemical safety issues should be improved in order to improve understanding
and chemical safety actions by the public and civil society in general.

International Linkages

Pakistan is a member of numerous international organizations, and has participated in various

programmes. It has become a signatory to many international Conventions/Protocols/Agreements
like Agenda-21, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Montreal Protocol
on Ozone Depleting Substances, Global Environment Facility (GEF), Commission on sustainable
Development (CSD), Basel Convention on the Control of Trans boundary Movement of
Hazardous Waste and their Disposal, Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC)
For Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic
Pollutants (Pops), Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) and
GATT / WTO agreements. The focal point for each international cooperation is usually located at
the institution which is considered to be the prime responsible agency. Through the international
linkages, Pakistan is trying to implement these international agreements, and have accepted
funding and technical assistance from UNITAR.

Resources available and needed for chemicals management

This chapter attempts to provide a nation-wide overview of the resources utilized for the purposes
of chemicals management. It notes that the tasks of governmental bodies – ministries, agencies,
authorities and background institutes – in connection with the management of different groups of
chemicals are governed by regulations. Their expenses are generally financed by the state budget.

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In certain cases the costs of an administrative procedure are borne by the requesting party
(applicant).

The number of staffs and experts present at each institution is basically dependent on the related
ministry and budget available. In this regard, specific trainings are required to enhance the
capability and capacity of the existing human resources.

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Background on National Chemical Profile

International Context Concerning the Chemicals Management

Sound chemicals management means that chemicals are produced and used in such a way to
minimize the adverse effects to human health and the environment, as emphasized at the Earth
Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 in the Chapter 19, Agenda 211. One of the six program areas
for sound chemicals management was strengthening of national capabilities and capacities for
management of chemicals. Two years later, in 1994, at the meeting of the Intergovernmental
Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) aimed at monitoring implementation of activities referred to in
Agenda 21, a recommendation was adopted to obtain insight in local possibilities and capacities
concerning the chemicals management as well as to identify particular national needs through
preparation of the National Profile.

Sound chemicals management represents also one of the objectives of the Implementation Plan of
the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg in 2002, where 2020 was
indicated as a deadline for fulfillment of the set objective. Aimed at supporting countries to
achieve the set objective, a Strategic Approach for International Chemicals Management (SAICM)
was adopted in the occasion of the International Conference on Chemicals Management held in
Dubai in 2006.

SAICM is a global policy framework with an aim to coordinate and support a process leading to
achievement of the set objective at the Earth Summit in 2002. SAICM was developed at the
international level with the goal to support sound chemicals management as a basis for sustainable
development, to contribute to the reduction of differences between the developed countries and
developing countries i.e. countries with transition economies through increase of capacities for
sound chemicals management. One of the SAICM‘s recommendations is preparation of National
Profile for Chemical Management.

Pakistan Context
National Chemical Profile of Pakistan is a comprehensive and systematic assessment of a country's
existing infrastructure and capabilities that are in place for the sound management of chemicals.
The profile has been prepared to highlight the national priorities, identify existing gaps and
weaknesses in the chemicals infrastructure.

The information in the National Profile will assist the Government to develop a national action
programme with an integrated approach for chemicals management. Execution of this national
action programme will contribute to the sound management of chemicals in Pakistan.

The major achievements of National Chemical Profile will:

Provide an understanding of chemicals produced, imported, exported, used, handled or
disposed of in the country, and the people and environmental resources that are
potentially affected by these chemicals.
Give information on ongoing and planned activities at a national level (activities related to
the implementation of the Agenda 21 programme).

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Document the existing national infrastructure both for general aspects of chemicals (e.g.
information on existing legislation, ministerial responsibilities) and for specific aspects of
chemical management such as pesticides registration, occupational health, transport of
dangerous substances.
Initiate a process by which the Government will be able to identify gaps and weaknesses in
the existing legal, institutional, administrative and technical infrastructure related to
chemicals management and safety.
Provide a basis for cost-effective allocation of resources by including information on the
resources available for management of chemicals, including financial resources and human
skills /capabilities, as well as an indication of resources needed for undertaking priority
actions. The process of compiling the National Profile report will involve the participation
of all concerned stakeholders (national and provincial State departments, NGO, labour,
business, interested and affected parties) who are directly involved with the various aspects
of chemicals management and safety. National action plans that will be developed from the
National Profile will assist the Government to address the following:
Adequate chemicals management legislation.
Information generation, gathering, use and dissemination.
Capacity for hazard and risk assessment, interpretation and communication.
Establishment of risk management policy, including evaluation of safer chemical
alternatives and non-chemical options.
Effective education programmes.
Capacity to respond to emergencies.

The national Profile is also relevant to other global projects linked to the Johannesburg
Plan of Implementation (JPOI) which was adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable
Development (WSSD) held in Johannesburg, in 2002. These projects include the Globally
Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS), projects that seek to
reduce the negative effects of chemicals on humans and the environment

The National Profile will form a basis for the development of national priority actions in line with
the concrete measures articulated in the Strategic Approach to Chemicals

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Abbreviations

AAS Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

AATCC American Association of Textile Chemists and Colourists
APFL All Pakistan Federation of Labour
APFTU All Pakistan Federation of Trade Unions
APFUTU All Pakistan Federation of United Trade Unions
APTUC All Pakistan Trade Union Congress
APTUF All Pakistan Trade Union Federation
ARL Attock Refinery Limited
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BHC Benzene Hexa Chloride
BOC British Oxygen Company Limited
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
BTX Benzene, Toluene, Xylene
BSE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
BSI British Standards Institute
BVCPS Bureau Veritas Consumer Product Services
CAN Calcium Ammonium Nitrate
CBOs Community Based Organizations
CBR Crude Birth Rate
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CDR Crude Death Rate
CERs Certified Emission Reductions
CETP Combined Effluent Treatment Plant
CLEAN Central Labs for Environmental Analysis and Networking
CNG Compressed Natural Gas
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CSD Carbonated soft drinks
CWC Chemical Weapon Convention
DAP Di Ammonium Phosphate
DEEPP Development for Education, Environment, Population Welfare and
Poverty Alleviation Organization
DNA Designated National Authority
ECC Economic Coordination Committee
EFB Environment Foundation Balochistan
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EPS Environmental Protection Society
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EPO Environment Protection Order
ETAD Ecological and Toxicological Association of the Dyestuff
ETPI Environmental Technology Programme for Industry
FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas

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FBS Federal Bureau of Statistics

FBS Federal Bureau of Statistics
FFBL Fauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim Limited
FJFC Fauji Jordan Fertilizer Company
FO Foreign Office
FPCCI Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry
FRC Fuel Research Centre
GEL Global Environmental Lab (Private) Limited
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GHG Green House Gases
GQCTL Grain Quality Control and testing Labs
HANDS Health and Nutrition Development Society
HCl Hydrochloric
HCWM Health Care Waste Management
HDIP Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan
H&O Home and Office
HIES Household Integrated Economic Survey
HOPE Health Oriented Preventive Education
HSD High Speed Diesel
IAC Institute for Applied Chromatography
IAC Industrial Analytical Centre
ICM Integrated Chemical Management
IEE Initial Environmental Examination
ILO International Labour Organisation
ISO International Organization for Standardization
KATI Korangi association of Trade and Industry
LDO Light Diesel Oil
LFS Labour Force Survey
LPG Liquefied petroleum gas
LRC Leather Research Centre
MEAS Multilateral Environmental Agreements Secretariat
MDF Management for Development Foundation Training &
Consultancy
MEG Mono Ethylene Glycol
MINFAL Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock
NA Northern Areas
NARC National Agricultural Research Centre
NCS National Conservation Strategy
NEC National Environmental Consulting (Pvt.) Ltd
NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards
NIAB Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology
NRDF National Research and Development Foundation
NRL National Refinery Limited
NP Nitro-Phosphate

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NPK Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium

NTACC National Technical Advisory Committee on Chemicals
NWQL National Water Quality Laboratory
NWFP North West Frontier Province
OHSAS Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series
OHSMS Occupational Health and Safety Management System
OH&S Occupational Health & Safety
OPP-RTI Orangi Pilot Project Research and training Institute
PARC Pakistan Agricultural Research Council
PAEA Pakistan Atomic Energy Agency
PCRWR Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources
PCSIR Pakistan Council for Scientific & Industrial Research
PCRWR Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources
PDS Pakistan Demographic Survey
PE Polyethylene
PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act
PIC Prior Informed Consent
PIDC Pakistan Industrial Development Corp
PILER Pakistan Institute of Labour Education and Research
PIDS Participatory Integrated Development Society
PINSTECH Pakistan Institute of Science and Technology
PIEDAR Pakistan Institute for environmental Development Action Research
PFW Pakistan Workers Federation
PIHS Pakistan Integrated Household Survey
PNFTU Pakistan National Federation of Trade Unions
PNAC Pakistan National Accreditation Council
POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants
PP Polypropylene
PPD Plant Protection Department
PPC Pakistan Penal Code
PSQCA Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority
PSQC Pakistan Standards and Quality Control
PSLM Pakistan Social and Living Measurement
PSMA Pakistan Sugar Mills Association
PSST Pakistan Society of Sugar Technologies
PS Polystyrene
PTA Purified Terephthalic Acid
PVA Poly Vinyl Acetate
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
PX Paraxylene
QCL Quality Control Laboratory
QHSE Quality, Health, Safety, Environment
QMS Quality Management System
RBD Refined, Bleached & Deodorized

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R&D Research and Development

REACH Registration, Evaluation, and Authorization of Chemicals
RENPAP Regional Network on Pesticides in Asia and Pacific
SA Social Accountability
SARC Southern zone Agriculture research Centre
SAFWCO Sindh agricultural and Forestry Workers Coordinating Organization
SCOPE Society for Conservation and Protection of Environment
SHERI Shehri-Citizen for Better Environment
SLGO Sindh Local Government Ordinance
SMART Self-Monitoring and Reporting System
SMD Surface-Mounted Device
SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises
SSP Single Super Phosphate
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TiO2 Titanium Di-Oxide
TFR Total Fertility Rate
TNT Tri Nitro Toluene
TRS Total Reduced Sulfur
TSS Total Suspended Solid
USD US Dollar
VCM Vinyl Chloride
VSF Viscose Staple Fiber
WTO World Trade Organization
WESS Water environment and Sanitation Society

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 28

1. National Background Information 28

CHAPTER 2 115

2. Chemical Production, Import, Export, Storage, Transport, Use and Disposal 115

CHAPTER 3 138

3. Priority Concerns Related to Chemicals at all Stages in Their Life Cycles 138

CHAPTER 4 155

4. Legal Instruments and Non Regulatory Mechanism for Life Cycle Managing of Chemicals 155

CHAPTER 5 203

5. Ministries Agencies and Other Instruments Managing Chemicals 203

CHAPTER 6 215

6. Relevant Activities of Industry, Public Interest Groups, and the Research Sector 215

CHAPTER 7 224

7. Inter-Ministerial Commissions and Co-ordinating Mechanism 224

CHAPTER 8 234

8. Data Access and Use 234

CHAPTER 9 241

9. Technical Infrastructure 241

CHAPTER 10 266

10. Chemical Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Follow-up 266

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CHAPTER 11 274

11. Awareness /Understanding of Workers and the Public; and Training and Education of Target
Groups and Professionals 274

CHAPTER 12 279

12. International Linkages 279

CHAPTER 13 298

13. Resources Available and Needed for Chemicals Management 298

CHAPTER NO: 14 302

14. Conclusion 302

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CHAPTER NO: 1

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 28

1. National Background Information 28

1.1. Physical and Demographic Context 28
1.1.1. Location and Size of the Country 28
1.1.2. Topography 28
1.1.3. Climate 28
1.1.4. Form of government 29
1.1.5. Official Language 30
1.1.6. National Language 30
1.1.7. Local Languages (province wise) 30
1.1.8. Total Population 31
1.1.9. Urban Population 32
1.1.10. Rural Population 32
1.1.11. Average Age of Population 32
1.1.12. Population of Working Age 32
1.1.13. Birth Rate 33
1.1.14. Life Expectancy 33
1.1.15. Literacy Rate 34
1.1.16. Average Education Level 34
1.1.17. Unemployment Rate 34
1.1.18. Percentage of Women Employed Outside the Home 35
1.2. Political Geographic Structure of the Country 35
1.2.1. Number of provinces, municipalities 35
1.2.1.1. Provinces 35
1.2.1.2. Overview of Districts 37
1.2.2. Descriptions of Local Government Entities 38
1.2.3. Division of Responsibilities between National, Provincial and Local Governments 39
1.2.4. Location of various ethnic groups 40
1.3. Industrial and Agriculture Sector 42
1.3.1. Overview of Industrial Sector 42
1.3.1.1. Livestock & Fisheries 43
1.3.1.2. Forestry 44
1.3.1.3. Bottled Water Industry 46
1.3.1.4. Ceramics Industry 47
1.3.1.5. Edible Oil Sector 47
1.3.1.6. Glass Sector 48
1.3.1.7. Leather Industry 51
1.3.1.8. Mining and Quarrying Industry 53
1.3.1.9. Paper and Paper Board Industry 55
1.3.1.10. Plastic Sector 56
1.3.1.11. Food Processing Industry 57
1.3.1.12. Sugar Sector 60
1.3.1.13. Textile Industry 61

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1.3.1.14. Cement Industry 63

1.3.1.15. Oil & Gas Sector 63
1.3.1.16. Chemical Industry 71
i. Petrochemicals 72
ii. Fertilizers 75
iii. Synthetic Fibers 79
iv. Molasses 82
v. Pesticides 83
vi. Alkyd Resins 86
vii. Paints and Varnishes 87
viii. Oleo Chemicals 88
ix. Soaps, Detergents and Cosmetics 89
x. Soda Ash & Sodium Bicarbonate 89
xi. Caustic Soda, Chlorine and Related Products 90
xii. Sulphuric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid & Nitric Acid 91
xiii. Organic Chemicals 93
xiv. Dyes & Pigments 95
xv. Textile & Tannery Chemicals 98
xvi. Water Treatment Chemicals 99
xvii. Food Chemicals 99
xviii. Essential Oils and Perfumes 100
1.3.2. Agriculture Sector 100

1.4. Industrial Employment by Major Economic Sectors 111

TABLES

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CHAPTER 1 28

TABLE 1.1: DISTRIBUTIONS OF AREA, POPULATION BY PROVINCES AND ANNUAL GROWTH 31

TABLE 1.2: POPULATION BY SEX AND RURAL/URBAN AREAS (MILLIONS) 32

TABLE 1.3: POPULATION BY SELECTIVE AGE GROUPS 32

TABLE 1.4: ASSUMPTION OF TOTAL FERTILITY RATE (TFR) LIFE EXPECTANCY 33

TABLE 1.5: PROJECTED POPULATION ESTIMATES 33

TABLE 1.6: UNEMPLOYMENT RATES 34

(PERCENT SHARE) 34

TABLE 1.7: POLITICAL GEOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE OF THE COUNTRY 35

TABLE 1.8: OVERVIEW OF PROVINCES AND DISTRICT 37

TABLE 1.9: MAJOR FOREST PRODUCTS OF PAKISTAN 45

TABLE 1.10: REVENUE EARNED BY FOREST DEPARTMENT 45

TABLE 1.11: OUT TURN OF MINOR FOREST PRODUCTS 46

TABLE 1.12: SPOT ANALYSIS OF CERAMIC INDUSTRY 47

TABLE 1.13: CONTRIBUTION OF CERAMIC INDUSTRY IN ECONOMY 47

TABLE 1.14: SPOT ANALYSIS OF EDIBLE OIL INDUSTRY 48

TABLE 1.15: SPOT ANALYSIS OF GLASS SECTOR 49

TABLE 1.16: PRODUCTION STATISTICS OF GLASS INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN 50

TABLE 1.17: SPOT ANALYSIS OF LEATHER SECTOR 51

TABLE 1.18: INSTALLED CAPACITIES AND ESTIMATED PRODUCTION (MILLION NOS.) 52

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TABLE 1.19: SPOT ANALYSIS OF MINING AND QUARRYING SECTOR 53

TABLE 1.20: MAJOR PRODUCTS BY MINERAL SECTOR 54

TABLE 1.21: SPOT ANALYSIS OF PAPER AND PAPER BOARD SECTOR 55

TABLE 1.22: DEMAND & SUPPLY – MAJOR PLASTIC RAW MATERIALS 56

TABLE 1.23: BREAKDOWN OF PLASTIC MATERIALS WITH GROWTH 57

TABLE 1.24: PROCESSED FOOD AND BEVERAGES SECTOR PROFILE 57

TABLE 1.25: SPOT ANALYSIS OF SUGAR INDUSTRY 60

TABLE 1.26: SUGARCANE PRODUCTION AND RECOVERY 61

TABLE 1.27: SUGAR PRODUCTION BY TYPE OF RAW MATERIAL (IN TONNES) 61

TABLE 1.28: PROVINCE WISE SUGAR PRODUCTION 61

TABLE 1.29: SPOT ANALYSIS OF TEXTILE SECTOR 62

TABLE 1.30: SPOT ANALYSIS OF CEMENT INDUSTRY 63

TABLE 1.31: PRIMARY HYDROCARBON ENERGY SUPPLIES BY SOURCE 64

TABLE 1.32: SECTORAL CONSUMPTION OF POL PRODUCTS BY PROVINCE (2007-08) 64

TABLE1.33: IMPORT OF CRUDE OIL 65

TABLE 1.34: IMPORT OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 66

TABLE 1.35: IMPORT OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 66

TABLE 1.36: NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION 2008-09 BY SECTOR 68

TABLE 1.37: NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION 2007-08 BY PROVINCE 68

TABLE 1.38: PRODUCTION OF COAL BY FIELD 69

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TABLE 1.39: IMPORT OF COAL* 70

TABLE 1.40: CONSUMPTION OF COAL BY SECTOR 70

TABLE 1.41: CHEMICAL RELATED GROUPS (DATA NOT PROVIDED) 72

TABLE 1.42: DEMAND/SUPPLY PATTERN OF PTA 73

TABLE 1.43: BTX IMPORTS 74

TABLE 1.44: DEMAND AND SUPPLY PATTERN OF CARBON BLACK 74

TABLE 1.45: IMPORTS OF MONO-ETHYLENE GLYCOL (MEG) 75

TABLE 1.46: SPOT ANALYSIS OF FERTILIZER SECTOR 76

TABLE 1.47: CAPACITIES OF EXISTING FERTILIZER PLANTS 77

TABLE 1.48: PRODUCTION AND OFF TAKE OF FERTILIZER 78

TABLE 1.49: SEASON-WISE CONSUMPTION OF FERTILIZER 78

TABLE 1.50: IMPORT OF FERTILIZER 79

TABLE 1.51: INSTALLED CAPACITIES OF MAJOR PSF PRODUCERS 80

TABLE 1.52: POLYESTER CHIPS 81

TABLE 1.53: POLYESTER FILAMENT YARN 81

TABLE 1.54: NYLON FILAMENT YARN 82

TABLE 1.55: YEAR WISE MOLASSES PRODUCTION AND ETHANOL EXPORT 82

TABLE 1.56: OVERVIEW OF PESTICIDES PRODUCTION 83

TABLE 1.57: OVERVIEW OF ALKYD RESINS MANUFACTURING UNITS 86

TABLE 1.58: IMPORT OF ALKYD RESINS 86

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TABLE 1.59: PRODUCTION OF PAINTS 87

TABLE 1.60: IMPORT OF PAINTS & VARNISHES 87

TABLE 1.61: SODA ASH CAPACITY 90

TABLE 1.62: SODA ASH PRODUCTION 90

TABLE 1.63: PRODUCTION AND IMPORT DATA OF CAUSTIC SODA 90

TABLE 1.64: PRODUCTION OF CHLORINE 91

TABLE 1.65: PRODUCTION CAPACITY OF SULPHURIC ACID 91

TABLE 1.66: PRODUCTION OF SULPHURIC ACID 92

TABLE 1.67: PRODUCTION CAPACITY 92

TABLE 1.68: PRODUCTION CAPACITY 93

TABLE 1.69: PRODUCTION CAPACITY 93

TABLE 1.70: PRODUCTION CAPACITY 94

TABLE 1.71: PRODUCTION CAPACITIES FOR DYES AND PIGMENTS 97

TABLE 1.72: DEMAND OF DYES AND PIGMENTS IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY 97

TABLE 1.73: CAPACITIES OF TEXTILE AND TANNERY CHEMICALS 98

TABLE 1.74: FOOD CHEMICAL PRODUCTS & CAPACITY 99

TABLE 1.75: OVERVIEW OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC SECTOR 101

TABLE 1.76: STRUCTURE OF MANUFACTURING/AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 102

TABLE 1.77: BREAKDOWN OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION BY REGION 103

TABLE 1.78: BREAKDOWN OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION BY REGION 105

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TABLE 1.79: RELEASES OF CONCERN BY MAJOR ECONOMIC SECTORS 109

TABLE 1.80: INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT BY MAJOR ECONOMIC SECTOR 111

PIE CHARTS

FIG 1A: GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CEMENT INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN 63

FIG 1B: PETROLEUM PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION BY SECTOR 65

FIG 1C: NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION BY SECTOR 67

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Chapter 1

1. National Background Information

1.1. Physical and Demographic Context

1.1.1. Location and Size of the Country
Situated in western part of Indian subcontinent, Pakistan shares it‘s eastern border with India and
a north-eastern border with China. Iran makes up the country‘s south west border and
Afghanistan runs along its western and northern edge. The Arabian Sea is Pakistan‘s southern
boundary with 1,064 km of coastline.

The country has a total area of 796,095 sq km (310,409 mi), extending 1,875 km (1,165 mi) NE –
SW from ranges of Hindu Kush and Himalaya to the Arabian Sea and 1,006 km (625 mi) SE –
NW. Pakistan is divided into four provinces viz. North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Punjab,
Sindh and Balochistan. The tribal belt adjoining NWFP is managed by the Federal Government
and is named FATA i.e., Federally Administrated Tribal Area. Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas
have their own respective political and administrative machinery, yet certain of their subjects are
taken care of by the Federal Government through the Ministry of Kashmir Affairs and Northern
Areas. Provinces of Pakistan are further divided into districts.

1.1.2. Topography
Pakistan has great topographical variety. The high mountain region of the north includes part of
the Himalayas, Karakoram and Hindukush. There are 35 peaks over 7,320 m high, including K-2,
the world‘s second highest mountain. This region abounds in glaciers, lakes and green valleys.
Southwards the ranges gradually loose height. The western low mountain region covers much of
the North-West Frontier Province, with mountains cut by valleys and passes, including the Khyber
Pass, 56 km. long, connecting Kabul in Afghanistan with Peshawar. The third region is
Balochistan plateau to the west. West of the Balochistan plateau is an area of desert with dry lakes.

The Potohar upland lies between the Indus and Jhelum rivers in the Islamabad/Rawalpindi area.
This is an arid region, with cultivation along the valleys. The fifth region is the Punjab plain
watered by the river Indus and its eastern tributaries (Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej and Beass) and
additionally irrigated by canals.

The Sindh plain stretches between the Punjab plain and the Arabian Sea on both sides of the
Indus River. The plain comprises a vast fertile tract with many lakes, and a desert spreading
eastward into India.

1.1.3. Climate
Extreme variations of temperature are found in Pakistan. The northern mountains are cold with
long and severe winters. Temperatures on the Balochistan plateau are high. Along the coastal strip,
the climate is the climate is modified by sea breezes. In the rest of the country, the temperature

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rises steeply in summer. Rainfall varies from 760 – 1,270 mm in the Himalayan foothills to 210
mm in Balochistan.
1.1.4. Form of government
The constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973 provides for a federal parliamentary system
with a president as head of state and an elected prime minister as head of government. It has a
three branch system of governance consisting of the legislature, executive and judiciary. The
president, who must be a Muslim, is elected for a five-year term by an electoral college consisting of
members of the Senate and National Assembly and members of the provincial assemblies. The
president generally acts on the advice of the prime minister but has important residual powers.

The bicameral federal legislature is the Majlis-i-Shoora (Council of Advisors), consisting of the
Senate (upper house) and National Assembly (lower house). Members of the National Assembly
are elected general elections. All citizens above the age of 18 are eligible to vote. Seats are allocated
to each o the four provinces, the federally administered tribal areas and Islamabad capital territory
on the basis of population. The National Assembly has a total membership of 342 elected through
adult suffrage (272 general seats, 60 women seats and 10 non-Muslim seats. About 5% of the seats
are reserved for minorities. Elections for the minority seats are held on the basis of joint
electorates. National Assembly members serve for the parliamentary term which is for five years.

The prime minister is appointed by the president from among the members of the National
Assembly. The prime minister is assisted by the Federal Cabinet, a council of ministers whose
members are appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister and comprises the
ministers, ministers of state and advisors.

The Senate is permanent legislative body with equal representation from each of the four
provinces elected by the members of their respective provincial assemblies. There are
representatives from the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and from Islamabad Capital
Territory. The Chairman of the Senate, under the constitution is next in line to act as president,
should the office become vacant and until such time as a new president can be formally elected.
Both the Senate and the National Assembly can initiate and pass legislation except for finance
bills.

Other offices and bodies having important roles in the federal structure include the attorney
general, the Auditor General, Federal Land Commission, the Federal Public Services Commission,
Election Commission of Pakistan and Wafaqi Mohtasib (Ombudsman).

Pakistan‘s four provinces enjoy considerable autonomy. Each province has a governor, a Cabinet
of Ministers headed by a chief minister appointed by the governor and a provincial assembly.

The Judiciary includes the Supreme Court, provincial high courts, and other lesser courts
exercising civil and criminal jurisdiction. The Supreme Court is headed by the chief justice,
appointed by the president. The Supreme Court has original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction.

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There is also a Federal Shariat Court consisting of eight Muslim judges, headed by a chief justice
appointed by the president. The Federal Shariat Court has original and appellate jurisdiction. The
court decides if any law is repugnant to the injunctions of Islam.
A further feature of the judicial system is the office of the Wafaqi Mohtasib (Ombudsman)
appointed by the president. The office of the Ombudsman institutionalize a system for enforcing
administrative accountability, through investigating and rectifying any injustice done to a person
through maladministration by a federal agency or a federal government official.

1.1.5. Official Language

Urdu and English are both recognized as the official languages of Pakistan. English being widely
used within the government, by the civil service, the judiciary, the legislature, the officer ranks of
the military and corporate business and by the educated urban elite. Private as well as public
universities including most of the colleges use English as the medium of instruction for degree
courses.

1.1.6. National Language

Urdu is the national language, the lingua franca of the people. It is widely used, both formally and
informally, for personal letters as well as public literature, in the literary sphere and in the popular
media. It is a required subject of study in all primary and secondary schools. Urdu is Pakistan's
national language and has been promoted as a token of national unity, though less than 8% of
Pakistanis speak it as their first language but it is spoken more or less, fluently as a second language
by all Pakistanis. Urdu by origin is an "Islamic version" of Hindi language which was spoken for
centuries in the neighborhood of Delhi and it was known as Western Hindi, Hindvi, Dehlvi,
Reekhta and Hindustani. It is written in a modified form of the Arabic alphabet and its basically
Indic vocabulary has been enriched by borrowings from Arabic, Persian, English and other Indian
languages.

1.1.7. Local Languages (province wise)

Punjabi
Punjabi is spoken as a first language by almost 44% of Pakistanis, mostly in and is spoken by
almost 60% of the population in Pakistan.

Pashto
Pashto is spoken as a first language by 15% of Pakistanis, mostly in the North-West Frontier
Province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and in Balochistan as well as by immigrants to the
eastern provinces.

Sindhi
Sindhi is spoken as a first language by 14% of Pakistanis, in Sindh and parts of Balochistan.
Sindhi language contains Arabic words and is affected by Arabic language to a great extent.

Balochi
Balochi is spoken as a first language by 4% of Pakistanis, mostly in Balochistan, Sindh and
southern Punjab. Baluchi language is very close to the Persian language.

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Seraiki
Seraiki is related to Punjabi and Sindhi. This language is spoken as a first language by 11% of
Pakistanis, mostly in southern districts of Punjab. Normally Seraiki is considered part of Punjabi.
Other languages
Numerous other languages are spoken by relatively small numbers of people, especially in some of
the more remote and isolated places in, for example, the Northern Areas of Pakistan. These
inlude: Burshaski - Spoken in Hunza, Shina - spoken in Baltistan, Khowar - Spoken is Chitral,
Kalash - spoken in the Kalash Valley and Gujarati spoken by 100,000 Pakistanis who reside in
Lower Punjab and Sindh. All Parsi (5,000), many Ismaili Muslims, and many Hindus (10,000 to
100,000) speak Gujarati. Many Parsi and Ismaili Muslims are literate in Gujarati.

1.1.8. Total Population

With the population of 163.67 million in mid 2008-09 and a land mass of 796,096 sq. km,
Pakistan is sixth most populous country of the world. If the existing trend remains unchanged it
will reach 167 million by the end of 2010 and 194 million by 2020 (NIPS). The density of
population per person is 185 (2003) which varies dramatically, ranging from scarcely populated
arid areas, especially in Balochistan, to some of the highest urban densities in the world in Karachi
and Lahore.

According to 2008 province wise demographic estimates of the planning and development
division, Punjab has 55.46 % of the total population of Pakistan. Sindh has 22.92 % of entire
population. NWFP has 13.73 % population. Balochistan is the least populous with 5.15 % of
population while Islamabad has 0.7 % population and federally administered Tribal Areas have
2.37% percent of entire population. The current annual population growth rate is 1.8 % (2008
est.) and is ranked on 66 globally. In terms of land area it is 34th and shares 0.6 % of the world
area only and in terms of human development index it has 136th position in the world.

Table 1.1: Distributions of Area, Population by Provinces and Annual Growth

Province Area Population

Density (per sq.,
km,)
Sq. % 1998 % 1998
Km.
Pakistan 796095 100.0 132352 100.0 166
Punjab 205344 25.8 73621 55.6 359
Sindh 140914 17.7 30440 23.0 216
NWFP 74521 9.4 17744 13.4 238
Balochistan 347190 43.6 6566 5 19
Islamabad 906 0.1 805 0.6 889
FATA 27220 3.4 3176 2.4 117
Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics, 2008

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Pakistan is still amongst the high-fertility countries with a large proportion of young adults and
children. The Crude Birth Rate (CBR) in Pakistan is estimated at 25 while 10 years ago it was
31.7. Similarly Crude Death Rate (CDR) is 7.7 which was 9, about a decade ago. (Pakistan
Economic Survey 2008-09). Both of these indicate that an improvement on the population front is
evident.

1.1.9. Urban Population

The urban population is 35.35 % of the total population of the country. Fore delineation between
urban and rural areas, all places where civic affairs are run by an urban local body, like a
Municipality, Corporation, Cantonment Board, or any notified area committee are treated as
urban areas.

Table 1.2: Population by Sex and Rural/Urban Areas (millions)

Gender Rural Urban Total Population

Male 34.00 17.40 51.40
Female 32.43 16.16 48.60
Source: Pakistan Labor Force Survey 2007-08

1.1.10. Rural Population

The rural population is 64.65 % of the total population

1.1.11. Average Age of Population

The median age of the population has increased over the years from about 18 years in 1998 to 22
years in 2008.

1.1.12. Population of Working Age

According to Pakistan Labor Force Survey (2007-08) the population of working age (15-65 years) is
about 115.64 million.

Table 1.3: Population by Selective Age Groups

Administrative Less Less Less 18 65 15 to Age

Unit than 5 than than Years Years 64 dependency
Years 10 15 and and Years ratio
Years Years above above
Pakistan 13.52 15.27 13.41 51.25 3.13 54.67 88.34
Rural 7.51 10.81 9.08 2.20 34.81 95.46
Urban 4.00 4.45 4.33 53.66 0.93 19.86 75.5
N.W.F.P 15.1 17.21 14.10 47.25 3.09 50.49 100.83
Rural 12.89 14.75 11.90 46.39 2.63 41.33 104.67
Urban 2.21 2.47 2.20 50.76 0.46 9.16 83.46
Punjab 13.11 14.27 12.76 52.00 3.92 55.93 87.07

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Rural 9.3 10.32 8.8 51.33 2.89 36.71 92.24

Urban 3.81 3.95 3.97 53.5 1.03 19.22 76.62
Sindh 13.18 15.80 13.96 52.21 1.77 55.27 83.58
Rural 7.54 8.96 7.39 49.95 0.69 26.11 96.13
Urban 5.64 6.85 6.57 54.59 1.08 29.16 72.01
Baluchistan 15.05 18.31 16.12 48.69 1.01 49.52 96.79
Rural 11.76 14.01 12.38 47.79 0.61 37.18 101.5
Urban 3.29 4.21 3.73 51.58 0.40 12.34 83.17
Islamabad 11.93 25.04 37.90 55.43 2.73 59.38 68.42
Rural 13.38 27.73 41.23 52.06 2.98 55.79 79.26
Urban 11.17 23.63 36.16 57.19 2.60 61.25 63.27
Age Dependency Ratio: It is the ratio of the persons in the “dependent” ages
(under 15 and over 64 years) to those in the “economically productive” ages (15-64 years).
Source: Pakistan Labor Force Survey (2007-08)

1.1.13. Birth Rate

The Crude Birth Rate (CBR) in Pakistan is estimated at 25 while 10 years ago it was 31.7.
(Economic Survey of Pakistan 2009)

1.1.14. Life Expectancy

Table 1.4: Assumption of Total Fertility Rate (TFR) Life Expectancy

Assumptions for Total Fertility Rate Assumptions of Life Expectancy at Birth

Year High Medium Low High Medium Low
Variant Variant Variant Variant Variant Variant
1988 5.0 5.0 5.0 61.7 61.9 61.4
1988 5.0 5.0 5.0 61.7 61.9 61.4
2003 4.2 4.0 3.7 64.0 64.1 63.9
2008 3.6 3.4 3.2 66.4 66.4 66.3
2013 3.2 3.0 2.8 68.5 68.5 68.6
2018 2.8 2.7 2.4 70.6 70.5 70.8
Source: Population Census Organization

Table 1.5: Projected Population Estimates

*Total Annual *Total Annual *Total Annual *Total

Population Growth Population Growth Population Growth Population
(Million) (Million) (Million) (Million)
Year High Year High Year High Year
1988 133.2 1988 133.2 1988 133.2 1988
2003 149.3 2003 149.3 2003 149.3 2003

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2008 166.0 2008 166.0 2008 166.0 2008

2013 183.4 2013 183.4 2013 183.4 2013
2018 100.5 2018 100.5 2018 100.5 2018
2023 217.1 2023 217.1 2023 217.1 2023
Source: Population Census Organization
Source: National Institute of Population Studies, 1998
*Mid Year Population

1.1.15. Literacy Rate

According to Pakistan Social and Living Measurement (PSLM) Survey (2007-2008), the overall
literacy rate (age 10 years and above) is 56% (69% for male and 44% for female) in 2007-2008.
Literacy is higher in urban areas (71%) than in rural areas (49%) and more in men (69%)
compared to women (44%). Provincially literacy rate in Punjab is 59%, followed by Sindh (56%),
NWFP (49%) and Balochistan (46%).

1.1.16. Average Education Level

No data available yet

1.1.17. Unemployment Rate

Table 1.6: Unemployment Rates

(Percent Share)
Administrative 2007-08 (10 years and over)
Unit Both Sexes Male Female
Pakistan 5.2 4.31 8.52
Rural 4.71 3.94 6.92
Urban 6.34 5.02 17.70
N.W.F.P 8.62 6.85 15.49
Rural 8.40 6.74 14.10
Urban 9.77 7.36 33.02
Punjab 5.54 4.85 7.69
Rural 4.91 4.41 6.13
Urban 7.14 5.76 16.43
Sindh 3.10 2.41 6.88
Rural 2.04 1.32 4.62
Urban 4.52 3.63 16.81
Baluchistan 2.78 1.86 10.09
Rural 2.21 1.51 7.31
Urban 4.94 3.15 27.33
Islamabad 15.70 16.80 1.70
Rural 28.70 29.40 8.20
Urban 10.10 11.00 0.80
Un-employment Rate: It is the percentage of persons unemployed

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(those looking for work and temporary laid off) to the total economically
active population (10 years and above);
Source: Pakistan Labor Force Survey 2007-08

1.1.18. Percentage of Women Employed Outside the Home

The percentage of Women Employed outside the home is 19.59 (Source: Pakistan Labor Force
Survey 2007-08)

1.2. Political Geographic Structure of the Country

Under the Constitution of Pakistan, Federal Legislature has been empowered to make laws in
respect of any matter given in the federal legislative list while it can also make laws with respect to
any matter contained in the concurrent legislative list. Provincial assemblies are empowered to
make laws in respect of matters contained in the concurrent legislative list as also have powers to
make laws in respect to any matter not contained in the federal legislative list or the concurrent
legislature list. Federal legislative also has powers to make laws with respect to matters not
enumerated in either of the lists for such areas in the federation (NA,FATA, etc) as are not
included in any of the four provinces.

Table 1.7: Political Geographic Structure of the Country

Province/ Division District Tehsil/ Mauza/ Urban Localities

Region Taluka Deh/ Total Metro./ Municipal Town Cantonment
Village M. Committee Committee
Corp.
N.W.F.P. 7 24 59 7326 55 1 30 13 11

PUNJAB 8 34 118 25872 245 8 78 141 18

SINDH 5 21 87 5871 163 9 31 116 8

BALOCHISTAN 6 26 113@ 6584 46 1 14 28 3

ISLAMABAD - 1 1 132 1 - - - -

F.A.T.A. - 7(Agenci 42 2559# 5 - - 5 -

es)
Total:- 26 113 420 48344 515 19 153 303 40

@: Include 61 sub-tehsils.
#: Number of Villages have been shown in place of Mauzas.
Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics, 2008

1.2.1. Number of provinces, municipalities

1.2.1.1. Provinces
Punjab
Neighbouring to Sindh to the south, Balochistan and Federally Administered Tribal Areas,
Pakistan to the west, North-West Frontier, Pakistan, Kashmir, India and Islamabad to the north
and Punjab, India and other Indian states to the east, Punjab is the second largest province at
205,344 km² (79,284 square miles) and has the largest population: approximately 81 million
(55.46 % estimated) in 2009. The major language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi and Punjabis
comprise the largest ethnic group.
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The Indus River and its many tributaries traverse the Punjab from north to south. The name
Punjab is composition of "Panj" and "Ab", which means "five waters," referring to the Beas, Ravi,
Sutlej, Chenab and Jhelum rivers. Part of Indus river also lies in Punjab, but it is not considered
one of the "five" rivers. Despite its dry climate, extensive irrigation makes it a rich agricultural
region. Its canal-irrigation system established by the British is the largest in the world. Wheat and
cotton are the largest crops. Other crops include rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses,
fruits, and vegetables. Livestock and poultry production are also important.

Punjab is one of the most industrialized provinces of Pakistan; its manufacturing industries
produce textiles, sports goods, machinery, electrical appliances, surgical instruments, metals,
bicycles and rickshaws, floor coverings, and processed foods.

North-West Frontier Province (NWFP)

North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) is geographically the smallest of the four provinces of
Pakistan. Neighboring regions are Afghanistan to the west and north, and Northern Areas and
Azad Kashmir to the east. The Federally Administered Tribal Areas stand as a buffer between the
NWFP and parts of Afghanistan. Punjab and Islamabad Capital Territory are to the south.
Its area is 74,521 km² with the 13.73 % of total population and the capital and main city
Peshawar. The major language spoken in the NWFP is Pashto, and most of its residents are
Pashtuns, especially in the lowlands and the southern areas of NWFP. The mountainous northern
regions of the province are mostly non-Pashtuns, being home to diverse ethnic groups and
languages.

Sindh
Sindh is the third largest province geographically. Its size is about 579 km north-south and 442 km
(extreme) or 281 km (average) east-west, with an area of 140,915 km² The estimated population is
about 23% of the total. About half of the population is urban. Its capital is Karachi. Other towns
and cities include Hyderabad, Sukkur, Mirpurkhas, Tando Adam, Tando Allahyar, Nawabshah,
Larkana, Shikarpur, Khairpur, Badin. Languages spoken include Sindhi, Urdu and Rajasthani.
Neighbouring regions are Balochistan to the west and north, Punjab in the north and Rajasthan
(India) to the east. To the south are the Arabian Sea and the Rann of Kutch. Karachi is the
industrial hub of Pakistan and hundreds of small, medium and large industries are established in
the city.

The province contains the southern part of the Indus River valley. In the east is the Thar Desert of
India. The main crops are cotton, rice, wheat and sugar cane, with rice the most important. Other
crops include banana and mango.

Balochistan
Balochistan, the largest of the four provinces of Pakistan, spreads over an area of 347,190 Sq,
Kms., forming 43.6 per cent of the total area of Pakistan. It has clustered population and is
smallest in proportion as compared to that of other provinces. Its population, according to
estimates of 2008, is about 30 million, having a low density per square kilometer. Physically,

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Balochistan is an extensive plateau of rough terrain divided into basins by ranges of sufficient
heights and ruggedness. Broadly, Balochistan geographic area can be divided in to four distinct
zones: Upper high lands, lower high lands, plains, and deserts.
The upper highlands, known locally as Khorasan, rise as high as 3,700 meters, with valley floors
about 1,500 meters above sea levels.

The Lower High Lands have an altitude ranging from 1970 to 3940 ft (600 to 1200 M). They are
located in the south-eastern Balochistan, except eastern part of Kachi, the southern end of Dera
Bugti and Nasirabad districts. Some are extension of lower high lands that exist at boundaries of
Gwadar, Turbat, Panjgur, Kharan and Chaghi districts.

Balochistan has relatively small area of plains as compared to its total land area. Mountains
dominate the terrain, and valley floors, and piedmont plain make up only 15% of the landscape.

The coastal-line is about 760 Kilometers long, with a number of peninsulas and promontories. The
coastal area is not effectively connected with the interior; the steep hills rise abruptly beyond the
narrow coastal plain. Ports, such as Somiani, Pasni and Gwadar are unsheltered. Federal and
provincial governments have comprehensive development plans that feature a deep sea port at
Gwadar and a coastal highway.

1.2.1.2. Overview of Districts

The Districts of Pakistan form the third tier of government in Pakistan, ranking as subdivisions of
the provinces of Pakistan. Prior to August 2000, the provinces contained administrative units
called divisions which contained districts as the fourth level of government. In August 2000, the
divisions were abolished as an administrative tier, and the provinces are now directly divided into
districts.
Table 1.8: Overview of Provinces and District

Subdivision Number of Districts

Balochistan Province 27
North-West Frontier Province 24
Punjab Province 35
Sindh Province 20
Islamabad Capital Territory 1
7 Tribal Agencies plus 6
Federally Administered Tribal Area
Frontier Regions
Azad Kashmir 7
Northern Areas 6
120 Districts plus 7 Tribal
Pakistan
Agencies
Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics, 2008

Districts are further subdivided into tehsils which may contain villages or municipalities. There are
over five thousand local governments in Pakistan. Since 2001, these have been led by

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democratically elected local councils, each headed by a Nazim (the word means "supervisor" in
Urdu, but is sometimes translated as "mayor"). Women have been allotted a minimum of 33%
seats in these councils; there is no upper limit to the number of women in these councils.
Prior to 2001, there were 106 districts but with the reorganization, these were reduced to 102 by
the merger of the five districts of Karachi Central, Karachi East, Karachi South, Karachi West and
Malir to form Karachi District. The five districts had formed the division of Karachi which was
abolished. The number of districts rose to 106 again in December 2004, when four new districts[1]
were created in the province of Sindh of which one (Umerkot) had existed until 2000 and three
districts (Kashmore, Qambar and Jamshoro) were newly created.

In May 2005, the Punjab provincial government created a new district[2] by raising the status of
the Nankana Sahib from a tehsil of Sheikhpura District to a district in its own right.
In Azad Kashmir, the second tier of government is formed by two administrative divisions with a
third tier of seven districts. In the Northern Areas, there are six districts divided between two
informal regions. The Azad Kashmir and Northern Area districts are not included in the lists
below.

1.2.2. Descriptions of Local Government Entities

The provincial governments promulgated the Local Government Ordinance, 2001 in their
respective provinces to install a new integrated Local Government System with effect from 14th
August 2001 to function within the provincial framework and adhere to the Federal and
Provincial laws. The new system, which may be best described through the 5Ds Local Government
System 2001, reorients administrative system to allow public participation in decision-making. The
essence of this system is that the local governments are accountable to citizens for all their
decisions. It enables the proactive elements of society to participate in community work and
development related activities. It has also removed rural-urban divide.

The new system provides three-tier local government structure in which there is only one line of
authority in the district and district bureaucracy is responsible to the elected representatives. More
operational autonomy is ensured to the district level offices. Administrative and financial powers
of the defunct divisional offices have been, by & large, delegated to the District level.

At the top tier, the District, there is a single integrated local government called District
Government. The district government consists of Zila Nazim and District Administration. The
District Administration, which comprises district offices including sub-offices at Tehsil level. The
Provincial Government departments decentralized to the District Government are responsible to
the Zila Nazim. The administration is now responsible to serve the people. Adequate checks and
balances have been introduced in the System. The new System effectively addresses the specific
needs and problems of large cities. In addition to declaration of four provincial headquarters as
City Districts, the System has provisions to declare a city/Tehsil as City District and Towns when
it becomes urbanized and fulfills the criteria of a City District. Government of the Punjab has
declared Rawalpindi, Multan, Gujranwala and Faisalabad as City Districts in June 2005.

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The middle tier, the Tehsil, has Tehsil Municipal Administration headed by the Tehsil Nazim. The
Tehsil Municipal Administration includes the offices and sub-offices of the Urban Local Councils
established under the repealed Local Government Ordinance 1979, offices and sub-offices of Local
Government & Rural Development, Public Health Engineering and Housing & Physical Planning
Departments of Provincial Government entrusted to it for administrative and financial
management. The organizational structure of a Tehsil Municipal Administration is shown in. In a
City District, a Town Municipal Administration is organized more or less on the same pattern as
Tehsil Municipal Administration in a common District.

At the lower tier, the Union Administration, which is a body corporate, covers the rural as well as
urban areas across the whole district. It consists of Union Nazim, Naib Union Nazim and three
Union Secretaries and other ancillary staff.

The coordination between the three tiers is ensured through the following arrangements:
The Zila Council in a common district or in a city district, apart from reserved seats for women,
peasants & workers and minorities, consists of Union Nazims of all the unions in the district or
the city district. Similarly the Tehsil/Town Council, apart from reserved seats for women, peasants
& workers and minorities, consists of Naib Union Nazims of all the unions in the Tehsil in a
common district or in the town in a city district. This provides vertical linkages between the three
tiers of the local governments i.e. the Union, Tehsil, and District. Union Nazim and Naib Union
Nazim are elected as joint candidates to the Union Council, which consists of thirteen elected
members against general and reserved seats including the Union Nazim and Naib Union Nazim.

The new Local Government System envisages formula-based fiscal transfers to the districts through
Provincial Finance Awards. In addition, local governments are allowed to levy local taxes/fees from
a specified list. To promote trade and commerce in the country there will be no import/export tax
or tax on movement of goods through a district. According to the new Local Government System,
local governments are not allowed to incur any debt to finance their expenditures.

1.2.3. Division of Responsibilities between National, Provincial and Local Governments

Under the Constitution of Pakistan, Federal Legislature has been empowered to make laws in
respect of any matter given in the federal legislative list while it can also make laws with respect to
any matter contained in the concurrent legislative list. Provincial assemblies are empowered to
make laws in respect of matters contained in the concurrent legislative list as also have powers to
make laws in respect to any matter not contained in the federal legislative list or the concurrent
legislature list. Federal legislative also has powers to make laws with respect to matters not
enumerated in either of the lists for such areas in the federation (NA,FATA, etc) as are not
included in any of the four provinces.

Environmental pollution and ecology, population planning and social welfare, narcotics control,
drugs and medicines, poisons and dangerous drugs, and mental illness, etc are the subjects
included in the concurrent list of legislation. It implies that both the Federal and Provincial
Legislatures can make laws with respect to these health and environmental problems. Accordingly,
the Federal Ministry of Environment and the Pakistan Environment Protection Agency exist and

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operates in the Federal Government as also the Ministries of Health, Populations, Planning and
Social Welfare along with numerous subsidiary departments and research institutes are in
existence at the federal level. Similarly, the provincial governments also support environment
protection agencies provincial health departments and related institutions. AJ&K government too
has identical set-up of sizeable magnitude within its territory as far as the health and environmental
control is concerned. The magnitude may be smaller but an identical set-up prevails for health and
environment control in the NA and FATA.

1.2.4. Location of various ethnic groups

The population of Pakistan comprises several main ethnic groups:
1. Punjabis (44.15%)
2. Pashtuns (15.42%)
3. Sindhis (14.1%)
4. Seraikis (10.53%)
5. Muhajirs (7.57%)
6. Balochis (3.57%)
7. Others (4.66%) including dispersed Kashmiris from Indian-held Kashmir.

Smaller ethnic groups, such as Turwalis, Kalash, Burusho, Hindkowans, Brahui, Kashmiris,
Khowar, and Shina, are mainly found in the northern parts of the country. The people of the
Potohar Plateau in Northern Punjab, (Potoharis) are called potoharis.

Pakistan's census does not include the 1.8 million Afghan refugees (registered in Pakistan as Afghan
Citizens) from neighbouring Afghanistan, who are mainly found in the NWFP, Balochistan and
Sindh provinces. A number of refugees from other countries may also be found in Pakistan.

Punjabis
Punjabis in Pakistan are multi-ethnical group of people, and can be divided into sub-groups. They
are natives of Greater Punjab. The region of Pakistani Punjab has been invaded in the past by
Arabs, Turks, Persians, Afghans, thus giving a number of Punjabis diverse origin. One uniting
factor among Punjabis is their Punjabi language. Punjabis have many different dialects and that
depends in what region of Punjab they are from.

Pashtuns
Pashtuns or Pakhtuns (sometimes Pathans) Ethnic Afghans are Pakistan's second largest ethnic
groups that are native to the land principally west of the Indus River. However, they can be found
in cities all throughout Pakistan. The largest urban population of Pashtuns is interestingly found
in the city of Karachi with a total estimated population of about 4 million this is then followed by
Peshawar, Quetta, and Lahore in descending order. There are more than double the numbers of
Pashtuns in Pakistan than they are in Afghanistan, where they are the major ethnic group in that
country.

Sindhis

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Sindhis are ancient people principally inhabiting the province of Sindh, Pakistan from where the
river Indus (in ancient times revered to as Sindhus) runs and subsequently, from which they derive
the name Sindh from. Believed to be the inheritors of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization,
Sindhis are heavily influenced by the adjacent Balochis in Pakistan. Sindh also has considerable
Arabic and Persian influence. Sindhis can be also found in the southern part of Punjab, and there
is significant Punjabi influence in the Sindhi population.

Balochis
The Baloch, as an Ethnic Group, are principally, scattered almost all over Pakistan's Areawise
largest: about 44%, and Population wise, the smallest, about 6%, of Pakistan's National
Population; Province: Baluchistan. The Balochis sparsely inhabit the south-western and the
Central north-eastern parts, of Baluchistan Province.
Balochis speak many ethnic languages, Balochi, Brahui, Pushto, Sindhi, Mekrani, Farsi, and
Turkoman Dialects. Besides these, the Tajiks, speak Central Asian versions of Persian Dialet, the
Punjabis, who settled in Baluchistan, well over a century ago, and the Urdu speaking Mohajirs,
who migrated to Baluchistan, over half a century ago and settled in Baluchistan, as the Seraiki
speaking people of Jacobabad and Sibbi etc. All these Balochistanis speak their Native and the
Local Tribal Languages.

Among other smaller groups inhabiting Baluchistan, are the Kurds, who still use the Kurd suffix to
their names, and the Parsis, and Muslim Iranians, such as the Bakhtiaris, who still speak pure
Persian. According, to some recent studies, the Balochs are supposed to hail from Iranic people,
and are also closely related to the Kurdish, spread all over the Middle-East (Northern Iraq, Syria,
Iran and Turkey).

The Larger of Baloch and Brahvi Tribes are the Marris, Bugtis, and Mengals. There are also a large
number of other; smaller, area-specific and local, sub-branches of the Larger Tribes. The Total
Population of purely Baluch and Brahvi Tribals, remains under 2.2 million (2009), and the rest of
Baluchistan's total Population, of 11.6 million]; around 10 million, are of the above mentioned
Ethnic Groups, Inhabiting Pakistan's Province of Baluchistan.

Muhajirs
Muhajirs are a multi-ethnical group of people who claim descent from Arabs, Persians, Afghans
and Central Asians. One uniting factor in Muhajirs is Urdu, which is the national language of
Pakistan. Muhajirs emigrated from India after the independence of Pakistan.

Saraikis
The Saraiki people or Multani people are an ethnic group from the south-eastern areas of Pakistan.
The Seraikis maintain that they have a separate language and culture, but their language is often
viewed as a dialect of Sindhi or Punjabi depending on what area of Saraikis they are.

Hindkowans
Hindkowans are believed to be the transitional group of people between Punjabis and Pashtuns.
They are also known as Punjabi Pathans. Their traditional homeland are areas around Abbottabad

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in Hazara,and Mianwali, Dera Ismail Khan and Dera Ghazi Khan, in Punjab and Kohat, in the
Frontier Province. Peshawar's "City" population is composed of Qissa Khwani Traders, and daily
wage workers, speaks a local dialect of Punjabi.

Hazara
The Hazara are a Persian-speaking people residing in Quetta and as refugees in the Islamabad area.
Genetically, the Hazara are primarily a mixture of eastern Eurasian and western Eurasian peoples.
The genetic research suggests that they are closely related to the Mongols and the Uygurs. The
Pakistani Hazaras estimate population believed to be more than 200,000.

Makranis
Makrani are the inhabitants of Makran coast of Balochistan in Iran and Pakistan. They are the
Negroid people of Pakistan. They are the descendants of slaves first brought to Pakistan by Arab
merchants in medieval times from the Bantu-speaking parts of eastern Africa.

Tajiks
Tajiks are a Persian-speaking people, with traditional homelands in present-day Afghanistan,
Tajikistan, southern Uzbekistan, northern Pakistan and western China. The Pakistani Tajiks are
estimated to be over 1 million. Tajiks of Pakistan are often considered similar group of people as
Dardic/Chitrali people of Pakistan

1.3. Industrial and Agriculture Sector

1.3.1. Overview of Industrial Sector
In Pakistan the industrial sector comprises small, medium and large units with blend of new and
old technology. Most of the industries are situated in urban center near the population without
treatment and pollution control facilities. The major cities where industries are located are
Karachi, Lahore Faisalabad, Multan, Hyderabad, Peshawar, Gujranwala, Sialkot, and Gujrat. The
industrial states are Hatar, Gadoon, in the country. Unfortunately there is no centralized
treatment facility anywhere. Pakistan Industrial Sector is comprises in following major sub-
industrial sectors.
Textile
Sugar
Leather
Fertilizer/Agrochemical
Cement
Dairy
Food Processing
Pharmaceutical
Oil/Ghee
Paper & Pulp
Dyes and Pigments
Polyester Fiber
Industrial Cement
Supports/Goods

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Garments

Major Export oriented industries are textile, leather, carpet, supports and surgical instruments
That accounts an 80% of total exports.
Industrial States
In order to strengthen Pakistan‘s low industrial base, it was crucial to begin the formative phase
soon after independence. Pakistan‘s policy makers banked upon small industrial estates to groom
an entrepreneurial class, which was not existent at the time of Pakistan‘s creation. Pakistan‘s first
industrial estate ―Sindh Industrial Trading Estate Ltd., Karachi‖ was established in 1947.
Resources were augmented to develop numerous industrial estates in all corners of the country
and today the number of industrial estates has increased to 72. The industrial estates are
distributed in all provinces. Sindh contains the largest number of industrial estates (24), due to the
strategic location of the Province, which encompasses the only port of the country. Punjab has
established 20 industrial estates followed by 15 in NWFP, 10 in Baluchistan and 3 in Federal
Capital Area, Islamabad. The following small medium size industries have been established in the
country, industrial estates:
Light Engineering
Wood & Steel Furniture
Arms & Ammunition
Steel Re-rolling Mills
Aluminum
Plastic Products
Shoes and chapples making
Electric bulbs manufacturing
Textiles
Pharmaceutical
Soap
Chemical
Flour Mills
Ghee Mills
Food products
Ceramics & marble units

1.3.1.1. Livestock & Fisheries

Livestock
Livestock is one of the main sub-sectors of the agriculture. It plays an important role in the
economy of the country through making available the most essential items of human diet like
milk, meat, eggs and poultry and providing the principle sources of power for land cultivation and
rural transport. The role of livestock in rural economy may be realized from the fact that 30-35
million rural populations is engaged in livestock raising, having household holdings of 2-3
cattle/buffalo and 5-6 sheep/goats per family deriving 30-40% of their income from it. The
livestock includes cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, camels, horses, asses and mules.

Livestock

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Value addition 51.8% of Agriculture

GDP contribution 11.3% (Chapter no: 2 Agriculture)
Forex earnings (2001-02) 51.5 billion rupees
(11.4% of overall export earnings).
Population engaged 30 – 35 million

Milk
Annual Production (2008-09) 43562 million tons
Human consumption 35160 million tons

Meat
Production (2008-09) 2515 million tons
Beef 1601 million tons
Mutton 590 million tons
Chicken 652 million tons
Source: Ministry of Livestock and Dairy Development

Fisheries
It is an important and relatively well looked after sub-sector. Its main importance has been as a
foreign exchange earner. There has been a rapid increase in fish production since early seventies.
Most of this increase has been utilized for exports and as a component of feed for expanding
poultry industry. A fair amount of infrastructure development has taken place. This includes the
commissioning of Fish harbour at Karachi in 1959, its expansion and improvement in mid
eighties, the construction of a deep sea fish harbour at Korangi and increased facilities along the
Balochistan Coast line.

People engaged 400,000 (fisherman), 600,000 ancillary industry

Marine 167,000M. Tons, July-March (2008-09)
Inland 323,000M. Tons, July-March (2008-09)
Employment contribution 1% (of country‘s labour force)
GDP Contribution 1%
Source: Pakistan Economic Survey 2008-09

1.3.1.2. Forestry
Forestry is one of the most neglected components of the agriculture sector. Pakistan is a forest
deficit country with 4.2 million Hectare (5.3%) of forest area out of 87.98 million hectares of total
land mass. Though the forest source is meager it plays an important role in Pakistan‘s economy by
employing half a million people, providing 3.5 million cubic meters of wood and one third of
nation‘s energy needs. Forest and rangelands supports about 30 million herds of livestock. During
the year 2008-09 forests have contributed 83 thousand cubic meters of timbers, 205 thousand
cubic meters of fire wood. (Pakistan Economic Survey 2008-09) The Federal and Provincial
Governments are implementing a number of forestry projects at a total cost of Rs 6.9 billion under
the umbrella of Forestry Master Plan.

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Forest Area 4.2 million Hectare

Total landmass 87.98 million hectare
Punjab 3.7 million Hectare
NWFP 1.3 million Hectare
Balochistan 1.1 million Hectare
Azad Kashmir 0.567 million Hectare
Northern Area 3.616 million Hectare
Sindh 1.16 million Hectare
Employment contribution 0.5 million people
Wood 3.5 million m3
Livestock support 30 million m3
Timber 83 thousand m3
Firewood 205 thousand m3 *

(State Forest contribution)

Wood Product export 1.5 billion US dollars
Low wood and wood products 7.5 billion US dollars Share of Forestry in Value
Addition by Agriculture
Source: Industrial Digest of Pakistan 2005
* Pakistan Economic Survey 2008-09

Table 1.9: Major Forest Products of Pakistan

Qty in ‘000’ Cub. Meters
Value in Million Rupees
Year Timber Firewood Total
Quantity Value Quantity Vakue Quantity Value
1998-99 184 11191.1 199 86.24 383 1277.34
1999-00 425 666.2 443 337.1 868 1003.3
2000-01 380 648.7 425 394.6 805 1043.3
2001-02 363 1188.1 465 387.1 828 1575.2
2002-03 384 961.6 444 484.7 828 146.3
Net figures are for all Pakistan including Northern Area and Azad Kashmir.
Pakistan agricultural statistical book 2002-03

Table 1.10: Revenue Earned By Forest Department

Value in Million Rupees

Year Punjab Sindh NWFP Balochistan Northern Azad Total
Area Kashmir
1998-99 402.76 43.38 285.0 7 16.17 246.10 995.43
1999-00 344.5 52.7 258.2 31.2 18.6 242.7 947.9
2000-01 413.55 58.93 247.92 25.22 16.30 232.10 976.02
2001-02 535.07 65.26 318.31 33.25 180.19 6.23 1138.31

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2002-03 450.5 0.589 384.5 8.98 7.00 303.025 1118.45

Pakistan agricultural statistical book 2002-03

Table 1.11: Out Turn of Minor Forest Products

(Tons)
1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03
RESIN
Punjab -
NWFP -
Baluchistan -
AJK 238 447 398 417(P)
Total 238 447 398 417(P)
MAZRI
NWFP 1613 1590 1710 1787(P) 1493
Baluchistan 36496 1840 2671 3100(P) 2838
Total 38109 3430 4381 4887(P) 4331
EPHEDRA
Baluchistan - 0.022 1.101 0.919(P) 494.6 Cu. m.
Total - 0.022 1.101 0.919(P) 494.6 Cu. m.
Source: Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan 2002-03

1.3.1.3. Bottled Water Industry

Pakistan‘s bottled water market comprises of two main segments i.e. the retail market and the bulk
market. The retail market supplies water in 0.5, 1.5, 3.0 and 5.0 litres capacity PET bottles whereas
the bulk market makes Home and Office (H&O) deliveries in 3 and 5 gallons made of
Polycarbonate. There are around 26 players operating in the bottled water sector. However,
according to industry‘s sources, this number reaches well above 70 when small unknown operators
crop up during summer owing largely to the relax regulation and ineffective monitoring of the
sector.

The bacterial and chemical contamination associated with bottled water is a major global concern
and has sparked many controversies in Pakistan. The issue of contaminated bottled water came to
the fore when Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) claimed in its report
that all the major brands available on the market were contaminated and 10 of them not fit for
human consumption after conducting a survey in the Rawalpindi- Islamabad region where it
randomly collected 41 water samples of 26 brands from public utility stores and shops2. The relax
regulation and weak monitoring infrastructure in countries like Pakistan makes the bottled water
sector extremely susceptible to the unscrupulous bottlers.

The quality standards for bottled water have been formulated by the PSQCA. Water standards PSS
No 2102 for natural mineral water and PSS No 4639 for bottled drinking water have been
declared mandatory for mineral and bottled water manufacturers under the authority of PSQCA

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Act IV of 1996 of the Government vide SRO: 638 (1)/2000,dated September 12, 2001. The water
quality standards are mandatory, and have become legally enforceable from December 1. After
December 1, all brands of bottled water have to comply with the stipulated standards, failing
which legal action could be initiated against the non- complying bottled water manufacturers. The
PSQC has now made it obligatory for the companies to obtain license from the authority before
commencing operation. A total of 18 companies have so far been registered by the PSQCA.

1.3.1.4. Ceramics Industry

Pakistan ceramic manufacturing sector plays a significant role in the economy of Pakistan. The
sector employs over 36000 people and contributes 0.1 % to total GDP of the country and 0.5% to
the manufacturing GDP annually. Its contribution to exports of the country is about $ 12.30
million per annum.

Pakistan ceramic industry can be broadly categorized in three segments product-wise as given in
table 1.12.

Table 1.12: Spot analysis of Ceramic Industry

Organized Units
No. Units Employment
Ceramics Tiles 8 4000
Sanitary Wares 68 7200
Pottery/Crockery 132 7900

Table 1.13: Contribution of Ceramic Industry in Economy

(Production in Rs. millions)

Products 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03
Tiles 2427 2482 2784 3072
Tableware 1775 1792 1826 1896
Sanitary ware 1212 1380 1706 2194
Refractory’s 754 802 880 972
Insulators 476 570 734 916
Total 6644 7026 7930 9050
Source: Industrial Digest of Pakistan 2005

1.3.1.5. Edible Oil Sector

Edible oil industry is involved in manufacturing of compound oils i.e. edible oil (table or salad oil)
& vegetable ghee. Edible oils are further classified into Soft Oils i.e. Sunflower, Soyabeans,
Rapeseed, Corns & Canola and Hard Oils i.e. RBD Palm Oil, Crude Palm Oil etc. Major
macroeconomic indicators of this industry are tabulated below:

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Table 1.14: Spot Analysis of Edible Oil Industry

Number of industries/units operating in the 155

sector
Total capacity (Million Metric Tones) 2.7
Production (Million Metric Tones) 1.964
Export growth/trend NIL
Contribution to total exports of the country NIL
Contribution to GDP 2.8 %
Capital output ratio 1:2
Employment on sectoral basis (Nos.) 37,700
Skilled and unskilled labour ratio N. A..
Total sector-wise investment (Million PKR) 7.2
Value addition 20-30%
Source: Industrial Digest of Pakistan 2004

Total demand of Edible Oil/Ghee in the country during 2002-2003 was 1.938 million M.tons.
Out of this, 33% edible oil was produced from locally available oil seeds (Cottonseed, Rapeseed &
Sunflower etc) while 67% was imported. The imports have increased by 10% against last year due
to lower level of local oil production. The bar chart in fig. 1 shows a comparison of imports and
local oil production for the last ten years.

Imports of Edible oil

Pakistan was self sufficient in edible oil production till the 1960s. Since then, we have relied
heavily on imports to meet the consumption demand. This is mainly due to steep increase in
population, paucity of local raw materials and low yields of locally available oil seeds. The share of
edible oil imports have more or less ranged between 5-7% in total imports. During 2002-03, its
share was 4.8% against 3.8% in 2001-02.

1.3.1.6. Glass Sector

The glass industry comprises of about 37 units which are producing sheet glass, glass containers,
electric glass tubes/bulbs, neutral glass tubings and glass wares. Out of these 37 units, around 12
major glass manufacturers are producing sheet glass, containers and tubings. A unit namely Ka‘
Asul Musaf‘ Fa (Pvt) Ltd has the facility to produce both sheet glass and containers. The
production capacity of the units ranges between 10 tons/day to 200 tons/day. Most of the units
are located near the sources of raw materials. Around 73% are situated in Punjab, 19% in NWFP,
5% in Sind and 3% in Balochistan. In addition to these, there are 29 units manufacturing
pharmaceutical ampoules & vials from neutral glass tubings. Eight units are producing auto glass
products, art glass products, furniture etc. through further processing of local & imported glass.

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Table 1.15: Spot Analysis of Glass Sector

Number Of Industries/Units:
A. Formal Sector
Units in operation 37
Units under completion 1
A. Informal Sector More than 100 units
Total Installed Capacity of The Sector
Units in operation: Sheet Glass 122400 (tons)
Containers(Bottles, etc) 248265 (tons)
Neutral Glass Tubing 5625 (tons)
Neutral Glass Ampoules and 1109(pec in million)
Vials
Glass Bulb and Tube 246.5 (pec in million)
Table ware and other Glass 23755 (tons)
ware
Units under completion Float Glass 50000-60000 Tons
Production Sheet Glass 85667 (tons)
Containers(Bottles, etc) 123116 (tons)
Neutral Glass Tubing 1812 (tons)
Neutral Glass Ampoules and *665 (pec in million)
Vials
Glass Bulb and Tube 144 (pec in million)
Table ware and other Glass 12673 (tons)
ware
Contribution To Total negligible
Exports of The Country
Contribution to GDP (Mp) 0.14%
Capital Output Ratios 1:0.51
Employment 10000
Skilled And Unskilled Labor 30:70
Ratio
Capital Labor Ratio Approx. one employees
(0.9523) per one million of
investment
Total Sector-Wise Investment Rs. 10.50 billion
*Estimated
Source: Industrial Digest of Pakistan, 2005

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 National Profile for Chemical Mangement in Pakistan

There are also more than 100 units in the informal sector engaged in production of various glass
products. These units are located in Karachi, Hyderabad, Multan and Lahore. 60% of these units
produce small glass containers & table ware and the remaining units are involved in the
production of bangles, beads, tiny glasses for dresses, furniture, crystal glass products, etc.

Total investment made in the glass sector is approximately Rs 10.5 billion. The sector produced
glass products worth of about Rs 5.5 billion and contributed 1% to the total manufacturing sector
value. The sector is directly providing job opportunities to approximately 10,000 persons including
skilled, semi-skilled and un-skilled employees. In addition, more than one hundred thousand jobs
are provided by the converter units and the informal sector. (Industrial Digest of Pakistan 2005)

Minerals like silica sand of low value (approximately Rs 552/- per ton) is converted into high
valued products in the range of Rs 15,000 to Rs 26,000 per ton. The sector is also contributing
toward import substitution through saving millions of dollars by producing high & low quality
glass products.
Table 1.16: Production Statistics of Glass Industry in Pakistan

1997-98 1998-99 1999- 2000- 2001-02 2002-03

2000 2001
Sheet Glass
Physical Production 75742 78085 80500 63264 64045 85667
(Tons)
Installed Capacity 98000 98000 98000 97900 113900 122400
(Tons)
Capacity Utilization 77 80 85 65 56 70
(%)
Glass Containers
Glass Bottles etc
Physical Production 102504 115418 142277 94790 95084 123116
(Tons)
Installed Capacity 214000 210000 211000 198202 213242 248265
(Tons)
Capacity Utilization 48 55 67 60 55 50
(%)
Neutral Glass Tubing
Physical Production 2000 2000 2000 1500 2100 1812
(Tons)
Installed Capacity 5625 5625 5625 5625 5625 5625
(Tons)
Capacity Utilization 36 36 36 27 37 32
(%)
Neutral Glass Ampoules and Vials

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Physical Production 517 518 528 548 570 665*

(Tons)
Installed Capacity 765 886 886 914 938 1109
(Tons)
Capacity Utilization 68 58 60 60 61 60
(%)
Glass Bulb and Tube for electric
Physical Production 100 110 120 104 160 144
(Tons)
Installed Capacity 195 195 195 195 255 246.5 !
(Tons)
Capacity Utilization 51 56 62 53 63 58
(%)
Table ware and other Glass ware
Physical Production 14710 18464 23632 19634 21341 12673@
(Tons)
Installed Capacity 21831 29364 28455 28455 28455 23755@
(Tons)
Capacity Utilization 64 63 72 69 75 53
(%)
Average Capacity 57 58 64 56 58 54
Utilization
Data on annual rated capacity and production obtained from stakeholders
* Estimated base on increase in capacity.
@Tariq Glass Industries and Omar Glass only.
! Operational units only
Source: Industrial Digest of Pakistan, 2005

Raw materials used in sheet glass manufacturing are similar irrespective of types of processes and
technology. Almost 100% of the raw materials are indigenous and abundantly available in the
country. Raw materials used in glass manufacturing are silica sand, soda ash, dolomite, feldspar,
salt cake, lime stone and cullet. Other than silica sand and soda ash, the remaining is used in
smaller quantities.

1.3.1.7. Leather Industry

Leather and Leather products manufactured in Pakistan have a sizable market both in Pakistan
and around the world. Being an agrarian economy, Pakistan has a natural advantage in the area of
Live Stock population, which is the major input (Hides & Skins) in the leather sector. At present,
the country produces 8.4 million Hides and 41.4 million Skins with an average annual growth of
2.54% and 2.71% respectively.
Table 1.17: Spot Analysis of Leather Sector

Number of Industrial Units Operating in the Sector

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Tanneries 725
Leather Garments/Apparels 461
Footwear 524
Leather Gloves 348
Leather Goods 142
Leather Sports 160
Total Capacities
Tanned Leather 90 million Sq. m
Leather Garments/Apparels 7 million pcs.
Leather Gloves 10 million pcs.
Leather Footwear 200 million pcs.
Export Growth (1991 to 2001) 1.11 %
Contribution to Total Exports of the Country 7%
Contribution to GDP
In Total GDP 1%
In Manufacturing GDP 6%
Total Employment in the sector (estimated) 250,000
Employment ratio to total country‘s 0.70 %
employment
Value Addition
Finished Leather 20 %
Leather garments/apparels 26 %
Footwear 50 %
Technology Intermediate
Source: Industrial Difest of Pakistan 2004

More than 80 percent of the units are located at Karachi and Lahore. There are numerous tannery
units in the unorganized sector producing leather on cottage basis, with negligible use of
machinery. The main reason for heavy concentration of tanneries in Karachi and Lahore is the
availability of skilled and semi-skilled labour and technicians and a well developed market for hides
and skins. Other towns, where this industry is flourishing are Hyderabad, Multan, Shahiwal,
Kasur, Sheikhupura, Gujranwala, Sialkot and Peshawar. The growing capacity for tanning in the
country has given a fillip to the development of footwear and leather goods manufacturing
industries, which produce gloves, garments, bags and other products.

Table 1.18: Installed Capacities and Estimated Production (Million Nos.)

Estimated Production
Products Capacity Utilization
Capacities
Tanned Leather *90 sq. meter 67%
Leather Garments 7Pcs. 71%
Leather Gloves 10Prs. 50%

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Leather Footwear 200Prs. 50%

Based upon LIDO Survey of 595 units

1.3.1.8. Mining and Quarrying Industry

Nature of Industry
Mineral Occurrences
Sedimentary: includes coal, gypsum, barite, clays, silica sands, limestone, building stones, rock
salt, iron ores, etc.

Igneous: includes Sulphur, Beryl, Chromites, Magnesite, Porphyry, Copper, Iron and Granite.

Metamorphic: includes Marble, Fluorites, Radioactive minerals, precious and semi precious
stones, etc.
Table 1.19: Spot Analysis of Mining and Quarrying Sector

2001-02 2002-03
Total GDP (Billion Rs) 3628.731 4018.112
Total GDP (Billion USD) 60.791 58.46
2.4 (2008-09) (Pakistan
Contribution to GDP (%) 0.5
Economic Survey 2008-09)
Minerals Contribution in GDP
21.203.274.8 2.574
(Billion Rs)
Foreign Direct Investment
3.992 137.2 (JUL-MARCH)
(Million USD)
Employment (in million) 560.947 652.294
Total Exports (Billion Rs) 634.630 714.372
Total Imports (Billion Rs) 0.971 0.827
Export of Minerals (Billion Rs) 7.228 7.194
Import of Minerals (Billion Rs) 2.18 1.53
Contribution to Total Exports
1.354 1.147
(%)%age of Total Imports
Mineral Wealth (estimated figures of some minerals)
296 Million US
Crude oil
Barrels
Iron Ore Million Tons
Natural Gas Billion CU. Meter
Copper Million Tons
Coal Billion Tons
Bauxite Million Tons
Gypsum Anhydrite Million Tons
Lead and Zinc Million Tons
Fire Clay Million Tons
Rock Salt Million Tons

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1.31%
Growth Rate of Mining and
(July –March 2008-09, Economic Survey of
Quarrying
Pakistan
Table 1.20: Major Products by Mineral Sector
Minerals Reserves Unit of Year-wise Extraction
Measurement 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2007-08 2008-09
(Jul-Mar) (Jul-Mar) P
Antimony Tons 91 119 245 165 60
Aragonite/Marble Very Large 000 Tons 1835 1980 1537 1122 980
Deposits
China Clay 4.9 million 000 Tons 53 31 32 25 23
tons
Celestite Not Tons 3160 1530 1310 1010 670
Estimated
Chromite Fairly Large 000 Tons 52 104 115 69 81
Deposits
Coal 185 billion 000 Tons 3854 3702 4066 2948 2960
tons
Dolomite Very Large Tons 183952 342463 359994 258496 246489
Deposits
Fire Clay Over 100 000 Tons 333 347 330 24 259
million
tons
Fullers Earth Fairly Large 000 Tons 16 11 11 9 8
Deposits
Gypsum Anhydrite 350 million 000 Tons 601 624 660 495 532
tons
Lime Stone Very Large 000 Tons 18427 25512 31789 24135 24540
Deposits
Magnesite 12 million Tons 2446 3445 3940 3665 1864
tons
Rock Salt Over 100 000 Tons 1859 1873 1849 1377 1380
million
tons
Silica Sand Very Large 000 Tons 411 402 403 304 280
Deposits
Ochre ….. Tons 34320 61665 46215 29782 44566
Sulphur 0.8 million Tons 24730 27710 29485 22205 19907
tons
Soap Stone 0.6 million 000 Tons 21 45 38 33 26
tons
Baryte 30 million 000 Tons 52 47 50 37 46
tons
Bauxite/Laterite Over 74 Tons 60370 150796 174223 144296 135745
million
tons
Iron Ore 430 million Tons 130259 12589 286255 220233 240920
tons
Crude oil 296 million m. barrels 23.94 24.62 25.60 19.16 19.26
US barrels

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Natural Gas 492 billion 000 m.co.mtr. 39.65 40.03 41.18 30.86 30.96
cu. Meter
P Provisional
Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics
1.3.1.9. Paper and Paper Board Industry
The Majority of the Paper and Paper Board mills are of low production capacities with only 7 mills
having a capacity of more than 100 tons per day in Pakistan. The designed capacities of the units
range from 1500 tpy to 88,000 tpy. Approx 70% of the mills are located in Punjab, 20% in Sindh
and 10% in NWFP. The industry is heavily capital intensive. During 2002-03, the sector produced
Paper & Paper Board worth around Rs 14.3 billion, contributing 2.35% to the total
manufacturing sector value. The sector is also contributing toward import substitution by saving
millions of dollars by producing high & low quality Paper & Paper board locally.

The existing production units require technological up gradation through greater investments for
overcoming the environmental hazards arising from their operations. The pulp and paper mills
contaminate the environment both as a result of atmospheric pollution through gaseous discharges
as well as water pollution through discharge of process and conveying water.

Table 1.21: Spot Analysis of Paper and Paper Board Sector

Number of Industries/Units 100 Units

Paper & Paper Board 44 Units
Manufacturing Units
Wrapping and Packaging Paper 38 Units
Plants
Writing and printing Paper Units 18 Units
Total Installed Capacity of the Sector 650000 tons per annum
Total Installed Capacity of Association Member 436500 tons
Units
Production Reported by Association Member 354852 tons
Units
Export Growth/Trend Sporadic/ Rudimentary
Local Production as %age of Global Production 0.1%
Contribution to Total Exports of the Country Nominal
Contribution to GDP (mp) 0.36%
Capital output ratios 1:0.35
Employment on sectoral basis 100000 persons (approx.)
Skilled and Unskilled Labor ratio 30:70
Capital labor ratios 4 employees (app.) per 1million
of investment
Total sector-wise investment Rs. 30 billion (approx)
Inflow of Foreign Direct Investment (wherever -
relevant

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Value Addition 46% @

Technology
Low Tech. 93%
Intermediate 7%
High Tech -
Source of machinery Finland, Sweden,& Korea
@ Based on audited accounts for 1998-99 of Packages Limited, Century Paper and Board
Mills Limited, security Papers Ltd. And Malik Board & Paper Industries (Pvt) Ltd.

1.3.1.10. Plastic Sector

The Pakistan Plastic industry comprises of an up-stream organized segment having 7 units and a
down-stream segment dominated by a large informal sector of over 5,000 units. The down-stream
plastic processing industry also comprises of an estimated 700 organized units. Total investment
made by the large-scale upstream plastic industry is around Rs. 5.677 billion. An estimated Rs 10
billion has been invested by the down-stream plastic industry of Pakistan. The plastic industry of
Pakistan has seen a remarkable average annual growth rate of around 15 per cent during the last
four years against a global average of 8 per cent despite severe technical and institutional
impediments.

Table 1.22: Demand & Supply – Major plastic Raw Materials

(000 M. Tones)
Product Consumption Estimated demand
2001-02 2004-05 2009-10
Poly Ethylene (PE) 157.50 235.00 340.00
Poly Propylene (PP) 144.00 150.00 205.00
Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) 78.00 95.00 120.00
Poly Styrene (PS) 23.40 35.00 45.00
TOTAL 402.90 515.00 710.00
Source: ENAR PETROTECH Services

Plastics material being consumed in industry includes thermoplastics and thermosetting resins.
Among the thermoplastics category, bulk consumption is of Polyethylene (PE), Polyvinyl Chloride
(PVC), Polypropylene (PP) and Polystyrene (PS). The thermosetting resins being consumed are
urea formaldehyde, phenol formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde and Polyester resins.

Import of main raw materials like PE, PP, PS, PVC, Acrylic Polymers, Polyester Fibre and
Polyethers constitute three fourth of the total plastics import. The total consumption of major
thermoplastics (i.e. PE, PVC, PP, PS) during 2002-03 is estimated at 412,000 metric tons. With
the exception of PVC, total requirements of thermoplastics are being met through imports. In
2001-02 import bill of thermoplastics (including VCM and styrene) was estimated to be over US$
260.00 million.

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The PVC requirement of the downstream processing industry is now largely being met by Engro
Asahi and Polymers Limited with its 100,000 M. Tons PVC plant at Karachi. Major products
being manufactured by the plastics processing industry of Pakistan include a wide range of
medium to good quality products like household utensils, dinnerware, furniture, toys, plastic
sheets, floor coverings, tiles, pipes and piping materials, polypropylene bags for cement and
fertilizer, shopping bags, baskets, bottles and containers, a variety of packaging materials for
pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, processed foods and dairy products, PVC/ plastic coated electric and
telephone cables, kitchen gadgets and other decorative items. Table 1.23 shows the breakdown of
plastic materials with growth figures.

Table 1.23: Breakdown of Plastic Materials with Growth

Plastics End Use Industries Growth

Poly Vinyl Chloride Pipes, Artificial Leather, Cable 10%
(PVC) Coating, Packaging, Footwear
Poly Ethylene (PE) Film for packaging, Bottles and 27%
Pipes
Poly Propylene (PP) Woven Bags, Auto Parts, 17%
Packaging, Pipes, House Ware and
Medical Applications.
Polystyrene (PS) House and Sanitary Wares, Auto 6%
Parts, Electrical Parts
Source: Industrial Digest of Pakistan 2004

During the last ten years, investment has been made by small and medium size enterprises for
manufacture of PVC tiles, doors, windows, laminated films, refrigerator and deep freezer parts,
footwear, auto parts, industrial laminates, melamine tableware, collapsible tubes, and many other
plastic products.

The types of processes being employed by the industry include extrusion, blow and injection
moulding and calendaring, etc. The injection and blow-moulded products include household
articles, automotive or industrial parts, bottles, containers, shoes, etc. The products made by
employing extrusion process include packaging film, pipes, wires, cables and woven bags or cloths.
The total plastic materials processing capacity in the country is estimated to be around 500,000
MTPY.

1.3.1.11. Food Processing Industry

The processed food and beverages industry is considered to be one of the largest industrial sectors
in Pakistan. It accounts for approx. 29% of total production and 17% of total employment in the
manufacturing sector.

Table 1.24: Processed Food and Beverages Sector Profile

Products

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Fruit and Vegetable Processing 25 Units

Capacity 30000 M. tons
Sea food 26 Units
Capacity
Production 25000 M. tons
Confectionery 23 Units
Capacity 30300 M. tons
Biscuit and Bread 42 Units
Capacity 46830 M. tons
Production 80% 37464 M. tons
Cereals 1 Units
Capacity 350 M. tons Corn Flakes
325 M. tons Rice Cereals
Production 100% of Capacity
Beverages 157 Units
Capacity 800 million litres
Production 750 million litres
Fruit Juice/Pulp 25 Units
Capacity 400000 M. tons
Meat and Poultry Processing 3 Units
Capacity (Meat Processing) 600000 Kg/Annum
Poultry 8000 birds/hour
Production Operating below Capacity
Dairy 38 Units
Capacity (Milk Processing) 795 million litres
Ice-cream 47.5 million litres
Production (Milk) 365 million litres
Industrial digest of Pakistan 2005

The total value of food and beverages production is over Rs 48 billion.

The industry includes:

Segments Products
Sea Food Chilled or frozen fish, fish meat,
Live Stock & Poultry Fresh Beef, Mutton, Poultry meat, processed beef, mutton (sausages &
smoked meat), ready to cook poultry meat etc
Fruits & Vegetables Fresh fruit & vegetable processing Jams, Pickles, Ketchups, sauces, canned
products, etc
Beverages Carbonated soft drinks, fruit juices/pulp, syrup, fruit based drinks
Confectionery Sweets, Toffees, candies
Biscuits & Breads Biscuits, wafers, white & brown bread, rusks etc.
In addition there are small vegetable dehydration, spices, cereals and seasoning facilities

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Dairy, Sugar, grains, flour mills, hydrogenated vegetable oil industry etc. are covered independently
in other sector profiles.

The existing fruit and vegetable processing industry is concentrated around Karachi, Lahore and
Peshawar. Approximately 25 firms with an estimated installed production capacity of 30,000 M.
tons produce squashes, jams & jellies, pickles and canned fruits and vegetables. The production of
fruit preserves is currently estimated at 15,000 metric tons; jams jellies and marmalades 2,000
metric tons; pickles and chutney 10,000 metric tons; tomato ketchup 10,000 metric tons and
syrups and squashes 18 million bottles. Their plant capacities, however, are under-utilized and can
be increased to 2 – 3 times their present level.

Sea Food
The sea coast of Pakistan yields large varieties of fish including shrimp, crab, lobster, sardines,
salmon, pomfret, sole & tuna. Of this 47% is fit for human consumption. Marine production
accounts for 73% of total fish production in the year 2003. There are 26 fish processing plants
with capacity to process 253.75 M. tons of fish & shrimp daily. Only 20 plants are operational.
Out of these 17 plants are involved in production of frozen products, one in canning and 8 in fish
meal. Eight plants have received export certification from Pakistan Marine fisheries department
and 3 are in process of being approved. Almost all the frozen & canned sea food products are
exported. Bulk of the processed fish meal is utilized in the country in the manufacture of poultry
feed.

Confectionery
There are about 23 units in the organized sector which together have a capacity of 30,300 metric
tons of sweets, 12,000 metric tons of toffees, 7,800 metric tons of bubble gum, and 4,200 metric
tons of chocolates, a combined capacity of 54,300 metric tons. Actual production is estimated at
over 32,000 metric tons per year. In addition, a number of small units in the informal sector,
which collectively have an estimated capacity of 12,000 metric tons produce approximately 5,000
metric tons of confectionery per annum.

Cereals
The Pakistani market for cereals for PFY –03 was estimated at USD 3.5 million approximately.
Domestic supply relies on a single Pakistan Army owned and operated unit which produces 350
metric tonnes of corn flakes and 325 metric tons of rice cereal and porridge annually.

Spices
The local production of spices includes peppers, coriander, turmeric and ginger.
Production in the years 2002-03 has been as under:
(M.ton)
Coriander 2200
Turmeric 39800
Ginger 36
(Source Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan 2002-03)

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Beverages
Beverage processing includes carbonated soft drinks (CSD), fruit juices, syrups and juice flavoured
drinks. The per capita consumption of carbonated drinks is 16 bottles of 8 ounce each per annum.
The total demand for CSD is 90 million cases, which contains 24 bottles each of 8 ounces.
Pakistan has the lowest per capita consumption of CSD in the world. There are about 157
beverages processing plants meeting the overall demand of the country. Both Pepsi and Coca-cola
have established concentrate plants in Pakistan and supervise franchise rights on behalf of their
parent company in USA. Both companies distribute their own products through distributors. The
market for CSD within 5 years has grown from 2-3% to 10-12% on this account (Industrial Digest
of Pakistan 2005).

Fruit Juice
The demand for fruit juices is only 20-25% of the demand for CSD. Pakistan currently has 24 fruit
juice/pulp processing plants and a number of small units in the informal sector. The present
installed capacity is estimated around 400,000 metric tons per annum. The fruit juice market is
estimated between 2.5 billion to 2.8 billion Rupees.

1.3.1.12. Sugar Sector

Pakistan is the 5th largest country in the world in terms of area under sugar cane cultivation, 11th by
production and 60th in; yield. Sugarcane is the primary raw material for the production of sugar.
Since independence, the area under cultivation has increased more rapidly than any other major
crop. It is one of the major crops in Pakistan cultivated over an area of around one million
hectares.

The sugar industry in Pakistan is the 2nd largest agro based industry comprising 81 sugar mills with
annual crushing capacity of over 6.1 million tones. Sugarcane farming and sugar manufacturing
contribute significantly to the national exchequer in the form of various taxes and levies. Sugar
manufacturing and its by-products have contributed significantly towards the foreign exchange
resources through import substitution.

Table 1.25: Spot Analysis of sugar Industry

81 (71 - operational, 2 - under

No. of Mills
construction, 4 - completed)
Crushing Capacity 6.1 Million tones
Contribution to Economy
Share in GDP 1.9 %
Employment 1.5 Million (directly & indirectly)
Total investment PKR 100 Billion (Approx.)
Average Yield per Hectare 46.8 Tones
Total Cane Production 45.0 – 55.0 Million Tones
Cane Available 30.0 – 43.0 Million Tones
Average Recovery of Sugar 9.1 (vs. world average 10.6%)

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Per Capita Consumption 25.8 kgs. Per Capita

Contribution to Exchequer Rs. 12.16 Billion

Table 1.26: Sugarcane Production and Recovery

Year Cane Crushed Sugar Made Recovery

Tonnes Tonnes
2001-02 36,708,638 3,197,745 8.71%
2002-03 41,786,689 3,652,745 8.74%
2003-04 43,661,378 3,997,010 9.15%
2004-05 32,101,739 2,922,126 9.10%
2005-06 30,090,632 2,588,176 8.59%

Table 1.27: Sugar Production by type of raw Material (In Tonnes)

Year Sugarcane Beet Raw Total

2001-02 3,197,745 29,172 22,111 3,249,028
2002-03 3,652,745 22,066 1,945 3,676,759
2003-04 3,997,016 23,796 - 4,020,806
2004-05 2,922,125 11,373 182,303 3,115,801
2005-06 2,588,176 8,934 401,396 2,998,506

Sugar industry is mostly located in the rural areas of Punjab and Sindh. A small percentage of
total production is produced in the NWFP. Previously, Punjab was partly dependent on supply of
sugar from Sindh, but lately the establishment of some large scale units in Punjab has made the
Province self-sufficient in the commodity. Sugar production is seasonal activity. The mills, at an
average operate for 150 days, and supplies are made throughout the year. The province wise sugar
production is given in following table.

Table 1.28: Province wise sugar production

(In Tonnes)
Province 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 2002-03
Punjab 1,832,228 2,182,330 2,599,490 2,351,102
Sindh 1,038,122 801,063 1,221,268 1,158,674
NWFP 128,157 132,407 176,252 166,983
TOTAL 2,998,507 3,115,801 3,997,010 3,676,759

1.3.1.13. Textile Industry

Textile industry is the dominant-manufacturing sector in Pakistan. It is based on locally available
raw cotton, employs 38% of total industrial labour force and contributes 27% of industrial value

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addition with 67% share in total exports of the country. Textile production comprises of cotton,
cotton yarn, cotton fabric, fabric processing (Grey-dyed-printed), home textiles, towels, hosiery &
knitwear and readymade garments.

Table 1.29: Spot Analysis of Textile Sector

Total number of Units

Ginning 1221 (installed capacity: one million
bales on single shaft basis, total
capacity: 20 million bales on three
shaft basis)
Spinning 521
Composite Units 50
Spinning Units 471
Weaving
Large 140
Small 425
Power Looms 23652 (shuttle looms)
Finishing
Large 106
Small 625
Garments
Large 600
Small 4500
Knitwear 700
Towels 400
Total Capacities 20 Million Bales
Spinning 1818 Million Kg Yarn
Weaving 4897 Sq. Mtr. Fabric
Finishing 4600 Million Sq. Mtr.
Garments 685 Million PCS
Knitwear 550 Million PCS
Towels 55 Million Kgs
Contribution to total exports 53.7% (2008-09)
Contribution to GDP 11% of total GDP
Sector Employment 16 Million
Skilled and unskilled ratio 70:30
Total Sector Investment 315% of total manufacturing
investment
Value Addition (in Aggregate) 27 %
Source: Industrial Digest of Pakistan 2004

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1.3.1.14. Cement Industry

Cement Industry is indeed a highly important segment of industrial sector that plays a pivotal role
in the socio-economic development. There Are Presently 29 Cement Plants with installed
production capacity of 44.09 Million Tones in the Country, 19 are in the north zone while 10 are
in south zone. The north with the installed production capacity of 35.81 Million Tones (80%)
while the south with installed capacity of 8.89 Million Tones (20%) compete for the domestic
market of over 19 Million Tones. Most of the cement industries in Pakistan are located
near/within mountainous regions that are rich in clay, iron and mineral capacity. Cement sector is
contributing above Rs. 30 Billion to the national exchequer in the form of taxes. The industry is
providing job opportunities to more than 150,000 people across the country.

Table 1.30: Spot Analysis of Cement Industry

Installed Capacity 39 Million Tones

No. of Units 29
Local Demand (2007-08) 22.6 Million Tones
Production 2008-09 (July-Feb.) 19.2
Projected Capacity 2010-11 48 Million Tones
Source: Ministry of Industries and Production

Fig 1A: Geographical distribution of cement industry in Pakistan

Units

Punjab
Sindh
NWFP
Baluchistan

Source: Industrial digest of Pakistan 2004

1.3.1.15. Oil & Gas Sector

The primary commercial energy supplies during 2007-08 were 62.9 million tonnes of oil
equivalent (mtoe). The share of natural gas in primary energy supplies during 2007-08 was 47.5%
followed by oil 30.5 and LPG 0.7%. Natural gas production during the year was 3,973 million
cubic feet per day while oil production was 69,954 barrels per day.

Oil consumption increased by 7.3% during 2007-08 over the preceding year. Main increase was in
transport sector (18%) followed by domestic (14%), agriculture (12%) and power (5%) sectors. The
consumption declined in industry and other government sectors by 33% and 5%. Product wise,
gasoline consumption increased by 27.3% and HSD by 13.5% while FO increase was only 1.2%

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over the last year. Imports of petroleum products increased by 8.4% as compared to the previous
year. HSD imports increased by 13.5% while FO imports decreased by 1% during 2007-08. The
refineries production was up by 4.2% producing about 10% more quantities of HSD and gasoline
during 2007-08 as compared to the preceding year.

Natural gas consumption increased slightly by 4.4% during 2007-08 as compared to the previous
year. Main increase was in transport sector (28%) followed by domestic (10%), commercial (8%)
and industry (5%). Natural gas consumption decreased during 2007-08 in cement industry by 13%
and in power sector by 1% over the previous year.

Coal production increased by 13% in 2007-08 over the previous year due to multifold increased
production from Barkhan coalfield in Balochistan. The coal imports have also gone up by 40.8%
resulting in overall increase in coal supplies/consumption by 28.1% over the last year. Major part
of the increased supplies is assumed to have been consumed in cement and other industries.
Consumption of coal in power generation decreased by 1.3% from 164,397 tonnes in 2006-07 to
162,200 tonnes in 2007-08.

Table 1.31: Primary Hydrocarbon Energy Supplies by Source

Unit: TOE
%Share
Source 2007-08
Quantity % Share
Oil 19206441 30.5%
Gas 29872105 47.5%
LPG 418952 0.7%
Coal 5783844 9.2%
Source Energy Yearbook 2008, HDIP

Table 1.32: Sectoral Consumption of POL Products by Province (2007-08)

Unit: Tones
TOE
Energy Domestic Industry Agriculture Transport Power Other Total
Products Govt.
Punjab 86036 573840 101450 5131082 3997678 84985 9975071
88755 580645 105658 5406918 3903793 88501 10174269
Sindh 18865 302315 6666 2564444 1450097 167817 4510204
19459 306462 6945 2696579 1412951 176685 4619081
NWFP 13746 152805 1152 1349525 1835 56520 1575583
14180 152645 1200 1420252 1923 59205 1649405
Balochistan 1941 35343 83 204133 1634323 1179 1877002
2002 350892 86 215127 1591395 1239 1845742
A. J. & K. 373 6888 0 135298 - 0 142559
385 7241 0 142661 - 0 150288

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Energy 120961 1071191 109351 9384482 7083933 310501 18080419

Products-
Total
124781 1082885 113889 9881537 6910062 325631 18438785

Unit: TOE
Non- Domestic Industry Agriculture Transport Power Other Total
Energy Govt.
Products
Punjab - 175145 0 43857 4142 24109 247253
Sindh 0 101858 - 25905 2069 19379 149209
NWFP - 14311 - 5866 547 10608 31332
Balochistan - 2680 - 3870 282 6882 13714
Azad - 298 - 799 - 5316 6413
Kashmir
Non- 0 294290 0 80297 7040 66294 447921
Energy
Total
Source: Energy Yearbook 2008, HDIP

Fig 1B: Petroleum Products Consumption by Sector

2007-08
Total: 18.08 Million Tonnes
0.60% 5.90% 0.70%
1.70% Agriculture
Industrial
Domestic
51.90% 39.20% Other Govt
Power
Transport

Table1.33: Import of Crude Oil

Qty. in TOE
(Value in Million US$)
Refinery 2007-08
Bosicor Refinery 790760
817488
(550.59)
Pakistan Refinery 849852
878577
(567.72)

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National Refinery 2223469

2298622
(1518.52)
PARCO 4559532
4713644
(3104.03)
Total 8423613
8708331
(5740.86)
Annual Growth Rate of Qty. 2.40%
Source: Energy Yearbook 2008, HDIP

Table 1.34: Import of Petroleum Products

Unit: Qty. in Tonnes
Qty. in TOE
(Value in Million US$)
Products 2007-08
100/LL 121499
126614
(122.75)
HSD 4507873
4739127
(3863.08)
High Sulphur Furnace Oil 3921425
3818292
(1913.94)
Low Sulphur Furnace Oil 346906
337782
(199.76)
Motor Spirit 127386
136099
(106.44)
Total 9025089
9157914
(6205.97)
Annual Growth Rate of Qty. 8.35%
*For convenience of calculations, the conversion factors for HSFO and
LSFO have been assumed as same.
Source: Energy Yearbook 2008, HDIP

Table 1.35: Import of Petroleum Products

Unit: Qty. in Tonnes
Qty. in TOE
(Value in Million US$)

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Products 2007-08
Crude Oil -
-
Energy Products Naptha 944898
1009529
(778.16)
Motor Spirit 41392
44223
(35.36)
HSD 20052
21081
(21.51)
Kerosene -
0
-
JP-1 330827
341281
(374.60)
Furnace Oil 169
165
(0.09)
Total Energy Products 1337338
1416279
(1209.72)
Asphalt 0
-
Lubes -
-
Grand Total 1337338
1416279
(1209.72)
Source: Energy Yearbook 2008, HDIP
Fig 1C: Natural Gas Consumption by Sector

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 National Profile for Chemical Mangement in Pakistan

2007-08
Total: 1275 Billion Cu.Ft.
2.70%
Commercial
16.00%
Domestic
25.30% Transport (CNG)
5.60%
1.00% Power
3.10% 33.70% Fertilizer (Fuel)
12.60% Fertilizer (Feedstock)
Cement

Source: Energy Yearbook 2008, HDIP

Table 1.36: Natural Gas Consumption 2008-09 by Sector

Unit: Billion CFt

(Percent change)
Sectors 2008-09 (July-March)
Domestic 172
-0.5%
Commercial 26.4
3.2%
Industrial 234
2.8%
Pakistan steel Mills/ Gen. Industry* 16901
395483
Cement 6
-35.3%
Fertilizer 150
0.7%
Fertilizer (as Fuel use)/ (as 40001
feedstock)
782979
Power 278
-13.1%
Transport 65725
27.1%
Total 66591.4
-15.1%
Annual Growth Rate 4.45%
Source: Energy Yearbook 2008, HDIP

Table 1.37: Natural Gas Consumption 2007-08 by Province

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Unit: Million CF1

TOE
Sectors Punjab NWFP Sindh Balochistan Total
Domestic 118648 17589 59648 8150 204035
2776354 411585 139563 190710 4774412
Commercial 21151 2314 9858 582 33905
494925 54146 230677 13619 793367
Gen. 180446 12155 111846 215 305662
Industry*
4222431 307832 2617196 5031 7152491
Pakistan steel - - 16901 - 16901
Mills
- - 395483 - 395483
Cement 7155 2162 3419 0 12736
167435 50586 80005 0 298025
Fertilizer (as 108920 31 51112 - 160062
feedstock)
2123340 722 1021564 - 3145626
Fertilizer (as 27782 28 12191 - 40001
Fuel use)
539712 656 242612 - 782979
Power 146848 - 203436 79608 429892
3219637 - 4351401 921882 8492919
Transport 45192 9438 17198 190 72018
1057504 220849 402433 4446 1685232
Total 656141 44717 485609 88745 1275212
14601338 1046376 10737134 1135687 27520535
* Includes 5091 MMcft as Shrinkages at JJVL in 2005-06
Source: Energy Yearbook 2008, HDIP

Table 1.38: Production of Coal by Field

Unit: Tonnes
Province/Field 2007-08
BALOCHISTAN
Scr Range 117681
Degari 43175
Sharigh 184989
Sinjidi 120515
Mach 293340
Hamai-Khost-nasaka-Zardalu 93931
Duki 564944
Pir Ismail Ziarat 318166

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Abegum 11697
Barkhan/Chamalong 520185
Sub-Total 2268623
PUNJAB
Makerwal/ Salt Range 553453
Sub-Total 553453
SINDH
Lakhra 1038926
Jhimpur 19936
Sub-Total 1058862
NWFP/FATA
Makerwal/Gulakhel/Kohat, FATA 242969
Sub-Total 242969
Total: Tonnes 4123907
TOE 1845036
Annual Growth Rate 13.21%
*Field-wise breakup not available
Source: DG (Minerals), Provincial Directorates of Mineral Development.

Table 1.39: Import of Coal*

Unit 2007-08
Tonnes 5986940
TOE 3938808
Import Value (Million Rs) (15720)
Annual Growth Rate 40.83%
*Includes coal imported by Pak Steel for use as coke.
**Include 458356 tonnes of metallurgical coke imported by Pak Steel
Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics, Pakistan Steel Mills Corporation.

Table 1.40: Consumption of Coal by Sector

Unit: Tonnes
TOE
Sector 2007-08
Domestic 1000
447
Brick-Kiln industry* 3760707
1682540
Cement/Other Industry** 5720972
3721727
Pak Steel*** 465968
306560

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Power (WAPDA) 162200

72568
Total: Tonnes 10110847
TOE 5783844
Annual Growth Rate 28.08%
Note: Sectoral consumption data of coal is mostly not available,
except for power sector and has, therefore, been estimated.
*Estimated by deducting other uses of indigenous coal from the total production.
**Include indigenous as well as imported coal.
***Imported coal/coke used as coke in Pak Steel.
Source: Cement Factories, DG (Minerals), FBS, Pak Steel, PMDC, WAPDA.
1.3.1.16. Chemical Industry
Overview of Chemical Industry
Chemicals are divided in two main categories from value addition point of view. Those produced
in large and bulk quantities but with lower value addition are called Commodity Chemicals.
Examples are fertilizers and soda ash, etc. Specialty Chemicals are those produced in smaller
quantities with higher value addition. Examples are dyes & pigments, pharmaceuticals and
enzymes, etc. Chemical sector plays a vital role in the economic development of the country. This
sector is diversified and covers a vast range of products.

At the time of independence, chemical industry in Pakistan was practically non-existent. Over the
years, some traditional sectors have developed, however the Chemical Industry in Pakistan is still
at a very nascent stage. In early 50‘s, PIDC was setup by the Government, for industrialization of
the country. As a result, a large chemical estate comprising Pak American Fertilizers, Maple Leaf
Cement, Antibiotics (Penicillin) and Pak Dyes & Chemicals, was established at Iskanderabad
(DaudKhel), district Mianwali. This estate played an important role and served as a nucleus for
chemical industry in Pakistan.

In 1960‘s, another chemical complex was set up in private sector at Kala Shah Kaku, Lahore.
Chemical factories also started emerging at Karachi due to the investment friendly policies which
gave confidence to the investors. Total investment in 2003 in chemical industry was at around Rs
360 billion.

At present there are nearly 30 chemical companies with an estimated investment of about Rs. 3.5
billion. The larger enterprises include, Fauji Fertilizers, ICI Pakistan, Engro Chemical, dawood
Hercules, Clariant Pakistan, Sitara Chemicals, Colgate Palmolive, Berger Paints, BOC Pakistan,
Sindh Alkalis and Dyno Pakistan.

Following are the major end products under this sector:

Petrochemicals
Soda Ash & Sodium Bicarbonate
Fertilizers
Caustic Soda & Chlorine

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Synthetic Fibers
Sulfuric Acid & Other acids
Alcohol from Molasses
Organic Chemicals
Pesticides
Dyes & Pigments
Plastics & Resins
Textile & Tannery Chemicals
Paints & Varnishes
Water Treatment Chemicals
Oleo Chemicals & Soaps, Detergents and Cosmetics
Food Chemicals
Paper & Paper board
Essential Oils

Pakistan‘s total imports have exceeded US$ 10 billion out of which chemicals imports constitute
approximately US$ 2 billion. A detailed list of the main chemicals imported during 2008-09 along
with their quantities & values is given at Table 2.2. Similarly main chemicals exported to various
countries during the same period are listed at Table 2.3. In following section there a brief summary
about various chemicals produced in Pakistan will be given.

Table 1.41: Chemical Related Groups (data not provided)

Chemical Group Import Export

Organic Chemicals
Plastics & Resins
Pharmaceuticals
Pesticides and others
Fertilizers
Paper and Paper Board
Dyeing and Tanning
Chemicals
Inorganic Chemicals
Synthetic Fibers
Essential Oils
Glass
TOTAL

i. Petrochemicals
Petrochemical products currently form an essential base for production of wide range of industrial
and consumer products. At present, the petrochemical industry of Pakistan is limited to
production of polyvinyl chloride (based on imported VCM), synthetic fibers, i.e. polyester,

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 National Profile for Chemical Mangement in Pakistan

polyamide, aromatics (Benzene, Toluene, Xylene), Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA) and carbon
black.

Pakistan has no facility to produce basic petrochemicals like Ethylene, Propylene, Butadiene,
Styrene, etc. and they are being imported in bulk. Petrochemicals provide raw materials for
plastics, detergents, dyes, paints & varnishes and pesticides industry in Pakistan. They are also used
as additives in the lubricating oils. Most of the specialty and fine chemicals belong to the
petrochemical group.

Pure Terephthalic Acid (PTA)

Purified Terepthalic Acid (PTA) is basic raw material for production of polyesters. In 1998 ICI
Pakistan setup PTA production facility at Port Qasim, Karachi. The facility is capable of producing
400,000 MTPY of PTA with an investment of US$ 450 million. The plant production during last
four years ranged between 175,832 to 397,000 metric tons. The current requirement of
PTA is estimated to be around 450,000 metric tons. The requirement is being shared by local
production and imports in ratio of 76:24.
The demand/supply pattern of PTA during 1998-2003 is presented below:

Table 1.42: Demand/Supply Pattern of PTA

(Metric Tons)
Year Demand Supply
Local Imports Exports
1998-99 395747 175832 219915 -
1999-00 392905 262811 148199 18105
2000-01 366934 329143 128257 90465
2001-02 449814 395803 126955 72944
2002-03* 223459 202828 87393 51217
*July- December
Source: ICI Pakistan

Aromatics (BTX)
Aromatics constitute main classes of hydrocarbons. Three most important aromatics Benzene,
Toluene and Xylene are commonly known as BTX. In Pakistan benzene is used for production of
insecticides, toluene is used for production of Tri Nitro Toluene (TNT) and solvents. Xylene is
produced as mixed Xylene, which is used as solvent in paint industry and for formulation of
various pesticides and as surface coating agents. Paraxylene and orthoxylene are derived from
mixed Xylene. Paraxylene is used as a raw material for production of PTA while orthoxylene is
used for production of phthalic anhydride.

Historically, BTX requirements of the country have been met from local production and imports.
The local production was from a small unit of National Refinery Limited. The unit has a capacity
of 25,500 MTPY of Benzene, Toluene and Xylene. The unit uses reformat as feedstock.
Throughout its existence the plant has been operating at lower capacity owing to operational and
production economics. This unit is no longer in operation. After start of ICI‘s PTA production

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facility Paraxylene imports have been started. BTX imports during 1998-03 are shown in following
table.

Table 1.43: Btx Imports

(M. Tons)
(Million Rs.)
Year Benzene Toluene Xylene Total (BTX)
Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. Value
1997-98 49 22 6205 113 14827 281 21081 396
1998-99 27 3 8360 143 131163 2171 139530 2316
1999-00 36 1 9255 174 252297 5481 261588 5658
2000-01 50 1 141177 311 252940 6917 267107 7229
2001-02 28 1 16140 351 296623 7566 312791 7918
2002- 65 1 11339 253 118398 3246 129802 3500
03*
*July-December
Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics

Carbon Black
Carbon black is the general term for a number of jet black, sub micron size pigments, comprised
essentially of pure carbon. Carbon black is primarily used as reinforcing and filling agent for
manufacture of tyres and rubber products. Small volumes are also consumed in manufacture of
dyes and printing ink.

Carbon black‘s requirement of the Country is being met by local production as well as imports.
The local production is originating from National Petrocarbon plant located at Pipri, Pakistan Oil
Complex. The plant is capable to produce around 10,000 metric tons per annum of various grades
of carbon black. The plant uses carbon oil as feed stock being produced and supplied by
National Refinery Limited (NRL). The market supply and demand pattern of carbon black is
presented in table below:

Table 1.44: Demand and Supply Pattern of Carbon Black

(M. Tons)
Year Demand Supply
Local Imports
1998-99 10921 5054 5867
1999-00 11369 6153 5216
2000-01 8922 4523 4399
2001-02 8212 5148 3064
2002-03* 3274 2638 1587
*July-December
Source: National Petro-carbon (Pvt) Ltd. (2002-03*)

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Mono-ethylene Glycol (MEG)

Mono-ethylene glycol (MEG) is one of the most important synthetic organic liquid used for
manufacturing of polyester fiber and as anti-freezing agent. In Pakistan MEG is primarily being
consumed as input for manufacturing of polyester fiber and yarn. The quantum of MEG being
consumed as anti-freezing agent is very small. At present, all the requirements of MEG are being
met from imports. In 2001-02 122,000 metric tons of MEG was imported at a value of Rs. 3.12
billion (US$ 52.14 million). The imports during 1997 – 2002 are presented below:

Table 1.45: Imports of Mono-ethylene Glycol (MEG)

(M. Tons)
(Million Rs.)
Year Imports
Quantity Value
1997-98 126623 3675
1998-99 166792 3251
1999-00 174024 4447
2000-01 174943 4828
2001-02 121875 3129
2002-03* 105753 2896
*July-December
Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics

The MEG requirements during last decade have been increasing at an annual growth rate of 10%.
By 2009-10 the MEG requirements will increase to 260,000 metric tons.

ii. Fertilizers
Fertilizers are key input for agriculture. They improve the quality of crops in the form of high
nutrient value and increase plant resistance to diseases and climatic conditions. The demand of
fertilizer increases proportionately with the growing population. Nitrogen, Phosphorus and
Potassium are major nutrients required by soil. These nutrients are provided by the following
popular fertilizers.

Urea,
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN),
Single Super Phosphate (SSP),
Triple Super Phosphate (TSP),
Nitro-Phosphate (NP),
Di Ammonium Phosphate (DAP),
Sulfate of Potash (SOP), NPK

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Urea represents 71% of total fertilizers consumed in Pakistan while DAP 15% and other fertilizers
like CAN, NP, SSP and NPK have 14% share.

Table 1.46: Spot Analysis of Fertilizer Sector

Number of manufacturing units operating in 10

the sector
Total capacity (000 M. tons) 5757
(All Fertilizers)
Production 2002-03 (000 M. tons) 5269
Export growth/trend contribution to GDP 0.4%
Employment on sectoral basis 7.563
Skilled and unskilled labor ratio 2:1
Capital output ratio (at market prices) 1:0.70
Total sector wise investment (Rs. in Billion) 87.0
Value addition 63%
Technology High tech

Raw Materials & Process

Raw materials used for the manufacture of fertilizers are ammonia, carbon dioxide, phosphate
rock, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, limestone and potash. Ammonia is manufactured by
reforming the methane in natural gas. Ammonia is then reacted with different materials to
produce fertilizers containing Nitrogen. Ammonia & Nitric acid is used to produce Ammonium
Nitrate. Phosphate rock or Phosphoric acid is necessary to produce phosphatic fertilizer. Sulphuric
acid is reacted with crushed phosphate rock to produce SSP.

Production Capacity
Presently, there are ten operating fertilizer units in the country. Out of these, four units are in the
public sector, while six are in the private sector. One of the private sector unit, Pak China, is
closed. The average annual growth rate in the sector was 7% during the last ten years. The share of
fertilizer sector in GDP is around 0.4% and total investment in this sector is approximately Rs
87.0 billion. The capacities of existing fertilizer plants are given below:

Capacities of Existing Fertilizer Plants

Fauji Jordan Fertilizer Company (FJFC), Karachi is the only plant designed to produce DAP
fertilizer with annual capacity of 450,000 tons but it is closed since September 2001. Efforts are
under way to restart the plant. Prices for nitrogenous fertilizers were deregulated in 1986 while
phosphatic fertilizers were deregulated in 1993. Fertilizer Policy of 1989 offered incentives, such as
duty free imports of plant and machinery, tax holiday for 8 years and lower rate of feed stock prices
for 10 years, which have helped increasing the urea production capacity from 2.2 million tons in
1990s to 4.2 million tons today. Since 1990, an investment of over US$ 1.2 billion has been made
in this Sector.

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Table 1.47: Capacities of Existing Fertilizer Plants

Plant Product Year of Present Capacity

Establishment
1. Fauji Fertilizer Company-I, Goth Urea 1982 695000
Macchi (FFC-I)
Fauji Fertilizer Company-II, Goth Urea 1993 635000
Macchi (FFC-II)
Pak Saudi Fertilizers, Mirpur Urea 1980 557000
Mathelo
2. Fauji Jordon Fertilizer Company Urea 1998 550000
(FJFC), Karachi DAP* 1998 450000
3. Engro Chemical Pakistan Limited Urea 1968 850000
(ECPL), Dhaharki
4. Pak American Fertilizers (PAFL), Urea 1998 346000
Daudkhel
5. Dawood Hercules Chemicals Urea 1971 445000
Limited (DHCL), Lahore
6. Pak China Fertilizers Ltd. (PCFL), Urea* 1982 102000
Haripur
7. Pak Arab Fertilizers Ltd. (PAFL), Urea 1962 92400
Multan CAN 1978 450000
NP 1979 3604500
8. Lyallpr Chemicals & Fertilizers SSP 1958 72000
Ltd. (LCFL), Jaranwala
9. Hazara Phosphate Fertilizers, SSP 1989 90000
Haripur
10. Engro Chemical Pakistan Limited NPK 2002 100000
(ECPL), Karachi
Total 5738900
*Closed
Source: National Fertilizer Development Centre

Domestic fertilizer production meets 70-80% of local demand. The gap between fertilizer demand
and domestic production is filled through imports. As the domestic production of fertilizer has
registered a growth in recent years, the fertilizer imports declined by 10.45% in 2001-02. During
the current fiscal year 2008-09 (July-March), the fertilizer imports remained at 401 thousand
nutrient tones. (Pakistan Economic Survey 2008-09)

To enhance the fertilizer production in the country, expansion/BMR of Fauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim
Limited (FFBL) for 220 thousand tones of DAP has been completed and started to yield
production from April 2008. A new project of Fatima Fertilizer Company with a capacity of 400

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thousands tones of urea, 450 tones of CAN, 400 thousands tones of NP and 300 thousands tones
of NPK is under construction. This will start production by 2010. Engro Chemical is installing a
new urea plant with annul capacity of 1300 thousand tones. The plant will be operationalized by
2010-11. Suraj Fertilizer Industries has set up a new plant of SSP (18 percent) at Harappa (Sahiwal)
with production capacity of 150 thousand tones annually which will start production in May/June
2009. The Pak American Fertilizer Company owned by Azgard Nine Group has purchased Hazara
Phosphate plant of SSP fertilizer, the last fertilizer unit working in public sector. In addition, few
companies have started production of SSP with the annual production capacity of around 20
thousand tones at small scale level.

% Share of Products in Total Fertilizer Off take

The soil in Pakistan generally tends to be deficient in nitrogen, therefore, urea is the most used
fertilizer. DAP is used, as most of the phosphatic fertilizers are used to counter the effect of acidic
urea and maintain levels of fertility in the soil. Urea, therefore, represents 71% of total fertilizer
consumed, DAP accounts for 15% of the total consumption while other fertilizers like CAN, AS,
NP, TSP and NPK‘s have almost 14% share. The same is depicted in the following table.

Table 1.48: Production and Off Take of Fertilizer

(000N/tons)
Year Domestic Import Total Off take
Production
2003-04 2539 764 3303 3222
2004-05 2718 785 3503 3694
2005-06 2832 1268 4100 3804
2006-07 2747 796 3543 3672
2007-08 2822 876 3698 3581
2007-08 2076 818 2894 2878
(Jul-Mar)
2008-09 2150 401 2551 2691
(Jul-Mar)
P
P: Provisional
Source: National Fertilizer Development Centre

Table 1.49: Season-Wise Consumption of Fertilizer

(000N/tons)
Year Kharif Rabi
N P K All N P K All
1997- 981 153 7 1141 1089 13 13 1461
98
1998- 987 201 6 1194 1070 15 15 1348
99

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1999- 1075 217 8 1300 1133 362 10 1504

00
2000- 1134 311 9 1454 1211 360 14 1585
01
2001- 1049 329 8 1386 1111 295 9 1415
02
2002- 1117 258 9 1384 1201 422 12 1635
03
2008-
09
Pakistan Agricultural Statistical Book 2002-03

Table 1.50: Import of Fertilizer

Year 000 Nutrient Tons Value in

N P K TOTAL Million Rs.
2003-04 286.9 415.7 11.1 764.10 9025
2004-05 421.8 425 5.0 784.71 -
2005-06 233 416 13.8 1268.31 -
2006-07 194 369 16.5 796.00 -
2007-08 178.5 429.5 17.7 876.30 -
2008-09 P 215.7 542.4 7.9 401.00 14068
P: Provisional, (Jul-Mar)
Source: Pakistan Economic Survey 2008-09, Source:
Federal Bureau of Statistics,
Pakistan Agricultural Statistical Book 2002-03

Natural Gas
The fertilizer sector is the second largest consumer of natural gas (22- 25%) after power sector
(37.1%). Natural gas prices prevailing in Pakistan ranges between US$ 1.5 to 2.0 per MM Btu. The
consumption of gas during 2007-08 was 200, 061 mcft.

iii. Synthetic Fibers

Synthetic Fibers are important manufactured raw materials used in the production of blended
yarn. These are blended with natural (cotton) or artificial/ Synthetic Staple Fibers for the
manufacture of apparel/household textiles. Pakistan‘s synthetic Fiber industry is currently
producing Polyester and Acrylic Fibers. Chemi Group of Companies conceived a project with
collaboration of Swiss and Chinese suppliers for manufacturing of Viscose Staple Fiber (VSF) with
production capacity of 11,500 M. tons against total demand of around 26,000 – 28,000 MTPY.
The unit namely Chemi Viscofibre is located in Nawabshah has been set up at a total cost of Rs
1.873 billion. The polyester staple Fiber industry has developed as the main synthetic fiber
industry during the last decade in response to growing demand for synthetic fiber for the

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production of blended yarn. The polyester sector remains the largest and critical segment of
Pakistan‘s synthetic fiber industry.

Production Capacity
The total installed capacity for manufacture of Polyester Staple Fiber (PSF) is 620,000 MTPY. The
country‘s demand of PSF is being entirely met through local production. The PSF industry has
been able to successfully substitute imports with the result that no significant PSF imports have
been made during the last five years except for an average import of 10,000 – 12,000 tons of
specialty fiber per annum. The installed capacities of major PSF producers are listed in table below:

Table 1.51: Installed Capacities of Major PSF Producers

Company Year of Capacity,

Establishment MTPY (2001-
02)
Dewan Salman, Hattar, 1992 250000
Haripur
ICI polyester, Sheikhupura 1982 114000
Ibrahim Fibre, Faisalabad 1996 208000
Rupali Polyester, 1988 24000
Sheikhupura
Pak Synthetic, Hub 1991 24000
Total Capacity 620000
Source: Dewan Salman Fibre and ICI Pakistan Ltd.

Polyester Fiber intermediates are derived from aromatics and olefin chains. These include Pure
Terephthalic Acid (PTA), Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG), Paraxylene (PX), and Acrylonitrile (ACN)
for the manufacture of synthetic Fibers like Polyester Staple Fiber (PSF) and Acrylic Staple Fiber
(ASF).

Acrylic Staple Fiber

There is only one unit of Dewan Salman Fiber producing acrylic staple Fiber. The plant has an
installed capacity of 25,000 MTPY but is utilizing only 50% of the capacity at present.

Polyester Filament Yarn (PFY)

The filament yarn industry uses polyester chips (Textile Grade) as raw material for manufacturing
of synthetic fabrics/blended fabrics like suiting, shirting and sheeting. Currently, there are 21 units
involved in the manufacturing of synthetic filament yarn with an installed capacity of around
105,000 MTPY. The local demand for polyester filament yarn is between 85,000 - 90,000 MTPY.

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Due to low prices of Filament Yarn, an import of 29,661 M. tons was made during 2001-02 as
compared to 7,973 M. tons in 1998-99.

The following tables depict name of companies producing polyester chips and polyester filament
yarn along with annual production capacities:

Table 1.52: Polyester Chips

Company Product Capacity MTPY

(2001-02)
Rupali Polyester Polyester chips-Textile 14000
Sheikhupura grade
Novatex, Karachi Polyester chips-Textile 40000
grade
Rupafil Sheikhupura Polyester chips-Textile 30000
Total Polyester Chips grade 84000
Source: Overview of Chemical Industry of Pakistan

Table 1.53: Polyester Filament Yarn

Company Capacity MTPY Status

(2001-02)
A. Production based on PTA and MEG, as Raw Materials
Rupali Polyester Sheikhupura 11000 Operational
Rupafil Ltd. Sheikhupura 14000 Operational
Gatron Ind. Ltd-I Hub 31000 Operational
Gatron Ind. Ltd-II
National Fibres Ltd. Karachi 3000 Closed
Total (A) 59000
B. Production based on Polyester Chips
Spintex 10000 Operational
S.G Fibers Karachi 9000 Operational
Polyron Ltd. Hub 4000 Closed
Pak Fiber Karachi 2000 Closed
Progressive Fiber Karachi 1400 Partially
Closed
Fayaz Filament Ltd. Karachi 3000 Partially
Closed
Talon Ltd. Karachi 700 Operational
Bengal Fiber Ind Ltd. Karachi 3000 Operational
Dilon Limited Karachi 1000 Operational
Kohinoor Fibers Faisalabad 1500 Operational

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Ahsan Industry 600 Operational

Ahmad Factory 600 Operational
Tri-star Polyester Karachi 3000 Closed
Sindh Industries Karachi 500 Operational
Indus Polyester Karachi 2000 Operational
Tawakkal Polyester Karachi 1600 Closed
Papa Sierra Fibers Ltd. Hattar 2100 Closed
Total (B) 46000
Grand Total (A+B) 105000
Source: Overview of Chemical Industry of Pakistan

The end-user of synthetic filament yarn is the Art Silk Industry or small power looms sector which
is scattered all over the country as cottage industry.

Nylon Filament Yarn

Presently only one unit is engaged in the manufacture of Nylon Yarn. Two units are already closed,
the names and production capacities are depicted in table below.

Table 1.54: Nylon Filament Yarn

Company Capacity MTPY Status

2001-02
Bengal Fibers Industries, 1000 Operational
Karachi
Dilon Ltd., Karachi 1800 Closed
Nilonm Nylon Mills Ltd. 800 Closed
Source: Overview of Chemical Industry of Pakistan

iv. Molasses
Molasses is uncrystallised syrup extracted from raw sugar during the refining process. The Pakistan
sugar sector has the capacity to produce over 2.5 million metric tons (MMT) of molasses available
for processing into ethanol. To maximize returns, the sugar industry processes molasses to produce
anhydrous and hydrous ethanol. Countrywide, nineteen distillery units have an annual ethanol
production capacity of over half a million tons. In 2007, Pakistan exported more than 273,000
tons of ethanol (hydrous plus fuel ethanol). Higher production and exports are expected in the
ensuing years.
Ethanol exports have risen steadily over the past ten years, as distilleries convert larger volumes of
molasses into value added ethanol. At present, over a 50 percent of locally produced ethanol is
exported at an average price of about $500/MT. Main destinations include: Europe, Far Eastern
(Korea, Japan, Taiwan and the Philippines) and Middle East (Dubai and Saudi Arabia).
(Source: USAID Gain Report 2009)

Table 1.55: Year Wise Molasses Production and Ethanol Export

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Year Molasses Production Ethanol Export

(Million Metric (Metric Tones)
Tones)
2002-2003 2.048 61,710
2003-2004 2.122 99,711
2004-2005 1.497 122,104
2005-2006 1.438 169,233
2006-2007 1.911 273,079
2007-2008* 2.650 315,846
*Projected
Source: USAID Gain Report 2009

Molasses is industrially most important raw material in the manufacture of variety of products
such as; distillery products, chemicals like; lactic acid, citric acid bakers yeast, acetone, butanol,
and aconite acid, which are an important chemical, used in various industries.

v. Pesticides
Agriculture productivity is largely dependent upon the use of pesticides. Huge losses in crop
output caused by pest attack can be saved by proper and optimum use of pesticides. Pesticides are
also used for household hygiene.Pesticides used for crop protection are classified according to their
functions like insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides and weedicides etc. Pests can destroy approx.
40% crop in pre-harvest and post-harvest period and therefore the use of chemical compounds for
the protection of plants from pests, diseases and weeds have attained great importance in
agriculture. Besides the advantage of increasing the crop yield there are several disadvantages of
using the pesticides. The excessive and continuous use of pesticides contaminates food grains and
pollutes the underground water resources.

Table 1.56: Overview of Pesticides Production

Firm Formulation Repacking

Liquid Litre Solids Kg. Granules Liquid Solid Kgs. Granules
Kg. Litre Kgs.
Welgreen - - - 8000 - -
Chemicals,
Lahore
Warble 42000 - 8000 16000 8000 -
(Pvt) Ltd.,
Multan
Reliance 12000 2000 - 12000 4000 -
Chemicals,
Karachi
FM United 16000 - - 20000 10000 -

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 National Profile for Chemical Mangement in Pakistan

(Pvt) Ltd.,
Lahore
Agrolet 48000 - - 48000 - -
Chemical
Industry,
Multan
Agricides 3000 4000 - 3000 4000 -
(Pvt) Ltd.,
Karachi
Edgro (Pvt) 4200 4500 - 4200 4500 -
Ltd.,
Karachi
Granular - - 14000 3000 - -
(Pvt) Ltd.,
Karachi
Pakistan 24000 3000 3000 24000 3000 3000
Agro (16000+80 (16000+80
Chemicals, 00) 00)
Karachi
Syngenta, 20000 - 6000 20000 4000 6000
Karachi (17000+30
00)
R.B. Avari 8000 - 4000 5000 - 4000
(Pvt) Ltd.,
Karachi
Union Agro - - 12000 - - -
Industries,
Karachi
Bayer DAS 7500 - - 12000 3000 -
(Pvt) Ltd.,
Karachi
Famy 12000 1500 - 12000 15000 -
Industries,
Karachi
N.I.C.L., - 5000 - 6000 2000 -
Karachi
Pak China 96000 - - 96000 - -
Chemicals,
Lahore
AventisCrop 22500 - - 30000 2500 -
Science,
Karachi
Marvi 32000 10000 - 32000 10000 -

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Agrochem.,
Karachi
ICI - - - - - -
Pakistan,
Lahore
(closed
down
formulation
plant)-
Grand Total 347200 30000 47000 361200 70000 13000
Source: Prospects of Chemical Industry of Pakistan 2004

Presently, the basic manufacturing facilities for pesticides do not exist in the country. However
there were two manufacturing units for the production of Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloro Ethane
(DDT) and Benzene Hexa Chloride (BHC) in Pakistan, located at Kala Shah Kaku (Punjab) and
Nowshera (NWFP). The total installed capacity of these two units for DDT and BHC were 2,020
and 2,310 MTPY respectively. These units are closed for last many years because both pesticides
have been banned for use in Pakistan. Generally, Chlorine containing pesticides have been
banned in the world.

Pesticides used at present are either organic or inorganic in nature. Organic group contains natural
plant oils, nicotine and pakerthsum as natural pesticide. It also contains synthetic pesticides as
compound of chlorine like DDT, BHC and endrin, aldrine, dialdrine, heptachlor, etc. Twenty
four (24) pesticides including above compounds have been banned in Pakistan because they were
hazardous to human health and environment.

Since pesticides were subsidized their imports remained under Government control till 1979 when
75% share was passed to private sector while remaining 25% was retained by the Government.
However, since February 1985, all subsidies were withdrawn and private sector was fully made
responsible for import, distribution and sales of pesticides throughout Pakistan except Balochistan.
Pesticides were allowed to be imported under generic names from 1991. This resulted in several
times increase in pesticides business and improved the yield of all crops especially cotton. The
formulation industry, which started in 1980s, got a real boost and developed in 1990s. In the year
2000, the local formulation exceeded the imported pesticides.

Presently, the installed capacity for the formulation of various types of pesticides is more than the
local requirement. According to Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock (MINFAL), there are
about 30 companies involved in the formulation of pesticides. The local formulation products
include liquid pesticides, powder and granules and contribute 67% in the local market. Most of
the raw materials for formulation including active ingredients and pesticides in finished form are
being imported. The sector growth rate is 3%. The installed capacities of the main 19 formulators
are given below:

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Liquid pesticides account for 95% of the total consumption. Remaining 5% are powder, dust or
granules. Insecticides account for 88%, herbicides 11% and fungicides 1% of the total pesticides
used for plant protection. Additional quantities of pesticides are used for public health and
household.

Major use of pesticides is for the cotton crop, which consumes about 71% of the total pesticides
used in Pakistan. Imports from China are on the rise presently catering for 60% demand.

vi. Alkyd Resins

Alkyd resins are the most important class of protective coatings and they are used in the
manufacture of enamel paints. The raw materials for making alkyd resin are Phthalic Anhydride,
Soya oil, Coconut oil, Glycerine, Xylene etc. Apart from a number of manufacturers in un-
organised sector, there are thirteen known units manufacturing alkyd resins. Their production
capacities are given below:

Table 1.57: Overview of Alkyd Resins Manufacturing Units

Manufacturing unit Installed Production

capacity
Delta industries Lahore 600 580
Nimir Resins Ltd. Sheikhupura 551 228
Berger Paints Pakistan 266 171
Ltd.
Royal Resin Lahore 266 171
Complex Chemical Hattar 181 76
BASFA Lahore 85 38
Premier Resin Lahore 85 38
Shalimar Polymer Ind. Lahore 266 133
Shalimar Resin Lahore 85 38
Millat Industries Lahore 181 76
Champion Paint Ind. Lahore 85 38
Crona Lahore* 48 19
Impex Resin Lahore 181 38
Total 2880 1644
*Temporary closed
Source: Prospects of Chemical Industry in Pakistan 2003

Inspite of excessive installed capacity in the country, small quantity of Alkyd Resin is being
imported as shown below in the table:

Table 1.58: Import of Alkyd Resins

(M. Tons)
(Million Rs)
Year Quantity Value

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2002-03 24 MT 3 Millions Rs.

*July-December
Source: Prospects of Chemical Industry in Pakistan 2003

vii. Paints and Varnishes

Paints are coloured & opaque coatings while varnishes are clear coatings. In Pakistan, they are
categorized in three major segments.
Decorative – household paints.
Industrial & Automobile paints
Refinish Paints – For repair and renovations.

The industry is fragmented with a large number of manufacturers and outlets all over Pakistan.
The market is predominantly unorganized. The raw materials for the manufacturing of paints and
varnishes include resin binder chemicals such as Alkyd resins, Phthalic anhydride, Soya bean oil,
Linseed oil, Coconut oil, Vinyl Acetate Monomer (VAM), Glycols, Poly Vinyl Acetate (PVA)
emulsion, Nitrocellulose, Plasticizers, Stabilizers, Pigments such as Titanium Dioxide, Lithopone,
Organic pigments, Iron Oxides, Chromes etc. and solvents such as Xylene, Toluene, Butyl Acetate,
Methyl Acetate, Ketone, mineral spirits. Only 5% of the raw materials are locally available while
95% are imported.

There are three major producers of paint in the country and they together meet the 45% local
requirement. Remaining 50% demand is met by the unorganized sector and 5% through imports.
The imports of paints are negligible and almost all demand is being met by local producers. Major
local paint manufacturers include ICI Pakistan, Berger Paints and Buxly Paints. There are over 400
units manufacturing paints and varnishes in the unorganized sector. Productions of major local
plants are given below:
Table 1.59: Production of Paints

Million liters/year
Name of Company 2002
ICI Pakistan 15.80
Berger Paints 8.20
Buxly Paints 1.10
Total 25.10
Source: Prospects of Chemical Industry in Pakistan 2003

Six manufacturers of decorative paints are ICI Pakistan, Berger Paints, Buxly Paints, Master Paints,
Brighto & Gobbis. The industrial paints segment has a large number of applications and uses.
Major players in this segment are ICI Pakistan and Berger Paints. Some industrial paints are
imported.
Table 1.60: Import of Paints & Varnishes

(M. Tons)
(Million Rs)

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Year Quantity Value

2002-03* 1725 219
*July-December
Source: Prospects of Chemical Industry in Pakistan 2003

The refinish segment caters the requirements for maintenance of vehicles. Major players in this
segment are ICI Pakistan, Berger Paints and Champion Paints. Oxyplast Karachi has the facility to
produce powder coating paints. The raw materials are Polyester resin, Epoxy resin, Barium
Sulphate, Titanium Oxide and curing agents.

Powder Coating Chemicals

The recent trend in the world is to apply powder coating instead of liquid paints and there are a
lot of chemicals required for preparation of metal sheet before powder coating. These chemicals
are basically known as pre-treatment or phosphating chemicals, which include degreasing,
phosphating Anodizing chemicals etc. There are a number of small units producing above
chemicals in Lahore and Karachi catering to the local manufacturers of home appliance like
Dawlance, Waves and Multinationals including car makers like Toyota, Honda, Suzuki, etc.

viii. Oleo Chemicals

Oleo Chemicals are one of the important sectors of any modern economy, as these are used in
various important consumer items. These comprise Distilled Fatty Acids (DFA), Fractionated Fatty
Acids (FFA), Fatty Alcohols, Fatty Amines, Fatty Esters, Fatty Nitriles, etc. Oleo Chemicals are
derived from various oils and fats and they are a renewable source. Almost all types of oils and fats
may be used to produce oleo chemicals. The major advantage of oleo chemicals is their bio
degradability. These are much more environment friendly as compared to other groups of
chemicals. Oleo chemicals are used in soaps (laundry and detergent), shampoos, cosmetics, skin
care products, pharmaceuticals, detergents, plastics and a number of other industries.

The basic raw materials, most commonly used are, Palm Stearin, Soyabean Oil, Coconut Oil, Palm
Kernel Oil, Tallow, Cottonseed Oil, Rapeseed Oil, etc. Some vegetable oils contain more of
certain acids than other vegetable oil, so raw material selection depends upon type of products to
be produced. Some important specifications, which influence the application of the particular oil,
are:
Iodine Value (measure of degree of un-saturation),
Saponification Value (type of fatty acids present in an oil),
Acid Value (quantity of free fatty acids),
Titre (physical appearance of oil at room temperature).

All the above specifications depend upon the particular fatty acid composition of any oil. Crystal
Chemicals, Lahore was the first oleochemical plant installed in Pakistan in 1987 and continued its
operation till 1997. This plant was producing Stearic Acid and Soaps. Nimir Industrial Chemicals
Limited, Lahore were the second to install an olechemical plant in the country in 1998. This plant
is still operative and produces Stearic Acid and Distilled Fatty Acids. A third plant by the name of
Gamalux Oleochemicals is being installed at Karachi. This plant shall produce Distilled Fatty

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Acids. There are other plants, being planned in Pakistan, which are expected to be installed in
near future.

ix. Soaps, Detergents and Cosmetics

Soaps
Soaps and detergents are surface acting agents used for cleaning purposes. Basic raw materials for
soap are tallow, palm stearin and caustic soda. There are several units in the organized as well as
unorganized sector involved in the manufacture of soap, both toilet and laundry.

Detergents
Basic raw materials for detergents are Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB) Sulfonates, Sodium Sulfate,
Sodium Silicate, Bleaching powder, Rock salt, Caustic soda and Soda ash. Colgate-Palmolive is the
leading manufacturer of Detergent Powders in the Country with present production capacity of
30,000 MTPY (2003). They are the only manufacturer of Sulfonic acid in the country. The
production capacity of Sulfonic acid based on SO3 Gas and Sulfur is 3,600 MTPY. This capacity is
not sufficient to meet their present requirement and are importing around 3,000 ton of Sulfonic
acid. The country‘s total requirement for Sulfonic acid is estimated to be around 20,000 MTPY.

Colgate-Palmolive (Pakistan) Ltd. has started work on a new plant to manufacture Sulfonic acid
with an investment of Rs 200 million. With this expansion, they would have additional capacity of
20,000 tons of Sulfonic acid, which will be sufficient to meet the country‘s demand. This plant can
use both Branched Alkyl Benzene (BAB) and Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB) to produce Sulfonic
acid. The installed capacity of detergent of Unilever Pakistan Ltd is 9,000 MTPY. Their actual
production is around 12,000 MTPY. The production of detergents in the form of powder, bar and
liquid as reported by 66 units is given in table below. During 2002-03 around 50,000 Million
Tones of Detergents were produced.

Cosmetics
Cosmetics sector covers tooth paste, shampoo, shaving cream, face cream, face powder and other
face lifting beauty applications. The raw materials used are Talc, Calcium stearate, Kaolin, Zinc
stearate, Magnesium Oxide/carbonate/stearate, Zinc Oxide, Sodium Laurl Sulphate, Beewax,
Glyceryl monostearate, Methyl P-hydroxy Benzoate, Petroleum Jelly, Butyl and P-Hydroxy
Benzoate, Stearic acid, Sodium Carboxy Methyl, essential oils and sorbitol. Unilever Pakistan,
Colgate-Palmolive, Kohinoor Soap & Detergents and Wazir Ali Industries are major players in this
sector. Small cosmetic manufacturing units are located in Mingora, Swat. The yearly production of
cosmetics reported by 76 units is 3,63,311,000 containers.

x. Soda Ash & Sodium Bicarbonate

Soda Ash is chemically Sodium carbonate and it is commonly known as dhobi soda or washing
soda. Soda Ash is used in the manufacture of glass, soaps, detergents, sodium silicate, paper,
caustic soda, paint, petroleum refining, inorganic chemicals. High density soda ash contains 99%
sodium carbonate and low density soda ash contains 98% sodium carbonate. Only high density
soda ash is used in the manufacturing of glass. Total investment in this sector is about Rs 6 billion.

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ICI Pakistan produces low as well as high density soda ash while Olympia Chemicals produces
only low density soda ash.

Soda Ash is manufactured by Ammonia Solvey process forming sodium bicarbonate, which is
calcined to sodium carbonate. Common Salt (sodium chloride) and limestone (calcium carbonate)
are the basic raw materials. Total Soda ash production capacity is 265,000 tons per year. Both the
plants producing soda ash are located in the Salt Range area.

Table 1.61: Soda Ash Capacity

(MTPY)
ICI Pakistan, Khewra 225000
Olympia Chemicals, Khushab 40000
Total Soda Ash Capacity 265000
Source: Manufacturers
Year: 2002
Production in the country is given in the table below. The local capacity is meeting most of the
local demand and imports are at minimum level.

Table 1.62: Soda Ash Production

(000 M. Ton)
Year Soda Ash Production
2008-09 P (Jul-Mar) 267.7
P=provisional
Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics
Ministry of Industries

xi. Caustic Soda, Chlorine and Related Products

Caustic Soda
Caustic soda is chemically known as sodium hydroxide. It is generally supplied to other industries
in the form of 50% solution of sodium hydroxide or solid flakes. Caustic soda is used in a number
of industries like soaps, detergents, textile, paper and paper board, oil refining, vegetable and ghee,
industrial water treatment and rubber reclaiming.

Sodium Chloride (common salt) is the main raw material for manufacturing caustic soda. The
electrolysis of Sodium Chloride solution produces caustic soda with the extensive use of electricity.
The economics of this industry depends on the utilization of chlorine in manufacture of products
like PVC. Presently, there are four major plants producing Caustic soda.

Table 1.63: Production and Import Data of Caustic Soda

‘000’ M. Tonnes
Year Production Imports
2008-09 P (Jul-Mar) 176.8 13832(2002-03*)

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P=Provisional
Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics
Ministry of Industries

Chlorine
Chlorine is an essential and important by-product from the caustic soda plants. Production figures
for the year 2008-09 are given below:

Table 1.64: Production of Chlorine

(000 M. Ton)
Year Chlorine Production
2008-09 P (Jul-Mar) 12.4
P=Provisional
Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics
Ministry of Industries
Approximately 89 tons of chlorine is produced with each 100 ton of caustic soda. Chlorine is sold
in cylinders for water treatment and some of it is converted to downstream products like
hydrochloric acid, bleaching powder, Fullers earth, Sodium hypo-chlorite, Ammonium Chloride
and Ferric Chloride. The remaining large quantity of Chlorine finds no use and at present it is
being wasted by neutralization with lime. It is very important that available chlorine be utilized in
making PVC for improving the economics of caustic plants. Alternately Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
can be reacted with Phosphate rock for production of Phosphoric acid Pilot plant experiments
have been conducted recently by Sitara Chemicals to produce Phosphatic fertilizers. If proved
commercially successful, all the excess chlorine can find use in this application.
This shall ultimately reduce cost of caustic soda.

xii. Sulphuric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid & Nitric Acid

Sulphuric Acid
Sulphuric acid is an important chemical. Its demand is taken as a barometer of industry in any
country. It is of great commercial importance for use in manufacture of fertilizers, other acids,
heavy chemicals, dyes and pigments, lacquers, plastics, explosives, textile, paints, leather tanning,
oil refining, water treatment, treatment of cotton seeds and other chemicals. It is generally
marketed with 98% concentration.

Sulphur is the basic raw material. Sulphuric acid is manufactured by burning sulphur to sulphur
dioxide. It is then converted to sulphur trioxide by catalytic oxidation. The resulting sulphur
trioxide is absorbed in water to form sulphuric acid.

Table 1.65: Production Capacity of Sulphuric Acid

(MTPY)
Plants Capacity
Lyallpur Chemicals & Jaranawala* 33000
Fertilizers

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Hazara Phosphate Haripur* 36300

POF Wah Cantt.* 3300
PAEC D.G. Khan* 8250
Rawal Chemicals Hattar 8250
Amber Chemicals Hattar 6600
Attock Chemicals Hattar 16500
Rawal Chemicals Sheikhupura 10000
Prime Chemicals Sheikhupura 10000
Ittehad Chemicals Lahore 3300
Karsaz Chemicals Lahore 3300
Riaz Aslam Chemicals Chunian 6600
Crescent Chemicals Sukkur 10000
Exide Pakistan Limited Karachi 16500
Pak Chemicals Karachi 24000
Acid. Ind. Pvt. Ltd. Karachi 26400
Total 222300
*Mainly for captive use

First four listed plants are producing sulphuric acid for their captive use. Only surplus production
is sold in the market. The reported production of sulphuric acid is listed below.

Table 1.66: Production of Sulphuric Acid

(000 M. Ton)
Year Sulphuric Acid
2008-09 P (Jul-Mar) 74.5
P=Provisional
(Pakistan Economic Survey 2008-09)

Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrochloric acid is produced on demand by Ittehad Chemicals and Sitara Chemicals from the
excess chlorine by-product available with them. The production capacities of both plants are given
below.
Table 1.67: Production Capacity

(MTPD)
Plants Capacity
Sitara Chemicals 800
Ittehad Chemicals 500
Total 1300
Source: Manufacturers
Year: 2002

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Nitric Acid
Nitric acid is produced by POF Wah and Pak Arab Fertilizers, Multan for their captive use. Small
local demand is met through their surplus production.
The latest production capacities of both plants are given below.

Table 1.68: Production Capacity

(MTPD)
Plants Capacity
Pak Arab Fertilizers, Multan 455600
POF, Wah Cantt. 10000
Total 465000
Source: Manufacturers
Year: 2002
xiii. Organic Chemicals
Acetic Acid
Commercially, the acetic acid is usually produced by such chemical processes as the oxidation of
acetaldehyde in air with the presence of catalyst. Acetaldehyde is itself formed from the oxidation
of ethylene obtained from petroleum. One of the major uses of acetic acid is as an intermediate for
making other chemicals. It can also be converted to acetic anhydride and acetate esters. Acetic
anhydride is used to make acetate fibers and cellulose acetate, a plastic. Ethyl acetate is an
important ester used as a solvent for varnishes and in nail polish remover. As a reagent, acetic acid
is used to make synthetic, rubber, aspirin and other pharmaceuticals. It is also widely used as an
acid and solvent. At present, there are three units in Pakistan.

i. Wah Nobel Acetates Ltd, (Wah)

ii. Ravi Rayon (Pvt.) Ltd. (Lahore)
iii. Midas Chemicals, (Raiwind Road, Lahore)

Wah Nobel was established with an investment of Rs 450 million including 140 million foreign
exchange component, has a production capacity of 7,000 MTPY of Acetic Acid. The entire
production is for captive use. Wah Nobel has production capacity of 6,000 MTPY of Ethyl and
Butyl Acetates. Actual production of Ethyl, Butyl Acetates is around 1,800 MTPY each, due to
lower demand in the country. Ravi Rayon has a production capacity of 3,000 MTPY of Acetic
Acid. Midas Chemicals was established with a production capacity of 5,000 MTPY in Lahore,
using Alcohol as a feedstock and soon will be in commercial production.

Table 1.69: Production Capacity

(MTPY)
S. No. Name of Company Capacity
1. Wah Nobel Acetates Ltd. Wah 7000
2. Ravi Rayon (Pvt.) Ltd. Lahore 3000
3. Midas Chemicals, Raiwand Road Lahore 5000
Total 15000

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Source: Respective Manufacturers

Formic Acid
Formic acid is mainly used as a neutralizing agent in leather and textile industry. Formic acid is
being manufactured by Tufail Chemical Industries Ltd. Lahore with a capacity of 5,000 MTPY.
The raw material used by them is Sodium Formate.

Rice & Rice Husk

Rice is an important staple food for Pakistanis and its production is above 4 million tons per year.
Rice is being used to produce Glucose, Fructose and Maltose. However, rice husk is normally used
as fuel and it is not being utilized for value addition. Rice husk can be used to manufacture
furfural, which finds use in various applications of synthetic rubber, resins, perfumery, dyes,
plastics and oil refineries, etc.

Formaldehyde 37%
Formaldehyde is a raw material for the manufacture of Urea formaldehyde and Phenol
formaldehyde. The raw material used for Formaldehyde is Methanol, which is being imported at
the moment. There are six companies engaged in the manufacture of Formaldehydes in the
country out of which three main players are Wah Nobel, Dynea Pakistan Ltd. and Super
Chemicals Pakistan Limited. Wah Nobel is planning 15,000 MTPY increase in capacity by June
2004.

Table 1.70: Production Capacity

(MTPY)
S. No. Name of Company Capacity
1. Wah Nobel Wah 15000
2. Dynea Pakistan Ltd. Karachi 39000
3. Super Chemicals Ltd. Karachi 30000
4. Pakistan Resins Ltd. Azad Kashmir 12000
5. Izhar Enterprises Ltd. Lahore 9000
6. HTG Petrochemicals Hub 6000
Total 111000

Specialty Chemicals
Specialty Chemicals are those, which are developed and produced to fulfill exact requirement of a
customer (tailor made products). These are made normally in batch process on a smaller scale and
have high value addition. They are more technology oriented rather than being capital intensive.
Specialty Chemicals cover a wide range of products. Their raw materials and intermediates are
derived from various organic and inorganic chemicals. The raw materials such as Aniline, Phenol,
O-Toluidine, Ethylene Oxide and Propylene Oxide are not being manufactured in Pakistan, due to
economy of scale and lack of feed stocks. Intermediates such as Naphtaline Pyridones, Pyrazolones,
Naphthol AS, H. Acids, O-Acid, K. Acid and ZR Acid, etc. are produced in medium to small
industries catering to specialty chemicals industrial segment. These intermediates are not being
manufactured in Pakistan because of absence of feedstock e.g. Benzene is a feed stock for Aniline

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 National Profile for Chemical Mangement in Pakistan

which is a raw material for N-Methyl Aniline which in turn is an intermediate used for the
production of Dyes, Pigments, Chemicals and resins, etc.

A few intermediates are being manufactured in Pakistan such as Phathalic Anhydride for DOP by
Nimir Chemicals, Wah Noble producing Acetic Acid and Acetic Acid Ester, PTA by ICI Pakistan
for Polyester Fiber industry. Tufail Chemicals are producing Formic Acid.

Finished Products
These raw materials and intermediates are used to produce a number of Specialty Chemicals in the
following sectors:

Dyes & Pigments

Textile and Tannery Chemicals
Water Treatment Chemicals
Food Chemicals
Essential Oils

Each of the above sectors has been discussed separately in the following sections:

xiv. Dyes & Pigments

Dyes are intensely coloured substances used for the coloration of various substrates including
paper, leather, fur, hair, foods, drugs, cosmetics, waxes, greases, petroleum products, plastics and
textile materials. They are retained in these items by physical adsorption, salt or metal complex
formation, solutions mechanical retentions or by the formation of covalent bonds. Dyes are
applied to textile fibers by two distinct processes, dyeing and printing, of which dyeing is much
more extensively used. Dyes are classified in accordance with their chemical constitutions or their
application to textile fibers and for other coloring purposes.

Pigments are differentiated from the dyes, although they are for the same purpose of imparting
color to the article. Pigments are insoluble liquors to color the surface of the material and
imparting the opacity to it.

Classification of Dyes
Acid Dyes:
Acid dyes are water soluble anionic dyes that are applied to nitrogenous fibers, such as wool, silk,
nylon and modified acrylic fibers from acid or neutral baths.. Acid dyes are not substantive to
cellulosic fibers, chemically the acid dyes consist of Azo, anthraquinone, triphenylmethane, Amine
etc.

Basic Dyes:
The appeal of the basic dyes lies in their brilliant shades, some of them being fluorescent.
Unfortunately their brilliance is not matched by their fastness. Basic dyes are applied to wool and
silk for brightness. Basic dyes are water-soluble and dissociate into amines and colored actions.

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Disperse Dyes:
Disperse dyes are colored organic compounds, which are only very slightly soluble in water and
therefore, dying is carried out with aqueous dispersion. It is the most successful type of dye for
coloration of cellulose acetate fibres and also used on polyamides, poly acrylonitriles, polyesters
and cellulose triacetate.

Reactive Dyes:
The most recent technological contribution to textiles has been the development of reactive dyes.
Reactive dyes are unique as they are the only class to dyes that actually form a chemical bond with
textile fiber and this bond gives them their excellent wash fastness properties. They are highly
soluble in water. The major substrate includes Cotton, Rayon, Wool, Silk and Nylon.

Sulfur Dyes:
These are amorphous, colloidal materials of high molecular weight and are of variable
composition. Sulfur dyes are insoluble substances, which are brought into soluble form for dyeing
by treatment with a hot solution containing alkali and sodium sulfide. Sulfur dyes are particularly
rich in blacks of good value and shades.

Vat Dyes:
Vat dyes are complex organic molecules that are insoluble in water, but when their carboxyl groups
are properly reduced in a solution of caustic soda to leuco, they exhibit an affinity for cellulosic
fiber. The shades are of excellent wash fastness, chlorine fastness and light fastness.

The environmental impact of textile production is considerable. Most textiles are to be dyed and
printed. More than 10,000 different dyes are available for this process and much is known about
the potential dangers. The ETAD (Ecological and Toxicological Association of the Dyestuff
manufacturing Industry) tested more than 4,000 dyes for acute toxicity and found that
approximately 1 % of the dyes were toxic. The dyes involve certain chemicals that are hazardous to
the human skin. Some Azo coloring agents have carcinogenic properties or may form amines
(breakdown products) which have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Approximately 70% of
all dyes used in the textile industry are Azo dyes. There are about 2000 different Azo dyes of which
approximately 200-300 may be hazardous.

The Pakistan textile industry is traditionally based on the manufacture and export of spinning yarn
and threads. Today around two hundred large and medium sized processing mills exist along with
thousands of small dye houses. It is estimated that this industry consumes over 22,000 tons of
dyestuff and pigments annually. The shares of different type of dyes consumed are given as follows:

Reactive dyes 34.27 %

Acid dyes 09.00 %
Basic dyes 05.77 %
Vat dyes 02.24 %
Disperse dyes 15.00 %
Pigments 23.00 %

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Direct dyes 03.07 %

Sulfur dyes 07.65 %

Pigments are opaque colored objects and they are ground to very fine size for the manufacture of
paints and printing ink. Pigments are always used with some oil based solvent.

Small quantities of Direct Dyes and Pigment Dyes are being manufactured locally. The
intermediates required for dyes are being imported especially from China. There are 6 units in the
organized sector and 7 in unorganized sector involved in the production of dyestuff. The
production capacity of the six main units is as given below:

Table 1.71: Production Capacities for Dyes and Pigments

(MTPY)
Name of Company Capacity
BASF Karachi 25000
Sandalbar Faisalabad 8500
Clariant Karachi 5500
M.B. Dyes Gadoon Amazai 3600*
Chemi Dyestuff Industries Karachi 700
Gadoon Dyes Chemical Gadoon Amazai 600
Total 43900
*Current Capacity is 1200 MTPY.
Source: Delta Industries (Pvt.) Ltd.

Table 1.72: Demand of Dyes and Pigments in Textile Industry

(M. Tons)
Commodity Import 2002-03* Production 2002- Consumption
03* 2002-03*
Disperse Dyes 1734 N.A. -
Acid Dyes 979 320 1299
Basic Dyes 535 - 535
Direct Dyes 227 740 967
Vat Dyes 748 - 748
Reactive Dyes 3195 975 4170
Sulphur Dyes 1261 - 1261
Pigments & Prep. 1650 1350 3000
Total 10329 3385 11978
*July-December
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Source: Sandal Dyestuff Industries Ltd.

Titanium Di-Oxide (TiO2)

There are two industrial grades of titanium dioxide pigment
1. Rutile grade used for manufacture of paints and plastics
2. Anatase grade used in polyester fibre and paper industry.
Rutile grade is normally manufactured via chloride process from rutile ore and Anatase grade is
manufactured via sulphate process using ilmenite ore. Rutile grade is capital and energy intensive
project. This project is viable only for large scale manufacturer. Moreover, neighbouring Saudi
Arabia has this facility which serves extensive market including Pakistan. Pakistan imports about
3,000 tonnes of TiO2 to manufacture paints and plastics. Current requirement of anatase grade
titanium dioxide is approximately 10,000 MTPY. Therefore, it may be practical to establish a
10,000 MTPY facility to manufacture anatase grade to cater needs of polyester fibre industry of
Pakistan. Saudi Company the National Titanium Dioxide Company may be approached to share
the equity and facilitate the acquisition of technology. Sulphuric acid one of the major raw
materials is being manufactured in Pakistan and other material ilmenite can be either imported or
locally available ilemenite can be upgraded. The capital cost is estimated to be around US$ 35
million.

xv. Textile & Tannery Chemicals

The textile industry uses a large number of textile chemicals for processing of different types of
textile fibers, natural as well as synthetic. Total value of textile chemicals used in Pakistan is about
Rs 2.0 billion annually. The chemicals used in the textile industry are soaps, detergents, caustic
soda, softeners, wetting agents, emulsifiers, biocides, thickener, binders, acids, dyes & pigments,
waterproofing agents, foam stabilizers, optical brighteners, stabilizers, hydrogen peroxide,
bleaching powder, soda ash and sodium carbonate.

There are several small units manufacturing textile chemicals but still large quantities are being
imported. Followings are the capacities of textile and tannery chemicals of eight major producers.

Table 1.73: Capacities of Textile and Tannery Chemicals

(MTPY)
Company Location Capacity
Clariant Jamshoro (Sindh) 20000
BASF Karachi 15000
M.B. Dyes Gadoon Amazai 12000
Universal Karachi 8000
ICI Karachi 6700
Sandalbar Faisalabad 6000
Nimir Chemicals Lahore 6000
Delta Chemicals Lahore 2550
Total 62250
Source: Prospects of Chemical Industry in Pakistan 2003

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Year: 2002

Other companies like CIBA, Universal Karachi, Sandalbar Faisalabad, MB Dyes Gadoon, Penta
Karachi, Beta Lahore are also producing textile chemicals. Optical brightener, a textile and paper
chemical, is being manufactured by Delta Lahore and Clariant Faisalabad. Sodium Dichromate, a
tannery chemical, is being manufactured locally. Nitro cellulose based lacquers and Fat liquors are
also made locally by BASF for tanning industry.

Hydrogen Peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide is prepared by Anthraquinone Auto Oxidation Process. The process involves
reforming of natural gas to obtain hydrogen gas. Hydrogen is then absorbed in anthraquinone
solution to form a complex compound called hydroquinone. This compound is oxidized with
oxygen to yield hydrogen peroxide. Finally, hydrogen peroxide formed is separated in water phase
which is concentrated subsequently. Hydrogen peroxide is used in a number of industries as
oxidizing, bleaching and sterilizing agent. It is safe and convenient to use because it is environment
friendly chemical. It is mainly used in the bleaching of fibers whether cotton or wood pulp. It also
enhances the absorbing capacity of fiber, thus suppressing the requirement of other chemicals. In
Pakistan, it is widely used in the textile sector for bleaching, in food packaging, as a disinfectant
and clinically in the pharmaceutical sector. The textile and fabric sector consumes about 90%
hydrogen peroxide.

xvi. Water Treatment Chemicals

Several types of chemicals are used in the treatment of municipal and industrial water. They
include corrosion inhibitors, oxygen scavengers, chlorine, alum, pH regulators, activated carbon
and ion exchange resins. Most of these chemicals are being imported. Some simple chemicals like
sulphuric acid, caustic soda, alums, chromates, activated carbon and chlorine are being
manufactured locally. Some companies are involved in formulation of water chemicals from the
imported chemicals.

xvii. Food Chemicals

Food Chemicals can either be natural or synthetic. They are used to give colour to food, enhance
taste and increase their shelf life etc. They can be classified in six main groups:

Preservatives
Colours
Flavour enhancers
Antioxidants
Stabilizers
Sweeteners

A number of units are engaged in the manufacture of different Food Chemicals in Pakistan in
organized as well as in un-organized sector. Two major units in organized sector are given below:

Table 1.74: Food Chemical Products & Capacity

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(MTPY)
S. No. Company Products Capacity
Location
1. Habib Arkady Ltd. Karachi Sorbital 7500
Glucose 45000
Fructose 45000
Maltose 45000
2. Leiner Pak Gelatin Ltd., Kala Lahore Halal 3000
Shah Kaku Gelatina
Di-calcium 15000
phosphate
Source: Prospects of Chemical Industry in Pakistan 2003

xviii. Essential Oils and Perfumes

Essential oils are odoriferous organic volatile bodies of oil character. They are insoluble in water
but freely soluble in alcohol, ether, minerals and fatty oils. They are composed of a number of
chemical compounds like aldehydes, ketones, hydrocarbons, alcohols, oxides and lactones, etc.
They are used in soaps and cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, confectionary, aerated water, attars,
perfumery items, scented tobacco and aggarbati, etc.

World standard Essential oils are not being manufactured in Pakistan. Manufacture of essential oil
is scattered all over the country in un-organized sector using very low technology and without
following any standard specifications. As such for high quality use, these oils are being imported.

1.3.2. Agriculture Sector

Agriculture has a vital role directly and indirectly in generating economic growth. The importance
of agriculture in economy is seen in three ways

It provides food for consumers and fibre for domestic Industry.

It is a source of scarce foreign exchange earning.
It provides raw material for industrial goods.

It has strong backward linkages by providing farm inputs such as chemicals, fertilizers & machinery
and forward linkages by supplying raw material to food and fibre processing in the non-agriculture
sector. Agriculture is essential for sustainable improvement in internal and external balances.
Export of agricultural products contributes major portion of export earning by the country.

Among the agricultural raw products, the major export items are rice, cotton, citrus fruit, dates,
mangoes and cane melons.

Amongst the semi processed and processed items, cotton yarn, clothes, carpet and leather products
are exported. Agricultural is equally crucial to industry. About 60-70% of industrial establishments
in Pakistan are based on agricultural commodities such as food manufacturing, tobacco, textile,

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 National Profile for Chemical Mangement in Pakistan

leather, footwear, cotton yarn, wood work, chemical, fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural
machinery, etc.

Food Grains: Wheat, rice, jawar, maize, bajra & barley

Cash Crops: Sugarcane, Cotton, Tobacco, Sugar beet & fruits.
Pulses: Gram, Mung, Mash, Masoor, Mattar, Other Kharif & Rabi pulses.
Oilseeds: Rapeseed & Mustard, Sesame, Groundnut, Linseed, Castleseed and other oil seeds.
Vegetables: Chillies, Onion, Garlic, Corriander, Turmeric, ginger, Potato and Tomato
Fruits: Citrus fruit, Mango, Banana, Guava, Apricot, Peach, Pears, Plums, Almonds, Apple,
Grapes, Pomegranate, Dates.
Condiments: Chillies, Onion, Garlic, Coriander, Turmeric, Ginger

Major Crops
There are four major crops by value;
1. Wheat
2. Rice
3. Cotton
4. Sugarcane
5. Other major crops are:
a) Maize
b) Coarse grains

Table 1.75: Overview of National Economic Sector

ISIC Rev.4 Economic Sector and Related Contribution to Output Growth rate
Code Activities Gross Domestic Value (Pk. (%)
Products (%) Rs.)
Sector of Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries
A01 Agriculture, hunting and related 21.8 4.7
service activities
A02 Forestry 0.2 -15.7
B05 Fishery 0.4 2.3
Sector of Mining and Extraction
C10-14 Coal/oil/Natural 2.5 1.3
Gas/Minerals/Metals
Sector of Manufacturing Industry 18.2 -3.3

Large scale 12.1 -7.7

Small and household scale 4.7 7.5
C10 Food products
C11 Beverages
C12 Tobacco products
C13-15 Textile/wearing apparel/leather

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C16 Wood and of products of wood

and cork
C-17 Paper and paper products
C18 Printing and recorded material
C19-22 Coke, refined petroleum
products, chemicals,
pharmaceutical products, plastic
products
C23 Non-metallic mineral products
C-24-25 Basic metals and fabricated
metal products
C26 Computer, electronics, and
optical products
C27 Electrical equipment
C28-30 Machinery and equipment,
motor- vehicles other transport
equipment
C30-33 Others
Sector of Services
E41 Electricity and gas distribution 1.5 -3.7
Ej66 Finance and insurance 6.2 -1.2
F45 Construction 2.09 -10.8
G50-52 Wholesale and retail trade 17.5 3.1
I60-64 Transportation, storage and 10.3 2.9
Communication
L75 Public admin and defense 6.1 5.0
P95 Ownership of dwellings 2.7 3.5
…..
O90-93 Social service activities 11.1 7.3
TOTAL

Source: Pakistan Economic Survey 2008-09

Table 1.76: Structure of Manufacturing/Agricultural Sector

Sector Micro Small Medium Big

Farms/Facilities Farms/Facilities Farms/Facilities Farms/facilities
(%) (%) (%) (%)
Industrial/ Data not Data not Data not Data not
Manufacturing Sector available available available available
Agricultural Sector do do do do

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TOTAL

Table 1.77: Breakdown of Agricultural Production by Region

Region/province/Season Major Crops Total Total Number Size of

Production of of Employees Productive
Crops (000 Areas # of
tonnes) Hectares(000)
Cotton*
Punjab 9062.0 2424.8
Sindh 2536.2 607.4
NWFP 0.5 0.2
Baluchistan 56.4 21.9
Total 11655.1 3054.3
Rice
Punjab 3286.0 1723.5
Sindh 1817.7 594.0
NWFP 128.3 61.7
Baluchistan 331.4 136.2
Total 5563.4 2515.4
Sugarcane
Punjab 40306.0 827.2
Sindh 18793.9 308.8
NWFP 4792.0 104.8
Baluchistan 28.1 0.5
Total 63920.0 1241.3
Maize
Punjab 2694.0 534.5
Autumn 1689.2 391.3
Spring 1004.8 143.2
Sindh 1.8 2.8
NWFP 903.6 509.0
Baluchistan 5.0 5.4
Total 3604.7 1051.7
Jowar
(Sorghum)
Punjab 104.3 188.7
Sindh 41.2 58.7
NWFP 3.4 5.8
Baluchistan 21.2 28.2
Total 170.1 281.4
Bajra (millet)

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Punjab 223.5 367.5

Sindh 77.0 155.2
NWFP 2.3 4.1
Baluchistan 2.2 3.8
Total 305.0 530.6
Sesamum
Punjab 27.505 65.542
Sindh 3.189 7.254
NWFP 0.173 0.341
Baluchistan 1.921 3.283
Total 32.788 76.420
Wheat
Punjab 15607.0 6402.0
Sindh 3411.4 989.9
NWFP 1071.8 747.4
Baluchistan 868.6 410.5
Total 20958.8 8549.8
Barley
Punjab 28.9 32.8
Sindh 4.4 8.2
NWFP 31.9 32.5
Baluchistan 22.2 17.6
Total 87.4 91.1
Gram
Punjab 387.5 989.0
Sindh 45.6 48.2
NWFP 15.5 38.2
Baluchistan 26.0 31.4
Total 474.6 1106.8
R&M Seeds
including
Canola
Punjab 103.300 127.400
R&M Seeds 99.856 123.849
Canola 3.444 3.551
Sindh 52.957 51.356
R&M Seeds 50.267 49.088
Canola 2.690 2.268
NWFP 8.109 17.498
R&M Seeds 7.621 16.419
Canola 0.488 1.079
Balochistan 20.669 38.330

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R&M Seeds 18.481 35.028

Canola 2.188 3.302
Total 185.035 234.584
R&M Seeds 176.225 224.384
Canola 8.810 10.200
Tobacco
Punjab 19.9 16.6
Sindh 0.4 0.3
NWFP 84.9 32.7
Baluchistan 2.6 1.8
Total 107.8 51.4
*=cotton Production is in thousand bales of 375lbs each.
Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics (Agriculture Statistics Section)

Table 1.78: Breakdown of Industrial Production by Region

Region Major Products ISIC 3.1 Total value of Number of Number of

Production Industrial Employees
Facilities
Punjab Food products and 15 393955650 1121 86087
beverages
Tobacco product 16 10682544 2
Textile 17 458538159 765 303276
Wearing apparel; 18 64487623 160 36627
dressing and dyeing of
fur
Tanning and dressing 19 18630077 108 1633639
of leather
Wood and wood 20 1857835 26 1415
products
Paper and paper 21&22 48366934 72 10862
product, Publishing
and printing
Coke, refine 23 64070578 10 1408
petroleum product
Chemical and 24 123269296 214 26584
chemical products
Rubber and plastic 25 5439299 71 3504
products
Other non-metallic 26 48338103 147 13959
mineral products
Basic metals 27 56937655 207 7691
Fabricated metal 28 430429 90 3698

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products
Machinery and 29 41598109 309 17016
equipment
Office, accounting 30
and computing
machinery
Electrical machinery 31 14428270 40 8013
and apparatus
Radio, television and 32 237515 4 418
communication
equipment
Medical, precision 33 9402805 89 7994
and optical
instruments, watches
and clocks
Motor vehicles, 34 25895611 58 6699
trailers and semi-
trailers
Other transport 35 5792537 33 3646
equipment
Sindh Food products and 15 159045854 556 39015
beverages
Tobacco product 16 10105025 3 142455
Textile 17 249672362 447 106761
Wearing apparel; 18 38106139 165 25746
dressing and dyeing of
fur
Tanning and dressing 19 8038076 30 3937
of leather
Wood and wood 20 6062952 19 1649
products
Paper and paper 21 2806694 29 1547
product,
Publishing and 22 8528675 37 3490
printing
Coke, refine 23 187567264 11 2052
petroleum product
Chemical and 24 192896314 167 33888
chemical products
Rubber and plastic 25 16383579 51 3512
products
Other non-metallic 26 39000499 46 8209
mineral products

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Basic metals 27 63061585 55 20924

Fabricated metal 28 12255849 42 4345
products
Machinery and 29 16569417 43 7408
equipment
Electrical machinery 31 29552473 17 3278
and apparatus
Radio, television and 32 264866 4 158
communication
equipment
Medical, precision 33 1930218 6 1325
and optical
instruments, watches
and clocks
Motor vehicles, 34 124822531 69 10994
trailers and semi-
trailers
Manufacture of other 35 31564802 11 9096
transport equipment
Furniture 36 2158118 17 1671

NWFP Food products and 15 40236770 118 7865

beverages
Tobacco product 16 31614041 8 1955
Textile 17 22807332 74 24380
Wearing apparel; 18 38300 4 69
dressing and dyeing of
fur
Wood and wood 20 562167 12 527
products
Paper and paper 21 2605692 27 991
product,
Publishing and 22 161625 4 187
printing
Chemical and 24 8527728 71 3942
chemical products
Rubber and plastic 25 6917236 32 1613
products
Other non-metallic 26 37062109 238 12029
mineral products
Basic metals 27 2731573 12 319
Fabricated metal 28 1143809 9 364

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products
Machinery and 29&35 1064985 14 948
equipment and other
transport equipment
Electrical machinery, 31&32 7091801 9 4092
radio, television and
communication
equipment
Furniture 36 1747807 41 3082
Balochistan Food products and 15 12043560 36 1728
beverages
Textile 17 35920658 42 3220
Wood and wood 20 3278443 3 363
products
Paper and paper 21&22 1600911 5 698
product, Publishing
and printing
Coke, refine 23 19317857 7 420
petroleum product
Chemical and 24 24356800 28 3956
chemical products
Rubber and plastic 25 3310099 15 600
products
Other non-metallic 26 8 1578
mineral products
Basic metals 27 11 949
Fabricated metal 28&29 5693331 6 600
products, machinery
and equipment, etc
Electrical machinery, 31&32 4010475 3 52
radio, television and
communication
equipment
Motor vehicles, 34&35 12670490 14 3397
trailers and semi-
trailers and other
transport equipment
Furniture 36 165439 4 123
Recycling 37 280910 30 520
Islamabad Food products and 15 9678602 29 1149
beverages
Textile, tanning, 17,19&20 92472 4 163
wood products

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Paper and paper 21&22 373287 6 376

product, Publishing
and printing
Coke, refine 23
petroleum product
Chemical and 24 2915948 16 3369
chemical products
Rubber and plastic 25&26 4002982 44 4723
products and other
non-metallic products
Fabricated metal 28&29 236622 4 129
products, machinery
and equipment, etc
Electrical machinery, 31&32 1320696 4 571
radio, television and
communication
equipment
Furniture 36 65700 4 72
Recycling 37 3637299 6 340
Source: CMI 2005-06
Federal Bureau of Statistics

Table 1.79: Releases of Concern by Major Economic Sectors

ISIC Rev.4 Economic Sector and Related Major Media to Wastes

Code Activities Pollution which Emitted as
Emissions Emissions Solids,
by Chemical are Liquids or
Type Released: Gases by
Air, Water, Volume and
Soil Weight if
known
Sector of Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries

A01 Crop and animal production, hunting Pesticides, Soil, Air Data not
and related service activities CO2 available
A02 Forestry and Logging Earth gases Air -
A03 Fishing and aquaculture BOD, COD Water -
Sector of Mining and Extraction

B04-09 Coal/oil/Natural Gas/Minerals/Metals BOD, Water, -

COD, CN soil,air
Sector of Manufacturing Industry -

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C10 Food products H2O, oils, Soil, oils -

BOD
C11 Beverages BOD, Water -
COD,
detergents
C12 Tobacco products BOD, COD Air -
C13-15 Textile/wearing apparel/leather Dyes Soil,water -
C16 Wood and of products of wood and Saw dust, Air -
cork paints,
polish
C-17 Paper and paper products Chemicals Water, soil
C18 Printing and recorded material Solvents, Water, soil -
pigments
C19-22 Coke, refined petroleum products, BOD, Soil, water -
chemicals, pharmaceutical products, COD,
plastic products Bioactive
materials
C23 Non metallic mineral products BOD, COD Water -
C-24-25 Basic metals and fabricated metal Fluxes, Air, soil -
products metal dust
C26 Computer electronic and optical Glass, Air, soil, -
products radiation, water
chemicals
C27 Electrical equipment Chemicals Air -
C28-30 Machinery and equipment, motor CO2, Air, soil -
vehicles, and other transport equipment chemicals,
HHC
Sector of Services

D Electricity, gas, steam and air CO2, Air -

conditioning supply magnetism,
BOD, COD
E Water supply, sewerage, waste BOD, COD Soil, water -
management
F Construction Solid waste Soil, water -
G Wholesale and retail trade, repair of Packaging, Soil -
vehicles and motorcycles plastics, etc
H Transportation and storage CO2, SO2 Air -
I Accommodation and food services BOD, COD Water -
S Other services activities (dry cleaning) BOD, COD Water -
TOTAL NA -
Source: Ministry of Science and Technology

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1.4. Industrial Employment by Major Economic Sectors

Identify the relative importance of different industries that may have implications for the safe
management of chemicals.

Table 1.80: Industrial Employment by Major Economic Sector

ISIC Description Number of Total Output

Code Facilities Employment Value (000)
(per year)
31 Food Industry 1,860 135,844 614,949,436
32 Textile/Clothing 1,329 438,657 766,980,442
Leather and Leather Goods 142 17,033 267,419,86
Ginning and baling of - - -
Fiber
33 Wood and Wood Products, 62 4,013 117,749,05
Printing
34 Paper and Paper Products 133 1,4071 54955338
Printing and Publishing 47 4,080 948,8480
35 Chemical/Coal/Petro/ 494 71650 351398361
Plastic Products
Drugs and Pharmaceutical 228 36336 90140972
Products
36 Non-Metallic Mineral 482 40417 138,074,595
Products
37 Basic Metals Industry 291 30223 130491855
38 Fabrication of Machinery 144 8777 219,445,13
And Equipment
39 Other Manufacturing 372 25154 600,217,53
Industries
Mining and Extraction Data not - -
Coal/Oil/Natural Gas/ provided
Minerals/Metals
Electric Generation Data not - -
provided
Dry Cleaning Data not - -
provided

TOTAL 5584 826192 227,696,763,6

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CHAPTER NO: 2

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 2 115

2. Chemical Production, Import, Export, Storage, Transport, Use and Disposal 115
2.1. Chemical Production, Import, Export and Use 115
2.1.1. Raw Materials Import and Export for Chemicals and Related Industry 116
2.2. Chemical Use by Categories 132
2.3. Storage of Chemicals and Related Issues 133
2.4. Chemical Waste 133
2.5. Overview of Capacity for Disposal of Chemicals 134
2.6. Stockpiles, Waste Deposits, and Contaminated Sites 134
2.7. Unintentionally Generated Chemicals 134
2.8. Comments/Analysis 134

TABLES

CHAPTER 2 115

TABLE 2.1: CHEMICAL PRODUCTION, IMPORT AND EXPORT 115

TABLE 2.2: CHEMICAL IMPORTS BY COMMODITIES JULY 2008 - APRIL 2009 116

TABLE 2.3: EXPORTS OF CHEMICALS DURING JULY 2008 – APRIL 2009 129

TABLE 2.4: CHEMICAL USE BY CATEGORIES 132

TABLE 2.5: BULK CHEMICAL STORAGE AND WAREHOUSING FACILITIES 133

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TABLE 2.6: SUPPLY CHAIN FOR BULK CHEMICAL DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORTATION 133

TABLE 2.7: CHEMICAL WASTE GENERATION AND TRADE 133

TABLE 2.8: FACILITIES FOR RECOVERY AND RECYCLING OF CHEMICALS AND RELATED WASTES 134

TABLE 2.9: FACILITIES FOR DISPOSAL OF CHEMICALS AND RELATED WASTE 134

TABLE 2.10: OBSOLETE CHEMICAL STOCKS, CHEMICAL WASTE SITE, AND CONTAMINATED AREAS
134

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Chapter 2

2. Chemical Production, Import, Export, Storage, Transport, Use and Disposal

2.1. Chemical Production, Import, Export and Use

Table 2.1: Chemical Production, Import and Export

Chemical Type Production/ Imports Formulation/ Exports

Manufacturing (tones/year & Packaging (tones/year
(tones/year & value(Min Rs)) (tones/year & & value)
value) value)
Pesticides *54103T 16495 T& NA NA
(agricultural, 5498
public health and
consumer use)
Fertilizers 2150T 401000 T NA NA
Petroleum 7138000T 7094T NA NA
Products
Industrial 1168876T NA NA NA
Chemicals (used
in Manufacturing
/Processing
facilities)
Consumer 355032 MT NA NA NA
Chemicals Matches (Mil.
Boxes)
6435
Paints and
varnishes (Ltr)
62756
Other Chemicals NA NA NA NA
(unknown mixed
use
TOTAL 8664058T 424589T & 5498
*Source: 2004-05, FISA
P=Provisional (July-March)
Source: Pakistan Economic Survey (2008-09)

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2.1.1. Raw Materials Import and Export for Chemicals and Related Industry

Table 2.2: Chemical Imports by Commodities July 2008 - April 2009

HS Code Commodity Unit Quantity Value

Inorganic Chemical

28012000 Iodine Kg 74746 106739

28013000 Fluorine, Bromine Kg 25 23
28020010 Sulphur, Sublimed/Precipitated Kg 101009 6373
28020020 Sulphur Colloidal Kg 600 13
28030010 Carbon Black (Rubber Grade) Kg 1265403 80447
28030020 Acetylene Black Kg 288211 32887
28030090 Other Carbon Kg 1199267 130213
28041000 Hydrogen. Cubm 1559 2434
28042100 Argon Cubm 41998 86218
28042900 Other, Rare Gases. Cubm 26188 54176
28043000 Nitrogen Cubm 908 2088
28044000 Oxygen Cubm 237 283
28046100 Silicon 99.99% by Weight Kg 23000 3268
28046900 Other Silicon Kg 236369 26259
28047000 Phosphorus Kg 332406 72687
28048000 Arsenic Kg 25065 4679
28049000 Selenium Kg 250144 51446
28051100 Sodium Kg 49851 1096
28051200 Calcium Kg 2439 500
28051900 Other Alkali Metals Kg 21013 5478
28053000 Rare-Earth Metal Ns Kg -- --
28054000 Mercury Kg 19560 20029
28061000 Hydrogen Chloride (Hcl Acid) Kg 21928 1204
28062000 Chlorosulphuric Acid Kg 100 3
28070000 Sulphuric Acid; Oleum Kg 1045 54
28080010 Nitric Acid Kg 2288717 80448
28080090 Sulphonitric Acids Kg 740 34
28091000 Diphosphorus Pentaoxide Kg 37364 1951
28092010 Phosphoric Acid Kg 217686573 28136379
28092090 Phosphorous Acid Kg 697526 70732
28100010 Oxide Of Boron Kg 52865 3741
28100020 Boric Acid Kg 1763210 97730
28111100 Hydrogen Fluoride Kg 147580 6866
28111910 Other Hydrogen Cyanide Kg -- --
28111920 Phosphour/Hypo Phosphoric Acid Kg 26600 2729
28111990 Oth Inor Oxygen Comp Non-Metal Kg 451044 48852
28112100 Carbon Dioxide Kg 14265 3274
28112200 Silicon Dioxide (Silica) Kg 1468248 309100
28112910 Sulphurous Acid Gas Cubm -- --
28112990 Oth Inorganic Acids/Compounds Cubm 163995 13674
28121010 Carbonyl Dichloride (Phosgene) Kg -- --

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28121090 Oth Halides/H-Oxides Non-Metal Kg 46 10

28129000 Oth Halide/Halide Oxides Kg 29676 7903
28131000 Carbon Disulphide Kg 1000 70
28139000 Oth Suphide Of Non-Metals Kg 525 63
28141000 Anhydrous Ammonia Kg -- --
28142000 Ammonia In Aqueous Solution Kg 380 121
28151100 Sodium Hydroxide Solid Kg 2725160 114664
28151200 Sodium Hydroxie Aqueous Sol Kg 1800 75
28152000 Potassium Hydroxide (Caustic) Kg 342558 32287
28153000 Peroxides Of Sodium/Potassium Kg 10 1
28161010 Magnesium Hydroxide Kg 144878 17286
28161090 Oth Hudroxide &Peroxide Of Mg Kg 3130 423
28164000 Strontium,Oxide,H-Oxide,Peroxi Kg 1547 323
28170000 Zinc Oxide; Zinc Peroxide Kg 774261 120450
28181000 Artificial Corundum Not Defin Kg 215538 21231
28182000 Aluminium Oxide O/T Artificial Mt 1724 103344
28183000 Aluminium Hydroxide Kg 2648572 203921
28191000 Chromium Trioxide Kg 433509 84153
28199010 Chromium Oxide Kg 55568 8873
28199020 Chromium Hydroxide Kg -- --
28201010 Mangnanese Dioxide, Electrolyte Kg 419225 30086
28201090 Other, Manganese Dioxide Kg 272 20
28209000 Other, Manganese Oxides Kg 28749 2163
28211010 Iron Oxides Kg 2396741 166237
28211020 Iron Hydroxides Kg 16910 1276
28212000 Earth Colours Kg 560 53
28220000 Cobalt Oxide & Hydroxide Kg 379058 38766
28230010 Titanium Dioxide Kg 3659708 591126
28230090 Other Titanium Oixdes Kg 795 121
28241000 Lead Monoxide(Litharge,Masicot Kg 42626 6365
28249000 Other, Lead Oxides Kg 809531 155590
28251000 Hydrazine Hydroxylamine Salt Kg 49154 12056
28252000 Lithium Oxide And Hydroxide Kg 47426 9193
28253000 Vanadium Oxides And Hydroxides Kg 4735 5540
28254000 Nickel Oxides And Hydroxides Kg -- --
28255000 Copper Oxides And Hydroxides Kg 22 7
28256000 Germanium Oxid/Zirconiumdioxid Kg 1207 254
28257000 Molybidenium Oxides/Dioxides Kg 78 43
28258000 Antimony Oxides Kg 37922 45651
28259000 Oth Inorganic Base/Metal Oxide Kg 20790 10038
28261200 Flourides Of Aluminium Kg 9620 2217
28261900 Other, Flourides Kg 359086 33776
28263000 Sodium Hexafloroaluminate Kg 10000 1117
28269000 Other,Complex Fluorine Salts Kg 29075 8851
28271000 Ammonium Chloride Kg 169017 10371
28272000 Calcium Chloride Kg 244902 18675
28273100 Chlorides Of Magnesium Kg 159754 12427
28273200 Chlorides Of Aluminium Kg 335 55
28273500 Chlorides Of Nickel Kg 84932 12087
28273900 Oth Chloride Oxides, Bromides Kg 630721 59561
28274100 Chloride Oxide/Hydroxide Coper Kg -- --

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28274900 Oth Chloride Oxide/Hydroxides Kg 26283 2516

28275100 Sodium Potasium Bromomides Kg 47478 8674
28275900 Oth Bromide/Bromide Oxide Kg 25590 5752
28276000 Iodides And Iodide Oxides Kg 9424 10765
28281010 Comercial Calcium Hypochlorite Kg 3006 1002
28281090 Other Calcium Hydrochlorides Kg 428 513
28289000 Oth Hypochlorites/Hypobromites Kg 15139 15461
28291100 Chlorates Of Sodium Kg 21280 1532
28291910 Potassium Chlorates Kg 3717925 314475
28291990 Oth Chlorates & Perchlorates Kg 618 54
28299000 Oth Bromates/Perbromate/Iodate Kg 21477 2759
28301010 Dithionites Of Sodium Kg 5772063 227118
28301090 Other Polysulphides Kg 1440011 71190
28309000 Oth Sulphides Not Chem-Defined Kg 194982 14517
28311010 Dithionites Of Sodium Kg 4167338 536964
28311090 Other Sulphoxylates Of Sodium Kg 316880 33363
28319010 Formaldehyde Sulphoxylates Kg 2687381 270802
28319090 Other Sulphoxylates Kg 96 14
28321010 Oth Sodium Hydrogen Sulphite Kg 2281406 149422
28321090 Oth Sodium Sulphite Kg 3179848 178382
28322010 Ammonium Sulhite Kg -- --
28322090 Other Sulphite Kg 74850 6855
28323000 Thiosulphates Kg 57498 4163
28331100 Disodium Sulphate Kg 20612226 271794
28331900 Other Sodium Sulphates Kg 4785068 181134
28332100 Magnesium Sulphate(Epsom Slate Kg 28961 7284
28332200 Sulphates Of Alumunium Kg 262974 21949
28332400 Sulphates Of Nickle Kg 226592 64461
28332500 Sulphates Of Copper Kg 154353 36310
28332700 Sulphates Of Barium Kg 368370 17328
28332910 Sulphates Of Ferrous Kg 543409 56076
28332920 Sulhates Of Lead Kg 464171 47235
28332940 Oth Sulphates Of Zinc Kg 1136743 90115
28332990 Other Sulphates Kg 1886346 180034
28333000 Alums Kg 5957 633
28334000 Peroxosulphates (Persulphates) Kg 101484 9297
28341010 Sodium Nitrate Kg 708529 31291
28341090 Other Nitrites Kg 164050 11932
28342100 Nitrates Of Potassium Kg 85805 3978
28342900 Other Nitrites Kg 349396 20377
28351000 Phosphinates & Phosphonates Kg 268603 30142
28352210 Phosphates Of Mono Sodium Kg 27238 2538
28352290 Phosphates Of Di-Sodium Kg 403814 64568
28352400 Phosphates Of Potassium Kg 100028 18844
28352500 Calcium Hydrogen-Orthophosphat Kg 1165291 93357
28352600 Oth Calcium Phosphate (Pure) Kg 189783 22727
28352910 Phosphates Of Aluminium Kg -- --
28352920 Phosphates Of Sodium Kg 9750 970
28352930 Phosphates Of Trisodium Kg 273445 23971
28352990 Other Phosphates Kg 313150 31088
28353100 Sodium Triphosphate Kg 11760747 1134092

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28353900 Other, Polyphosphates Kg 1037190 126967

28362000 Disodium Carbonate Natural Kg 8607730 277017
28363000 Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate Kg 6760209 168756
28364000 Potassium Carbonate Kg 1689675 104872
28365000 Calcium Carbonate Kg 2198384 100705
28366000 Barium Carbonate Kg 5589000 131414
28369100 Lithium Carbonate Kg 26691 1933
28369200 Strontium Carbonate Kg -- --
28369910 Magnesium Carbonate Kg 190813 13743
28369920 Carbonates Of Ammonium Kg 71316 5045
28369930 Bicarbonates Of Ammonium Kg 5696626 146467
28369990 Other, Carbonates Kg 340072 11100
28371100 Cyanides Of Sodium Kg 291442 41918
28371900 Oth Cyanide/Oxides Kg 12022 1536
28372000 Complex Cyanides Kg 5944 779
28391100 Sodium Metasilicates Kg 364020 38648
28391910 Sodium Silicate Kg 56911 6615
28391990 Other, Silicate Kg 5349 731
28399000 Other, Metal Silicate Kg 131426 19587
28401100 Sodium Tetraborate Anhydrous Kg 1764 151
28401900 Oth Disodium Tetraborat (Refine) Kg 2670892 110144
28402000 Other, Borates Kg 7842 351
28413000 Sodium Dichromate Kg 1513222 279016
28415010 Sodium Chromate Kg 1191 177
28415090 Oth Chromate Di/Per Chromates Kg 36330 6585
28416100 Potassium Permaganate Kg 47200 6573
28416900 Oth Maganite Maganate/Permagan Kg 7758 1684
28417000 Molybdates Kg 701 1212
28418000 Tungstates (Wolframates) Kg 47 56
28419010 Sodium Stannate Kg 1260 186
28419090 Oth Salts Of Oxometallic Acids Kg 1499 1202
28421000 Double Or Complex Silicates. Kg 705694 62335
28429010 Fulminates, Cyanates &Thiocyanat Kg 1000 250
28429090 Other Salts Of Inorganic Acids Kg 705289 71229
28432100 Silver Nitrate. Kg 2398 21325
28432900 Other, Silver Compounds Kg 1498 1679
28439000 Other Compounds, Amalgams Kg 3357 2430
28441000 Natural Uranium, Its Comp Alloy Gm 2154036 36713
28443000 Uranium Deplet Thorium It Comp Gm 179566 3934
28444000 Radioactive El/Isotop Comp Aly Gm 3013130 73186
28461000 Cerium Compounds. Gm 44584 4328
28469000 Oth Rare Earth Metal Compounds Gm 72409 1403
28470000 Hydrogen Oxide Solid With Urea Kg 30570256 1416030
28480000 Phosphides, Chemicaly Defined Kg -- --
28491000 Calcium Carbides Kg 3812561 218526
28492000 Silicon Carbide Kg 234432 19485
28499000 Other Carbide Kg 2524 1724
28500000 Hydride, Nitride, Azide, Brmd Etc Kg 21817 13021
28520000 Comp Inorg/Organic Of Mercury Kg 18290 14330
28530000 Oth Inorganic Copm Amalgams Kg 6774 4971
Organic Chemical

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15200000 Glyserol, Crude Water & Lyes Ltr 155643 20538

22071000 Undenature Ethyl Alcohol O/Spr Ltr 367 191
22072000 Ethyl Alcohol/Oth Spirits Den Ltr 265 134
38231100 Stearic Acid Kg 1744340 177229
38231200 Oleic (Olive) Acid Kg 172867 19168
38231300 Tall Oil Fatty Acids Kg 13010 1555
38231910 Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Kg 16045408 477765
38231920 Palm Acid Oil Kg 20168621 671623
38231930 Zinc Stearate Kg 1401837 37384
38231990 Other, Acid Oil From Refining Kg 15356157 356486
38237000 Industrial Fatty Alcohols Ltr 227337 37901
29011010 Satur Butane, Pentane & Hexane Kg 54008 5552
29011090 Oth Saturate Acyclic Hydcarbon Kg 640718 129713
29012100 Unsaturated Ethylene. Kg 5405777 350256
29012200 Unsaturated Propene (Propylene) Kg -- --
29012400 Unsaturate Buta-1, 3-Diene/Isop Kg -- --
29012910 Unsaturated Heptanes Kg -- --
29012990 Oth Unsaturat Acylic Hydcarbon Kg 550307 113593
29021100 Cyclohexane Kg 623 180
29021910 Cyclopentane Kg 74825 15068
29021920 Limonene (Dipentene) Kg 755621 83315
29021990 Other Cyclopentane Kg 25830 3026
29022000 Benzene, Pure Kg 19098 2031
29023000 Toluene, Pure Kg 7630047 734888
29024100 O-Xylene Kg 11803777 1230742
29024300 P-Xylene Kg 225858328 19678379
29024400 Mixed Xylene Isomers Kg 1928400 175921
29025000 Styrene Kg 15778046 1619005
29026000 Ethylbenzene Kg 24714 2677
29027000 Cumene Kg 115 12
29029010 Nepthalene Kg 375296 37910
29029090 Other, Cyclec Hydrocarbons Kg 446727 58749
29031190 Oth Saturated Chloromethane Kg 5565 860
29031200 Dichloromethane (Methylen Chlrd Kg 5895725 326897
29031300 Choloroform (Trichloromethane) Kg 313030 26014
29031400 Carbon Tetrachloride Kg -- --
29031500 Ethylene Dichloride (1,2-Di Ch) Kg 468674 46932
29031990 Other Chloromethane Kg 414900 42590
29032100 Unsaturated Vinyl Chloride Kg 63350734 5134735
29032200 Unsaturated Trichloroethylene Kg 2391277 152863
29032300 Unsaturate Tetrachloroetylene Kg 1566474 86942
29032900 Oth Unsatur Deriv Acycl H'carb Kg 1243 87
29033100 Ethylene Dibromide (1, 2, Dibrom) Kg 1266 89
29033910 Other Bromomethane (Methyl Bromi) Kg 118 11
29033920 Other Diflouromethane Kg -- --
29033930 Other Tetrafluoreothane Kg 526127 128015
29033940 Oth Ingredients For Pesticides Kg 26000 6582
29033950 Oth 1, 13, 3, 3-Pentafluoro-2(Tri Kg 1744 858
29033990 Oth Halogenat Deri Hydrocarbon Kg 30646 28409
29034100 Trichloroflouromethane Kg -- --

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29034200 Dichlorodifluoromethane Kg 35513 12374

29034300 Trichlorotrifluoroethanes Kg 61 21
29034400 Dichlorotetrafluoroethanes Kg -- --
29034510 Pentachlorofluoro Methane Kg 27300 4545
29034530 Tetrachlorodifluoroethanes Kg -- --
29034540 Heptachlorofluoropropanes Kg 6819 5562
29034570 Dichlorohexafluoropropanes Kg -- --
29034590 Oth Derv Perhalogen W/Fluorine Kg 35290 18958
29034700 Oth Perhalogenated Derivative Kg 11832 6064
29034910 Chlorodifluoromethane Kg 818152 150505
29034920 Dichlorotrifluoroethan Kg 20000 2860
29034990 Oth Chlorodifluoromethane Kg 317166 57487
29035100 1,2,3,4,5,6hexachloro Cyclohex Kg 25002 6554
29035900 Oth Helogen Deriv Cyclanic Etc Kg 40692 8473
29036110 Chlorobenzene Kg 136 28
29036120 O-Dichlorobenzene Kg 12 12
29036130 P-Dichlorobenzene Kg 15011 1654
29036900 Oth;Halogen Deriv Armat H'carb Kg 1147 1178
29041010 Benzene Sulphonic Acid Kg 159730 30642
29041090 Other Sulphonic Acid Kg 59153 12134
29042010 Nitrobenzene (Mirbane Oil) Kg 61400 7111
29042090 Oth Deriv Only Nitro/Nitro Grp Kg 12031 1603
29049010 Trichloronitromethane Kg 4220 619
29049090 Oth Derivative Nitro/Nitroso Kg 105413 15424
29051100 Saturat Methanol (Methyl Alchl) Ltr 25029273 1520067
29051210 Saturated Propyl Alcohol Ltr 1464460 162060
29051220 Saturated Isopropyl Alcohol Ltr 4929996 536398
29051300 Satur Butan-I-01(N-Butylalvhl Ltr 355950 60386
29051400 Other Saturated Butanols Ltr 2222937 292778
29051600 Satur Octanol/Isomers Thereof Ltr 8651097 1381827
29051710 Saturated Stearyle Alcohol Ltr 21819 2465
29051720 Saturated Cetyl Alcohol Ltr 163019 24728
29051910 Iso Nonyl Alcohol (Ina) Ltr 27 5
29051990 Oth Saturated M-Hydric Alcohol Ltr 25661 8075
29052200 Unsatur Acyclic Terpene Alcohl Ltr 56535 35351
29052900 Oth Unsatur Monohydric Alcohol Ltr 18217 11769
29053100 Ethylene Glycol (Ethanediol) Meg Ltr 142549884 12441756
29053200 Propylen Glycol (Propan-1,2-Dio Ltr 3810506 584680
29053900 Other, Diols Ltr 548291 87627
29054100 2-Ethyl-2(Hydroxymethly-Propan Ltr 42911 5704
29054200 Pentaerythritol Ltr 1588064 236483
29054300 Mannitol Ltr 147456 35191
29054400 D-Glucitol (Sorbitol) Ltr 76457 21680
29054500 Glycerol Ltr 4922643 434751
29054900 Other, Poluhydric Alcohols Ltr 16958 5035
29055900 Other Halogenated, Sulphonated Ltr 31959 6606
29061100 Menthol Ltr 154881 84150
29061200 Cycloexanol, Methyl/Dimethyl Ltr 30400 2844
29061300 Sterols And Inositols Ltr 7464 5396
29061910 Oth Terpineols Ltr 98874 20835
29061990 Oth, Cyclanic, Cyclenic Cycloter Ltr 19571 11038

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29062100 Benzyl Alcohol Ltr 72203 26910

29062990 Oth Ungredients For Pesticides Ltr 65234 25262
29071100 Phenol (Hydroxybenzene) It Salt Ltr 1873598 254708
29071200 Cresols And Their Salts Ltr 56815 9258
29071300 Octylphenol, Nonylphenol/Isomer Ltr 3830 940
29071500 Napthols & Their Salts Ltr 7320 2613
29071900 Other Monophenols Ltr 54497 25029
29072100 Resorcinal And Its Salts Ltr 11018 6209
29072200 Hydroquinone (Quinol) Its Salt Ltr 33361 7960
29072300 4,4-Isopropyldenediphenol/Salt Ltr 59333 13325
29072900 Other, Polyphenols Ltr 49423 28383
29081100 Pentachlorophenol (Iso) Ltr 504 249
29081910 Oth 4-Chloro, 3-Methylephenol Ltr 2771 1980
29081990 Oth Deri Of Phenols/Ph Alcohol Ltr 12740 9070
29089900 Oth Sulphonated Der Of Phenols Ltr 106169 63500
29091100 Diethyl Ether Kg 238 114
29091910 Methyl Tertiary Butyle Ether Kg -- --
29091990 Other, Acylic Ether Kg 102098 42135
29092000 Cyclanic,Cyc Ether Halogen Der Kg 1110 457
29093000 Aromatic Ether Halogen Sulph't Kg 80273 23790
29094100 2,2-Oxydiethanol(Diethyl Glycl Kg 2564067 269026
29094300 Monobutyl Ether, Ethylen Glycol Kg 170355 34892
29094410 Oth Ingredients For Pesticides Kg 130754 24446
29094490 O-Monoalkylether, Ethylen, Glyco Kg 1454143 194997
29094910 Nitrosated Base Pesticides Kg 82 12
29094990 Oth Nitrosated Base Pesticides Kg 456063 70870
29095000 Ether-Phenols, Etheralch Phenol Kg 24943 4806
29096000 Alch Peroxid, Eth Peroxid, Keton Kg 335031 56194
29101000 Oxirane (Ethylene Oxide) Kg 36396 8246
29102000 Methyloxirane (Propylene Oxide) Kg 76 19
29103000 1-Chloro-2, 3-Epoxypropane Kg 31870 5976
29109000 Oth, Epoxide, Epoxyalch, Epoxyphl Kg 2680 484
29110000 Acetal Hem/Acetal, Oxyfunc Hel Kg 4738 1313
29121100 Methane Without Oth Oxygn Func Kg 422692 35200
29121200 Ethane Without Oth Oxygen Func Kg 29862 6269
29121900 Oth, Acyclic Aldehyd W/O Othoxy Kg 537895 93245
29122100 Benzaldehyde W/O Oth Oxy Func Kg 48899 9324
29122900 Oth Cyclic Aldehyd W/O Oxy Fun Kg 43836 13335
29123000 Aldehyde-Alchohols Kg 16762 3451
29124100 Vanillin (4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxybz Kg 71292 48090
29124200 Ethylvanilin (3-Ethoxy-4hydroxy Kg 28958 17534
29124900 Oth Aldehyde-Ether/Phenol/Oxyg Kg 8638 2750
29126000 Paraformaldehyde Kg 565351 38041
29130000 Halogen, Sulphonat, Nitrat Derv Kg 16221 2673
29141100 Acetone Kg 602492 59822
29141200 Butanone (Methyl Ethyl Ketone) Kg 1912511 250563
29141300 4-Methylpentan-2-One Kg 72713 12031
29141900 Oth, Acyclic Ketone W-Out Oxy-F Kg 10388 4877
29142100 Camphor Kg 5390 3373
29142200 Cyclohexanone, Methylcyclohexon Kg 144102 34353
29142300 Ionones And Methylionones Kg 5745 2784

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29142910 Isophorone Kg 3812 928

29142990 Other Isophorone Kg 3877 1220
29143100 Phenylacetone (1-Phenylpropan-2 Kg 1779 338
29143900 Oth, Aromatic Ketone W/O Oxygen Kg 5299 1377
29144000 Ketone-Alcohol Ketone-Aldehyde Kg 347104 46547
29145000 Ketone-Phenol/Ketone W/O Oxygn Kg 24331 16757
29146100 Anthraquinone Kg 92752 31764
29146900 Other Quinones Kg 85511 33049
29147000 Halgenatded, Sulphonated, Deriva Kg 7458 2938
29151100 Formic Acid Kg 3367817 300523
29151210 Sodium Formate, Calcium Formate Kg 8010140 278326
29151290 Other, Salt Of Formic Acid Kg 81513 15056
29151300 Esters Of Formic Acid Kg 3829 472
29152100 Acetic Acid Kg 11771342 847310
29152400 Acetic Anhydride Kg 22530 4294
29152910 Calcium Acetate Kg 34487 4643
29152920 Lead Acetate Kg 5452 849
29152930 Oth Sodium Acetate Kg 610990 30694
29152940 Oth Cobalt Acetate Kg 45671 8579
29152990 Oth Acetic Acid And Its Salts Kg 23062 3433
29153100 Ethyl Acetate Kg 2388733 249789
29153200 Vinyl Acetate Kg 6930121 734208
29153300 N-Butyl Acetate Kg 109094 11479
29153600 Dinoseb (Iso) Acetate Kg 36614 4423
29153910 Benzyl Acetate Kg 98680 15837
29153920 Amyl Acetate Kg 25133 4673
29153990 Other, Esters Of Acetic Acid Kg 1557614 240452
29154000 Mono/Di/Trichloroacetic Acid-S Kg 40758 7781
29155000 Propionic Acid, Its Salt/Esters Kg 268449 42088
29156010 Butyric Acids, Kg 139278 19500
29156020 Salt/Esters Of Butyric Acids Kg 154452 24970
29156030 Salt/Esters Of Valeric Acids Kg 16000 1999
29156090 Oth Botanoic/Petanoic Acids/Sl Kg 63156 10402
29157010 Stearic Acid (Chemically Pure) Kg 6896 1260
29157090 Oth Palmitic/Stearic Acid/Salt Kg 90909 24788
29159000 Oth Sat Acyclic Monocarboxylic Kg 1123679 304871
29161100 Unsatu Acrylic Acid/Its Salts Kg 707382 101188
29161200 Unsaturate Ester Acrylic Acid Kg 6754556 1108936
29161300 Unsatu Methacrylic Acid/Salts Kg 46099 10609
29161400 Unsatu Ester, Metharylic Acid Kg 1699654 343505
29161510 Unsaturated Oleic Acid Kg 28211 2827
29161520 Unsaturat Salt/Deriv, Oleicacid Kg 680 158
29161590 Oth Oleic, Linoleic Acid/Salt Kg 93033 15410
29161910 Oth Maleic Acid, Azdn (2-Azobis) Kg 19000 2797
29161990 Oth Unsat Acylic M-Carbox Acid Kg 216684 41601
29162000 Cyc-Lanic, Lenic Lotepheni Acid Kg 20659 30535
29163110 Benzoic Acid, Kg 130012 20112
29163120 Sodium Benzoate Kg 290780 41304
29163190 Oth Benzoic Acid/Salt/Esters Kg 87382 15296
29163200 Benzoyl Peroxide/Benzyl Chlrid Kg 9645 2449
29163500 Esters Of Phenylacetic Acid Kg 1379 421

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29163910 Ibuprofen Kg 203101 156443

29163920 Aromatic Monocarboxylic Pestic Kg -- --
29163990 Oth Unsat Acylmonocarboxy Acid Kg 235391 124689
29171110 Oxalic Acid Kg 1619993 118566
29171190 Other Salts And Esters Kg 540 122
29171200 Adipic Acid, Its Salts/Esters Kg 191430 22912
29171300 Azelaic/Sebacic Acid/Salt/Estr Kg 107378 17695
29171400 Maleic Anhydride Kg 641287 82400
29171900 Oth Acyclic Polycarboxyl Acid Kg 166273 35812
29172000 Cyc-Lanic, Lenic Loterpenc Acid Kg 114260 19460
29173200 Dioctyl Orthophthalates Kg 538331 93624
29173300 Dinony/Didecyl Orthophalates Kg -- --
29173410 Dibutyl Orthophthalates Kg 196518 30021
29173490 Oth Esters Orthophthalic Acid Kg 537990 74431
29173500 Phthalic Anhydride Kg 2062846 208242
29173610 Pure Terphthalic Acid (Pta) Kg 21918439 2703508
29173690 Oth, Terphthalic Acid/Its Salts Kg 39600 4738
29173910 Iso Phthalic Acid Kg 658822 87177
29173990 Oth Polycarboxylic Acids/Der Kg 46358 9187
29181110 Lactic Acid Kg 312356 33299
29181190 Oth Lactic Acid, Its Salt/Ester Kg 134223 34400
29181200 Tartaric Acid Kg 86640 19100
29181300 Salt & Ester Of Tartaric Acid Kg 1282 678
29181400 Citric Acid Kg 6262483 561972
29181510 Sodium Citrate Kg 610088 55118
29181590 Oth Citric Acid/Salts/Esters Kg 149688 33972
29181600 Gluconic Acid, Salts & Esters Kg 1042931 248817
29181800 Chlorobenzilate (Iso) Kg -- --
29181910 Benzilic Acid Kg 129 50
29181990 Oth Lactic Acid Its Salt/Ester Kg 103994 31316
29182110 Salicylic Acid Kg 6701 1120
29182120 Sodium Salicylate Kg 1000 163
29182130 Methyl Salicylate Kg 21499 3308
29182190 Oth Salicylic Acids Their Salt Kg 25004 7979
29182210 Asparin Kg 136460 37218
29182290 Oth O-Acetylsalicylc Acid/Salt Kg 8490 1943
29182300 Oth Ester, Salicylic Acid/Salts Kg 38289 10685
29182900 Oth Carboxylic Acid+Phenol Fun Kg 140505 56689
29183000 Carboxylic Acid+Aldehyde/Keton Kg 132857 44143
29189100 2, 4, 5-T (Iso) (2, 4, 5-Trichloroph Kg 2974 1338
29189910 Oth Ingredients For Pesticides Kg 68480 26573
29189990 Oth Carboxylic Acid, Nitrosated Kg 479561 374212
29191000 Tris (2, 3-Dibromoproply) Phospha Kg 561 408
29199010 Oth Ingredients For Pesticides Kg 5950 2886
29199090 Oth Lactophosphates & Deriva Kg 48094 35088
29201100 Parathion (Iso) &Para-Mathyl Dri Kg 20 7
29209010 Sulphonic Esters/Derivatives Kg 5002 1734
29209020 Nitrosated Base Pesticides Kg -- --
29209030 Diethyl Phosphite Kg 47 19
29209090 Oth Inorganic Ester/Derivative Kg 27925 23084
29211100 Methylamine, Di/Tri & Its Salt Kg 334418 58002

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29211910 Paraxylidine Sulfamic Acid Kg 22 5

29211920 Bis (2-Chloroethyl) Kg 418 156
29211940 Trichlomethine (Inn) (Tris (2-C Kg -- --
29211950 N, N-Dialkyl (Methyl, Ethyl, N-P Kg -- --
29211990 Oth Amine Function Compounds Kg 94818 46256
29212100 Ethylenediamine And Its Salts Kg 46823 22520
29212200 Hexamethylenediamine/Its Salts Kg 9399 3921
29212910 Aceto Acetic Ortho Anisidine Kg 1297 378
29212990 Other Acyclic Polymines/Salts Kg 195252 41973
29213000 Cy-Clanic, Lenic Loterpeni/Salt Kg 77606 27973
29214110 Aniline Kg 132343 21364
29214190 Other, Dimethylaniline Kg 5423 1388
29214200 Aniline Derivatives/Its Salt Kg 810395 170571
29214310 Oth Toluidine/Derivativ/Salt Kg -- --
29214390 Toludines/Salts For Pesticides Kg 149896 42586
29214400 Diphenylamine/Its Deriv/Salt Kg 39295 12987
29214510 Sodium Naphthionate Kg 13897 2575
29214590 Oth 1-Naphthylamine, Deri/Salts Kg 180949 53235
29214900 Oth, Aromatic Monoamin Der/Salt Kg 447805 142759
29215110 Diaminotoluene Base Pesticides Kg 678440 103397
29215190 Oth Aromatic Polyamies &Salts Kg 406150 128110
29215900 Oth Aromatic Polyamin Der/Salt Kg 379658 116538
29221100 Monoethanolamine And Its Salts Kg 282901 67811
29221200 Diethanolamine And Its Salts Kg 372846 92101
29221310 Triethanolamine Kg 133398 22506
29221390 Oth Triethanolamine &Its Salts Kg 24631 6377
29221400 Dextropropoxyphene&Its Salts Kg 20182 4107
29221911 N,N-Dimethyl-2-Aminoethanol/Sa Kg 2100 659
29221919 Oth N-Propyl Or Isopropyl Kg 53364 11694
29221930 Methyldiethanolamine Kg 84511 24923
29221990 Oth N,N-Dialkyl (Methyl,Ethyl) Kg 1706879 568867
29222100 Aminohydroxynephlene Acid/Salt Kg 1311981 323131
29222900 Oth Amino Napthol/Phenol Ether Kg 704320 203364
29223900 Oth Amino Aldehydes Kg 52653 19221
29224100 Lysine/Its Ester Salt Thereof Kg 8770022 1012183
29224210 Monosodium Glutamate Kg 3480440 300068
29224290 Oth Glutamic Acid/Its Salt Kg 27581 9885
29224300 Anthranilic Acid And Its Salts Kg 1145 310
29224400 Tilidine (Inn) And Its Salts Kg 665 200
29224910 Other Alanine Kg 474240 153319
29224990 Oth Amino Acids And Salts Kg 1217106 1102817
29225000 Amino-Alcoh-Phenols,Amino Acid Kg 347021 343434
29231000 Choline And Its Salts Kg 55290 47953
29232000 Lecithin/Oth Phosphoaminolipid Kg 804343 83724
29239010 Betain Kg 103338 75098
29239090 Oth Ammonium Salt/Hydro/Lecith Kg 187505 100444
29241100 Meprobamate (Inn) Kg 125 41
29241200 Fluoroacetamide(Iso)Monocroto Kg -- --
29241910 Acetamide Kg 11319 4542
29241920 Phenacaetine(Acet-P-Phenetedid Kg 199 99
29241990 Other Acyclic Amides Kg 2654359 400095

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29242100 Ureines/Deriv/Salt Thereof Kg 207152 98789

29242300 2-Acetamidobenoic Acid Kg -- --
29242910 Paracetamole Kg 721929 232366
29242920 Aceto Aceto Ortho Toluidine Kg 5000 1470
29242930 Cyclic Amides Pesticides Kg 16720 13484
29242990 Oth Cyclic Amide Deriv/Salts Kg 1082634 846762
29251100 Saccharin And Its Salts Kg 312519 115565
29251900 Oth Imide/Deriv/Salt Throf Kg 8608 3583
29252100 Chloimeformrd (Iso) Kg 350 130
29252910 Diphenyl-Guanidine Kg 1364 703
29252990 Oth Imine/Its Deriv Salt Throf Kg 442353 224766
29261000 Acrylonitrile Kg 3813535 614562
29262000 1-Cyanoguanidine (Dicyandiamide Kg 194213 29100
29269010 Alphacyano, 3-Phanoxybenzyl Etc Kg 80 59
29269020 S-Alpha Cyano, 3-Phenoxybenzyl Kg 484392 196930
29269040 N-Methylptrolidon Kg 133 65
29269050 Nitrile-F.C Base Pesticides Kg 7750822 2434194
29269090 Oth Nitrile-Function Compounds Kg 104509 70788
29270010 Benzene-Diazonium Chloride Kg 2000 1229
29270020 Benzene-Diazonium Teraflurobor Kg 7874 2889
29270090 Oth Diazo-,Azo-/Azoxy-Compound Kg 453469 67556
29280010 Phenyl-Hydrazine Kg 6813 2044
29280090 Oth Organic Derv Hydrazine Etc Kg 74642 47564
29291000 Isocyanates W-Nitrogen Functio Kg 6561860 2051744
29299010 Isocyanides Kg 22003 6911
29299090 Oth Comp With Oth Nitrogn Func Kg 1101991 77287
29302010 2-N,N-Dimethyl Amino-1 Sodium Kg 258 63
29302020 Thiocarbamates Bas Epesticides Kg 625043 181426
29302030 Oth Ingredients For Pesticides Kg 2769 1108
29302090 Other Organo Sulphur Compounds Kg 690983 151307
29303000 Thiuram Mono-,Di-,Tetrasulphid Kg 3357 656
29304000 Methionine Kg 2522252 881012
29309010 2 N,N-Dimethylanino1,3disodium Kg 11737 5819
29309020 O,S-Dimethyl Phosphoramidothio Kg -- --
29309030 S-S,2-Dimethylamino,Bis(Thio) Kg 56000 48141
29309040 Diafethiuran Tech Dispropyl Kg 1217259 360331
29309050 O-O Dithyl Phosphoro Thioate Kg 210006 81412
29309060 O-4 Bromo,2-Chlorophenyle O-Et Kg 334090 170665
29309070 O,O Duethyl Phosphorothioate Kg 15898 9663
29309091 [S-2-(Dialkyl (Methyl, Ethyl, N-P Kg 17723 5202
29309092 2-Chloroethylchloromethylsulph Kg 68 29
29309093 O,O-Diethyl S-[2-(Diethylamino Kg 33 10
29309099 Oth Organo-Sulphur Compounds Kg 148013 44479
29310010 Oth Organo Pesticides Kg 4628 2314
29310020 O-Alkyl (<C10, Incl Cycloalkyl) Kg -- --
29310030 [O-2-(Dialkyl (Methyl, Ethyl, N-P Kg -- --
29310090 Oth Organo-Inorganic Pesticide Kg 894654 273607
29321100 Tetrahydrofuran Kg 2069 2159
29321200 2-Furaldehyde (Furfuraldehyde) Kg 95 43
29321300 Furfuryl Alcoh/Tetrahydrfurfyl Kg 34994 26246
29321900 Oth Heterocyclic Comp Unfused Kg 43262 58034

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29322100 Coumarin, Methyl/Ethyl Coumarin Kg 3866 2882

29322910 4, 5, 6, 7--Tetrachlorophalide Kg 283 349
29322920 Oth Lactones For Pesticides Kg 3878 3501
29322930 Isoascorbic Acid Kg 1500 738
29322990 Oherte Trochloropthalide Kg 64788 100744
29329100 Isoafrole Kg -- --
29329300 Piperonal Kg -- --
29329500 Tetra Hydro Cannabinols Kg 600 4476
29329910 2,3 Dihydro,2-2dimethyl,7benzo Kg 654282 525179
29329990 Oth Heterocyclic Comp W/Oxygen Kg 191710 294892
29331100 Phenazone & Its Derivative Kg 49384 53593
29331900 Oth Comp Unfuse Pyrazole Ring Kg 24857 24715
29332100 Hydantoin And Its Derivatives Kg 8796 15437
29332900 Oth Comp Unfuse Imidazole Ring Kg 542581 590433
29333100 Pyridine And Its Salts Kg 7658 7023
29333200 Piperidine And Its Salts Kg -- --
29333300 Alfentanial (Inn)(Anileridine) Kg 41478 221616
29333910 Chloropheniramine & Isoniazid Kg 9751 12660
29333920 Pyrazinamide Kg 25214 43367
29333930 Unfused Pyidine Base Pesticide Kg 85995 54580
29333990 Oth Comp Unfuse Pyridine Ring Kg 657288 1364687
29334100 Levorphanol (Inn) & Its Salts Kg 3350 5263
29334910 Amodiaquine Kg 15433 20029
29334920 Quinoline Kg 3058 5134
29334930 Chloroquine Sulphate Kg 9518 9956
29334940 Chloroquine Phosphate Kg 34006 50937
29334990 Oth Comp Quinoline/Iso Qu-Ring Kg 254222 515512
29335200 Malonylurea/It Deriv/Salt Thof Kg 192 319
29335300 Allobarbital (Inn)(Ambarbital) Kg 1439 2152
29335400 Oth Derivatives Of Malonylurea Kg 1832 2703
29335500 Loprazolam (Inn) Mecloqualone Kg -- --
29335910 O-Diethyl, O, Iso Phropyl-6 Etc Kg 198 411
29335920 1-Tert, Butyl-3(2,6 Iso Propyl) Kg 500 952
29335930 Ciprofloxacin Kg 76909 213065
29335940 Norfloxacin Kg 4961 15102
29335950 Pyrimidin Ring Base Pesticides Kg 79032 160907
29335990 Oth Comp Pyrimidine/Piper Ring Kg 184598 490239
29336100 Malamine Kg 2200412 313414
29336910 Pyrimethanine Kg 2546 6021
29336920 Isoniazid Kg 4357 4196
29336930 Cyanuric Chioride Kg 102108 -
29336990 Oth Comp Unfuse Triazine Ring Kg 89308 -
29337100 6-Hexanelactam (Epsilon-Caprol) Kg 1138 -
29337200 Clobazam (Inn), Methprylon (Inn) Kg 42489 -
29337910 Isatin (Lactam Of Istic Acid) Kg 23959 -
29337920 1-Vinyl-2-Pyrrol-Idone Kg 382 284
29337990 Other Lactams Kg 47286 103593
29339100 Alprazolam (Inn) Camazepam (Inn) Kg 32450 71230
29339910 Oth Ingredients For Pesticides Kg 89195 99491
29339990 Other Hetrocyclic Copmounds Kg 418010 1010360
29341010 Nucleic Acid Base Pesticides Kg 3050 2138

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29341090 Oth Heterocyclic Compounds Kg 22446 66980

29342000 Comp Benzothiazole Ring System Kg 125901 38591
29343000 Comp Phenothiazine Ring System Kg 32996 54383
29349100 Aminorex(Inn),Bortizolam(Inn) Kg 46981 23565
29349910 Furazolidone Kg 67464 71596
29349920 Oth Nucleic Acid Base Pesticid Kg 11396 9117
29349990 Other Heterocyclic Compounds Kg 726295 2171193
29350010 O-Toluene-Sulphonamide Kg 1360 1372
29350020 P-Amino-Benzene Sulphonamide Kg -- --
29350030 Sulpha-Pyridine(Inn) Kg 12266 16562
29350040 Sulpha-Diazine Kg 100 92
29350060 Sulphanilamide Kg 1000 671
29350090 Other, Sulphonamides Kg 233340 662341
29362100 Vitamin A Its Derivative Unmix Kg 45117 126592
29362200 Vitamin B1/Its Deriv Unmixed Kg 49353 91483
29362300 Vitamin B2/Its Deriv Unmixed Kg 48360 97374
29362400 D-,Dl-Pantothenic Acid(Vitb3b5 Kg 92690 105916
29362500 Vitamin B6/Its Deriv Unmixed Kg 46873 73329
29362600 Vitamin B12/Its Deriv Unmixed Kg 46923 131477
29362700 Vitamin E/Its Derivative Unmix Kg 642678 579868
29362800 Vitamin D/Its Derivative Unmix Kg 311439 344499
29362900 Oth Vitamin/Its Deriv Unmixed Kg 229307 383486
29369000 Oth Inter-Mixture Provitamins Kg 69626 98980
29371100 Somatotropin Its Derivatives Kg 4483 4952
29371200 Insuline And Its Salts Kg 17786 48416
29371900 Other Polypetide Harmones Kg 6067 12379
29372100 Cortisone/Hydro/Prednisone Etc Kg 2031 97963
29372200 Halogenate Deriv Adernal Hormn Kg 5471 301838
29372300 Oestrogens And Progestogens Kg 2452 109387
29372900 Oth,Steroidal Harmones,Derivat Kg 2840 125499
29373900 Oth Cetecholamine Harmones Kg 227 1742
29374000 Amino Acid Derivatives Kg 255 4176
29375000 Prostaglandins,Thromboxanes&Dr Kg 543 18448
29379000 Oth Hormones/Its Derivatives Kg 13474 635962
29381000 Rutoside(Rutin)/Its Derivative Kg 300 728
29389090 Other Glycosides Natural/Salts Kg 6655 49179
29391100 Concentrates Of Poppy Straw Kg 528 28522
29391900 Oth Alkaloids Of Opium/Dervati Kg 676 58905
29392010 Quinine Sulphate Kg 590 5021
29392090 Oth Alkaloid Cinchona/Drv Salt Kg 457 24256
29393000 Caffeine And Its Salts Kg 103315 72997
29394100 Ephedrine And Its Salts Kg 870 1302
29394200 Pseudeophedrine(Inn)/Its Salt Kg 930 1389
29394900 Other, Ephedrine And Its Salts Kg 23082 47672
29395100 Enetylline (Inn) And Its Salts Kg 1000 843
29395900 Oth Theophylline/Aminophlline Kg 45093 59625
29396100 Erogmetrine (Inn)And Its Salt Kg 7 686
29396200 Ergotamine (Inn) And Its Salts Kg -- --
29396900 Oth Alkaloid Of Rye Ergot/Salt Kg 1138 116704
29399100 Cocaine Ecgonine, Salts, Esters Kg 18 187
29399910 Vege Alkaloids Base Pesticides Kg 1 32

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29399990 Other Vegetable Alkaloids Kg 5854 120627

29400000 Sugard O/T Sucrose/Lactose Etc Kg 508960 274842
29411000 Pencilline/Derv/Acid/Salt Etc Kg 78507 165433
29412000 Streptromycin/Deriv/Salt Throf Kg 17742 40527
29413000 Tetracycline/Deriv/Salt Throf Kg 71460 134018
29414000 Chloramphenical/Deriv/Salt Kg 32476 59343
29415000 Erythromycin/Deriv/Salt Throf Kg 128763 756140
29419010 Cephalexin Kg 5011 32432
29419020 Gramicid Trycidine Kg 463 2628
29419030 Thricin Kg -- --
29419040 Cephradine Oral Kg 8332 40314
29419050 Antibiotics Base Pesticides Kg 228069 444908
29419060 Cefixime In Bulk Kg 9643 162516
29419090 Other, Antibiotics. Kg 363191 2442056
29420000 Other Organic Compounds. Kg 3482 5904

Table 2.3: Exports of Chemicals during July 2008 – April 2009

HS Code Commodity Unit Quantity Value

(Pak Rs. 000,)
Inorganic Chemical

28011000 Chlorine Kg 85129 4764

28012000 Iodine Kg 45000 1451
28020010 Sulphur, Sublimed/Precipitated Kg 115900 4002
28030010 Carbon Black (Rubber Grade) Kg 15741 533
28030090 Other Carbon Kg 300 255
28042900 Other, Rare Gases. Cubm -- --
28043000 Nitrogen Cubm -- --
28044000 Oxygen Cubm 2261 4297
28046900 Other Silicon Kg 500 60
28051100 Sodium Kg -- --
28051900 Other Alkali Metals Kg 12500 142
28054000 Mercury Kg 4900 1225
28061000 Hydrogen Chloride (Hcl Acid) Kg 30731305 276811
28062000 Chlorosulphuric Acid Kg 60363 664
28070000 Sulphuric Acid; Oleum Kg 3485271 48855
28091000 Diphosphorus Pentaoxide Kg 95 8
28092090 Phosphorous Acid Kg 20000 1191
28100020 Boric Acid Kg 10758 738
28112100 Carbon Dioxide Kg 12050 836
28112200 Silicon Dioxide (Silica) Kg -- --
28112990 Oth Inorganic Acids/Compounds Cubm 31400 195
28129000 Oth Halide/Halide Oxides Kg 12006 1240
28142000 Ammonia In Aqueous Solution Kg 62796 2139
28151100 Sodium Hydroxide Solid Kg 108367 3844
28151200 Sodium Hydroxide Aqueous Sol Kg 9070 576
28152000 Potassium Hydroxide (Caustic) Kg -- --
28153000 Peroxides Of Sodium/Potassium Kg 550 56
28161090 Oth Hudroxide &Peroxide Of Mg Kg 112500 1486

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28170000 Zinc Oxide; Zinc Peroxide Kg 420580 65647

28181000 Artificial Corundum Not Defin Kg -- --
28199010 Chromium Oxide Kg -- --
28209000 Other, Manganese Oxides Kg 500 32
28211010 Iron Oxides Kg 8692 812
28230010 Titanium Dioxide Kg 3400 391
28251000 Hydrazine, Ydroxylamine Salt Kg 7220 696
28259000 Oth Inorganic Base/Metal Oxide Kg 5487 383
28261200 Flourides Of Aluminium Kg 1283 77
28261900 Other, Flourides Kg 1500 106
28269000 Other, Complex Fluorine Salts Kg 330 23
28271000 Ammonium Chloride Kg 1350447 42028
28272000 Calcium Chloride Kg 2333364 44188
28273100 Chlorides Of Magnesium Kg 20181 335
28273200 Chlorides Of Aluminium Kg 11500 463
28273900 Other Chloride Oxides, Bromides Kg 21897 863
28281010 Comercial Calcium Hypochlorite Kg 284113 9312
28289000 Other Hypochlorites/Hypobromites Kg 21000 1157
28291100 Chlorates Of Sodium Kg 753931 12431
28291910 Potassium Chlorates Kg -- --
28301010 Dithionites Of Sodium Kg -- --
28301090 Other Polysulphides Kg 914 32
28309000 Oth Sulphides Not Chem-Defined Kg 14452 1192
28319010 Formaldehyde Sulphoxylates Kg 100000 4284
28321010 Oth Sodium Hydrogen Sulphite Kg -- --
28321090 Oth Sodium Sulphite Kg -- --
28331900 Other Sodium Sulphates Kg -- --
28332500 Sulphates of Copper Kg 500 37
28332940 Other Sulphates of Zinc Kg 500 24
28332990 Other Sulphates Kg -- --
28333000 Alums Kg 30 2
28342100 Nitrates of Potassium Kg -- --
28342900 Other Nitrites Kg -- --
28352290 Phosphates of Di-Sodium Kg 99800 1243
28352500 Calcium Hydrogen-Orthophosphat Kg 80000 3002
28352600 Oth Calcium Phosphate (Pure) Kg 20000 839
28353100 Sodium Triphosphate Kg 1826 95
28353900 Other, Polyphosphates Kg -- --
28362000 Disodium Carbonate Natural Kg 3438814 74942
28363000 Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate Kg 244154 9533
28365000 Calcium Carbonate Kg 89580 1799
28369200 Strontium Carbonate Kg -- --
28369990 Other, Carbonates Kg 280 12
28371100 Cyanides Of Sodium Kg 25000 298
28371900 Oth Cyanide/Oxides Kg 8500 298
28391910 Sodium Silicate Kg 84929 4492
28391990 Other, Silicate Kg 1965270 141154
28399000 Other, Metal Silicate Kg -- --
28401900 Oth Disodium Tetraborat (Refine) Kg -- --
28415010 Sodium Chromate Kg 252000 4369
28416900 Oth Maganite Maganate/Permagan Kg 100 3

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28417000 Molybdates Kg 200 40

28421000 Double Or Complex Silicates. Kg 1000 241
28432900 Other, Silver Compounds Kg 69848 418810
28439000 Other Compounds, Amalgams Kg -- --
28459000 Oth Isotopes & Their Compounds Kg -- -
28470000 Hydrogen Oxide Solid With Urea Kg 290324 5990
28492000 Silicon Carbide Kg 2627 113
28499000 Other Carbide Kg -- --

Organic Chemical

22071000 Undenature Ethyl Alcohol O/Spr Ltr 24006135 984263

22072000 Ethyl Alcohol/Oth Spirits Den Ltr 229304730 10536844
38231100 Stearic Acid Kg 64150 5172
38231200 Oleic (Olive) Acid Kg 500 75
38237000 Industrial Fatty Alcohols Ltr 25000 1172
29022000 Benzene, Pure Kg 2225 351
29025000 Styrene Kg 1260 97
29032900 Oth Unsatur Deriv Acycl H'carb Kg -- --
29033990 Oth Halogenat Deri Hydrocarbon Kg 70899 4254
29051220 Saturated Isopropyl Alcohol Ltr 32000 4611
29051300 Satur Butan-I-01(N-Butylalvhl Ltr 250 38
29051400 Other Saturated Butanols Ltr -- --
29052900 Oth Unsatur Monohydric Alcohol Ltr 5822 907
29053200 Propylen Glycol (Propan-1,2-Dio Ltr 3150 447
29053900 Other, Diols Ltr 18750 1192
29054500 Glycerol Ltr 91400 5027
29054900 Other, Poluhydric Alcohols Ltr 504 80
29061100 Menthol Ltr -- --
29071200 Cresols And Their Salts Ltr -- --
29071300 Octylphenol, Nonylphenol/Isomer Ltr 200 13
29121200 Ethane Without Oth Oxygen Func Kg 4000 699
29130000 Halogen, Sulphonat, Nitrat Derv Kg -- --
29151100 Formic Acid Kg 90 10
29151210 Sodium Formate, Calcium Formate Kg -- --
29151290 Other, Salt Of Formic Acid Kg -- --
29152100 Acetic Acid Kg 20160 890
29156020 Salt/Esters Of Butyric Acids Kg 1422 211
29157010 Stearic Acid (Chemically Pure) Kg 4250 268
29159000 Oth Sat Acyclic Monocarboxylic Kg 30400 1267
29163910 Ibuprofen Kg -- --
29171110 Oxalic Acid Kg 79 6
29173200 Dioctyl Orthophthalates Kg 436498 27159
29173500 Phthalic Anhydride Kg 3036134 298709
29173610 P Ure Terphthalic Acid (Pta) Kg 8561486 548906
29173690 Oth, Terphthalic Acid/Its Salts Kg 64960 3248
29173990 Oth Polycarboxylic Acids/Der Kg 100370 4453
29181110 Lactic Acid Kg 200 17
29181200 Tartaric Acid Kg -- --
29181400 Citric Acid Kg 250 24
29211100 Methylamine,Di/Tri & Its Salt Kg 2500 63

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29212100 Ethylenediamine And Its Salts Kg 5750 1072

29214390 Toludines/Salts For Pesticides Kg 56000 2144
29215900 Oth Aromatic Polyamin Der/Salt Kg 1690 96
29221100 Monoethanolamine And Its Salts Kg 20000 669
29224210 Monosodium Glutamate Kg 300 18
29231000 Choline And Its Salts Kg -- --
29239010 Betain Kg 134127 6506
29239090 Oth Ammonium Salt/Hydro/Lecith Kg 100 9
29241910 Acetamide Kg 937 66
29242400 Ethinamate (Inn) Kg -- --
29242930 Cyclic Amides Pesticides Kg 225447 19163
29242990 Oth Cyclic Amide Deriv/Salts Kg 18966 1052
29269050 Nitrile-F.C Base Pesticides Kg 60550 21259
29269090 Oth Nitrile-Function Compounds Kg -- --
29309099 Oth Organo-Sulphur Compounds Kg -- --
29310040 O/T Org-Inorganic, Conta P-Atom Kg 15671 5485
29329300 Piperonal Kg 410 193
29331900 Oth Comp Unfuse Pyrazole Ring Kg -- --
29334990 Oth Comp Quinoline/Iso Qu-Ring Kg 500 1112
29335500 Loprazolam (Inn) Mecloqualone Kg 105 43
29335990 Oth Comp Pyrimidine/Piper Ring Kg 2255 241
29336100 Malamine Kg 3800 214
29362300 Vitamin B2/Its Deriv. Unmixed Kg -- --
29362700 Vitamin E/Its Derivative Unmix Kg 20 1
29391100 Concentrates of Poppy Straw Kg -- --
29391900 Oth Alkaloids of Opium/Dervati Kg 5000 1248
29394900 Other, Ephedrine and Its Salts Kg -- --
29395100 Fenetylline (Inn) and Its Salts Kg 2500 595
29399100 Cocaine Ecgonine, Salts, Esters Kg 12500 888
29419090 Other, Antibiotics. Kg 1440 2971

2.2. Chemical Use by Categories

Table 2.4: Chemical Use by Categories

Type of Chemical Number of Tons Used per Year in the Country

Pesticides – Agriculture NA
Pesticides – Public Health NA
Pesticides Consumers Use *78132(M.Tons), 8138(Min. Rs.) (2003)
Fertilizers 2691 (2008-09)P
Petroleum Products 12892 (2008-09)P
Industrial Chemicals NA
(used in Manufacturing/processing facilities)
Consumer Chemicals NA
Other Chemicals (unknown/mixed use) NA
TOTAL 15583
*Source: 2004-05, FISA
P=Provisional (July-March), NA= Figures not available
Source: Pakistan Economic Survey (2008-09)

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2.3. Storage of Chemicals and Related Issues

Table 2.5: Bulk Chemical Storage and Warehousing Facilities

Chemical Type Size/Capacity Type of Facility Location Area Labeling: Health

(Volume in cubic (Port, Industrial and Environment
meter or weight in Complex, Urban Protection Measures
tons) Rural)
Pesticides (agricultural, - - - -
public health, & consumer
use)
Fertilizers - - - -
Petroleum Products - - - -
Industrial Chemicals (used - - - -
in manufacturing /
processing facilities)
Consumer Chemicals - -- - -
Chemical waste - - - -
Other Chemicals - - - -
(unknown mixed use)
Pesticides (agricultural, - - - -
public health, & consumer
use)
Fertilizers - - - -
Petroleum Products - - - -
Industrial Chemicals (used - - - -
in manufacturing /
processing facilities)
Consumer Chemicals - - - -
Chemical waste - - - -
Blank areas shows that data is not available

2.3 Transport of Chemicals and Related Issues

Table 2.6: Supply Chain for Bulk Chemical Distribution and Transportation

2.4. Chemical Waste

Table 2.7: Chemical Waste Generation and Trade

Type of Chemical Waste Generation (tones/year) Export Import

(tones/Year (tones/year)
Data not available Data not available Data not available Data not available

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2.4 Overview of Technical Facilities

Table 2.8: Facilities for Recovery and Recycling of Chemicals and Related Wastes

Location of facility, Description of the Recovery Operation Capacity of the Does the Facility
Operation or Process Facility, Operation (Annex IVB) R code Facility (in metric Treat Wastes
or Process tons) Imported? Yes/No
Data not available Data not available Data not available Data not available Data not available

2.5. Overview of Capacity for Disposal of Chemicals

Table 2.9: Facilities for Disposal of Chemicals and Related Waste

Location of Facility Description of the Disposal Operation Capacity of the Does the Facility
Facility, Operation (annex IVA)D code Facility (in metric Treat Wastes
or the Process tones Imported? Yes/No
Data not available Data not available Data not available Data not available Data not available

2.6. Stockpiles, Waste Deposits, and Contaminated Sites

Table 2.10: Obsolete Chemical Stocks, Chemical Waste Site, and Contaminated Areas

Geographical Location Main Content by Magnitude of the Site or

(GPS Coordinates or Lat. Chemical or Groups of Stocks; e.g. Small,
Long) Chemicals/Wastes Medium and Large
Obsolete Chemicals Data not available Data not available Data not available

2.7. Unintentionally Generated Chemicals

Data does not exist

2.8. Comments/Analysis
The data related to obsolete chemical stocks, chemical waste site, and contaminated areas
in general does not exist or not provided by the relevant stakeholders.
There are very few waste disposal/ treatment/recycling facilities in the country. The
information about these facilities could not be collected due to non availability of database.
The capacities of existing waste recycling facilities are not known.
There are records of waste material imported.
The unattended chemical waste dumping sites scattered all over the country are a big
health risk.
The capacity for data collection on production, storage, transport, use and waste disposal
of chemicals is generally low.
There does not exist any data relevant to transport of chemicals.
An inventory and registration mechanism is required for chemical storage at different sites
in the country.

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Similar inventory and registration mechanism is required for transpiration of chemicals

throughout the country.
Pakistan is a signatory to Basal convention and actively participating it its activities.
There is unchecked illegal traffic of banned chemicals especially pesticides through border
movement especially in Balochistan. There should be some mechanism developed for
control of illegal traffic, and capacity building of law enforcing agencies and custom
department is to be done.
Technical infrastructure for recycling and recovery as well as for disposal of chemicals in
the country is at a very low profile.
There is no sustainable monitoring mechanism for emissions from waste storage sites.
Overall Pakistan has a poor capacity data acquisition of chemical waste production, storage
recycling, monitoring which essential for proper waste management in the country.

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CHAPTER NO: 3

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 3 138

3. Priority Concerns Related to Chemicals at all Stages in Their Life Cycles 138
3.1. Priority Concerns Related to Chemicals Import, Production, and use 138
3.2. Overview of Priority Issues in some key Sectors 142
3.2.1. Pesticides 142
3.2.2. Hospital Wastes 143
3.2.3. Ship Breaking Activities 143
3.2.4. Pharmaceutical Waste 144
3.2.5. Printing Industry 144
3.2.6. Pulp and Paper Product 145
3.2.7. Electronic Waste 145
3.2.8. Occupational Health and Safety Issues in SMEs 147
3.2.8.1. Furniture carpentry 147
3.2.8.2. Ink production 147
3.2.8.3. Foundry and electroplating 148
3.2.8.4. Shoe making 148
3.2.8.5. Gold electroplating 148
3.2.8.6. Textile dyeing 148
3.3. Comments/Analysis 150

TABLES

CHAPTER 3 138

TABLE 3.1: DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM AREAS 139

TABLE 3.2: PRIORITY CONCERNS RELATED TO CHEMICALS 146

TABLE 3.3: HEALTH RELATED ISSUES IN SMES IN PAKISTAN 149

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Chapter 3

3. Priority Concerns Related to Chemicals at all Stages in Their Life Cycles

3.1. Priority Concerns Related to Chemicals Import, Production, and use

3.1.1. Background
Most of the materials used in the manufacture of chemical and petrochemicals are flammable and
explosive. Many chemicals and petrochemicals are toxic and some are carcinogenic. Because of the
highly reactive compounds and the high pressures involved in manufacturing and handling
potential explosion hazards, poisoning, and other associated health hazards are much more severe
compare to other industries. Some materials used (e.g., chlorine and phosgene) are highly toxic
and cause injury on contact. Other materials have long term effects sometimes even in low
concentration.

Operational Hazards include accidental release of toxic substances, explosions or fires. Over all in
the country there is a lack of preliminary hazard analysis in the small medium and even to greater
extent in large enterprises with the exception of few industries.

Large quantities of water are used in the chemical industry for process, cooling, and washing and
associated water contamination occurs. Unplanned urbanization and industrial growth in selected
area generally and in urban centers particularly created huge environmental problems. Large
quantities of industrial and sewage wastes find their ways either into the air or natural water
bodies. All the big cities situated at the bank of the rivers dump their liquid and solid industrial
wastes directly into their water bodies. According to an estimate Karachi only, dump its 600
million ton sewage daily into the sea. Lahore dumps about 200 million ton liquid and 100 million
ton solid waste into river Ravi.

Due to open dumping of industrial/municipal wastes the underground quality of water, near and
in the big cities is deteriorating with the passage of time. A brief environmental impact of priority
sectors is as follows;

Pakistan‘s energy-related carbon emissions in 2001 totalled 29.2 million metric tons nearly triple
the 1980 level of 9.3 million metric tons. Pakistan‘s per capita carbon emissions in 2001 were 0.2
metric tons per person.

The table given below gives an overview of the problem areas in the chemical life cycle:

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Table 3.1: Description of Problem Areas

Area Nature of Problem City/Region Brief Chemical(s)/ Present Status

Description of Pollutant(s)
Problem
Production Mitigation of environmental Largely Industries and Treated Sizable
pollution industrial authorities are untreated pollution
states like engaged in waste water, mitigation has
Gadoon, pollution emissions, been achieved
Hattar, and abatement but hazardous in few areas
industrial the measures waste, through
cities like, taken are not rejected wastewater
Karachi, adequate so that products, /hazardous
Lahore, pollution load process waste treatment
Peshawar, receiving to rejects and disposal
Gujranwala, environment is facilities.
Sialkot, within its Incineration
Gujarat, assimilative systems have
Islamabad, capacity been set up in
etc few places.

Implementation of - Lack of Statutory bodies

environmental regulations coordination in required/funds/
agencies technical
support
Industrial accidents Industrial Accidental Various On-site/ off-site
areas release of chemical emergency plans
throughout chemicals have been made
the country by some larger
units majority
do not have
such plans

Disposal of Hazardous waste Industrial Ground water/ Heavy Treatment/

areas in soil metals/ incineration/
major cities contamination/ leachable disposal
dumping of chemicals facilities have
waste been developed
in only few
industries

Occupational health Industrial The health Asbestos, Although

workers problems are Silica, awareness is
not identified VOCs, PCBs increasing
after long time however proper
to exposures training /
system in
Hazards
identification is
required/ on-
site first aid
facilities are

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lacking
General safety awareness Industrial Lake of general Exposure to Information on
workers and safety awareness hazardous chemicals
population chemicals handled are
close the seldom
industrial displayed except
clusters in few larger
industries
dissemination/
safety manuals
required
Transportation Throughout Accidental Hazardous Training
the country Spillage, lack of chemicals programmes for
monitoring of highway police,
vehicles, and transporters
untrained required,
drivers/handlin Guidelines /
g staff policies /
highways codes
need to improve
Use Supplier Related Throughout Lack of Hazardous The health
the country information chemicals hazards are
and training in especially manifested after
handling and pesticides, a longtime,
use, remedial insecticides majority of
measures in case and other of farmers are
of poisoning, toxic nature uneducated and
contamination unaware of
of ponds soil health and
and ground environmental
water due to implications
over usage
Transportation Accidents/Awareness Throughout Accidental Hazardous Training
the country Spillage, lack of chemicals/p programmes for
monitoring of etroleum highway police,
vehicles, products and transporters
untrained required,
drivers/handlin Guidelines /
g staff policies /
highways codes
need to improve
Disposal Disposal of Hazardous waste Industrial Ground water/ Heavy Treatment/
areas in soil metals/ incineration/
major cities contamination/ leachable disposal
dumping of chemicals/G facilities have
waste HGs been developed
/emissions in only few
industries

Storage Lack of proper storage facilities Warehouses, Accidents Hazardous Poor

areas where causing chemicals/in enforcement of
chemicals are economic and -flammable environmental
stored life loses, laws

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untrained
handling staff,
lack of
monitoring/lac
k of awareness
Occupational health Warehouse The health Asbestos, Although
workers problems are Silica, awareness is
not identified VOCs, PCBs increasing
after long time /hazardous however proper
to exposures chemicals training /
system in
Hazards
identification is
required/ on-
site first aid
facilities are
lacking
General safety awareness Warehouse Lake of general Exposure to Information on
workers and safety awareness hazardous chemicals
population chemicals handled and
close to the stored are
warehouses seldom
displayed except
in few larger
warehouses
dissemination/
safety manuals
required
Implementation of - Lack of - Statutory bodies
environmental regulations coordination in required/funds/
agencies technical
support
Import Importation of consumer Throughout Unknown Exposure to Consumer
chemicals (like the chemicals the country chemicals are unknown chemicals makes
which are unknown and/or of imported which chemicals it difficult to
mixed use) are used in monitor
numerous them/need for
micro-level units more steps
taken in this
regard like
labelling

Distribution Lack of awareness Throughout Accidental Hazardous Training

and Marketing the country leakage, chemicals programmes for
untrained highway police,
handling staff / and transporters
Safety measures required,
Guidelines /
policies /
highways codes
need to improve
Marketing/Advertisement/ Throughout Biased Hazardous Need for
publicity the country advertisement chemicals implementation

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(only benefits of advertisement

not side laws regarding
effects),Hazardo providing uses
us chemicals with complete
sometimes information
advertised
(indirectly as a
component of
other products)
General safety awareness General Lake of Exposure to Information on
public knowledge of hazardous chemicals
harmful chemicals handled and
chemicals/ stored are
general safety seldom
awareness displayed except
in few larger
companies/
dissemination/
safety manuals
required

3.2. Overview of Priority Issues in some key Sectors

3.2.1. Pesticides
There are large stockpiles of obsolete pesticides scattered all over the Pakistan. In a study
conducted under a POPs project, 168 pesticide sites were surveyed finding 1046 tones of obsolete
pesticides in Punjab province, 73 tones at different sites in NWFP, 2000 tones in Sind, 62 tones in
Balochistan. The data for Gilgit Baltistan and AJ& K does not exist. Around 250 tones of obsolete
pesticides were found at storage sites of Federal Department of Plant Protection. There is no
facility for Environmentally Sound Disposal of POPs in Pakistan.

The major use of pesticides is on cotton crop, the dominant sub-sector of Pakistan's agriculture
The cholinesterase (ChE) activity levels measured in the blood of cotton pickers in Multan and
Bahawalpur divisions have showed chronic pesticides poisoning. (Tahir, et al., 2001) The residual
effects of pesticides applied on crops appear in the food chain. The presence of residues in food
and fiber products is threatening the export opportunities to markets in foreign countries.

The use of pesticides on crops is also resulting in the poisoning of domestic animals through
various ways. The common sources of animal poisoning are;
feeding fodders carrying sprayed chemicals
chemicals residues in the cotton seed cake
chemicals residues in the wheat straw

Animals succumbed to acute poisoning if fed accidently with poisoned fodder. Major
consequences poisoning on animal health include loss in milk productivity (40 percent) loss in
vigor (36 percent) and mortality (18 percent). The increased pesticides use severely affects the wild
honeybee colonies in the area thus depriving farmer communities of sizeable direct and indirect

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benefits. The direct loss is related to decline in production of honey and indirect loss is through
reduced yield of pollinated crops due to decline in population of honeybees.

3.2.2. Hospital Wastes

Studies in Pakistan show that large hospitals generate 2.0 kg of waste, per bed per day. Of this,
0.5 kg can be categorized as biomedical risk waste. There are many small hospitals and clinics
which also generate risk waste in significant quantities. Daily Medical Waste Generation (from
both public & private sector hospitals) is Approx 0.8 million tons (Source: UN & HSA, MoH)
Improper disposal practices results in reuse of discarded syringes, IV tubes, blood bags and other
equipment which is not designed for either sterilization or reuse. If hospital waste is not properly
managed and disposed of, it can result in injury by contaminated sharps and infection with
Hepatitis B, C, and HIV. Pakistan – Population 160 million will rise to 250 million by year 2025.
Amount of Hospital Waste generated will increase to alarming rates due to growth of population
and healthcare facilities. No well established segregation system. Frequent dumping of hospital
waste with municipal waste.

Pakistan is also facing such problems. There are no systematic approaches to medical waste
disposal. Hospital wastes are simply mixed with the municipal waste in collecting bins at roadsides
and disposed off similarly. Some waste is simply buried without any appropriate measure. The
reality is that while all the equipment necessary to ensure the proper management of hospital waste
probably exists, the main problem is that the staff fails to prepare and implement an effective
disposable policy.

Infectious waste can cause diseases like Hepatitis A & B, AIDS, Typhoid, Boils, etc.
A common practice in Pakistan is the reuse of disposable syringes. People pick up used syringes
from the hospital waste and sell them. Many drug addicts also reuse the syringes that can cause
AIDS and other dangerous and contagious diseases.

Waste containing plastics are burnt, as result Dioxin is produced, which can cause Cancer, birth
defects, decreased psychomotor ability, hearing defects, cognitive defects and behavioral
alternations in infants. Flies also sit on the uncovered piles of rotting garbage. This promotes
mechanical transmissions of fatal diseases like Diarrhea, Dysentery, Typhoid, Hepatitis and
Cholera.

Under moist conditions, mosquitoes transmit many types of infections, like Malaria, Dungy virus
and Yellow fever. Similarly, dogs, cats and rats also transmit a variety of diseases, including Plague
and Flea born fever, as they mostly live in and around the refuse. A high tendency of contracting
intestinal, parasitic and skin diseases is found in workers engaged in collecting refuse.

3.2.3. Ship Breaking Activities

Ship breaking activities in Gaddani entails a series of risky task and as a depot of hazardous
substances which pose threats to the ambient environment and working people. Depending on
their size and function, scrapped ships have an unloaded weight of between 5000 and 40, 000
tones, 95% of which is steel coated with between 10 and 100 tones of paint containing lead,
cadmium, organotins, arsenic, zinc and chromium. Ships also contain a wide range of other

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hazardous wastes, sealants containing PCBs; up to 7.5 tones of various types of Asbestos, several
thousand litters of oil (engine oil, bilge oil, hydraulic and lubricant oils and grease). Tankers
additionally hold upto 1000 cubic meters of residual oil. Most of these materials are defined as
hazardous waste under the Basel Convention.

The associated procedures and processes associated with decommissioning for scrapping and
disposal/recycling induce exposure to surroundings involving hazardous substances and
dangerous/harmful situations and operations. Manual, low-paid unskilled workers are allowed to
dismantle the ships and undertake the reprocessing/recycling operations without the provision of
personal protective safety equipment. Scant attention is paid to health and safety issues and there
is generally no systematic training of the workforce. Consequently, injuries and deaths are
common place.

Pollution resulting from these activities has both immediate and long-term effects.
It should be noted that a number of the present scrapping facilities are located in the direct
vicinity of significant fisheries. It has been reported that the fish stocks have seriously deteriorated
following the establishment of scrapping activities. The major environmental concern is lack of
containment to prevent toxins from entering into the water, sediment/ground and/or the air.
From an occupational safety and health point of view, these factors add to the significance of
insufficient precautions, facilities and planning of work.

3.2.4. Pharmaceutical Waste

Waste water pollution is the main issue of pharmaceutical sector in Pakistan. In pharmaceutical
industry wastewater is mainly generated through the washing activities of the equipment. Though
the wastewater discharge is small in volume; but is highly polluted because of presence of
substantial amounts of organic pollutants. Solid waste usually comprises of expired or rejected
medicines, spent solvents packaging material and damaged bottles. Level of waste water pollution
varies from industry to in dusty depending upon the type of process and the size of the industry.

Studies (Hashmi Imran, 2005) have shown that waste water generated by pharmaceutical industry
is heavily polluted with very high quantity of suspended solids, high quantity of organic and
inorganic materials (indicated by high values of BOD and COD). Exceptionally high quantity of
grease in the wastewater has been observed also. Oily and greasy layers slow down the stream flow
and indirectly cause a number of treatment problems.

3.2.5. Printing Industry

Waste produced by printing industry differs from process to process. There are three major waste
streams found in the printing industry. They include;

a) Air emissions – printing operations produce volatile organic compounds emissions from
the use of cleaning solvents and inks as well as alcohol and other wetting agents used in
lithographic printing. Larger printing facilities are also a source of Sulfur dioxide
emissions. Finishing operations include final trimming, die cutting, folding, collating,
binding, laminating embossing, and assembling operations and the primary waste in such
operations are binding and laminating chemicals and scrap papers.

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b) Water waste – water waste from printing operations, containing lubricating oils, waste ink,
clean-up solvents, photographic chemicals, acids, alkaline and plate coatings as well as
materials such as silver, iron, chromium, copper and barium.
c) Solid waste – including empty containers, used films packages, outdated materials,
damaged plates, developed films, test production, bad printing or spoilage, damaged
products and scrap papers.

3.2.6. Pulp and Paper Product

The significant environmental impact, of the manufacturing of pulp and paper, results from the
pulping and bleaching process. In some process sulfur compounds and nitrogen oxides are emitted
to the air. And chlorinated and organic compounds, nutrients and metals are discharged to the
waste waters.

In the pulping process emissions of reduced sulfur compounds like total reduced sulfur (TRS),
hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide are emitted at the
rate of 0.3-3 kilograms per metric ton of air dried pulp.

Waste water contains chlorinated organic compounds which may include dioxins, furans, and
other absorbable organic halides. Phosphorus and nitrogen are also released into waste waters. The
main source of nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus compounds is raw materials such as wood.

The principle solid waste of concern includes wastewater treatment sludge. Solid materials that can
be reused include waste paper, which can be recycled and bark which can be used as fuel.

The most significant environmental issues are the discharge of chlorine-based organic compounds
(from bleaching) and other toxic organics.

3.2.7. Electronic Waste

Despite being a signatory to the Basel Convention that restricted importing used/old computers,
more than 500,000 used computers are brought in to the Pakistani computer market each year.
USA, Singapore and some European countries are using Pakistan as a dumping ground for these
obsolete computers. 15-40 % of these computers can be used and the rest is waste and recycled by
women and children in godowns working in terrible conditions and exposed to toxic fumes from
burning hardware and other material. Once the equipment arrives in Pakistan, it is separated
according to the conditions. Working machine is sold in market, usable parts are removed and
unusable machines are sent to the enterprising recycling industry in various parts of the Karachi.
This is an overwhelming informal sector where occupational safety laws, health safeguards and
prerequisites such as properly ventilated working areas are rarely in place.

These machines contain high amounts of hazardous materials such as lead, mercury, chromium
and various sorts of plastics. Since the bulk of the imported consignment is obsolete or beyond
repair so only useable parts are taken out the rest are discarded allowing unknown quantities of
the poisons to seep into the country‘s environmental resources. Furthermore the health of all the
people working in the unregulated ‗recycling‘ of such equipment is compromised.

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The waste generated by this industry is dumped into the Lyari River where it bisects Shershah, and
eventually finds its way into the Arabian Sea where it contaminates the marine ecosystem. Some
of the waste is dumped into the landfills where it contaminates the soil and after leeching through,
pollutes subsoil aquifers.

Amongst the major contaminants is lead, used in glass panels, gaskets in computer monitors and
the solder in circuit boards which damages the central/peripheral nervous system and the
reproductive system and poisons the blood and kidneys. It also accumulates in the environments
and has an acute effect on plants, animals and microorganisms.

Cadmium found in SMD chip resistors, infrared detectors and semiconductor chips, accumulates
in kidneys and has an irreversible effect on human health. Mercury used in a large number of
electronic items such as sensors, switches and printed circuit boards, enters the food chain very
easily and damages the brain kidneys and harms foetal development. Meanwhile chromium, which
is used decoratively or as corrosion protection passes easily through cell membranes and can
potentially damage DNA while plastics and PVC release dioxins when burnt.

Table 3.2: Priority Concerns Related to Chemicals

Nature of Scale of Level of Ability to Availability Specific Priority

Problem Problem Concern Control of Chemicals ranking
Problem Statistical Creating
Data Concerns
Air Pollution High High Low Medium CO2Smoke Medium
Pollution of High High Low Low Heavy High
Inland Metals,
Waterways BOD,
COD
Marine Medium Medium Low - Heavy Low
Pollution Metals
Ground Water High High Low Low Virus, high
Pollution Bacteria
Soil Medium Medium Low Medium Chemicals, Medium
Contamination Health
Hazard
Chemical High High Low Low Pesticides, Medium
Residues in Hormones
Food
Drinking High High Medium Low Virus, High
Water Chemicals
Contamination
Hazardous Medium Medium Low - Bio hazard High
Waste
Treatment/
Disposal
Occupational Medium Low Low Low Pesticides Medium

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Health:
Agriculture
Occupational Medium Medium Low Low Chemicals, Medium
Health: Bio,
Industrial Organic
Public Health High High Low Medium Bio, Medium
Organic
Chemical Low High Medium - Acids, Low
Accidents: Alkalis,
Industrial Organic
solvents,
etc.
Chemical High High High Low Chemicals, Low
Accidents: gases,
Transport poisons
Unknown Medium Low Low - MSDS Low
Chemical
Imports
Storage High High Low Medium Pesticides High
Disposal of
Obsolete
Chemicals
Air Pollution High High Low Low CO2 Low
Chemical Medium Medium Low - Pesticides Low
Poisoning/ pills
Suicides
Persistent
Organic
Pollutants
Others
Source: Ministry of Science and Technology

3.2.8. Occupational Health and Safety Issues in SMEs

3.2.8.1. Furniture carpentry
In the furniture industry the surface finishing chemicals, particularly the lacquers, contain toxic
material such as isocyanates and ethylene diamine catalyst for epoxy resins which are skin hazards.
Exposure to these chemicals mist was excessive and could have serious health implications. No
respiratory protection is used by the workers. Ventilation and isolation is often insufficient to
control the exposure through inhalation and skin contact.

3.2.8.2. Ink production

Producing a batch of solvent based ink with certain specification entails mechanical mixing of 10-
15% ink pigment powder, 60% mono- or mixture organic solvent, 22% resin (18% of which is
resin solvent), and 5% antifoaming agents. During the process, workers are exposed through the
respiratory and dermal routes to appreciable levels of powder and solvent vapour.

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3.2.8.3. Foundry and electroplating

Silica dust from foundry sand, calcium carbonate dust, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxides gas
due to incomplete combustion, and toxic metal fumes resulting from pouring the molten metal
into the moulds are the main chemicals presenting a potential for exposure through inhalation.
The waste, including the foundry sand is disposed of at open dump sites after exhaustive use.
Small amounts of non-recyclable zinc are disposed of in open areas.

In the electroplating section of the industry, workers are potentially exposed to concentrated acids
and alkali. They are also exposed to acid mist, cyanide mist and alkaline mist from electroplating
baths. Exposure to the dust from the different chemicals could also occur during manual handling
of the articles during weighing and transfer to baths. Workers on the grinding machines are
potentially exposed to fine metal dust liberated from the metal pieces. Waste chemicals are
normally disposed off by drainage in the public sewers.

3.2.8.4. Shoe making

Exposure to ahessives is the main occupational hazard in this industry. All operations are carried
out manually. Workers are exposed through the respiratory route while handling adhessives which
contain toluene. Workers on the grinding machines are exposed to leather and rubber dust
containing adhesive residues and other colouring material. The main wastes produced during the
production are leather cutoffs and empty containers containing residues of adhesives and
unevaporated solvent. All waste is disposed of in municipal bins.

3.2.8.5. Gold electroplating

This industry uses a number of chemicals for gold plating. The potential for exposure to chemicals
exists in all stages of the process. First the workers are likely to be exposed to alkali and cyanide
mist from the degreasing bath. Exposure to nickel salts from the electroplating bath could occur.
Manual handling of concentrated acids and alkalis exposed the workers to acid fumes and caustic
soda dust. The grinding processes exposed the workers to dust containing metals and oxides.

3.2.8.6. Textile dyeing

The enterprises use a variety of numerous chemicals including acids, alkalis, bleaching agents,
flammable and explosive solvents, dyes and pigments. The dyes involve certain chemicals that are
hazardous to the human skin. Some Azo colouring agents have carcinogenic properties and may
form amines which have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Approximately 70% of all dyes
used in textile industry are Azo dyes. The process involves manual mixing of chemicals and
numerous exposure patterns. Liquid waste from dyeing machines and a sedimentation tank are
usually discharged into the municipal sewers. Some of the open drains within the enterprise could
with time clog and lead to spillage within the vicinity.

In general, in SMEs chemical containers are not properly labelled. The majority of the SMEs store
enough chemicals for weeks use on the premises. Only the larger enterprises store chemicals in
hundreds and thousands of tonnes on premises. Others, such as pesticide formulators, stored large
quantities during peak seasons only. All such storage faculties are devoid of any health and safety
measurements.

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In larger cities in Pakistan, chemicals are sold in wholesale markets such as those selling grocery
items and cereals. The chemicals sold in such markets included toxic and flammable materials,
which given their large quantities, posed grave dangers to residents and the public and the
immediate environment. The situation would become particularly more serious when the goods
are displayed outside the shops in an attempt to attract customers, causing encroachments of the
road, a condition which, under hot climatic conditions, aggravates their dangers. The majority of
the SMEs possess low fire and explosion potential.

In general, there is a marked absence of engineering and other occupational hygiene control
measures in SMEs. Ventilation systems are uncommon, and the concept of substitution is
unpopular. While in some enterprises workers use improvised personal protective equipment such
as old car tyre tubes which are worn as boots to provide skin protection, proper personal
protection is non-existent.

Similarly, the use of barrier creams and lotions for the protection against the deleterious effects of
solvents is unheard of. Fire fighting emergency and first aid facilities are also inadequate. With the
exception of a few enterprises, air monitoring is unknown. Few medium-sized enterprises had
access to biological monitoring and social security systems, a privilege which the majority did not
enjoy.

Most of the industrial chemicals used by SMEs are packaged in plastic containers which are
corrosion proof and non-destructible. Such qualities encourage people to use the empty containers
for other purposes including the storage of water and foodstuffs. This in turn allows chemical
residues to contaminate water and food with subsequent short and long-term health effects.

Chemical liquids, solids, gases and fumes re released to the environment damaging not only
cultivable land but polluting water sources and damaging the health of plants and other livings.
The effect on the health of the public could not be easily assessed. The discharge of untreated
chemical wastes from tanneries into the environment defies the imagination of mankind. In the
following table some of the health issues in SMEs have been summarized:

Table 3.3: Health Related Issues in SMEs in Pakistan

Major Issue Industry Process Chemicals Used

Headache, skin problems Auto repair (denting and painting Calcium carbide, paint
(nitrocellulose based), body filler
(mixture of metal oxides and
resins)
Headache, respiratory skin and Laundries Calcium hypochlorite
eye problem
Headache and skin problems Furniture, screen printing and Glue (formaldehyde and casein),
tannery Benzene and Chromic acid
Skin burns, scalds Carpet washing, Wool dyeing Sodium hydro
oxide/Hypochlorite, Acetic acid,
Sulphuric acid

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Eye problems Positive and Plate making Inkote, Polychrome, Eurogum,

(for printing presses) Integran
Headache, respiratory and skin Paint manufacture Titanium dioxide, Zinc oxide,
problems Methylene chloride
Respiratory Problems Chipboard manufacture, Formaldehyde, Urea, Ammonia,
Polyurethane foam manufacture Toluene disocyanate
and Polyethylene glycol
Skin respiratory problems Fiber glass manufacture, Styrene, Methyl ethyl ketone,
Pesticides packing, Surgical Megamidophos, Cypermethrin,
instruments manufacture Trichloroethylene, Chromium
sulphate
Burn, scalds, irritation Soap and allied products Sodium carbonate, Sodium
manufacture nitrate, Sodium hypochlorite

3.3. Comments/Analysis
The statistical data related to priority concerns of chemical management in Pakistan is very
meagre. In absence of such critical information it is difficult to prioritise the issues.
Database related to occupational accidents, chemical accidents, chemical poisoning,
chemical injuries, drinking water contamination, food contamination, and deaths caused
due to chemical accidents is absent. The industry as well as related institutions does not
maintain any record.
The mechanism for collection of relevant data should be developed on priority basis. This
is very important for risk management of chemical cycle.
Chambers of commerce and industries, trade associations, trade unions and NGOs can
play a vital role to develop a sustainable mechanism for data collection, compilation and
dissemination.

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CHAPTER NO: 4

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 4 154

4. Legal Instruments and Non Regulatory Mechanism for Life Cycle Managing of Chemicals 155
4.1. Background 155
4.2. Overview of National Legal Instruments Which Address the Management of Chemicals 155
4.3. Summary Description of Key Legal Instruments Relating to Chemicals 157
4.3.1. Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA), 1997 157
4.3.2. National Environmental Quality Standards (Self-Monitoring and Reporting by Industry) Rules 2001
159
4.3.3. Pollution Charge for Industry (Calculation and Collection) Rules 2001 159
4.3.4. National Environmental Quality Standards (Self-Monitoring and Reporting by Industry) Rules 2001
159
4.3.5. National Environmental Quality Standards (Certification of Environmental Laboratories) Regulation
2000 160
4.3.6. Environmental Samples Rules 2001 160
4.3.7. Provincial Sustainable Development Fund Board (Procedure) Rules 2001 160
4.3.8. Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of Initial Environmental Examination and
Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations 2000 160
4.3.9. Environmental Tribunal Rules 1999 161
4.3.10. Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority Act, 1996 161
4.3.11. National Environmental Quality Standards 1993 162
4.3.12. Health Care Waste Management Rules 2005 162
4.3.13. The Dangerous Cargoes Act, 1953 Act 162
4.3.14. The Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1925 162
4.3.15. The Motor Vehicles Act, 1939 163
4.3.16. The Railways Act, 1890 163
4.3.17. Pakistan Merchant Shipping Ordinance 2001 163
4.3.18. The Karachi Port Trust Act, 1886 164
4.3.19. Ports Act 1908 164
4.3.20. The Pakistan Science Foundation Act, 1973 164
4.3.21. Agricultural Pesticides Ordinance (Extension to the Northern Areas Order), 1995 165
4.3.22. The Territorial Waters and Maritime Zones Act, 1976 165
4.3.23. The Agricultural Pesticides Ordinance, 1971 & Rules 1973 165
4.3.24. The Balochistan Local Government Ordinance, 2001 166
4.3.25. Drugs Act 1976 166
4.3.26. Sindh Drugs Rules 1979 166
4.3.27. Sindh Local Government Ordinance 2001 166
4.3.28. Sindh District Government (Conduct of Business) Rules 2001 167
4.3.29. Provincial Sustainable Development Fund (Utilization) Rules 2003 168
4.3.30. Port Qasim Authority Act 1973 168
4.3.31. Sindh Smoke-Nuisances Act 1912 (No. VII) 168
4.3.32. Explosive Substances Act 1908 (No. VI) 168
4.3.33. Explosives Act 1884 (No. IV) 169

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4.3.34. Pollution of Environment Caused by Smoke, Emitting Vehicles, Traffic Muddle, 1996 SCMR 543
169
4.3.35. The Punjab Local Government Ordinance, 2001 169
4.3.36. The NWFP Local Government Ordinance, 2001 170
4.3.37. The Islamabad Capital Territory Local Government Ordinance, 2002 170
4.3.38. The Cantonments Ordinance, 2002 170
4.3.39. (Baluchistan) (N.W.F.P) (Punjab) (Sindh) Motor Vehicles Ordinance, 1965 171
4.3.40. West Pakistan Motor Vehicle Ordinance, 1965 171
4.3.41. Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority Ordinance 2001 171
4.3.42. Kyoto Protocol 172
4.3.43. Hazardous Substances Rules, 2003 172
4.3.44. Export Policy Order, 2008. 173
4.3.45. Export Processing Zones Authority Ordinance 1980 173
4.3.46. The Customs Act, 1969 (IV of 1969) 173
4.3.47. The Poisons Act, 1919 (XII of 1919) 174
4.3.48. Import Policy Order, 2009 175
4.3.49. Labour Policy 2006 175
4.3.50. The Boilers Act, 1923 177
4.3.51. The Mines Act, 1923 178
4.3.52. Petroleum Act 1934 179
4.3.53. Regulation of Mines and Oil Fields and Mineral Development (Government Control) Act 1948 179
4.3.54. Boilers and Pressure Vessels (Amendment) Act, 2009 179
4.3.55. The Fatal Accidents Act, 1855 179
4.4. Non-Regulatory Mechanisms for Managing Chemicals 197
4.4.1. (SMART) Self-Monitoring and Reporting System for Industry 197
4.4.2. Environmental Technology Programme for Industry (ETPI) 197
4.4.3. Pakistan Tanners Association 198
4.4.4. ISO 14001/ OHSAS/OHSMS 198
4.4.5. NGOs 199
4.5. Comments/Analysis 199

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TABLES

CHAPTER 4 155

TABLE 4.1: LIST OF LEGAL INSTRUMENTS RELATED TO DIFFERENT AREAS 156

TABLE 4.2: REFERENCE TO EXISTING LEGAL INSTRUMENTS WHICH ADDRESS THE MANAGEMENT
OF CHEMICAL 180

TABLE 4.3: OVERVIEW OF LEGAL INSTRUMENTS TO MANAGE CHEMICALS BY USE CATEGORY 193

TABLE4.4: LIST OF BANNED PESTICIDES/PESTICIDES FORMULATIONS IN PAKISTAN 193

TABLE 4.5: LIST OF BANNED CHEMICALS FOR IMPORT 194

TABLE 4.6: LIST OF RESTRICTED CHEMICALS FOR IMPORT 195

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Chapter 4

4. Legal Instruments and Non Regulatory Mechanism for Life Cycle Managing of
Chemicals
4.1. Background
The chapters 1, 2 and 3 have highlighted the extent of the country, diversity and concentration of
industry, chemical production and use, and major issues related to chemical sector. For sound
management of these chemicals a well defined legal framework is required with implementation
mechanism. In Pakistan a fairly comprehensive legislation exists which covers most of the stages of
chemicals life cycle.

Due to cross-sectoral nature of chemical management, different rules, regulations, acts, or

standards deal with the chemicals in different ways. There certain legal instruments which are
crafted for particular category of chemicals, e.g. petroleum, pesticides, drugs and explosives. The
other legal instruments are those which do not directly deal with chemicals but act indirectly for
example, Motor Vehicle act. There are very comprehensive environmental laws in Pakistan which
cover all aspects of chemical life cycle.

In addition to these legal instruments, there are non regulatory mechanisms adopted by industry
itself, e.g. ISO 14001 for Environmental Management System, OHSAS (Occupational Health and
Safety Assessment Series) and OHSMS (Occupational Health and Safety Management System). In
the following section summary of the existing legal instruments related to chemical management in
Pakistan is given. The table 4.2 gives a compressive list of all the laws, regulations. Acts, rules and
other legal instruments along with the responsible ministries, chemical use categories, objectives of
legislation and articles relevant to the chemical management.

4.2. Overview of National Legal Instruments Which Address the Management of

Chemicals
The table 4.2 gives a compressive list of all the laws, regulations. Acts, rules and other legal
instruments along with the responsible ministries, chemical use categories, objectives of legislation
and articles relevant to the chemical management. Legal instruments in terms of Acts and Rules
are classified into four broader categories with respect to their area of operation as follow;
1. Environmental Management
2. Chemical Safety and Emergency Management
3. Specific Chemicals Category
4. Chemicals Management
The enforcement ranking of the legal instruments has also been given in the table 4.2.

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Table 4.1: List of Legal Instruments Related to Different Areas

No. Area Related Legal Instrument

1. Acts and Rules Related to Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA), 1997
Environmental
Management National Environmental Quality Standards (Self-Monitoring and Reporting by
Industry) Rules 2001
Pollution Charge for Industry (Calculation and Collection) Rules 2001
National Environmental Quality Standards (Certification of Environmental
Laboratories)
Environmental Samples Rules 2001
Provincial Sustainable Development Fund Board (Procedure) Rules 2001
Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations
2000
Environmental Tribunal Rules 1999
Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority Act, 1996
National Environmental Quality Standards 1993
2. Acts and Rules Related to Hazardous Substances Rules, 2003
Chemical Safety and National Disaster Management Ordinance 2007
Emergency Management
3. Acts & Rules Related to Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority Ordinance 2001
Specific Category The Agricultural Pesticides Ordinance, 1971
The Explosive Substances Act 1908
Health Care Waste Management Rules 2005
Explosives Act 1884
The Motor Vehicles Act, 1939
Mines Act 1923
Drugs Act 1976
Pollution of Environment Caused by Smoke, Emitting Vehicles, Traffic
Muddle,1996
(Balochistan) (N.W.F.P) (Punjab) (Sindh) Motor Vehicles Ordinance, 1965
West Pakistan Motor Vehicle Ordinance, 1965
Petroleum Act 1934
Regulation of Mines and Oil Fields and Mineral Development (Government
Control) Act, 1948
Pakistan Onshore Petroleum (Exploration & Production) Rules, 2009
4. Other Acts and Rules The Dangerous Cargoes Act, 1953
Relevant to Chemical The Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1925
Management The Railways Act, 1890
The Karachi Port Trust Act, 1886
The Pakistan Science Foundation Act, 1973
The Territorial Waters and Maritime Zones Act, 1976
The Balochistan Local Government Ordinance, 2001
Sindh Local Government Ordinance 2001
Sindh District Government (Conduct of Business) Rules 2001
Provincial Sustainable Development Fund (Utilization) Rules 2003
Port Qasim Authority Act 1973
Factories Act, 1934
Sindh Smoke-Nuisances Act 1912
The Punjab Local Government Ordinance, 2001

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Pakistan Merchant Shipping Ordinance 2001

Motor Vehicle Ordinance 1965
Dangerous Cargoes Act 1953
Ports Act 1908
Export Processing Zones Authority Ordinance 1980
Imports and Exports (Control) Act 1950
Provincial Sustainable Development Fund Board (Procedure) Rules 2001
The NWFP Local Government Ordinance, 2001
The Islamabad Capital Territory Local Government Ordinance, 2002
The Cantonments Ordinance, 2002
Export Policy Order, 2008.
The Customs Act, 1969 (IV of 1969)
Import Policy Order, 2009

4.3. Summary Description of Key Legal Instruments Relating to Chemicals

4.3.1. Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA), 1997
The backbone of Pakistan‘s environmental protection system, PEPA, provides comprehensive
legislative authority to address the range of environmental issues with its jurisdiction over all
environmental mediums and grant of broad powers to regulatory bodies to implement any rules
developed under the act.

Fresh Water/Air Pollution

Under PEPA 1997, the term environment is defined to include water (Section 2(x)(a)) and various
forms of pollution are defined in detail. In Section 2(vi), the term discharge is defined as ―spilling,
leaking, pumping, depositing, seeping, releasing, flowing out, pouring, emitting, emptying or
dumping‖ while Section 2(viii) defines effluent as ―any material in solid, liquid or gaseous form or
combination thereof being discharged from industrial activity or any other source.‖ Emission
standards, meanwhile, are defined in Section 2(ix) as ―permissible standards established by the
Federal Agency or a Provincial Agency for emission of air pollutants and noise and for discharge of
effluents and waste.‖ Section 11 prohibits discharges and emissions in excess of the limits
prescribed under the National Environmental Quality Standards, or NEQS (see SRO 742(I)/93
dated 24 August 1993 and SRO 549(I)/2000 dated 8 August 2000). Section 16 allows an
environmental protection order to be issued in cases where discharges and emissions are found to
be causing or likely to cause ―an adverse environmental effect‖. Section 12, which requires an
initial environmental examination (IEE) or an environmental impact assessment (EIA) to be
carried out for all projects, can be used to ensure that new development does not damage natural
resources, including freshwater.

Mining & Petroleum

Act requires parties desiring to commence a project to submit an EIA or IEE to the Federal Agency
(Section 12). A project is defined under Section 2(xxxv)(d) to include mining, prospecting and
quarrying. At the same time, the Federal Agency may itself issue an environmental protection
order in cases where extraction processes are causing or likely to cause an adverse environmental
effect (Section 16).

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The penalty for non-compliance with the provisions governing discharges and emissions (Section
11), and environmental protection orders (Section 16) is a fine that may extend to 1 million rupees
for a first offence (Section 17(1)). For non-compliance with provisions governing the handling of
hazardous substances (Section 14), fines may extend to 100,000 rupees (Section 17(2)). Penalties
for repeat offenders may include closure or confiscation of the factory, machinery, equipment or
substance involved in the offence; an order to restore the environment at the violator‘s own.

Industrial Production
Industrial activity is defined in PEPA as ―any operation or process for manufacturing, making,
formulating, synthesizing, altering, repairing, ornamenting, finishing, packing or otherwise treating
any article or substance with a view to its use, sale, transport, delivery or disposal, or for mining,
for oil and gas exploration and development, or for pumping water or sewage, or for generating,
transforming or transmitting power or for any other industrial or commercial purposes‖ (Section
2(xxii)). The wide scope for regulating industrial activity, provided by the definition, is reflected in
the operative provisions of the law, particularly the prohibition on certain emissions with
provisions for levying pollution charges
(Section 11); IEE/EIA (Section 12); licensing (Sections 14 and 15); and environmental protection
orders (Section 16).

A project is defined to include the construction, operation, alteration, expansion, repair,

decommissioning or abandonment of factories or other installations (Sections 2(xxxv)(c) and
2(xxxv)(f)). PEPA requires parties desiring to commence a project to submit an EIA or IEE to the
Federal Agency (Section 12). Meanwhile, the Federal Agency may issue an environmental
protection order in cases where discharges, emissions, waste disposal or the handling of hazardous
substances are causing or likely to cause an adverse environmental effect (Section 16).

The penalty for non-compliance with provisions governing discharges and emissions (Section 11),
and environmental protection orders (Section 16) is a fine that may extend to 1 million rupees for
a first offence (Section 17(1)). For non-compliance with provisions governing the handling of
hazardous substances (Section 14), fines may extend to 100,000 rupees (Section 17(2)). In addition
to imprisonment for up to two years, penalties for repeat offenders may include closure or
confiscation of the factory, machinery and equipment involved in the offence; an order to restore
the environment at the violator‘s own cost; and an order to pay compensation for any loss, bodily
injury or damage to health or property caused by the violation (Section 17(5)).

Transport
PEPA 1997 prohibits the operation of motor vehicles that emit air pollutants or noise in excess of
levels determined in the NEQS. For the purpose of this law, motor vehicles are defined to include
land vehicles, chassis and trailers, but not vehicles running on fixed rails (Section 2(xxvii)). The
provisions of PEPA apply only to land vehicles. The NEQS set limits on smoke, carbon monoxide
and noise pollution from new and used vehicles. Limits for carbon monoxide are 4.5–6 per cent,
exceeding international standards of 2–3 per cent. Nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, lead and
benzene emissions are not mentioned. For noise emissions, the limit is 85 decibels 7.5 meters from

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the source (SRO 742(I)/93 dated 24 August 1993, Annex III). Enforcement of the NEQS is the
responsibility of the Federal Agency (Section 6(1) (f)).

The Federal Agency establishes standards for the quality of ambient air, water and land. While
different standards may be set for emissions from various sources and for different areas and
conditions, if such standards are less stringent than the NEQS, prior approval must be obtained
from the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (Section 6(1) (g)). Section 11 prohibits
emissions of air pollutants or noise in excess of the NEQS or, where applicable, standards
established under Section 6(1)(g), and allows the federal government to levy a pollution charge on
parties violating these standards. With respect to motor vehicles, the Federal Agency may direct
any motor vehicle or class of vehicles to install pollution control devices or other equipment,
undergo testing or maintenance, or use particular fuels, and such vehicles will not be permitted to
operate until these directions are complied with (Section 15).

Handling of Hazardous Substances

Section 14 prohibits the generation, collection, consignation, transportation, treatment, disposal,
importation, storing or handling of any hazardous substance without a license issued by the
Federal Agency; and in such manner as may be contradictory to the provisions of any other law for
the time being in force, or any international treaty, convention, protocol, code, standard,
agreement or other instrument to which Pakistan is a party.

4.3.2. National Environmental Quality Standards (Self-Monitoring and Reporting by Industry)

Rules 2001
These Rules, framed under PEPA, place certain obligations on industry to monitor and report to
the Federal Agency emissions, effluents discharged and other data sets.

4.3.3. Pollution Charge for Industry (Calculation and Collection) Rules 2001
These Rules, framed under PEPA, prescribe the method for calculating and collecting levies that
may be imposed in the form of an industrial pollution charge. In the process of determining the
pollution level of an industrial unit, inspection teams must include not more than two
representatives each drawn from any two of the authorised non-government organisations listed in
Schedule II (section 5).

4.3.4. National Environmental Quality Standards (Self-Monitoring and Reporting by Industry)

Rules 2001
This Act is meant for self-monitoring and reporting by industry to ensure National Environmental
Quality Standards, by reducing discharge of liquid effluents and gaseous emissions in order to
control environmental pollution. Under Section 3 all industrial units are responsible for correct
and timely submission of Environmental Monitoring Reports to the Federal Agency.

According to Section 9 (1) Environmental Monitoring Report comprises of a Liquid Effluents

Monitoring Report, a Gaseous Emissions Monitoring Report and a Cover. Under sub-section (2)
all measurements of priority parameters contained in the Environmental Monitoring Report

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submitted by an industrial unit are to be based on test reports of a certified environmental

laboratory.

The Gaseous Emissions Report covers the priority parameters listed in Schedule VII, and includes,
every two years, metal analysis of all gaseous emissions from the industrial unit according to
subsection (3). According to Section 10, sampling, testing and analysis of effluents, gaseous
emissions and waste is to be carried out in accordance with the Environmental Samples Rules,
2001.

4.3.5. National Environmental Quality Standards (Certification of Environmental

Laboratories) Regulation 2000
This Act is expedient to provide the regulations for the certification of a laboratory to function as
an environmental laboratory. The purpose of an environmental laboratory is to ensure that all the
provisions of National Environmental Quality Standards are being complied by.

According to Section 3, the functions of an environmental laboratory is to test and analyze samples
of air, water, soil, effluents or wastes to determine whether such samples comply with the National
Environmental Quality Standards; to measure noise being emitted at any place by any industrial or
other activity or motor vehicle; to issue test reports containing the results of tests and analyses; to
carry out such experiments, studies and investigations as may be required by the Federal Agency to
monitor and enforce and where necessary to propose revision of the National Environmental
Quality Standards; to send an annual report of its activities to the Federal Agency, including a list
of all test reports issued by it; and to carry out such other functions as may be entrusted to it by the
Federal Agency from time to time.

4.3.6. Environmental Samples Rules 2001

These Rules, framed under PEPA, allow authorised officers to enter and inspect premises (section
4) in order to take samples of effluents or emissions (section 7(1)). Procedures for taking, storing
and transporting samples are described.

4.3.7. Provincial Sustainable Development Fund Board (Procedure) Rules 2001

These Rules, framed under section 31 of PEPA, provide procedures for the operation of a
Sustainable Development Fund and the establishment of a Sustainable Development Board.

4.3.8. Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of Initial Environmental

Examination and Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations 2000
These Regulations, issued under section 33 of PEPA 1997, are to be read with PEPA section 12.
They contain detailed procedures that must be followed in the IEE/EIA process, such as
conducting public hearings, issuing notices, recording decisions and accepting or rejecting an
EIA/IEE. Section 5(a) requires that an EIA is carried out for any project likely to cause an ―adverse
environmental effect‖.

Schedule I to the Regulations sets out the types of small-scale projects that require an IEE. These
include the designation of ―environmentally sensitive areas‖; urban development operations

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including water supply and treatment installations, and waste disposal facilities; the establishment
of specified types of farms; commercial mineral extraction projects; industries, and manufacturing
and processing activities; highway construction projects; and hydel, water management and dams.
Schedule II specifies the types of large-scale projects that require an EIA. These include urban
development projects; mining, smelting and processing operations; industries, and manufacturing
and processing activities; highway construction projects; airports and railway installations; hydel,
water management and dams; and tourism development projects.

The Regulations provide for the monitoring of projects after completion. Section 18 requires
owners to submit an annual report to the Federal Agency. This report must summarise operational
performance with an emphasis on adequate maintenance and measures to mitigate adverse effects
on the environment. The Federal Agency is authorised to cancel the approval of any project at any
time on the basis of such reports or its own investigations, if it is found that conditions of approval
have been violated or false information provided (section 19).

4.3.9. Environmental Tribunal Rules 1999

These Rules, issued under section 33 of PEPA 1997, allow for the establishment and functioning
of environmental tribunals. The Rules provide for procedural and operational matters including
the qualifications of tribunal members (section 4). Proceedings of the Tribunal are open to the
public, except in certain specified matters (section 18). Tribunals are required to make ―every
effort‖ to dispose of cases with a 60-day period (section 16).

4.3.10. Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority Act, 1996

This Act provides for the establishment of Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority to
provide for the standardization and quality control services; Chapter III, Sub-section (ii), (vi) and
(x) of section 8 deals with the inspection and testing of products and services for their quality,
specification and characteristics, during use and for import and export purposes; providing for the
quality labelling standards which specify ingredients, performance, specification, usage, methods
and other relevant quality control matters; and to stop manufacture, storage and sale of such
products which do not conform to the Pakistan or any other country‘s standards recognized by the
Authority respectively.

Sub-section (1) & (2) of Section (13) prohibit, restrict or control the taking out of Pakistan of
articles which do not bear the Authority mark of regulate practices, including trade practice and
procedure connected with the export of such articles, under section 16 of the Customs Act, 1969
(IV of 1969). Sub-section (1) of Section (14) prohibits the manufacture, storage and sale of any
article which does not conform to the Pakistan standard.

Under sub-section (1) of section (20), the contravention of the provisions of section 10, 11 or 12 is
punishable either with imprisonment which may extend to one year, or with fine not less than
thirty thousand rupees, or with both. Under section (21), the contravention of the provisions of
section 13 is liable under the provision of the Customs Act, 1969 (IV of 1969), either with
imprisonment which may extend to one year, or with fine not less than fifty thousand rupees, or
with both. Under section (22), the contravention of the provisions of section is punishable either

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with imprisonment which may extend to one year, or with fine not less than fifty thousand rupees,
or with both.

4.3.11. National Environmental Quality Standards 1993

This Order was issued under the Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance 1983. Although
PEPA 1997 repeals the 1983 Ordinance, these standards remain in force. The NEQS specify
maximum limits for municipal and liquid industrial effluent (section 2, with Annex I), industrial
gaseous emissions (section 2, with Annex II), and exhaust and noise pollution from motor vehicles
(section 2, read with Annex I). These standards have been revised and amended from time to time,
and substantively so in the year 2000.

4.3.12. Health Care Waste Management Rules 2005

Between the previous decade and present situation, the legislative and regulatory framework has
marginally improved. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 (PEPA) has been the key
statute that provides legal umbrella cover to activities of environmental management including
HCWM. The law attaches significant importance towards the strict compliance with National
Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). In addition, the Federal Ministry of Health issued
HCWM Guidelines in 1999 with an advice to all the facilities for compliance of the same.

The Ministry of Health has also issued Health Care Waste Management Rules 2005 which
encompass the major domains of HCWM. It is disappointing to note that they are not followed by
the health care establishments with very few exceptions. The ancillary laws and controlling
authority towards HCWM include Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) 1960 where negligence towards
poisonous, toxic and hazardous waste is an offence. At the provincial and district / city level, the
Sindh Local Government Ordinance (SLGO) 2002 extends the responsibility of solid waste
management to the district governments and its subordinate tiers. As discussed earlier, drastic
changes in laws and applications are anticipated, this will have implications on the waste
management services also.

4.3.13. The Dangerous Cargoes Act, 1953 Act

This Act is meant to make further provisions for the safety of ports in respect of the transit,
working and storage of dangerous cargoes and incidental matters. Section 3: The Central
Government can make such rules as appear to be necessary or expedient for securing the safety of
any port and preventing or dealing with explosions and fires on vessels carrying dangerous cargoes
within the limits of any port, and generally for the transit working and storage of dangerous
cargoes and matters incidental.

Section 9: Under subsection (1) & (2) the contravention of any provision of this Act, or the rules
or order under this Act is punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years
or with fine which may extend to five thousand rupees or with both.

4.3.14. The Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1925

This Act is expedient to amend the provisions of law made by the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act,
1924, with a view to establish the responsibilities, liabilities, rights and immunities attaching to

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carriers under bills of lading. Chapter I, Section 5: Under this section Article VI of the Rules (the
carriage of goods by sea act 1925) is related to the carriage of goods of any class instead of to
particular goods by sea in ships from a port in Pakistan to a port in India or Ceylon.

Chapter II Article II: According to the provisions of Article VI, under every contract of carriage of
goods by sea the carrier, in relation to the loading, handling, stowage, carriage, custody, care, and
discharge of such goods, is subject to the responsibilities and liabilities, and entitled to the rights
and immunities set in this act.

Chapter II Article III: Section (1), sub-clause (c) deals with the fitness and safety of the holds,
refrigerating and cooling chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, for
their reception, carriage and preservation. Section (2) deals with the proper and careful loading,
handling, stowing, carrying, keeping, caring and discharging of the goods carried.

4.3.15. The Motor Vehicles Act, 1939

(As Updated up to 31st August, 1978)

4.3.16. The Railways Act, 1890

This Act consolidates amends and adds to the law relating to Railways. According to sub-section
(1)(c) of Section 47, Chapter VI, general rules should be made by the railway company for
declaring what are dangerous or offensive goods, and for regulating the carriage of such goods. The
breach of sub-section (1) (c), under sub-section (2) is punishable by fine which may extend to any
sum not exceeding fifty rupees. Section (59) of Chapter VI relates to rules for the carriage of goods
of dangerous or explosive nature by railway.

The carriage of any dangerous or offensive goods is not allowed by railway until a prior notification
of their nature is given to the station-master and their nature is distinctly marked on the outside of
the package containing them. According to Section 107 of Chapter IX, if in contravention of
section 59 a person takes with him any dangerous or offensive goods upon a railway, or tenders or
delivers any such goods for carriage upon a railway, it is punished with fine which may extend to
five hundred rupees, and is also responsible for any loss, injury or damage which may be caused by
reason of such goods having been so brought upon the railway.

4.3.17. Pakistan Merchant Shipping Ordinance 2001

The law contains a full chapter on the prevention of pollution from ships (Chapter 43, Sections
552–575), based on the provisions of the International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution from Ships (1973), as modified by the Protocol of 1978. Tankers above a specified
tonnage are required to carry an ―international pollution prevention certificate‖ (Section 553). The
discharge of sewage and garbage from ships into the sea is prohibited, except where permitted in
accordance with the 1973 Convention (Section 554).

Similarly, the discharge of oil, ―oily mixture or harmful substance [sic]‖ (Section 555) and noxious
liquids (Section 556) is prohibited, except in accordance with the Convention. The ordinance
prohibits the dumping of any waste into the sea, and violation of this provision is punishable with

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imprisonment for a minimum term of two years and a maximum fine of 1 million US dollars
(Section 567), as well as cleaning charges (Section 574). In order to ensure compliance, the
ordinance provides for maintaining certain records and equipment, and empowers the federal
government to conduct surveys of ships (Sections 559–562).

4.3.18. The Karachi Port Trust Act, 1886

It is expedient to vest the Port of Karachi in a trust and to provide for the management of the
affairs of the said port by trustees. Section 32, 33, 34, 35 & 36 of Chapter V deals with the
maintenance of wharves, quays, stages, jetties, piers, warehouses, sheds and appliances for the
expeditious and convenient shipment and landing goods . Section 43 of Chapter V deals with the
determination of scale of tolls and charges by the board for the use, services provided storage, and
landing and shipment of the goods of the wharves, quay, stage, jetty & pier.

Under Chapter VII, Section 72, the infringement of the Section 33,34 or 36 is punishable by fine
which extend to two hundred thousand rupees, and if the infringement be continuing, with a
further fine which extend to twenty thousand rupees for every day such order or condition is
infringed. Under Chapter VII, Section 75, the removal of any goods, vessel, animal or vehicles
with the intention of evading payment of the tolls, dues, rates or charges lawfully payable is
punished with fine which may extend to two hundred thousand rupees.

According to Chapter X, Section 90(1) & (2) port would be kept pollution free by the board and
no discharge of solid and liquid wastes, oily naxious, radioactive and hazardous substance, bilge
discharges from tankers and vessels, residues and mixtures containing noxious solid and liquid
wastes, deballasting of unwashed cargo tanks and line washing garbage would be made within the
Port limits. According to Chapter X, Section 90 (3), contravention of the provisions of sub-section
(2) is liable to penalty not exceeding ten million rupees for each contravention in addition to the
charges for cleaning of the Port and removal of pollution

4.3.19. Ports Act 1908

This act consolidates prior laws relating to the Karachi Port and Port Qasim, and extends to the
navigational rivers and channels leading to these ports. It regulates the working of the ports and
the maintenance of harbour facilities, containing detailed rules as well for the ―conservation of
ports‖ (Chapter IV). These provisions, such as those prescribing heavy penalties for discharging
―rubbish‖ and ballast into port waters without permission (Section 21), are aimed at ensuring that
the business of the port progresses smoothly. The law contains no provisions for the protection of
marine resources within the harbour or in surrounding areas.

4.3.20. The Pakistan Science Foundation Act, 1973

It is expedient to provide for the establishment of the Pakistan Science Foundation. According to
Section 3(1), the purpose of establishment of Pakistan Science Foundation is to promote and
finance scientific activities having a bearing on the socio-economic needs of the country.

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4.3.21. Agricultural Pesticides Ordinance (Extension to the Northern Areas Order), 1995
This is an order to extend the Agricultural Pesticides Ordinance, 1971 (II of 1971) to the
Northern Areas. Under Section 2, the agricultural Pesticides Ordinance, 1971 (II of 1971), as in
force in Pakistan immediately before the commencement of this Order, and all amendments
which may be made after such commencement and all rules and orders which may have been, or
may be, made or issued thereunder shall, as far as may be extend to the Northern Areas.

4.3.22. The Territorial Waters and Maritime Zones Act, 1976

This Act provides for the declaration of the territorial waters and maritime zones of Pakistan.
Section 5 (2)(d), 4 (b)(iii) and 6 deals with the preservation and protection of the marine
environment; and preventing and controlling marine pollution. According to sub-section (3) of
Section (3) foreign super ankers, nuclear powered ships and ships carrying nuclear or other
inherently dangerous or noxious sub-stances or materials may enter or pass through the territorial
waters after giving prior notice to the Federal Government.

4.3.23. The Agricultural Pesticides Ordinance, 1971 & Rules 1973

This Ordinance regulates the import, manufacture, formulation, sale, distribution and use of
pesticides. Its provisions are in addition to and not in derogation of the provisions of the Poisons
Act, 1919, and any other law for the time being in force. Chapter II, Section 4: The import,
manufacture, formulation, sale, offer for sale, hold in stock for sale or in any manner
advertisement of any brand of pesticide is prohibited which has not been registered. Chapter IV
Section 21: the contravention or failure to comply with the provisions of Section 4 in the manners
as prescribed under sub-clauses (a), (b) & (c) is punishable, for the first offence, with fine which
may extend to one thousand rupees and for every subsequent offence with fine not be less than
two thousand rupees or more than three thousand rupees and in default of payment of any such
fine with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year.

Section 22: the act of giving false warranty to a dealer or purchaser in respect of a pesticide, that it
complies in all respects with the provisions of this Ordinance, is punishable with fine which may
extend to one thousand rupees. Section 23: the unlawful use of registration number lowering of
pesticide value or hindering the Inspector from performing pesticide as prescribed under the sub-
clauses (a), (b), (c) & (d) is punishable with fine not less than two thousand and five hundred
rupees or more than five thousand rupees one with imprisonment for term not less than one year
or more than two years.

Under Section 29, the Federal Government can, in consultation with the Agriculture Pesticide
Technical Advisor /committee make rules for carrying the provision of this Ordinance into effect
especially regarding the nomenclature of every form of plant and animal life; registration
procedure and certificates; the function of the pesticides Laboratory; methods and the result of the
analysis ; rules for taking samples by Inspectors; dangerous and injurious pesticides; poisonous
pesticides; storage of pesticides; the quantities of pesticides which could be held; the protection of
workers against risk of poisoning by pesticides; conditions for using pesticides especially in
agriculture; precautions against poisoning by pesticides; and the measures for detecting and
investigating cases in which poisoning by pesticides has occurred.

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4.3.24. The Balochistan Local Government Ordinance, 2001

Under Section 195, the manufacturing, storing, trading or carrying fire crackers, fire balloons or
detonators or any dangerous chemical, inflammable, hazardous or offensive article or material
without license from relevant authority; discharging any dangerous chemical, inflammable,
hazardous or offensive article in any drain, or public water course or public land that is likely to be
dangerous are prohibited and local government shall take care of these matters.

Under Section 141(2), the offences in Part I of Fourth Schedule (the manufacturing, storing,
trading or carrying fire crackers, fire balloons or detonators or any dangerous chemical,
inflammable, hazardous or offensive article or material without license from relevant authority;
discharging any dangerous chemical, inflammable, hazardous or offensive article in any drain, or
public water course or public land that is likely to be dangerous; and failure of industrial or
commercial concerns to provide adequate and safe disposal of affluent or prevention of their
mixing up with the water supply or sewerage system) are punishable with imprisonment for a term
which may extend to three years, or with fine which may extend to fifteen thousand rupees, or
with both. If the accused persists in offence then the Court may impose a further fine which may
extend to one thousand rupees for every day.

4.3.25. Drugs Act 1976

This Act regulates the import, export, manufacture and distribution of pharmaceutical drugs.
Although the law is federal, provincial governments are assigned specific responsibilities.
Provincial governments are responsible for regulating the sale of drugs (section 6). They are
required to set up a quality control board (section 11) and a drug testing laboratory (section 15).
Provincial governments may appoint analysts (section 16) and inspectors (section 17), set up
provincial drugs courts (section 31), and constitute a provincial appellate authority (section 9-A).
While the federal government is responsible for matters related to the registration of drugs, the
provinces are to ensure compliance in such matters (section 7). (For the purposes of this law, drugs
are defined to include substances used for the ―destruction or repulsion‖ of vermin, insects,
rodents and ―other organisms‖ that cause, carry or transmit disease ―in human beings or animals‖,
as well as pesticides that may pose a public ―health hazard‖ (section 3(g) (iii) and 3(g)(iv)).

4.3.26. Sindh Drugs Rules 1979

These provincial Rules, framed under the federal Drugs Act 1976, deal with procedural matters
related to licences (sections 11–19). The Rules also specify procedures in cases where offences are
to be prosecuted (section 3), and when drugs and other materials are seized by inspectors (section
6).

4.3.27. Sindh Local Government Ordinance 2001

Under the SLGO, district governments are responsible for environmental protection and the
control of pollution. In city districts, the zila council approves plans for ―environment control‖
and ―ecological balances‖ and oversees the implementation of rules and by-laws on ―environment‖
(sections 40(a) and 40(b)).

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At the district level, the taluka administration is permitted to grant exemptions from local by-laws
as long as these exemptions are not related to ―matters concerning environmental protection‖
(section 54 (1)). Union nazims are required to submit to the relevant authorities reports on a
number of matters including ―environmental and health hazards‖ (section 80(f)(iii)). Local councils
may frame by-laws governing the ―prevention of air, water, noise, and soil pollution‖ and the
―pollution of air, water or soil‖. The provincial government, for its part, may ―provide guidelines
and render advice‖ to district governments in order to promote ―environmental security‖ (section
127(3)).

Indeed, the subject of ―environment‖ has been decentralised and is to be administered by the
district law office (sections 14 and 35, read with the First Schedule, parts A and C), which is
responsible for assisting in the implementation of PEPA 1997 and the rules and regulations
framed under the 1997 Act. In city districts, moreover, the provincial government may set up a
district municipal office for ―integrated development and management‖ of a number of sectors,
one of which is environmental control and includes the ―control of air, water, and soil pollution in
accordance with federal and provincial laws and standards‖ (sections 14 and 35, read with the First
Schedule, part D).

Discharging industrial, commercial or other waste, dangerous chemicals, and hazardous or

―offensive‖ materials into drains and water bodies or onto public land is an offence punishable
with a maximum penalty of three years‘ imprisonment and/or a fine of 15,000 rupees, in addition
to a fine of 1,000 rupees for each day that the offence continues to be committed (section
141(2)(a), with the Fourth Schedule, part I, items 8, 9, 21 and 25). Similar penalties apply for the
unauthorized manufacture and sale of explosive materials or ―any dangerous chemical,
inflammable, hazardous or offensive article or material‖ (Fourth Schedule, part I, item 19).

Other offences under the SLGO, which are subject to an immediate fine but may also incur
imprisonment for up to six months and/or a fine of 5,000 rupees in the case of a repeated offence,
cover a wide range of matters concerning public health and safety (section 141(2)(c), with the
Eighth Schedule, items 5, 24, 25 and 29). ―Damaging or polluting‖ the environment in a manner
that endangers public health invites a fine of 2,000 rupees in the case of public premises and 500
rupees for private premises, with higher fines and/or imprisonment for repeat offenders (Eighth
Schedule, item 26).

4.3.28. Sindh District Government (Conduct of Business) Rules 2001

These Rules, framed under section 31 of the SLGO, provide for the functioning of the district
government. At the local level, the district law office is responsible for assisting the Sindh EPA in
discharging its functions under PEPA 1997 (section 3(2), with schedule II, item 8(ii)(a)). The law
office is required to ensure that ―environmental protection and preservation measures‖ are
implemented in ―all development projects‖ throughout the district, and it assists those setting up
new projects to submit EIAs (item 8(ii)(d)). It monitors projects financed through the provincial
sustainable development fund (item 8(ii)(i)) and submits regular progress reports to the Sindh
EPA.

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Other responsibilities of the law office include monitoring motor vehicle emissions subject to the
provisions of PEPA 1997 (item 8(ii)(c)), as well as advocacy (item 8(ii)(m)) and awareness raising
(item 8(ii)(l)).

4.3.29. Provincial Sustainable Development Fund (Utilization) Rules 2003

These Rules, issued under section 31 of PEPA 1997, provide for matters related to the utilisation
of moneys from the Provincial Sustainable Development Fund, to be established in each province
according to section 9 of PEPA 1997. The Fund consists of grants or loans from the federal
government, aid and donations from foreign governments and national or international donors,
and contributions from private-sector organisations.

4.3.30. Port Qasim Authority Act 1973

This federal Act establishes an Authority responsible for the planning, development and
management of Port Qasim. The Authority is charged with preparing a master plan for the port
area (section 10), and may call upon government agencies and local bodies to prepare and execute
schemes in the port area related to matters over which these agencies ordinarily hold authority
(section 11(2)). Among other activities, such schemes may provide for the utilisation of ―natural
resources‖ (section 11(2)(f)), as well as environmental control and pollution prevention (section
11(2)(j)). Exploitation and utilization of natural resources as building materials within the port
area, for purposes other than personal use, requires prior authorisation from the Authority
(section 33). The Authority may seek the advice and assistance of government agencies and local
bodies in the planning and execution of schemes, and bears the cost of any ―additional
expenditure‖ incurred in the process (section 13(2) (i)).

4.3.31. Sindh Smoke-Nuisances Act 1912 (No. VII)

This Act allows the government to prohibit the construction of furnaces and kilns in ―any
specified area‖ (section 7). It also allows the government to control ―excessive emissions‖ by
specifying the density and altitude of smoke that may be emitted, and the duration for which
smoke may be emitted (section 9). These provisions apply to all types of furnaces, except for
furnaces used to cremate the dead, and those used ―in a private house for domestic purposes‖
(section 3).

4.3.32. Explosive Substances Act 1908 (No. VI)

This federal law regulates the possession and use of explosive substances, including materials for
the manufacture of explosives as well as machinery, tools and materials that can be used to cause
an explosion (section 2). Causing an explosion is punishable with a maximum sentence of life in
prison, whether or not the event causes any injury to persons or damage to property (section 3).
The same maximum penalty applies to making or possessing explosives with intent to cause an
explosion (section 4). Although the law does not specify conditions under which it is legal to
possess explosive materials, possession of such substances for a purpose that is not ―lawful‖ is an
offence (section 5), implying that some form of regulatory mechanism is to be put in place. Powers
under this Act lie with provincial governments, which may restrict or allow the courts to proceed
with the trial of suspected offenders (section 7). The 1908 law deals exclusively with causing
explosions or intent to cause explosions.

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4.3.33. Explosives Act 1884 (No. IV)

This federal law deals with the manufacture, possession, sale, use and transport of explosives. The
government may prohibit the manufacture, possession or import of any explosive substance, except
with a licence (section 5), or ban outright the manufacture, import or possession of any material
deemed to be of ―so dangerous [a] character that […] it is expedient for the public safety‖ to impose
such restrictions (section 6). Under this law, the maximum penalty for illegally manufacturing,
possessing or importing explosives is 5,000 rupees.

The government may declare any substance deemed particularly dangerous to life or property,
owing to its explosive properties, or any of the processes involved in its manufacture to be an
explosive within the meaning of this Act (section 17). Such materials may include a wide range of
chemical substances that are explosive in nature, although the term ‗dangerous‘ itself has not been
defined. No regulatory compliance measures are introduced for the handling of hazardous
materials. All powers under this Act lie with the ―appropriate government‖, defined as the federal
government in relation to import and inter-provincial transport, and the provincial government in
all other matters (section 4(7)).

4.3.34. Pollution of Environment Caused by Smoke, Emitting Vehicles, Traffic Muddle, 1996
SCMR 543
This interim order issued by the Supreme Court calls for measures to streamline the process of
checking motor vehicles in Karachi, as a first step towards eliminating air and noise pollution in
the city. The order is based on reports from mobile checking carried out in 1992–93, also at the
order of the Supreme Court.

4.3.35. The Punjab Local Government Ordinance, 2001

It is expedient to devolve political power and decentralise administrative and financial authority to
accountable local governments for good governance, effective delivery of services and transparent
decision making through institutionalized participation of the people at grass-roots level.

The manufacturing, storing, trading, discharging or carrying fire crackers, fire balloons or
detonators or any dangerous chemical, inflammable, hazardous or offensive article or material
(given in the annex) without license from relevant authority is prohibited and local government
shall take care of these matters (Chapter XIX Section 195, Sixth Schedule (paragraph 44)).

Under Section 141 & 145(1), the offences in Part I of Fourth Schedule (item 2, 3 & 9) are
punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years, or with fine which may
extend to fifteen thousand rupees, or with both. If the accused persists in offence then the Court
may impose a further fine which may extend to one thousand rupees for every day as long as the
offence continues. The drainage and sewerage of industrial and commercial waste and effluents are
directed by local governments by formulations of schemes (Chapter XIX Section 195, Sixth
Schedule (paragraph 45)).

The pollution of air by gases, dust or other substances exhausted or emitted by automobile engine,
factories, brick or lime kilns, crushing machines for grain, stone, salt or other materials and such

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other sources of air pollution is to be prevented by concerned local governments by formulating

and implementing schemes as the bye-laws may provide (Chapter XIX Section 195, Sixth Schedule
(paragraph 48)).

4.3.36. The NWFP Local Government Ordinance, 2001

It is expedient to devolve political power and decentralise administrative and financial authority to
accountable local governments for good governance, effective delivery of services and transparent
decision making through institutionalized participation of the people at grass-roots level.

The manufacturing, storing, trading, discharging or carrying fire crackers, fire balloons or
detonators or any dangerous chemical, inflammable, hazardous or offensive article or material
(given in the annex) without license from relevant authority is prohibited and local government
shall take care of these matters(Chapter XIX Section 195, Sixth Schedule (paragraph 44)).

Under Section 141(1), the offences in Part I of Fourth Schedule (item 2, 3 & 9) are punishable
with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years, or with fine which may extend to
fifteen thousand rupees, or with both. If the accused persists in offence then the Court may
impose a further fine which may extend to one thousand rupees for every day as long as the
offence continues.

The drainage and sewerage of industrial and commercial waste and effluents are directed by local
governments by formulations of schemes (Chapter XIX Section 195, Sixth Schedule (paragraph
45)). The pollution of air by gases, dust or other substances exhausted or emitted by automobile
engine, factories, brick or lime kilns, crushing machines for grain, stone, salt or other materials
and such other sources of air pollution is to be prevented by concerned local governments by
formulating and implementing schemes as the bye-laws may provide (Chapter XIX Section 195,
Sixth Schedule (paragraph 48)).

4.3.37. The Islamabad Capital Territory Local Government Ordinance, 2002

It is expedient to provide for empowered local governments, devolve political power and
decentralize administrative and financial authority thereto and regulate the administration of
Federal Capital for effective delivery of services and transparent decision making through
institutionalized participation of the people at grass root level.

Under Section 115 & 119, the offences in Part I of Fourth Schedule (item 2, 3 & 9) are
punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years, or with fine which may
extend to fifteen thousand rupees, or with both. If the accused persists in offence then the Court
may impose a further fine which may extend to one thousand rupees for every day as long as the
offence continues.

4.3.38. The Cantonments Ordinance, 2002

It is expedient to consolidate and amend the law relating to cantonments and to reconstruct and
regulate local self-government in the cantonment areas.

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The manufacturing, storing, trading, discharging or carrying of any dangerous or offensive articles
(as mentioned in Second Schedule) is prohibited without taking a license from the concerned local
authority (Chapter XII, Section 109).

Under Section 215 & 219(1), the offences in Part I of Second Schedule (item 2, 3 & 9) are
punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years, or with fine which may
extend to fifteen thousand rupees, or with both. If the accused persists in offence then the Court
may impose a further fine which may extend to one thousand rupees for every day as long as the
offence continues.

4.3.39. (Baluchistan) (N.W.F.P) (Punjab) (Sindh) Motor Vehicles Ordinance, 1965

It is expedient to amend and consolidated the law relating to Motor Vehicle in the Province of
(Baluchistan) (N.W.F.P) (Punjab) and (Sindh).According to Section 74, Chapter VI, the
Government may make rules regarding the emission of smoke, visible vapors, spooks, ashes, grit or
oil; and the reduction of noise emitted by or caused by vehicles.Under Section 105, Chapter VIII,
the sale of vehicle in or alteration of vehicle to a condition contravening Section 74 of Chapter VI
is punishable with fine which may extend to two hundred rupees.

4.3.40. West Pakistan Motor Vehicle Ordinance, 1965

It is expedient to amend and consolidate that law relating to Motor Vehicles in the Province of
West Pakistan. According to Section 74, Chapter VI, the Government may make rules regarding
the emission of smoke, visible vapors, spooks, ashes, grit or oil; and the reduction of noise emitted
by or caused by vehicles. Under Section 105, Chapter VIII, the sale of vehicle in or alteration of
vehicle to a condition contravening Section 74 of Chapter VI is punishable with fine which may
extend to two hundred rupees.

4.3.41. Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority Ordinance 2001

This ordinance establishes the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (Section 3), repeals the
Pakistan Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection Ordinance 1984, and dissolves the Pakistan
Nuclear Regulatory Board and the Directorate of Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection. The
definition of the term ―nuclear damage‖ in this ordinance encompasses loss of life, personal injury
and damage to property, but does not cover damage to natural resources and the environment.

Although the IEE/EIA Regulations issued under PEPA 1997 require an EIA for nuclear power
plants [sic], Section 19(3) of this ordinance leaves to the discretion of the Authority whether to
require applicants for a license to undertake activities involving radioactive materials and/or which
produce radiation to demonstrate that the activities would not be hazardous to the environment.
Section 21 provides that the Authority must authorize all construction of nuclear installations, but
makes no reference to the requirement of an EIA. Prior authorization from the Authority is,
however, necessary before discharging radioactive waste into the environment (Section 22).

The Authority may inspect all measures and records pertaining to environmental monitoring and
the disposal of radioactive waste (Section 29(d)) and must implement and coordinate a national
programme of environmental surveillance to check the build-up of radioactivity in the

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environment. The purpose of such surveillance is solely to safeguard human health. The ordinance
does not acknowledge similar authority given to the Federal Agency under PEPA 1997 to license,
monitor and inspect installations and activities involving radioactive substances, nor does it
provide for coordination of these functions.

4.3.42. Kyoto Protocol

The Convention contains a non-legal binding by the industrialized countries for stabilizing their
emissions at 1990 levels by 2000 in order to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change,
to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed
in a sustainable manner3.

CDM is the only instrument that is available for developing countries to assist them in achieving
sustainable development and contributing to the ultimate objective of the Convention. It aims to
assist Annex-I Parties (Developed countries) to implement project activities that reduce (or subject
to constraints removes) GHG emissions in non-Annex-I Parties (i.e. most of the developing
countries), in return for certified emission reductions (CERs). The CER generated by such project
activities can be used by Annex-I Parties to meet their emissions targets under the Kyoto Protocol.

4.3.43. Hazardous Substances Rules, 2003

Production, storage, Disposal, Handling, Distribution, Marketing, Importation and
Transportation According to Rule 4, an application for license to produce, store, dispose of,
handle, distribute, market, treat, import and transport hazardous materials should filed in
accordance with the provisions of Section 14. According to Rule 5 and 6, the application should
be accompanied by EIA of project or industrial activity which should be prepared in accordance
with PEPA (Review of IEE and EIA) Regulations 2000.

Rule 7 & 8 deals with the issuance and conditions of license respectively. Rules13, 14 & 15 deal
with the validity, renewal and cancellation of license. Rule 17 deals with the provisions of the
preparation of a safety plan as required under rule 5. Under Rule 18, if any major accident occurs
in the premises of a licensee, he is required to report immediately to federal or provincial agency.
Rule 19 deals with the rules regarding preparation of Waste Management Plan as required under
the Rule 5.

Packaging and Labelling

Rule 9, sub-rule 1, deals with the packing of the hazardous substances. The packaging should be in
such size and design that it reduces the chances of any accident and could be transported easily
and safely. Rule 9, sub-rule2 deals with the labeling of hazardous material. The name, net contents,
lisence number, date of manufacture and expiry, warning statement, disposal method and
precautionary measures should be labeled on the cans of hazardous substances.

Production, storage, Disposal, Handling

Under Rule 10, the premises where hazardous substances are generated, collected, consigned,
stored, disposed of, handled and treated should comply by the provisions of Schedule IV and a
warning notice should be placed on its door.

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Handling
Rule 11 deals with the general safety precautions for the handling of hazardous substances to
whom they are sold or delivered like wearing protective clothing, helmets, googles, etc. Rule 12
deals with the safety precautions for workers.

Import
Rule 20 deals with the import of hazardous substances. The license to import hazardous
substances requires information in addition to information required under Form A of Schedule II
i.e. information regarding port of entry, quantity to be imported, particulars of transport,
precautionary measures and purpose for which it is going to be utilized.

Transportation
Rule 21 deals with the transport of hazardous substances. The license to transport hazardous
substances requires information in addition to information required under Form A of Schedule II
like information regarding the particulars of persons from whom hazardous substances is to be
collected and delivered, quantity to be transported, mode of transport, route to be used and date
of transportation.

4.3.44. Export Policy Order, 2008.

Under Section 4, sub-section 1 and Schedule I& II, export of chemicals except to those countries
who have ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention; Intoxicants and intoxicating liquors except
under the licenses from bonafide medicinal or other purposes issued under the Prohibition; urea
subject to the approval of ECC of the Cabinet on case to case basis and DAP, NP and other
fertilizers except re-export of fertilizer by UNDP and other UN agencies is prohibited.

Section 11 deals specifically with the export of chemicals. Under its sub-section 1 & 2 and
Schedule I, II & III, those chemicals which have least commercial use or those which could be
used for production of chemical weapons cannot be exported to countries which are not members
of Chemical Weapons Convention while the chemicals which are widely used in commercial
sector could be exported to non-member countries of Chemical Weapons Convention. According
to Section 14, the restrictions imposed under the following acts are also relevant under this order.

4.3.45. Export Processing Zones Authority Ordinance 1980

This ordinance establishes the Export Processing Zones Authority (Section 4), which is responsible
for setting up and managing export processing zones. The Authority develops the infrastructure in
these areas, and may prepare and implement schemes for environmental control and the
prevention of pollution (Section 10). The term ―environmental control‖ is not defined in the law.

4.3.46. The Customs Act, 1969 (IV of 1969)

This act is meant to consolidate and amend the law relating to the levy and collection of customs-
duties (fee and service charges) and other allied matters. Under section 28, a duty lowered than as
prescribed by this act should be applied on any denatured spirit imported in Pakistan, and be
tested and if necessary adequately denatured by officers of customs, at the expense of the person
importing the spirit.

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Section 110 of chapter XI deals with the allowance in case of volatile goods. According to this
section no duty shall be charged on volatile good at the time of delivery from a warehouse if found
to be deficient in quantity and the Collector of Customs is satisfied that such deficiency is on
account of natural loss.

If any person contravenes the provisions of this act, such person is liable to a penalty not exceeding
twenty-five thousand rupees (Section 156 (1i) of Chapter XVII ). If any person contravenes the
provisions of this act, such person is liable to a penalty not exceeding twenty-five thousand rupees
(Section 156 (i) of Chapter XVII). Under section 156 (8ii) the smuggling of narcotics is prohibited
and punishable according to the quantity of the smuggled narcotic drugs.

The appropriate officer could search any person, if he has reasons to believe that such person is
carrying goods liable to confiscation or carrying radioactive platinum (Section 158 (1) & (2)).
According to Section 160 of Chapter XVIII, the appropriate officer has power to screen or x-ray
bodies of suspected persons for detecting secreted goods, if he has reasons to believe that such
person is carrying goods liable to confiscation.

4.3.47. The Poisons Act, 1919 (XII of 1919)

This act is expedient to consolidate and amend the law regulating the importation, possession and
sale of poisons. The State Government has the power to regulate the possession for sale and the
sale, of any specified poison as well as to grant the liscence to possess or sale the poison(Section 2
(1) &(2)). The Central Government can also prohibit the importation of any poison except
underlicence into the country (Section 3).

Under Section 4(1), the State Governmennt can put restriction on possessing poison in areas
where the use of poison for the purpose of committing murder or mischief by poisoning cattle is
common. The breach of this section is punishable with imprisonment for a term which may
extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees, or with both (Section
4(2)).

Under section 6, breach of section 2, imports without a licence of any poison restricted under
section 3 or contravention of any condition of a licence is punishable by, on a first conviction,
with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three months, or with fine which may extend
to five hundred rupees, or with both,and on a second or subsequent conviction, with
imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months, or with fine which may extend to one
thousand rupees, or with both.

According to Section 7 (1) & (2), the District Magistrate, the Sub-divisional- magistrate and, in a
presidency-town, the Commissioner of Police can issue a warrant for the search of any place in
which he has reason to believe that any poison is possessed or sold, or any poison liable to
confiscation in contravention of this Act is kept or concealed. And the person to whom the

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warrant is directed may enter and search the place in accordance with the provisions of the Code
of Criminal Procedure, 1898.

4.3.48. Import Policy Order, 2009

According to subsection (i) of Section 5A, import of certain chemicals (as specified in APPENDIX
A, item 12-18, 20, and 21) is banned. According to subsection (i) of Section 5B, import of certain
chemicals (as specified in Appendix-B, item 16, 17, 19-52) is restricted and is subject to certain
conditions.

4.3.49. Labour Policy 2006

Working Environment
Labour protection in relation to the working environment embraces three main areas, namely,
work safety and prevention of accidents, occupational health, and the impact of enterprise work
processes and practices on the wider environment. Prime responsibility in all three areas rests with
the employer, but with workers required to cooperate to the fullest extent to enable employers to
meet their obligations.
The improvement of safety and health in the workplace requires the development of a ‗safety and
health culture‘ for the enterprise as a whole, based on a wider culture of safety and health in
society at large – at home, in schools, in public places, and on the roads.

Work Safety
Employers have a responsibility to ensure that hazards in the workplace are eliminated, minimized,
or controlled in such a way that work accidents are avoided. The Government is of the view that
the provision of protective clothing and equipment to workers, although important, must not be
used as a substitute for hazard elimination and reduction. At the same time, workers have a
responsibility to fully cooperate with employers in creating and maintaining safe and healthy
workplaces and must make every effort to participate in safety and health awareness and training
activities.
Enterprises of all sizes and in all sectors must be encouraged to develop a safety and health culture
and introduce policies and rules to ensure that intention is transformed into practice. The
development of such a culture and related rules can be applied, albeit informally, to micro and
small enterprises, and more formally to those of medium and large size.

Occupational Health
Occupational health interventions are concerned with the elimination and reduction of hazards
that result in illness and diseases. As before, prime responsibility rests with the employer to make
the workplace free from hazards impacting on the health of workers. This requires attention to
temperature and humidity, ventilation, noise, dust, illumination, chemical usage and storage, and
any other factors impinging on the health of workers and likely to cause short or long-term illness.
Enterprises are encouraged to have an occupational health policy and rules (usually combined with
a safety policy and rules) and to train managers and workers to ensure that such rules are applied
at all times.

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In practice, work safety and occupational health should not be regarded as totally separate issues in
that some hazards can cause both accidents and occupational diseases. They are closely related and,
as indicated below, both areas should be addressed in an integrated safety and health policy, as
should the issue of HIV/Aids in the workplace.

The wider environment

Enterprises have an obligation to ensure that their work processes and disposal of waste products
do not impact negatively on the wider environment. This extends beyond the traditional
boundaries of labour protection and falls outside the mandate of the Ministry of Labour,
Manpower and Overseas Pakistanis. Clearly, however, the environmental pollution created by
some enterprises has an impact on all workers in the concerned area, affecting both their working
lives and living conditions.

ILO Convention 155

With a view to leading the way in the improvement of work safety and health in enterprises, the
Government proposes to take the necessary steps to ratify ILO Convention No.155 on
Occupational Safety and Health. This convention establishes the basic framework for Pakistan to
address safety and health issues at national, industry and enterprise levels, and its ratification will
provide the basis for the development of policies, laws, and implementation arrangements to
improve the nation‘s overall performance in the area of work safety and health. ILO technical
assistance will be requested to assist in the implementation of this convention, once ratified,
drawing as appropriate on its expertise in the management of occupational safety and health
systems.

Small and Medium Enterprises

Of particular concern is the situation of small and medium scale enterprises and informal sector
workplaces that are frequently characterized by hazardous working environments. The proposed
Labour Inspection Policy 2006 will address this issue through a labour extension approach,
designed to ensure that basic safety and health information and advice is made available to, and
acted upon by, informal economy workplaces and small and medium scale enterprises.

Safety and Health Policy

The Government will require that all enterprises over a certain size (yet to be determined) have a
written safety and health policy that has been discussed and communicated to workers, and
supported by practical rules to ensure that the policy is applied in practice. Such a policy document
is a statement of intent and no more than an indication of preliminary commitment on the part of
enterprises, but it is an important starting point.

Provincial Directorates of Labour and Manpower will be encouraged to assist enterprises in

preparing such policy statements, based on the circumstances applying in individual enterprises
and industries with a view to minimizing work hazards, preventing accidents, and promoting safe
and healthy work processes and practices.

Safety and health policy statements will stress a commitment on behalf of enterprises to

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• eliminate hazards wherever possible,

• isolate hazards from workers if elimination is not possible,
• isolate workers from hazards if elimination is not possible,
• encourage an environment that is free from HIV/Aids,
• provide workers with protective clothing and equipment if hazards cannot be isolated or
eliminated,
• report work accidents and diseases,
• share information on safety and health with workers,
• discuss and consult with workers on safety and health issues,
• train workers on safety and health,
• develop and maintain an ‗organization culture‘ in which safety and health figures
prominently,
• improve, where reasonably practicable, on the minimum standards of safety and health
provided under Pakistan legislation.

Occupational Safety and Health Council

The Government in consultation with other Ministries and agencies as appropriate proposes to
establish a National Occupational Safety and Health Council to advise government on a wide
range of policy and legislative matters concerning work safety and health. The purpose, functions,
institutional and operational arrangements, finances, and membership of the Council, will be the
subject of consultations between government, workers‘ organizations and employers and their
organizations.

Occupational Safety and Health Institutes

In addition, the Government proposes the establishment of provincial Occupational Safety and
Health Institutes, to provide a range of technical, information, training, research, and testing
services. The National Occupational Safety and Health Council, although not having any control
over the activities of the Provincial Institutes will play an important role as an information clearing
house on safety and health matters by maintaining close contact with them and by membership on
their Boards of Directors. It is suggested that two such provincial institutes could serve the nation‘s
needs in the first instance but, essentially, this is a matter for provincial governments to decide.

4.3.50. The Boilers Act, 1923

It is expedient to consolidate and amend the law relating to steam-boilers; According to Section
3(1)(c), this act is not applicable to any boiler or steam-pipe appertaining to a sterilizer or
disinfector of a type such as is commonly used in hospitals, if the boiler does not exceed twenty
gallons in capacity. Section 4-11: application, procedure, approval, refusal and expiry of
registration for operating a boiler. According to Section 12, no structural alteration, addition or
renewal can be done in any boiler registered unless such renewals and alteration, has been
sanctioned by the Chief Inspector. Section 18 deals with the reporting of any accident to the
inspector. A report should be submitted to the inspector containing the details related to the
details of the accident.

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Penalties:
Section 23: the operation of a boiler without a certificate or above the maximum pressure limit is
punishable by a fine up to five hundred rupees, and, in the case of a continuing offence, with an
additional fine of up to one hundred rupees for each day. Section 24: the transfer of a boiler
without registration from one province to other, the failure to mark registration number on the
boiler, the alteration in the boiler without reporting, the failure to report accident and comply by
the safety rules is punishable by fine up to five hundred rupees. Section 25(1): whoever removes,
alters, defaces, and renders invisible or otherwise tampers with the register number marked on
boiler is punishable with fine of up to five hundred rupees. (2)The fraudulent marking of
registration number upon a boiler is punishable with imprisonment which may extend to two
years, or with fine, or with both.

Power and authority:

According to Section 28, the Boilers Board can make regulations regarding the standard
conditions necessary for boiler‘s registration; for prescribing maximum pressure at which the boiler
can be operated; for regulating the registration, inspection and maintenance of boiler; and for
safety of persons working inside a boiler.

Section 29 deals with the power of the provincial government in relation to this act. Provincial
government can make rules related to powers and responsibilities of Chief Inspector and
Inspector; regulation for the transfer of boiler; registration, certification, inspection and
examination of boilers; and regulation of inquiries into accidents.

4.3.51. The Mines Act, 1923

It is expedient to amend and consolidate the law relating to the regulation and inspection of
mines. Chapter II, Section 6 deals with the powers of Inspector of mines. Section 6(c): The
inspector can examine into and make inquiry respecting, the state and condition of any mine, the
ventilation of the mine, the enforcement of the bye-laws relating to the mine, and all matters and
things connected with the safety health and welfare of the persons employed in the mine. Section
6(f): the Inspector is also authorized to take or remove, for the purpose of analysis samples of
materials and substances used or handled in the mine.

Chapter IV, Section 14(1) requires the owner, agent or manager of a mine, to give a notice prior to
the commencement of mining operations.

Chapter V, Section 18 and 18A requires that at every mine, medical appliances as well as first aid
rooms shall also be provided. Section 19(1) & (2): If, in any respect it appears to the Chief
Inspector or the Inspector that in any mine, thing or practice in is dangerous to human life health
or safety, or defective so as to threaten, or tend to, the bodily injury of any person, he may give
notice to the owner, agent or manager for the sealing off or isolation of the mine. He may also
prohibit its functioning temporarily for specific time period. Section 20(1) requires the owner,
agent or manager of the mine to give notice of the occurrence of accident to prescribed authorities.

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Section 20(1A) & (1B) deals with the provisions of inquiry and inspection in case of a major
accident. Section 20A(1) requires the owner, agent or manager of the mine to notify the inspector,
if any person employed contracts or it believed to have contracted, an occupational disease
peculiar to any mining operation. Section 20A (2)-(6) provides for the steps to be taken by the
government and inspector, as well as facilities to be provided, in case a person contracts an
occupational disease.

Penalties
Section 38(1): the contravention of the provisions of sub-section (1) of section 20, i.e. failure to
give notice of any accidental occurrence is punishable with fine which may extend to one thousand
rupees, or, if the occurrence results in loss of life, be punishable with imprisonment which may
extend to three month or with fine which may extend to 3one thousand, rupees, or with bolt.

(2) The contravention of a direction made by the appropriate Government under sub-section (2) of
section 20 i.e. failure to record in the prescribed register or to give notice of any accidental
occurrence is to be punishable with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees.

4.3.52. Petroleum Act 1934

This act regulates the import, transport, storage, production, refining and blending of petroleum
and other flammable substances. The federal government issues licenses and may make rules to
regulate the import, transport and distribution of petroleum (Section 4). The law requires that all
containers carrying ―dangerous petroleum‖ (highly flammable) bear a warning (Section 6). The act
also contains provisions regarding the testing and quality control of petroleum products (Section
14ff.). All powers remain with the federal government.

4.3.53. Regulation of Mines and Oil Fields and Mineral Development (Government Control)
Act 1948
This act regulates the development of mines, oilfields and mineral deposits. The federal
government makes rules related to the development of mines and nuclear substances, oilfields and
gas fields, while provincial governments make rules related to other minerals and their extraction.
Rule-making power includes exploration and prospecting licenses, payment of royalties and license
fees, refining ores and mineral oil, and their storage and distribution (Section 2). All powers under
this law have been delegated to the ―appropriate‖ government—the federal government in the case
of radioactive minerals, oil and gas, and the provincial governments for all other mines (Section 6).

4.3.54. Boilers and Pressure Vessels (Amendment) Act, 2009

It is expedient to amend the Boilers and Pressure Vessels Ordinance, 2002. The Act seeks to
amend clause (e) of section 6 of the Boiler and Pressure Vessels Ordinance, 2002 to enable the
Boiler Engineers who possess good health duly certified by a recognized Physician to renegotiate
their contract with their employers for seeking fresh employment after attaining the age of sixty
years.

4.3.55. The Fatal Accidents Act, 1855

Legislation:

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The Act provides for compensation to families for loss occasioned by death of a person caused by
actionable wrong. A person who, by his wrongful act, neglect or default may have caused the death
of anther person has been made answerable in damages for the injury so caused by him

Complaints:
Section 1: Whenever the death of a person shall be caused by wrongful act, neglect or default, and
the neglect or default is such as would (if death had not ensued) have entitled the party injured to
maintain an action and recover damages in respect thereof, the party who would have been liable if
death had not ensued shall be liable to an action of suit for damages, notwithstanding the death of
the person injured, and although the death shall have been caused under such circumstance as
amount in law to felony or other crime.

Every such action or suit shall be for the benefit of the wife, husband, parent and child, if any, of
the person whose death shall have been to caused, and shall be brought by and in the name of the
executor, administrator or representative or the person deceased.

Compensation:
Section 3: The plaint in any such action or suit shall give a full particular of the person or persons
for whom, or on whose behalf, such action or suit shall be brought, and of the nature of the claim
in respect of which damages shall be sought to be recovered. In every such action the Court may
give such damages as it may think proportioned to the loss resulting from such death to the parties
respectively, for whom and for whose benefit such action shall be brought; and the amount so
recovered, after deduction all costs and expenses, including the cost not recovered from the
defendant, shall be divided amongst the before mentioned parties, or any of them in such shares as
the Court by its judgment or decree shall direct.

The Act covers deaths caused by negligence of other persons including public and corporate bodies
like WAPDA, Municipal and local authorities and factories, etc. and covers the cases of death
caused by electrocution, burns and other fatal accidents cause by negligence of any person. The
Act does not prescribe any hard and fast rules for determining the amount of compensation.
Rulings of superior Courts provide guidance in this matter. Expectancy of life of a deceased and
his income is usually kept in view while determining quantum of compensation.

Table 4.2: Reference to Existing Legal Instruments Which Address the Management of
Chemical

Legal Instrument Responsible Chemical Use Objectives of Relevant Articles/ Enforcement

(Type, Reference, Ministries or Categories Legislation Provision Ranking
Year) Bodies Covered
1. Pakistan Ministry of Production, Protection, Section 11(1): Not to Medium
Environmental Environment/ Disposal, conservation, allow emission or
Protection Act Pak EPA/ Handling, rehabilitation discharge in excess of
(PEPA), 1997 Provincial EPAs Import, Export and prescribed
& Use improvement of Section 11(2): penalty
the for violation
environment, Section 6 subsection

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the prevention 1g(i) & 2g(i): Standards

and control of for emission or
pollution, and discharge of
promotion of environmental
sustainable pollutants
development Section 12: carrying
out initial
environmental
examination
Section 13: import of
hazardous wastes
Section 14: Grant of
license for handling
hazardous wastes
Section 15(1),(2)&(3):
maintenance of motor
vehicles
Section 16(1), (2)&(3):
procedures for
punishment
Section 17 (1) (2) (3),
(4), (5), (6), (7) & (8):
penalties & procedures
2. National Pak EPA, Disposal of self-monitoring Section 3: submission Low
Environmental Provincial EPAs industrial and reporting of Environmental
Quality Standards waste/ by industry to Monitoring Reports
(Self-Monitoring effluents/ ensure National Section9(1)(2)&(3):
and Reporting by emissions Environmental criteria for preparation
Industry) Rules Quality of Environmental
2001 Standards, by Monitoring Reports
reducing Section 10: sampling,
discharge of testing and analysis
liquid effluents
and gaseous
emissions in
order to control
environmental
pollution
3. Pollutio Pak EPA, Disposal To provide the Section 5:
n Charge for Provincial EPAs guidelines for determination of
Industry the pollution level
(Calculation and measurement of
Collection) Rules a pollution
2001 charge payable
by an industrial
unit
4. National Pak EPA, Production and to provide the Section 3: functions of
Environmental Provincial EPAs Disposal regulations for environmental
Quality Standards the certification laboratory
(Certification of of a laboratory
Environmental to function as
Laboratories) an
Regulation 2000 environmental

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laboratory
5. Environ Pak EPA, Industrial To provide the Section 4: power of
mental Samples Provincial EPAs effluents/ rules for entry and inspection
Rules 2001 emissions environmental Section 7(1):
samples (i.e. procedures to take,
taking, store and transport
dispatching, samples
testing, analysis
of sample, filing
of complain,
trial against the
sample, etc.)
6. Provinci Provincial provides
al Sustainable Governements procedures for
Development the operation of
Fund Board a Sustainable
(Procedure) Rules Development
2001 Fund and the
establishment
of a Sustainable
Development
Board
7. Pakistan Pak EPA, Production, to provide Section 5(a): purpose
Environmental Provincial EPAs Disposal, and regulations for of EIA
Protection Storage the review of Section 18: submission
Agency Review of IEE or EIA, of annual report
IEE and EIA that are specific Section 19:
Regulations 2000 assessment cancellation of
requirements approval
for planning,
construction
and operation
of projects
relating to
particular sector
8. Environ Ministry of Law to provide Section 4: formation of
mental Tribunal & Justice regulations for tribunal Section
Rules 1999 the 16:disposal of cases
establishment Section 18:
and functioning proceedings of tribunal
of
environmental
tribunals
9. Pakistan Production, the Section 8(ii), (vi) & (x):
Standards and Use/ Handling, establishment power of inspection
Quality Control Import, Export, of Pakistan and testing Section
Authority Act, Marketing and Standards and (10), (11)&(12):
1996 Storage Quality Control standards for quality
Authority to Section (13)(1) & (2):
provide for the conditions under
standardization which items are
and quality prohibited to be taken
control services out of Pakistan

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Section 14(1),
Section 20(1), (21) &
(22): punishments
10. National Pak EPA, Disposal To control Section 2: noise
Environmental Provincial EPAs emission of pollution and
Quality Standards municipal and emissions from motor
1993 liquid industrial vehicles
effluent,
industrial
gaseous
emissions and
exhaust and
noise pollution
from motor
vehicles
11. Health Ministry of Disposal, Provides Section 2: definition
Care Waste Health Transport, provisions for Section 3, 5, 8-14:
Management Handling and the proper and management of
Rules 2005 Storage sound different hospital
management of wastes as responsibility
hospital wastes of different people in
hospital.
Section 15:
preparation of Waste
Management Plan
Section 16: Segregation
of different Hospital
wastes
Section 17: Collection
and handling of wastes
Section 18:
transportation of
wastes
Section 19: storage of
waste
Section 20(1): disposal
of wastes
Section 22(1)&(2):
rules in case of
accident or spillage
Section 26: licence for
handling hazardous
substances
12. The Ministry of Port Storage, Safety of ports Section 3: powers and
Dangerous & Shipping Handling , in respect of the functions of Central
Cargoes Act, Import and transit, working Government
1953 Act Export and storage of Section 9(1) & (2):
dangerous punishments
cargoes and
incidental
matters
13. The Ministry of Port Transport, to amend the Chapter I Section 5:
Carriage of Goods & Shipping Import, Export provisions of carriage of goods

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by Sea Act, 1925 Handling and law made by the Chapter II Article II:
Disposal Carriage of responsibilities of the
Goods by Sea carrier
Act, 1924, with Article III, Section(1c):
a view to safety and fitness of
establish the ship carrying goods
responsibilities, Section (2): standards
liabilities, rights for carriage of goods
and immunities
attaching to
carriers under
bills of lading
14. The Ministry of
Motor Vehicles Communication
Act, 1939
15. The Ministry of Transport to consolidate, Chapter VI,
Railways Act, Railways amend and add Section 47(1c):
1890 to the law preparation of general
relating to rules for carriage of
Railways dangerous goods
Section 47(2): penalty
Section 59: rules for
carriage of dangerous
or explosive goods
Chapter IX, Section
90: notification for
carriage of dangerous
or explosive goods
Section 107: penalty
16. Pakistan Ministry of Port Transport Chapter 43, Sections
Merchant & Shipping 552–575, Prevention
Shipping of pollution from ships
Ordinance 2001
17. The Ministry of Port Transport and To vest the Port Chapter V, Section 32,
Karachi Port & Shipping Disposal of Karachi in a 33, 34, 35 & 36: rules
Trust Act, 1886 trust. for the safety of
shipping and
conservation of port
Section 43: provisions
for determination of
scale of tolls and
charges
Chapter VII, Section
72 & 75: provisions
with respect to
penalties Chapter X,
Section 90(1)&(2):
cleanliness and
maintenance of port
Section 90(3):
punishments
18. Ports Ministry for Working of the To consolidate Chapter IV,
Act 1908 Ports and ports and the prior laws Conservation of ports,

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 National Profile for Chemical Mangement in Pakistan

Shipping maintenance of relating to the Section 21, Penalties

harbour Karachi Port
facilities and Port
Qasim, and
extends to the
navigational
rivers and
channels
leading to these
ports
19. The Ministry of Awareness/ the Section 3(1): purpose
Pakistan Science Science & trainings establishment of establishment of
Foundation Act, Technology of the Pakistan Pakistan Science
1973 Science Foundation
Foundation
20. Agricult Provincial to extend the Section 2: extension of
ural Pesticides Government of Agricultural Agricultural Pesticides
Ordinance Gilgit Baltistan Pesticides Ordinance, 1971 to
(Extension to the Ordinance, the Northern Areas
Northern Areas 1971 (II of
Order), 1995 1971) to the
Northern Areas
21. The Ministry of Transport and To provide the Section 3(3):
Territorial Defence/ Disposal declaration of notification for
Waters and Respective the territorial carriage of nuclear
Maritime Zones Provincial waters and material Section 4
Act, 1976 Governments maritime zones (b)(iii), 5(2)(d), & 6:
of Pakistan preservation and
protection of marine
environment

Ministry of Production, regulates the Chapter II, Section 4:

22. The Food, Sale, import, registration of
Agricultural Agriculture and Distribution, manufacture, pesticides
Pesticides livestock Marketing, formulation, Chapter IV, Section
Ordinance, 1971 Import, Export sale, 21, Section 22 &
& Rules 1973 and Usage distribution and Section 23:
use of pesticides punishments
Section 29: powers of
Federal Government
23. The Balochistan Production, to devolve Section 195: grant of
Balochistan Local Government Storage, political power licence and
Government Transport, and decentralise responsibilities of local
Ordinance, 2001 Import, Export, administrative government
and Disposal and financial Section 141(2):
authority to punishments
accountable
local
governments for
good
governance,
effective
delivery of

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services and
transparent
decision making
through
institutionalized
participation of
the people at
grass-roots level
24. Drugs Ministry of Import, Export, To regulate the Section 3(g)(iii) and
Act 1976 Health Production, import, export, 3(g)(iv): definition
Marketing and manufacture Section 6, 7, 11,15, 16,
Distribution and distribution 17 & 31: power and
of responsibilities of
pharmaceutical Provincial Government
drugs
25. Sindh Provincial Production To deal with Section 3 & 6:
Drug Rules 1979 Agency procedural procedures for
matters related prosecution and
to licences punishment
Section 11-19:
procedures related to
licenses
26. Sindh Sindh Production, to devolve Section 40(a)&(b):
Local Government Storage, political power powers of Zila Council
Government Transport, and decentralize Section 54(1): power of
Ordinance 2001 Import, Export, administrative Taluka Administration
and Disposal and financial Section 80(f)(iii):
authority to power of Union
accountable Nazims
local Section 127(3): power
governments for and responsibilities of
good Local Council
governance, Section 141(2)(a) &
effective 141(2)(c): punishments
delivery of
services and
transparent
decision making
through
institutionalized
participation of
the people at
grass-roots level
27. Sindh Sindh Production and provide for the Section 3(2):
District Government Disposal functioning of responsibility of
Government the district District Law Office
(Conduct of government
Business) Rules
2001
28. Provinci Provincial
al Sustainable Governments
Development
Fund

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(Utilization)
Rules 2003
29. Port Ministry for Transport, the Section 10, 11(2) &
Qasim Authority Ports and Import, Export establishment 13(3b): preparation
Act 1973 Shipping and of an Authority and implementation of
Distribution for making all Master Plan for port
arrangements area
for the planning Section 33:
, development exploitation and
and utilization of natural
management of resources
Muhammad
Bin Qasim Port
at Phitti Creek,
and associated
facilities and
industries
30. Sindh EPA Sindh Disposal To control Section 3: exceptions
Smoke-Nuisances smoke from rules
Act 1912 (No. nuisances Section 7: power to
VII) prohibit construction
of furnaces or kilns
Section 9: prohibition
of excessive emissions
31. Explosiv Ministry of Production, to further Section 2: definition
e Substances Act Interior & Storage and Use amend the law Section 3, 4 (a), 4(b), 5
1908 (No. VI) Narcotics related to & 7: procedures for
explosive punishment
substances
32. Explosiv Ministry of Production, deals with the Section 4(7): powers of
es Act 1884 (No. Interior & Distribution, manufacture, appropriate
IV) Narcotics Marketing, Use possession, sale, government
and Transport use and Section 5: grant of
transport of licenses
explosives Section 6: imposition
of ban or restrictions
Section 17: declaration
of a substance to be
explosive
33. Pollutio Pak EPA, calls for
n of Environment Provincial EPAs measures to
Caused by streamline the
Smoke, Emitting process of
Vehicles, Traffic checking motor
Muddle,1996 vehicles in
Karachi, as a
first step
towards
eliminating air
and noise
pollution in the
city
34. The Government of Production, to devolve Chapter XIX Section

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Punjab Local Punjab Storage, political power 195: powers and

Government Transport, and decentralize responsibilities of
Ordinance, 2001 Import, Export, administrative Local Government
and Disposal and financial Section 141 & 145(1):
authority to punishments
accountable
local
governments for
good
governance,
effective
delivery of
services and
transparent
decision making
through
institutionalized
participation of
the people at
grass-roots level
35. The Government of Production, to devolve Chapter XIX Section
NWFP Local NWFP Storage, political power 195: powers and
Government Transport, and decentralise responsibilities of
Ordinance, 2001 Import, Export, administrative Local Government
and Disposal and financial Section 141 & 145(1):
authority to punishments
accountable
local
governments for
good
governance,
effective
delivery of
services and
transparent
decision making
through
institutionalized
participation of
the people at
grass-roots level
36. The Ministry of Production, to empower Section 115 & 119:
Islamabad Capital Interior Storage, local punishments
Territory Local Transport, governments,
Government Import, Export, devolve political
Ordinance, 2002 and Disposal power and
decentralize
administrative
and financial
authority
thereto and
regulate the
administration

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of Federal
Capital for
effective
delivery of
services and
transparent
decision making
through
institutionalized
participation of
the people at
grass root level
37. The Ministry of Production, to consolidate Chapter XII, Section
Cantonments Defence Storage, Import, and amend the 109: license for
Ordinance, 2002 Export, law relating to manufacturing,
Disposal, and cantonments storing, etc of offensive
Transport and to articles
reconstruct and Section 215 & 219(1):
regulate local punishments
self-government
in the
cantonment
areas
38. Pakistan Ministry of Nuclear Section 3,
Nuclear Defense Substances and Establishment of
Regulatory Waste Pakistan Nuclear
Authority management Regulatory Authority,
Ordinance 2001 Section 19(3), Section
21, (Section 29(d)),
Powers and
responsilbilities of
Authority, Section 22,
Discharge of Nuclear
waste
39. (Balochis Provincial Emissions to amend and Chapter VI Section 74:
tan) (N.W.F.P) Governments/P consolidate the rules regarding
(Punjab) (Sindh) rovincial EPAs/ law relating to emission of pollutants
Motor Vehicles Police Motor Vehicles by vehicles
Ordinance, 1965 Department in the Province Chapter VIII Section
of West 105: penalty
Pakistan
40. West Pak EPA/ Police Emissions to amend and Chapter VI Section 74:
Pakistan Motor Department consolidated rules regarding
Vehicle the law relating emission of pollutants
Ordinance, 1965 to Motor by vehicles
Vehicle in the Chapter VIII Section
Provinces 105: penalty
41. Hazardo Ministry of Production, To provide Rule 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13,
us Substances Environment Storage, rules for the 14 & 15: application,
Rules, 2003 Disposal, production, issuance, cancellation,
Handling, storage, etc of licenses
Distribution, disposal, Rule 9(1)&(2):
Marketing, handling, packaging and labelling

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Importation and distribution, Rule 10: warning

Transportation marketing, notice on the premises
treatment, where hazardous
importation substances are
and manufactured, stored,
transportation etc…
of hazardous Rule 11&12: safety
substances precautions for
workers
Rule 17: preparation of
safety plan
Rule 18: notification of
accidents
Rule 19: preparation of
Waste Management
Plan
Rule 20: licence for
import
Rule 21: licence for
transport
42. Export Ministry of Export To provide Section 4(1):
Policy Order, Trade & provisions for prohibition on export
2008. Commerce the import of of certain chemicals to
goods and certain countries
services Section 11(1)&(2):
export of chemicals
Section 14: restrictions
on export
43. Export Ministry of Export Section 4,
Processing Zones Trade & establishment of
Authority Commerce Export Processing
Ordinance 1980 Zones Authority,
Section 10, Functions
and responsibilities of
Authority
44. The Federal Board of Export & To consolidate Chapter XI Section
Customs Act, Revenue Import and amend the 110: Allowance in case
1969 (IV of 1969) law relating to of volatile goods.
the levy and Chapter XVII Section
collection of 156 (1i) & (8):
customs-duties Punishment for
(fee and service Contraventions
charges) and Chapter XVIII Section
other allied 158 (1) & (2), Section
matters 160: Powers of
appropriate officers
45. The Ministry of Import, Sale & To consolidate Section 2 (1) &(2):
Poison Act, 1919 Health & Possession and amend the Power of the State
(XII of 1919) Narcotics law regulating Government
the Section 3L: Power to
importation, grant liscence
possession and Section 4(1) & (2):
sale of poisons Power to regulate

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possession of any
poison in certain areas.
Section 6: Penalty for
unlawful importation,
etc.
Section 7 (1) & (2):
Power to issue search
warrants
46. Import Ministry of Import To provide Section 5A(i): items
Policy Order, Trade & provisions for banned for import &
2009 Commerce the import of Section 5B(i): items
goods and restricted for import
services
47. Pakistan Ministry of Conformity
Standards Science & Assessment of
Conformity Technology Quality
Assessment Rides, Standards
2008.
48. Inspectio Ministry of
n Agencies Commerce
(Registration and
Regulation)
Rules, 1981.
49. Pakistan Ministry of Establishment To establish Section 3, Moderate
Standards Rules, Science & of Pakistan Pakistan Establishment of
2008. Technology standards Standards in standards
relation to any Section 4, formulation
article or of National standards
process and to committee.
amend, revise Section 5, Functions of
or cancel the committee
Pakistan Section 6, formulation
Standards of Technical
already committee
established, if Section 8, procedures
necessary, for Pakistan Standards.
through Section 9, Revision of
consultation Pakistan Standards.
with consumers, Section 12 Status of
manufacturers, Pakistan Standards.
technologists, Section 13, Publication
scientists and of Pakistan Standards.
officials
through duly
constituted
Committees.
50. Petroleu Ministry of Oil & Gas To regulate oil Part VI Standard of
m Exploration Petroleum & exploration and & Gas operations.
and Production Natural production exploration and Section 58, Avoidance
Rules, 2009 Resources production of harmful methods of
activities. working in oil & gas
fields.
51. The Ministry of Health & Safety - Section 4-11:

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 National Profile for Chemical Mangement in Pakistan

Boilers Act, 1923 Labour & issues in application, procedure,

Manpower factories approval, refusal and
expiry, Section 12,
structural alteration,
Section 23, 24, 25,
Punishment, Section
28, 29 Powers &
authority.
52. The Ministry of Health & Safety - Chapter ii, Section 6,
Mines Act, 1923 Labour & Issues in Mining Powers of inspector,
Manpower Sector Chapter iv, Section
14(1), Operation,
Chapter v, Section 18,
First aid at site, Section
19(1) & (2), Health
and safety, Section
20(1), Reporting,
Section 20(1a) & (1b),
Inquiry of accidents,
Section 20(1a) & (1b),
reporting of
occupational disease,
Section 20a (2)-(6),
Mitigation measures,
Section 38(1) & (2),
Penalties.
53. Regulati Ministry of Development of Regulates the Section 2, Section 6,
on of Mines and Petroleum and mines, oilfields development of Powers and
Oil Fields and Natural and mineral mines, oilfields responsibilities of
Mineral Resources deposits and mineral Federal and Provincial
Development deposits Government
(Government
Control) Act
1948
54. Petroleu Ministry of Import, To regulate Section 4, Duties and
m Act 1934 Petroleum and transport, import, responsibilities of
Natural storage, transport, Federal Government,
Resources production, storage, Section 6, Warning
refining and production, sign on containers,
blending refining and Section 14ff,
blending of Petroleum Products
petroleum and quality conterol
other
flammable
substances
55. Boilers Ministry of Health & Safety - Emend clause e) of
And Pressure Labour & Issues in Boilers section 6 of the boiler
Vessels Manpower operations and pressure vessels
(Amendment) ordinance, 2002,
Act, 2009 certification of good
health of boiler
engineer
56. The Ministry of Deaths caused Section 1, Complaint

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 National Profile for Chemical Mangement in Pakistan

Fatal Accidents Labour & due to faults of accident, Section 3,

Act, 1855 Manpower during working Compensation,
hours

Table 4.3: Overview of Legal Instruments to Manage Chemicals by Use Category

Category of
Chemicals

Distribution /
Production

Marketing
Transport

Handling

Disposal
Storage
Import

Use/
Pesticides
(agricultural,
√ √ X X √ X X
public health and
consumer use)
Fertilizers √ √ X X √ X X
Ind. Chemicals √ √ X √ X X √
Petroleum
√ √ √ X √ X X
Products
Consumer
√ √ X √ X X X
Chemicals
Chemical Wastes √ √ √ X X √ √

Table4.4: List of Banned Pesticides/Pesticides Formulations in Pakistan

No. Banned Pesticides

1 B.H.C 14 Dieldrin
2 Binapacryl 15 Disulfoton
3 Bromophos ethyl 16 Endrin
4 Captafol 17 Ethylene dichloride +
5 Chlordimeform 18 Carbontenachloride
6 Chlorobenzilate 19 Leptophos
7 Chlorthiophos 20 Mercury Compound
8 Cyhexatin 21 Mevinphos
9 Dalapon 22 Toxaphene
10 DDT 23 Zineb
11 Dibromochloropropane + 24 Heptachlor
12 Dibromochloropropene 25 Methyl Parathion
13 Dicrotophos 26 Monocrotophos (all formulations)
27 Methamidophos (all formulations)
Pesticides Formulations Banned

1 Dichlorvos (above 500 g / l) 2 Phophamidon (above 500 g / l)

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Pesticides not Registered

1 Aldrin (POP/PIC) 5 Ethylene di bromide (PIC)

2 Mirex (POP) 6 Parathion (PIC)
3 Chlordane (POP/PIC) 7 Fluroacetate (PIC)
4 Dinoseb (PIC)

Table 4.5: List of Banned Chemicals for Import

S. No. PCT Codes Commodity Description

14. 2620.1100 Hazardous wastes as defined and classified in the Basel Convention.
2620.1900
2620.2100
2620.2900
2620.3000
2620.4000
2620.6000
2620.9100
2620.9900
2621.1000
2621.9000
2621.1000
2710.9900
2713.9090
3825.1000
3825.2000
3825.3000
3825.4100
3825.4900
3825.5000
3825.6100
3825.6900
3825.9000
3915.1000
3915.9000
7902.0000
8110.2000
8112.1300
8548.1000
and other
respective
headings.
15. 2921.5900 Bbenzidine and its derivatives).
16. 2921.5900 Paraphence-tole carbamide and 5-Nitro-2 proxyaniline in both tablet
2922.2900 and powder or crystalline forms.
17. 2930.9090 Allyl-isothio-cyanate.
18. 2939.3000 Caffeine citrate.
20. 3204.1100 Dyes containing benzidine.
3204.1200
3204.1300

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3204.1400
3204.1510
3204.1590
3204.1600
3204.1700
3204.1910
3204.1990
3204.2000
3204.9000
3212.9090
28. 8414.3090 CFC gas based refrigerators, deep-freezers and other refrigerating
8418.1000 cooling, chilling equipment and CFC based compressors of these
8418.2100 equipment.
8418.2900
8418.3000
8418.4000
8418.5000
8418.6100
8418.6910
8418.6920
8418.6990
8418.9100
8418.9910
8418.9920
8418.9930
8418.9990
Source: Trade Policy 2009

Table 4.6: List of Restricted Chemicals for Import

Sr. PCT Codes Chemicals Level of Restriction

No.
1 2844.0000 Radioactive materials Import of Radioactive materials is subject to
2844.1000 and Radiation the prior approval of Pakistan Nuclear
2844.2000 apparatus Regulatory Authority.
2844.3000
2844.4000
2844.5000
8543.1000
8543.8900
9022.1200
9022.1300
9022.1400
9022.2100
9022.2900
9022.9000
2 2524.1000 Asbestos Only import of asbestos of
2524.9000 chrysotile type with specifications of colour-
white to grey & density 2.4 g/cm3 to 2.6
g/cm3 is allowed
3 2804.8000 Arsenic and Arsenic Subject to valid licenses issued by the
2530.9090 compound concerned Environment Protection Agency/

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2812.1000 Department under PEPA 1997

2812.9000
2813.9000
2848.0000
2850.0000
4 2849.1000 Calcium carbide, Subject to prior approval of the Department
whether or not of Explosives
chemically defined
5 Respective Ozone Depleting Subject to the policy/quota
Headings Substances allocations to be laid down by the Ministry of
Environment.
6 2915.2400 Acetic anhydride Subject to NOC from the Ministry of
Narcotics and the quantity determined by
FBR and the Ministry of Health.
7 2924.2300 N-Aceylanthranilic acid -do-
8 2932.9100 Isosafrole -do-

9 2939.4100 Ephedrine -do-

10 2939.6100 Ergometrine -do-
11 2939.6200 Ergotamine -do-
12 2939.6300 Lysergic acid -do-
13 2930.9090 3-4- -do-
Methylenedionyphenyl-
2-propanone
14 2939.4900 Norephedrine -do-
15 2914.3100 1-Phenyl-2-propanone -do-
16 2932.9300 Piperonal -do-
17 2939.4200 Pseudoephedrine -do-
18 2932.9400 Safrole -do-
19 2914.1100 Acetone -do-
20 2922.4300 Anthranilic acid -do-
21 2909.1100 Ethyl ether -do-
22 2806.1000 Hydrochloric acid -do-
23 2916.3400 Phenylacctic acid -do-
24 2933.3200 Piperidine -do-
24 2807.0000 Sulphuric acid -do-
26 2841.6100 Potassium
permanganate
27 2902.3000 Toluene -do-
28 2914.1200 Methyl ethyl ketone -do-
29 2912.1100 Formaldehyde Subject to valid license issued by the
Environmental agency/dept concerned
under the Pakistan Environmental Protection
Act, 1997‖
30 Respective All narcotic drugs and Subject to license on the authorizations of
headings psychotropic Ministry of Health.
substances, except
items on Banned List
31 3204.1100 Dyes Importable subject to certificate from the
3204.1200 suppliers that the dyes are
3204.1300 neither based on benzidine, nor contain any

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3204.1400 contents thereof

3204.1510
3204.1590
3204.1600
3204.1700
3204.1910
3204.1990
3204.2000
3204.9000
3212.1000
3212.9010
3212.9020
3212.9030
3212.9090
Source: Trade Policy 2009

4.4. Non-Regulatory Mechanisms for Managing Chemicals

4.4.1. (SMART) Self-Monitoring and Reporting System for Industry
EPAs in Pakistan require to measure, analyze and report the environmental performance of every
industrial facility in the country, against no less than 48 environmental parameters-32 for liquid
effluents and 16 for air emissions, which are in the NEQS.

In order to involve industries in the monitoring and evaluation of environmental performance,

the Pakistan Environmental Standards Committee introduced a programme, ―The Self-Monitoring
and Reporting System‖ SMART. The programme has transferred the responsibility for examining
and evaluating industry‘s environmental performance to individual industrial facilities. The
reported data also enables government agencies to assist industrial units in controlling their
pollution levels.

It classifies industry into three categories A, B and C each corresponding to a specified reporting
frequency. Category A industry will report their emission levels after every month, category B
industry quarterly and category C industry biannually. Industrial units get their effluent tested
from a laboratory and enter the results in the electronic forms (software SMART – Self-Monitoring
and Reporting Tool, provided with this package). The data so entered could be sent to respective
Environmental Protection Agency via email or through floppy.

The sampling and analysis requirements and procedures, and the reporting format are also
prescribed. Instruction Manual of software has been written in a simplified language, which assist
operator on installation and usage of the software. Under the Self-Monitoring and Reporting
System, industries in Pakistan are responsible for systematically monitoring their environmental
performance and reporting the data to Environmental Protection Agencies.

4.4.2. Environmental Technology Programme for Industry (ETPI)

Environmental Technology Program for Industry (ETPI) was initiated by the Federation of
Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FPCCI) and the Government of Netherlands.
NEC is the lead consulting firm, in consortium with four other consulting firms of
HASKONING, KWT, MDF and Hagler Baily to implement this project. A five year project
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initiated in 1996, ETPI aims to assist Pakistani industries and their associations in identifying the
most economical pollution prevention and abatement technologies, and in implementing these
solutions.

In alignment with the National Conservation Strategy (NCS) ETPI covers all priority industrial
sub-sectors of textile, fertilizer, paper and paper board, leather, cement and sugar, etc. to promote
use of environmentally safe technologies for environmentally safe production of Pakistan's
manufacturing/industrial sector products. This process shall be achieved by promoting and
adopting measures for pollution abatement, waste management and recycling, chemical recovery,
efficient utilization of natural/economic resources, and production and installation of
instrumentation and control systems for utilization of efficient and environmentally safe
production technologies.

The Pakistan Society of Sugar Technologies (PSST) and Pakistan Sugar Mills Association (PSMA)
organized environmental workshops in collaboration with ETPI. Korangi association of Trade and
Industry (KATI) has started an environmental project titled the ― Up-gradation of Korangi
Industrial Area‖.

4.4.3. Pakistan Tanners Association

In an attempt to address environmental concerns,Pakistan Tanners Association is implementing
ICTP (Introduction of Cleaner Technologies Programme) for tanneries clusters of Punjab,
financed by The Royal Netherlands Embassy. ―The Initial Environment Examination‖ of more
than 260 tanneries has been completed. PTA has also established a private company,
―Environmental Management Limited‖, for implementing Combined Effluent Treatment Plants, a
Solid Waste Management Programme, an Occupational Health and Safety Programme, and a
Drainage System, for about 160 Tanneries located at Korangi at a cost of more than 1 Billion.

The Combined Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) for Kasur has been completed. PTA is
supporting to establish a tannery zone for Sialkot. The treatment of effluent wastewater is a
component of the project.

4.4.4. ISO 14001/ OHSAS/OHSMS

ISO 14001, established in 1996 and revised in 2004, is a voluntary international standard
focussing on the systemic management of an organization‘s environmental impacts. By establishing
environmental management system in an organization long term reduction in pollution can be
made possible.

Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S) Management System provides a framework for an
organization to identify and control its health and safety risks, reduce the potential for accidents,
comply with legislation and improve operational performance.

OHSAS 18001 is the requirement standard for an OH&S Management Systems which was
recently updated and adopted as OHSAS 18001:2007. The update reflects the learning achieved

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from widespread use of the standard across the world and provides more emphasis on ―Health‖
rather than just ―Safety‖.

The specification has been designed to be compatible with the ISO 9001 and ISO 14001
management system standards.

OHSAS 18001 requires an organization to formally document the areas that are covered by their
OH&S policy and to keep evidence that it is operating according to the requirements of the
standard. It is relevant to any organization that wants to conform to legislation and demonstrate to
staff and stakeholders that it has systems in place to minimize and eliminate risks.

These international standards for environmental management and occupational health and safety
are being adopted by a majority of medium and large enterprises, including national as well as
multinational organizations and production facilities in Pakistan. These are voluntary initiatives
and commitments towards environment, health and safety. Under these programmes a large
number of small medium and large enterprises have adopted these standards by certifying through
accredited international certification bodies.

4.4.5. NGOs
Various NGO‘s in Pakistan are involved in identifying and addressing pollution problems and
suggesting mitigation measures for the industrial sector as envisaged in the policy decision taken
from time to time. NGOs in collaboration with the public sector organization focused on the
textile industry for formulation of action plan for enforcement of National Environmental Quality
Standards. NGOs also developed close liaison and working relationships among themselves and
with Community Based Organizations (CBOs)

4.5. Comments/Analysis
• Legislation related to different aspects of life cycle of chemicals, especially with reference to
import, export, production, use and disposal is very comprehensive. The legislation dealing
with disposal, transportation and storage of chemicals is insufficient. These areas are
required to be addressed urgently.
• There does not exist any law directly related to transport and storage of chemicals.
Explosive act is present but that too does not cover all aspect of chemical handling and
safety.
• Legislation related to consumer chemicals including food product is very poor. This is
causing serious health hazards due to uncheck use of chemicals in consumer and food
products.
• Most of the existing legislation was not enacted for the specific purpose of chemical life
cycle management in particular e.g. Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, The Motor Vehicle Act,
The Railways Act, Explosive Substances Act, Mines Act, fatal Accidents Act, dose not cover
all aspects of chemical management. Therefore their environmental content is ancillary.
• Penalties for environmental offences are generally punitive rather than reformatory. The
approach is counterproductive since punishment may induce future restraint but it does
not rectify the damage committed;

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• For any law to be successfully implemented the penalty must be stringent enough to deter
the felon. A fine of Rs. 500 on an industrialist for discharging his units‘ industrial waste in
the nearby stream may provide no deterrence.
• The cases of adulterations in chemicals, if any are dealt with under the pure food rules.
• Similarly, no specialized legislation exists to control the import, production, storage,
transportation, distribution, use/handling of any kind of chemicals except that the
disposal/handling of toxic and hazardous substances are dealt with under the Pakistan
Penal Code and the Explosives Act, 1884 and Hazardous Substances Rules, 2006.
• The effectiveness and enforcement of regulatory framework the major drawbacks with the
inspections, monitoring, vigilance and public awareness. There is a serious lack of trained
technical human resource in every related department. This can be enhanced with the
properly accredited NGOs for such purpose.
• Now new acts are proposed but few amendments in existing laws will be suffice.
• Various non regulatory mechanisms and voluntary programmes are only implemented
effectively in larger industries that have better financial resources to implement and
maintain them. These initiatives are important in reducing the risks but smaller industries
cannot afford on long term basis.

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CHAPTER NO: 5

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 5 203

5. Ministries Agencies and Other Instruments Managing Chemicals 203

5.1. Responsibilities of Different Government Ministries Agencies and Other Institutions 203
5.2. Description of Ministerial Authorities and Mandates 205
5.2.1. Ministry of Environment 205
5.2.2. Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, Provincial EPAs 205
5.2.3. Ministry of Health 206
5.2.4. National Institute of Health 206
5.2.5. Ministry of Food & Agriculture (MINFAL) 206
5.2.6. Department of Plant Protection (MINFAL) 206
5.2.7. Ministry of Industry & Production 206
5.2.8. Ministry of Finance 207
5.2.9. Ministry of Labour & Manpower 207
5.2.10. Ministry of Commerce 207
5.2.11. Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Resources 207
5.2.12. Ministry of Science & Technology 208
5.2.13. Science and Technology Section, Planning Commission 208
5.2.14. Planning and Development Division 209
5.2.15. Ministry of Communication 210
5.2.16. Ministry of Ports & Shipping 210
5.2.17. Ministry of Foreign Affairs 211
5.3. Comments/Analysis 211

TABLES

CHAPTER 5 203

TABLE 5.1: RESPONSIBILITIES OF GOVERNMENT MINISTRIES, AGENCIES AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS

203

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Chapter 5

5. Ministries Agencies and Other Instruments Managing Chemicals

5.1. Responsibilities of Different Government Ministries Agencies and Other Institutions
In chapter 4, regulatory mechanism for chemical management has been discussed and various legal
instruments along with their responsible ministries/agencies have been identified. Chemical
management in Pakistan is done through a well defined governmental structure where
responsibilities and mandates of various ministries, agencies, and attached departments related to
different aspects or categories of chemicals are defined through these legal instruments. By acts
enacted by the parliament, specific institutions have been created and their authorities and powers
have been defined to mange chemicals. The following section gives an overview of important
ministries, agencies or institutions related to chemical management.

Table 5.1: Responsibilities of Government Ministries, Agencies and Other Institutions

/
Stages of Life Cycle Major Responsibilities

Use / handling
Distribution
Importation

Production

Marketing
Transport

Disposal
Storage

Ministry Concerned
Environment (Pakistan X X X X X X Implementation of PEPA 1997,
Environmental National Environmental Quality
protection Agency, Standards (SMART) Rules 2001,
Provincial EPAs) Pollution Charge for Industry
Rules 2001, National
Environmental Quality Standards
(Certification of Environmental
Laboratories) Regulation 2000
Environmental Samples Rules
2001, Pakistan Environmental
Protection Agency Review of IEE
and EIA Regulations 2000,
National Environmental Quality
Standards 1993, Pollution of
Environment Caused by Smoke,
Emitting Vehicles, Traffic
Muddle,1996, Hazardous
Substances Rules, 2003
Health (National X X X Drugs Act 1976, Health Care
Institute of Health) Waste Management Rules 2005,
The Poisons Act, 1919
Food & Agriculture X X X X X X The Agricultural Pesticides
(Plant Protection Ordinance, 1971 & Rules 1973
Department)
Labour & Manpower X X X Labour laws, Boiler and Pressure
Vessels Ordinance, Dock
labourers Act, Factories Act and
Regulations & Rules, Fatal

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Accident act, Hazardous

Occupation rules, Mines Act &
Rules,
Commerce X Export Policy Order, 2008,
Import Policy Order, 2009
Industry & Production X X The Agricultural Pesticides
Ordinance, 1971 & Rules
1973,Petroleum act & Rules,
Boilers Act, Development of
industries (federal control)
(Repeal) Ordinance
Finance (Federal Board X The Customs Act, 1969
of Revenue, Customs
Department)
Petroleum & Natural X X X X X Petroleum Exploration and
Resources Production Rules, 2009
Interior X X The Motor Vehicles Act, 1939,
Explosive Substances Act 1908
Explosives Act 1884
Science & Technology X X Pakistan Standards and Quality
Control Authority Act, 1996,
Pakistan Standards Conformity
Assessment Rides, 2008,
Inspection Agencies (Registration
and Regulation) Rules, 1981,
Pakistan Standards Rules, 2008.
Communication X West Pakistan Motor Vehicle
Ordinance, 1965, The Motor
Vehicles Act, 1939
Railways X The Railways Act, 1890
Textile Industry X National Environmental Quality
Standards (SMART) Rules 2001,
Pollution Charge for Industry
Rules 2001, National
Environmental Quality Standards
1993,
Law & Justice X X X X X X X
Ports & Shipping X X The Dangerous Cargoes Act,
1953 Act, The Carriage of Goods
by Sea Act, 1925, The Karachi
Port Trust Act, 1886, The
Territorial Waters and Maritime
Zones Act, 1976, Port Qasim
Authority Act 1973
Defence Production X X X National Environmental Quality
Standards (SMART) Rules 2001,
Pollution Charge for Industry
Rules 2001, National
Environmental Quality Standards
1993, Explosive Substances Act
1908 Explosives Act 1884
Foreign Affairs X Signs and ratifies all international

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Conventions on behalf of
Government of Pakistan
Local Governments & X Provincial Local Government
Rural Development Ordinances, 2001

5.2. Description of Ministerial Authorities and Mandates

5.2.1. Ministry of Environment
Ministry of Environment is headed by a Federal Minister while the Federal Secretary holds the
administrative charge. It comprises five wings namely Administration, Development,
Environment, International Cooperation and Forestry. Each of the Wings is responsible for its
respective functions. The environment Wing of the Ministry is headed by a Director General. The
ministry is the focal point for National Policy, plans and programs regarding environmental
planning, pollution and ecology, including physical planning and human settlements, urban water
supply sewerage and drainage. The Division also deals with other countries and international
organizations in the fields of Environment, housing, physical planning and Human Settlements.
The International Cooperation Wing headed by a Joint Secretary (International Cooperation)
deals with the following subjects;
United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (UNCSD).
United Nations Economic & Social Commission for Asia Pacific (UNESCAP),
Economic & Social Commission (ECOSOC) and Convention on Persistent Organic
Pollutants (POPs).
Rotterdam Convention on procedures for certain hazardous wastes,
Implementation of World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD).
International Cooperation on Water, Energy, Health, Agriculture & Bio-diversity
(WEHAB), and
The matters relating to bilateral and multilateral cooperation, Join Ministerial
Commissions, SAARC & ECO.

The Ministry of Environment with the help of Pak-EPA, is mainly responsible for the
implementation of PEPA 1997, National Environmental Quality Standards (SMART) Rules 2001,
Pollution Charge for Industry Rules 2001, National Environmental Quality Standards
(Certification of Environmental Laboratories) Regulation 2000 Environmental Samples Rules
2001, Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations 2000,
National Environmental Quality Standards 1993, Pollution of Environment Caused by Smoke,
Emitting Vehicles, Traffic Muddle,1996, Hazardous Substances Rules, 2003.
Ministry is also responsible for implementation of National Conservation Strategy, and
Environmental Policy.

5.2.2. Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, Provincial EPAs

Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency has been established under action 5 of Pakistan
Environmental protection Act, 1997. Basic functions of Pak EPA are to prepare or revise and
establish the National Environmental Quality Standards with approval of the National
Environmental Council; take measures to promote research and the development of Science &
technology which may contribute to the prevention of pollution, protection of the environment,
and sustainable development; identify the needs for, and initiate legislation in various sectors of

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the environment, provide information and guidance to the public on the environmental matters;
specify safeguards for the prevention of accidents and disasters which may cause pollution; and
encourage the formation and working of non-governmental organizations, community
organizations to prevent and control pollution and promote sustainable development.
Pak-EPA gas established the Central Laboratory for Environmental Analysis (CLEAN) Islamabad
for research and investigation of the environmental issues regarding, water, wastewater, air and
soil. The Central Laboratory is presently equipped with analytical equipments required for
environmental analysis. It is also equipped with other equipments and chemicals for field sampling
and analysis. In addition to that EPAs have been established in provincial capitals, capital of AJ &
K and Northern Areas. In Punjab, Environmental Protection Department has been established
where it is working at district level.

5.2.3. Ministry of Health

The Ministry of Health is responsible for controlling the health related chemicals. It is responsible
for the importation of pharmaceutical products either directly or allows their import by the private
sector. Generally, the Ministry of Health allows and then controls the import of pharmaceutical
products in finished form or in components and raw materials for domestic production of
medicines in the private sector. Therefore the overall responsibility for controlling the
importation, production, storage, transport, distribution/marketing, use/handling of
pharmaceutical products rests with the Ministry of Health.

5.2.4. National Institute of Health

The Ministry of Health is responsible for matters concerning National Planning and Coordination
in the field of health, international liaison, legislation pertaining to the drugs and medicines and
administration of drugs Act 1976.

5.2.5. Ministry of Food & Agriculture (MINFAL)

Ministry of Food & Agriculture is responsible for importation, production, storage, transport,
distribution/marketing, use/handling of pesticides. This Ministry is also responsible for the
import of fertilizer and the storage, transportation, distribution, use and handling of imported
fertilizers. Monitoring the use of both local and imported fertilizers is also responsibility of the
Ministry of Food and Agriculture.

5.2.6. Department of Plant Protection (MINFAL)

The Department of Plan Protection is responsible for registration and other regulatory aspects of
pesticides. The Agricultural Technical Advisory Committee (APTA) advises the Ministry on
technical matters arising out of the administration of the pesticide legislation.

5.2.7. Ministry of Industry & Production

Ministry of Industry & Production is responsible for domestic production, storage, transportation,
distribution and handling of the locally produced fertilizer and all other chemicals. Monitoring the
use of both local and imported fertilizers is the responsibility of the Ministry of Food and
Agriculture.

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5.2.8. Ministry of Finance

Import levies, if any, on the import of all chemicals is the responsibility of the Customs
Department in the Ministry of Finance.

5.2.9. Ministry of Labour & Manpower

The ministry is mandated to perform the functions broadly related to policy formulation regarding
labour administration manpower planning and employment promotion. As the subject of labour
and employment under the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973 is on the
concurrent legislative list, the Ministry functions in close coordination with the Provincial
Governments in these fields. The ministry is responsible for
Formulation of a progressive and dynamic Labour and Manpower Policy
Human Resource Development: Focus on education, training and skill development
Respect for human rights, gender balance, eradication of child and bonded labour
Coordination with the Provincial Governments, International Labour Organization (ILO)
and other International Agencies
The main function of the ministry is to formulate national policy and legislation regarding:
Industrial Relations, Labour Welfare, Elimination of Child and Bonded Labour, International
Labour Standards/ Conventions, Gender balance, Human Resource Development, Vocational
Training, education and training of workers, Manpower Planning, Export of Manpower and
Welfare of Overseas Pakistanis and their dependents, Collection and dissemination of data
regarding Labour & Manpower, Labour and Manpower related surveys, studies, research,
seminars, symposia, workshops and conferences, Institutional Arrangements Pakistan Tripartite
Labour Conference, Standing Labour Committee, Labour Advisory Board, National Committee
on the Rights of the child, Minimum Wage Council and Inter-Provincial and Inter-Ministerial
Coordination regarding formulation of policies, legislation and implementation.

5.2.10. Ministry of Commerce

Under the Rules of Business 1973, Ministry Commerce is responsible for the Imports and exports,
across custom frontiers, formulation of Trade Policy in conjunction with other wings and
implementation of import policy initiatives. Through trade policy the ministry regulates the import
and export of chemicals and raw materials used for chemicals production. The ministry is also
responsible for mmultilateral trade negotiations and compatibility of domestic laws with WTO
laws.

5.2.11. Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Resources

The Ministry is responsible for dealing with all matter relating to petroleum, gas and mineral
affairs. Its detailed functions are as under:-
Policy, legislation, planning regarding exploration, development and productions Policy
guidelines to regulatory bodies in oil and gas sectors.
Policy guidelines and facilitation of import, export, refining, distribution, marketing,
transportation and pricing of all kinds of petroleum and petroleum products;
Matters bearing on international aspects;
Federal agencies and institutions for promotion of special studies and development
programmes.

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Facilitate the development of petroleum and mineral sectors.

Attract the private investment.
Administration of Regulation of Mines and oil fields and Mineral Development (Federal
Control) Act, 1948, and rules made there under, in so far as the same relate to exploration
and production of petroleum, transmission, distribution of natural gas, Compressed
Natural Gas, Liquefied Natural Gas and liquefied petroleum gas, refining and marketing of
oil;
Petroleum concessions agreements for land, off-shore and deep sea areas;
Facilitation of import of machinery equipment etc. for exploration and development of
petroleum and minerals.
Administration of Marketing of Petroleum Products (Federal Control) Act 1974 and the
rules made there-under;
Matters relating to Federal investments and undertakings wholly or partly owned by the
Government in the field of oil, gas and minerals.
Coordination of energy and mineral policies.
Research, development, deployment and demonstration of hydrocarbon energy resources.

5.2.12. Ministry of Science & Technology

Technology Wing of MOST is responsible to initiate and monitor various programmes for
technology development and industrialization in the country. This wing also acts as liaison
between various ministries and national and international bodies for the development of
technology-based project. The wing is headed by a Joint Technological Adviser (JTA), assisted by
one Deputy Technological Adviser (DTA) and two Assistant Technological Advisers. The ministry
is directly related to Chemical management in Pakistan through implementing Pakistan Standards
and Quality Control Authority Act, 1996, Pakistan Standards Conformity Assessment Rides,
2008, Inspection Agencies (Registration and Regulation) Rules, 1981, Pakistan Standards Rules,
2008.

5.2.13. Science and Technology Section, Planning Commission

The Science & Technology Section was created on 1st November 1983. The section is responsible
for looking after development projects of S&T sector, including Ministry of Science &
Technology, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, SUPARCO, NESCOM, Pakistan Nuclear
Regulatory Authority and Pakistan Meteorological Department and Higher Education Sector.
The main functions of S & T section are;
To recommend policy measures to Planning Commission for development of Science and
Technology in the country along scientific line.
Prepare long term (perspective), medium term (Five Year Plan) and short term (Annual
Plan) for integrated development for Science and Technology in the country.
In collaboration with concerned technical sections of the Planning Commission appraise
the Science and Technology Project and pilot them through CDWP and ECNEC.
Collect and maintain all relevant statistics regarding Science & Technology Activities in
the country.
Initiate/carry out research for determining the critical factors for development of Science
and Technology in the country.

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Maintain a close liaison with all national and international Science and Technology
Institutions.
Organize national and international Conferences, Seminars, Symposium, Workshops and
training Courses, etc. to disseminate Science and Technology information to all
concerned.
To co-ordinate Science and Technology activities in the country.
To carry out evaluation of existing programmes and institutions to determine the
impediments in the way of smooth functioning of these institutions and recommended
measures for their improvement.

5.2.14. Planning and Development Division

The Planning Commission is responsible to perform the functions such as, preparing the National
Plan and review and evaluating its implementation; formulating annual plan and ADP;
monitoring and evaluating implementation of major development projects and programmes;
stimulating preparation of sound projects in regions and sectors lacking adequate portfolio;
continuously evaluating the economic situation and coordinate economic policies; and organizing
research and analytical studies for economic decision making.
The Planning Commission also assists in defining the national vision, and undertaking strategic
planning; assessing the material, capital and human resources of the country and formulating
proposals for augmenting such resources and facilitating capacity building of agencies involved in
development.

The National Fertilizer Development Centre (NFDC)

The National Fertilizer Development Centre (NFDC) was set up by the Government of Pakistan
(Planning and Development Division) in December 1977. NFDC is a multidisciplinary research
and development organization at the federal level that integrates disciplines such as economic
planning, pricing and subsidies, privatization and deregulation, production and imports,
marketing and credit, agronomy and soil science, research, extension and training.
In co-operation with the various federal and provincial institutions, NFDC studies all fertilizer-
related problems from the supply source to the farmers' fields, with a view to helping in the
formulation of Government policies and their implementation and to give support to other
institutions.

Objectives
The current broad objectives of NFDC are:
To provide objective and comprehensive advice to all levels of Government, to the fertilizer
industry and to other parties as may be relevant, on all matters related in any way to the
fertilizer sector of Pakistan and its relations with the international fertilizer community.
To conduct research studies on physical and economic returns on fertilizer use to farmers,
impact of input prices on crop output, deregulation/privatization of fertilizer in order
to facilitate policy decisions.
To conduct fertilizer use surveys at farm level to monitor fertilizer use by crops, impact on
crop productivity, crop responses to fertilizers and problems faced by farmers.

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To monitor the status of all aspects of fertilizer use development: production, imports,
consumption, prices and evaluate situation critically for the information and action by the
concerned organizations, so that timely actions can be taken to effect improvement.
To promote efficient, balanced and environmental friendly integrated use of plant
nutrients for sustainable agricultural growth.
To help upgrade the capability of fertilizer research, extension and marketing personnel in
the transfer of fertilizer technology.
To provide a neutral common platform to resolve contentious issues in fertilizer sector.
To launch new initiatives in soil fertility and plant nutrition management.

5.2.15. Ministry of Communication

Ministry of Communications functions as a central policy making and administrative authority on
Communications and Transport Sector in the Country. In chemical life cycle the major role of the
ministry is in transportation.

5.2.16. Ministry of Ports & Shipping

Ministry of Ports & Shipping functions as a central policy making and administrative authority on Ports
and Shipping Sector in the country. The Ports and Shipping Wing of the ministry was established in 1961
to bring the decision making closer to the shipping industry which is mainly based in Karachi. The main
functions involved are;
1. Shipping industry is to be provided with guidance and policy decisions based on
international conventions and national rules & regulations. This Wing formulates such
policies under the said rules for the industry.
2. Tackling of shipping related issues on the spot and to give timely decisions for overall
benefit of the sector.
3. Registration of ships and crafts under Pakistan flag and conducting survey/inspection and
issuing required trading certificates.
4. To act as safety administration and ensure seaworthiness of ships and crafts in accordance
with national and international laws/conventions.
5. Pollution control from ships in harbour and territorial waters.
6. Seafaring is a specialized profession and requires proper training followed by examination
and certification to be in line with acceptable international standards. The wing is
entrusted to undertake this business to ensure compatibility with existing system of other
maritime nation.
7. Seaman Service Book (SSB), formerly known as Continuous Discharge Certificate (CDC),
is a pre-requisite document for ship-board employment. Its issuance is one of the functions
undertaken by this Wing through its sub-ordinate office.
8. The Autonomous bodies and the field offices which deal with the shipping industry are
placed under the administrative control of this Wing.
9. The Wing is also entrusted with responsibility to prepare developmental plans to affect
improvement in maritime sector in consonance with the international requirement and
technological changes in the field.
10. International conventions pertaining to ports and shipping are initially examined by this
Wing and then recommended for ratification by the Government of Pakistan after
reviewing the existing system in the country.

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11. As a follow up to ratification of conventions, the Wing is responsible for formulation of

maritime laws/regulations for implementation by shipping industry.
12. The Wing is also required to update and advise Government on technical matters related
to maritime field.
13. Coordination and liaison with other ministries, agencies, national and international
organizations on maritime affairs is also one of the functions, undertaken by this Wing.

5.2.17. Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Ministry of Foreign Affairs is involved in international negotiations, signing and ratification of
international Conventions and Protocols.

5.3. Comments/Analysis
The mandates of ministries and departments are clearly defined and there does not exist
any overlapping. However if there any controversy arise, the matter can be sorted out in
inter-ministerial committee for management of chemicals.
There is no need for a new ministry dealing with chemical management.
Under the PEPA the federal government has the authority to delegate any of its
environmental management functions and powers to provincial governments, government
agencies, or local authorities. Provincial governments in turn may delegate powers to any
lower-tiered government agency. This provision establishes a framework for environmental
federalism within which environmental movement responsibilities are shared among
federal, provincial and local governments.
Mandates of various ministries and institutions related to chemical management are well
defined. No new ministry is required exclusively for chemicals management.
There is a need for capacity building of existing institutions with reference to
implementation of policies, rules, regulations and acts. The lack of human resource,
awareness of existing regulatory framework within implementing agencies and meagre
funds available are main bottlenecks to be removed.
Most of the staff of ministries and related departments is overworked. There are very few
financial/career incentives available to technical human resource. There also lack critical
infrastructure required for monitoring.
There is a need for enhanced coordination between Ministries of Food, Health,
Agriculture & Live stock and Environment.
Participation of Ministry of Health in the registration process, particularly in case of
pesticides that are used in Public Health should be enhanced.
Strengthening of agencies responsible for enforcement of laws, for formulation and
repackaging, storage and transportation of pesticides is required. There should be a
national monitoring and surveillance system.
Ministry of Health should be involved in the national information exchange system and
strong public health pesticide management awareness should be done, in collaboration of
ministry of health.
Institutional capacities are needed to be strengthened in terms of improved availability of
information, filling gaps in the understanding of chemicals related health issues, risk

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assessment methods, protection of vulnerable groups including children, workers and

population in general, promotion of safe alternatives and needs for prevention.

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CHAPTER NO: 6

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 6 215

6. Relevant Activities of Industry, Public Interest Groups, and the Research Sector 215
6.1. Description of Organizations/Programs 215
6.1.1. Industry Associations 215
6.1.2. Academia/Research Organizations 218
6.1.3. NGOs and CBOs 218
6.1.4. Trade Unions labour Organizations 219
6.1.5. Professional Organisations 219
6.1.6. Consumer Association of Pakistan 219
6.2. Summary of Expertise Available Outside of Government 220
6.3. Comments Analysis 220

TABLES

CHAPTER 6 215

TABLE 6.1: SUMMARY OF EXPERTISE AVAILABLE OUTSIDE OF GOVERNMENT 220

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Chapter 6

6. Relevant Activities of Industry, Public Interest Groups, and the Research Sector
6.1. Description of Organizations/Programs
6.1.1. Industry Associations
Industrial association includes various national level bodies, as well as regional level organizations
representing group of industries. They also include sectoral organizations that represent a particular
type of industry. These associations play a vital role in fiscal and government policies reforms, legal
aspects, environmental, health and safety issues, trade (WTO and patient regimes) and other related
issues of industry including chemical industry. They play an important role in capacity building
through trainings building knowledge base.

The industrial associations in Pakistan have played an important role in initiatives such as ISO 9000,
ISO 14000, OHSAS 18001, SMART Programme, joint treatment of industrial effluents and eco
labeling. They also play an important role in raising member/public awareness by holding workshops,
seminars on environmental issues. Following is the list of such industrial associations in major
industrial cities of Pakistan.

Chambers of Commerce:
Azad Jammu & Kashmir Chamber of Commerce & Industry,
Faisalabad Chamber of Commerce & Industry,
Gujranwala Chamber of Commerce & Industry,
Gujranwala Chamber of Commerce & Industry,
Hyderabad Chamber of Commerce & Industry,
Karachi Chamber of Commerce & Industry,
Lahore Chamber of Commerce & Industry,
Multan Chamber of Commerce & Industry,
Overseas Investors Chamber of Commerce & Industry,
Quetta (Balochistan) Chamber of Commerce & Industry,
Rawalpindi Chamber of Commerce & Industry,
Sarhad Chamber of Commerce & Industry,
Sukkur Chamber of Commerce & Industry,
Sialkot Chamber of Commerce & Industry,
Dera Ghazi Khan Chamber of Commerce & Industry,
The American Business Council of Pakistan,
Islamabad Chamber of Commerce & Industry,
Sargodha Chamber of Commerce & Industry,
Dadu Chamber of Commerce & Industry,
The Dera Ismail Khan Chamber of Commerce & Industry,
Gujrat Chamber of Commerce & Industry,
Hazara Chamber of Commerce & Industry,

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Faisalabad:
1. Pakistan Small Units Powerlooms Association
2. Pakistan Particle Boards Manufacturers Association
3. All Pakistan Textiles Processing Mills Association

Karachi:
1. Pakistan Carpet Manufacturers & Exporters Association
2. Pakistan Cement Manufacturers Association
3. Pakistan Chemists and Druggists Association
4. Pakistan Chemicals & Dyes Merchants Association
5. Cigarette Manufacturers Association of Pakistan
6. Karachi Cotton Association
7. Pakistan Cotton Ginners Associations
8. Pakistan Electronic Manufacturers Association
9. Pakistan Handicrafts Manufacturers & Exporters Association
10. Pakistan Hardware Merchants Association
11. Pakistan Hosiery Manufacturers Association
12. Pakistan Hotels Association
13. Insurance Association of Pakistan
14. Pakistan Jute Mills Association
15. Pakistan Metal Container Manufacturers Association
16. Pakistan Paint Manufacturers Association
17. Pakistan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association
18. Pakistan Pharmaceutical Importers Association
19. Pakistan Plastic Manufacturers Association
20. Pakistan Poultry Association
21. Pakistan Pulp Paper and Board Makers Association
22. Pakistan Readymade Garments Manufacturers & Exporters‘ Association
23. Pakistan Sanitary Merchants & Manufacturers Association
24. Pakistan Seafood Industries Association
25. Pakistan Ship Breakers Association
26. Pakistan Shipowners Association
27. Pakistan Silk & Rayon Mills Association
28. Pakistan Small Industries Association
29. Pakistan Soap Manufacturers Association
30. Pakistan Stationers Association
31. All Pakistan Solvent Extractors Association
32. Pakistan Tanners Association
33. Pakistan Tea Association
34. All Pakistan Textile Mills Association
35. Towels Manufacturers Association of Pakistan
36. Pakistan Vanaspati Manufacturers Association
37. Pakistan Waste Products Association
38. Pakistan Yarn Merchants Association

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39. Pakistan Tyre Importers & Dealers Association

40. Pakistan Cotton Fashion Apparel Manufacturers & Exporters Association,
41. Pakistan Bedwear Exporters Association
42. All Pakistan Gem Merchants & Jewellers Association
43. The Pakistan Wool & Hair Exporters Association
44. Pakistan Agricultural Pesticides Association
45. Pakistan Restaurants & Caterers Association
46. Air Cargo Agents Association of Pakistan

Lahore
1. Pakistan Arms & Ammunition Merchants and Manufacturers Association
2. Pakistan Electrical Manufacturers Association
3. Pakistan Flour Mills Association
4. Pakistan Industrial Fasteners Manufacturers Association
5. Pakistan Association of Printing & Graphic Arts Industry
6. Pakistan Publishers & Booksellers Association
7. Pakistan Steel Melters Association
8. Pakistan Steel Re-rolling Mills Association
9. Pakistan Sugar Mills Association
10. Pakistan Woolen Mills Association
11. Pakistan Canvas & Tents Manufacturers & Exporters Association

Multan
1. Multan Cotton Association,
2. All Pakistan Bedsheets & Upholstery Manufacturers Association

Peshawar
1. Pakistan Agricultural Machinery & Implements Manufacturers Association,
2. All Pakistan Commercial Exporters Association of Rough and Unpolished Precious and
Semi-precious Stones

Quetta
1. Pakistan Mine Owners Association

Sialkot
2. Pakistan Gloves Manufacturers and Exporters Association
3. Pakistan Sports Goods Manufacturers and Exporters Association
4. Surgical Instruments Manufacturers Association of Pakistan

Wazirabad
1. Pakistan Cutlery & Stainless Utensils Manufacturers and Exporters Association

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6.1.2. Academia/Research Organizations

Universities and research organization play an important role in chemical testing, environmental
monitoring, research on effluents and industrial wastes, and industrial processes. The role of
academic institutions and research organizations will be discussed in detail in Chapter 9, for
technical infrastructure.

6.1.3. NGOs and CBOs

These are community based groups which represent general public and they focus on issues at
grass root level. They are involved in advocacy/lobbying, policy issues/debates, emergency,
rehabilitation, and relief activities, implementation of developmental projects, and programmes.
According an estimate of Planning and Development Division of Pakistan more than 8000 NGOs
and CBOs are working for different sectors in Pakistan. These organizations are playing a vital role
in managing, creating and disseminating information, ideas and solutions for environmental
issues. They are serving as an active partner of government and international dinner agencies. A
large number of NGOs and CBOs are working exclusively on environmental pollution issues.

Major NGOs and CBOs Working for Environmental/Chemical pollution in Pakistan

Sindh
2. Society for Conservation and Protection of Environment (SCOPE)
3. Health Oriented Preventive Education (HOPE)
4. Shehri-Citizen for Better Environment (SHERI)
5. Sindh agricultural and Forestry Workers Coordinating Organization (SAFWCO)
6. Health and Nutrition Development Society (HANDS)
7. Pakistan Institute of Labour Education and Research (PILER)
8. Orangi Pilot Project Research and training Institute (OPP-RTI)
9. Agha Khan Foundation Pakistan

Punjab
1. Pakistan Institute for environmental Development Action Research (PIEDAR)
2. Pattan development Organization
3. Development for education, Environment, Population Welfare and Poverty Alleviation
Organization (DEEPP)
4. National Rural Support Programme

Balochistan
1. Water environment and Sanitation Society (WESS)
2. Participatory Integrated Development Society (PIDS)
3. Environment Foundation Balochistan (EFB)

NWFP
1. Environmental Protection Society (EPS)
2. National Research and Development Foundation (NRDF)

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6.1.4. Trade Unions labour Organizations

Industry in Pakistan has a large and organised trade union base. In larger enterprises and
organizations, there are more than one actively involved workers union. Some of the major trade
unions include, All Pakistan Federation of Labour (APFL), All Pakistan Federation of Trade
Unions (APFTU), All Pakistan Federation of United Trade Unions (APFUTU), All Pakistan
Trade Union Congress (APTUC), Pakistan National Federation of Trade Unions (PNFTU),
Pakistan Workers Federation (PFW) and All Pakistan Trade Union Federation (APTUF).

One of the basic objectives of these trade unions is the improvement of working conditions, health
and safety standards for workers, the introduction, maintenance and extension of social security
for all, and raising standards of living of factory workers.

The trade unions are also active in information dissemination to the workers and some policy
analysis (related to workers). No initiatives have been taken by any of these trade unions for
capacity building and to develop expertise for sampling, testing and research on environmental
pollution caused by industrial processes which affect the health and safety of workers.

6.1.5. Professional Organisations

In implementing the policies and programmes initiated by government the role of professional
societies is very important. There are numerous societies and professional organizations who are
working in the various sectors of chemical life cycle in Pakistan.

6.1.6. Consumer Association of Pakistan

Consumers are more than ever interested in the origin, characteristics, quality and nutritional
properties of the food they purchase. They know that food production, processing and breeding
methods have become much more intensive, and that the use of pesticides, fertilizers and
chemicals has increased. Recent developments such as BSE, dioxins, and other food scares have
led many consumers to question the safety of their food.

Consumers are in contact with a vast range of everyday products containing chemicals. The
existing legislation does not offer adequate consumer protection. There is extremely limited
knowledge available on the majority of these chemicals. Consumer Association of Pakistan has
proposed a new system to regulate chemicals called REACH (Registration, Evaluation, and
Authorization of Chemicals). REACH proposal is an important step in the right direction, as it
intends to phase out the most problematic substances and to gain more information about
chemicals.

Consumers need more information on how to lead a more "sustainable" way of life. The
Manufacturers should offer a guarantee to consumers that they buy products that fulfil the highest
ecological criteria.

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6.2. Summary of Expertise Available Outside of Government

Table 6.1: Summary of Expertise Available Outside of Government

Field of Expertise

Research Institutes

Consumer Groups
Environmental/

Others (specify)
Labour Unions

Organizations
Professional
Universities

Industry
Data Collection x x
Testing of Chemicals x x x x
Risk Assessment x x x x x
Risk Reduction x x x
Policy Analysis x x x
Training & Education x x x x
Research on x x x
Alternatives
Monitoring x x x x x NGOs
Enforcement
Information to x x
Workers
Information to Public x x x

6.3. Comments Analysis

Participation of non-governmental organizations, trade associations, research institutions
and community groups in policy making and policy implementation is very important for
chemical management in the country. In Pakistan all these stakeholders are contributing
well and taking effective measures.
There is a need for a stronger coordinating and consultative mechanism among the NGOs
and community at grass root level.
These organizations have free access to data and information whatever is available a in the
form or published data as well as through linkage with websites of governmental
institutions. They fully participate in meetings, seminars, conferences and workshops.
Some of the important NGOs, CBOs and trade associations are part of committees made
for chemical management.
These organizations are playing a vital role in implementation of international voluntary
initiatives like ISO standards 9000, 14000 and OHSAS 18001. They are also cooperating
in Pak-EPA‘s SMART programme for self monitoring and reporting.
NGOs have direct linkage with local communities hence their role in dissemination of
information and creating awareness among workers and local population is very effective.
They arrange seminars, workshops, focal groups meetings and interact with common man.

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There are is a large number of NGOs and CBOs working in Pakistan and many of them
are involved in environmental issues.
NGOs have right to access to environmental tribunals, labour courts and other similar
institutions for any complaint related communities benefit.
Although a good number of NGOs and CBOs are working for environmental issues but
there is no NGO, CBO, working exclusively for chemical management in Pakistan. There
role is indirect.
NGOs require capacity building in chemical management exclusively. NGOs have the
capacities for policy analysis, legislation, research on alternatives, trainings, education, data
collection/dissemination and raising awareness. All NGOs does not have these capabilities
collectively. The cross cutting capacities are very important to deal with the chemical
management in the country.
There is a need to create some mechanism of standardizing these organizations so that they
can play some vital role in monitoring and inspections. Once some mechanism for accredit
non-governmental organization is brought in they can play better role in dealing with
environmental issues.

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CHAPTER NO: 7

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 7 224

7. Inter-Ministerial Commissions and Co-ordinating Mechanism 224

7.1. Description of Inter-Ministerial Commissions and Co-ordinating Mechanism 224
7.1.1. National Technical Advisory Committee on Chemicals (NTACC) 224
7.1.2. Agricultural Pesticides Technical Advisory Sub – Committee 228
7.1.3. Steering committee for elimination of adulteration in pesticides 229
7.2. Description of Mechanism for Obtaining Input from Non Governmental Bodies 230
7.3. Comments/Analysis 231

TABLES

CHAPTER 7 224

TABLE 7.1: MEMBERS OF NATIONAL TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON CHEMICALS (NTACC)

225

TABLE 7.2: OVERVIEW OF INTER-MINISTERIAL COMMISSIONS AND CO-ORDINATING MECHANISMS

229

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Chapter 7

7. Inter-Ministerial Commissions and Co-ordinating Mechanism

In chapters 5 the roles and responsibilities of various ministries and government organizations
have been defined. Chemicals management encompasses a broad range of issues, each of which
may be addressed by any or many of a number of governmental ministries, agencies or units, as
well as parties outside of government. In order to achieve a more integrated national approach to
chemicals management, a participatory decision making approach is highly imperative whereby
various actors can exchange information, co-ordinate activities that are complementary or inter-
related, and, in certain instances, make joint decisions or, in the longer-term, develop national
chemicals management policy.

It can be difficult for persons who work within individual ministries/organizations, with finite
mandates and responsibilities, to see the big picture with regard to an integrated national
programme. Often the various governmental actors involved in chemicals management may
operate on a sectoral basis (e.g. under their own, separate legislation) and thus may not be
accustomed to working and sharing information with one another. Some may not see a clear link
between their activities and sound chemicals management, an area which may be considered to be
largely the domain of environmental and health authorities.

In addition, several orders of government, e.g. federal, provincial and local governments, also
typically share responsibilities (though often without a formal collaboration) for the
implementation of chemicals management programmes, laws and policies. In fact, much of the
actual implementation of relevant programmes and enforcement of chemicals-related laws is carried
out at provincial and the local level.

7.1. Description of Inter-Ministerial Commissions and Co-ordinating Mechanism

7.1.1. National Technical Advisory Committee on Chemicals (NTACC)
National Technical Advisory Committee on Chemicals (NTACC) has been established under the
chairmanship of Additional Secretary, Ministry of Environment. The main objective of NTACC is
to advise and facilitate the Government on Integrated Chemical Management (ICM) and allied
issues. MEAs Secretariat is working as Secretariat of NTACC. The Project Manager, MEAs
Secretariat the Convener/Secretary to the Secretariat of the Committee.

The committee‘s main factions include;

Advice and consultation for meeting Pakistan‘s responsibilities and international
obligations on chemicals management under various international Conventions.
Identification of hazards of various chemicals, and preparation of recommendations for
action for safe management such as banning, restriction on import, export, production and
consumption, safe handling, disposal etc in the light of the importance the chemicals waste
for business, industry, trade, health etc.
Baseline data collection and capacity assessment.
Immediate availability for advice in emergency situation due to chemical disasters etc.

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Review and deliberate upon National Policies and decisions for international community
through various multilateral fora.
Advice on formulation of National Chemical Management Policy.

Following table shows the members of NTACC

Table 7.1: Members of National Technical Advisory Committee on Chemicals (NTACC)

Sr. Name & Address Designation Chairperson /Member

No / Convener
1. Mr. Ishtiak Ahmad Khan, Ministry Additional Secretary Chairperson
of Environment, Islamabad.
2. Syed Zaheer Ahmad Gillani Project Manager Convener / Secretary
National MEAs Secretariat, Ministry
of Environment, Islamabad.
3. Mr. Khizar Hayat Khan, Ministry of Joint Secretary Member
Environment, Islamabad.
4. Pak-EPA, F-11/3, Main Margalla Director General Member
Road,
Islamabad.
5. Environmental Protection D.G (EPA), Lahore Member
Department, Punjab, Government
of Punjab, National Hockey
Stadium, Opposite LCCA Ground,
Qazafi Stadium, Frozpur Road,
Lahore.
6. Environmental Protection Agency- D.G (EPA) Member
Sindh,
Government of Sindah, EPA-
Complex Plot No. ST2/1, Sector 23,
Korangi Industrial Area Karachi.
7. Environment Protection Agency- Director General Member
N.W.F.P, 3rd Floor, Old Courts
Building, Khyber Road, Peshawar.
8. Environmental Protection Agency Director General Member
(EPA), Balouchistan, Wood Cock
Forests Spiny Nursery,
Sammugli Road, Quetta.
9. EPA-Azad Jamu & Kashmir, D.G (EPA) Member
Kahsmir Plan House, New
Secretariat Chatter Dome,
Muzaffarabad,
Azad Kashmir.
10. Environment Protection Agency of D.G NAs EPA Member
Northern Areas, Directorate of
Tourism and Environment, Zulfiqar

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 National Profile for Chemical Mangement in Pakistan

Abad, Jutial,Gilgit.
11. Ministry of Commerce Secretary Member
A-Block, Pak Secretariat, Islamabad.
12. Ministry of Science & Technology Secretary Member
Pakistan Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research (PCSIR),
Head Office, 1-Constitution
Avenue, G-5/2, Islamabad.
13. Ministry of Food & Agriculture Secretary Member
(MINFAL), B-Block, Pak-Secretariat,
Islamabad.
14. Ministry of Health Secretary Member
C-Block, Room No. 107, Pak-
Secretariat, Islamabad.
15. Ministry of Law, Justice & Human Secretary Member
Rights
S-Block, Room No. 308, Pak-
Secretariat, Islamabad.
16. Federal Board of Revenue (FBR), Chairman Member
3rd Floor, Constitution Avenue,
FBR House, G-5/2,
Islamabad.
17. Ministry of Industries, Production Secretary Member
and Special initiatives,
Tech-2, Room No. 337, A-Block,
Pak-Secretariat,
Islamabad.
18. Government of Punjab, Secretary (Industries) Member
Civil Secretariat, Old P & D
Building,
2-Bank Road, Lahore.
19. Government of Sindh, Sindh Secretary (Industries) Member
Secretariat No.2, Karachi.
20. Government of N.W.F.P Secretary (Industries) Member
Civil Secretariat,
Peshawar.
21. Government of Balochistan, Secretary Member
Civil Secretariat, Block No.3, Industries &
Quetta. Commerce
Department
22. Government of Punjab, Secretary (Health) Member
Civil Secretariat, Lahore.
23. Government of Sindh, Secretary (Health) Member
6th Floor, New Secretariat, Block
No.1, Karachi.
24. Government of N.W.F.P., Secretary (Health) Member
HRP Building, Khyber Road.

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 National Profile for Chemical Mangement in Pakistan

Peshawar.
25. Government of Balochistan, Secretary (Health) Member
Block No. 5, Room No.1, Civil
Secretariat, Quetta.
26. Federation of Pakistan Chamber of President (FPCCI) Member
Commerce and Industry, First
Floor, Chamber House, G-8/1,
Islamabad.
27. Pakistan Council of Scientific and Chairman Member
Industrial Research (PCSIR),
Head Office, 1-Constitution
Avenue, G-5/2, Islamabad.
28. HEJ Institute of Chemistry, Director Member
University of Karachi, Karachi.
29. Mr. Tanveer Arif Chief Executive Member
Society for Conservation and
Protection of Environment
(SCOPE), D-141, Annexe, Allama
Iqbal Road, Near KMC Sports
Complex, Block-2, P.E.C.H.S.
Karachi, 75250.
30. Pakistan Chemicals & Dyes Chairman Member
Merchants Association, Chemical
Dye House, Rambhast Street, Jodia
Bazar, Karachi.
31. Custom Laboratory, Custom House, Director Member
Near MW Tower, Karachi.
32. Dr. S. H. Niaz Rizvi Project Director Member
National Institute of Oceanography,
Plot No. ST 47, Block-1, Clifton,
Karachi.
33. Mr. Zaigham Abbas, Technical Technical Officer Member
Officer (Chemicals), Ministry of (Chemicals)
Environment, Islamabad.
34. Dr. M.A. Khawaja, Senior Research Member
Sustainable Development Policy Fellow
Institute (SDPI), Near Standard
Charted Bank Diplomatic Enclave,
Islamabad.
35. Dr. Ashiq, Programme Leader, Member
National Agriculture Research Eco-toxicology
Centre (NARC), Park Road, Chak
Shahzad, Islamabad.
36. Dr. Sami-uz-Zaman, Member Member
Global Environmental Lab (Pvt)
Ltd., 1st Floor, Aiwan-e-Sanat, Street
No. 4/2, Sector 23,
Korangi Industrial Area, Karachi.

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 National Profile for Chemical Mangement in Pakistan

37. Dr. Rashid Karim Member

Department of Environmental Professor
Sciences, International Islamic
University, H-10, Islamabad.
38. Dr. Iffat Naseem, Associate Associate Professor Member
Professor, Departement of
Environmental Biology, Quaid-e-
Azam, University, Islamabad.
39. UNIDO-Pakistan, Country Director- Member
H. No. 35-B, Main Road, F-7/2, UNIDO
Islamabad.
40. Food and Agriculture Organization Senior UN Advisor - Member
(FAO), FAO
NARC Premises, Park Road, Chak
Shahzad,
Islamabad.
41. United Nations Development ARR/Chief Energy & Member
program Environment Unit-
Street No. 17, UN House, F-7/2, UNDP
Islamabad.
42. Mr. Noor-Ul-Hadi Deputy Project Member
National MEAs Secretariat, Ministry Manager
of Environment, Islamabad.
43. Dr. Shujaat Ahmad Ex-chief Chemist Member
Eminent Educator & Researcher, PINSTECH /
PIEAS, Pakistan Atomic Energy Eminent Educator &
Commission (PAEC), Near (K- Researcher
Block, Pak-Secretariat), Islamabad.

The scientific sub-committee reviews the results of physical/chemical analysis and bioefficacy tests
performed by the various research organisations for the control of pests attacking various crops. It
makes recommendations for accepting/rejecting applications for registration submitted by the
pesticide companies for marketing of a pesticide brand in Pakistan for review by APTAC. The
committee so far has recommended registration of 202 pesticide active ingredients under different
trade names and issued certificates of registration to the various pesticide marketing companies.

7.1.2. Agricultural Pesticides Technical Advisory Sub – Committee

In addition to NTACC an Agricultural Pesticides Technical Advisory Sub-Committee has been
formed consisting of the following members for a period of three years, namely: -

1. Plant Protection Advisor and Director General,

2. Department of Plant Protection, Karachi Convener
3. Director General, Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad Member
4. Director General, (Ext.) Department of Agriculture, Hyderabad Member
5. Director General, Agriculture Research Institute, Peshawar Member
6. Director General, Agriculture Research Institute, Quetta Member

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7. Director of Research (Plant Protection), Pakistan Agricultural

8. Research Council, Islamabad. Member
9. Chairman, Department of Entomology University of
10. Agriculture, Faisalabad. Member
11. Chairman (Quality Control), Ministry of Health, Islamabad Member
12. Chairman, Pakistan Agricultural Pesticides Association, Karachi. Member
13. A Representative of the Generic Pesticides Importers Member
14. Director (Technical), Department of Plant Protection, Karachi. Member

7.1.3. Steering committee for elimination of adulteration in pesticides

A steering committee has been made for elimination of adulteration in pesticides consisting of the
following members namely;

1. Federal Minister for Food & Agriculture

2. Provincial Minister for Agriculture
3. Chairman, Task Force on Agriculture, Punjab
4. Secretary, Minister of Food, Agriculture and Livestock
5. Provincial Secretaries, Department of Agriculture
6. A representative of the Pakistan Pesticides Association
7. A representative of the Generic Pesticides Importers.

Steering committee for elimination of adulteration in pesticides

A steering committee has been made for elimination of adulteration in pesticides consisting of the
following members namely;

1. Federal Minister for Food & Agriculture

2. Provincial Minister for Agriculture
3. Chairman, Task Force on Agriculture, Punjab
4. Secretary, Minister of Food, Agriculture and Livestock
5. Provincial Secretaries, Department of Agriculture
6. A representative of the Pakistan Pesticides Association
7. A representative of the Generic Pesticides Importers.

Table 7.2: Overview of Inter-ministerial Commissions and Co-ordinating Mechanisms

Name of Responsibilities Secretariat Members Legislative Info. Effectiveness

Mechanism Mandate/ Provided in
Objective Section 7.2
(yes/no)
National Advice and MEAs Table 7.1 To advise and Moderate
Technical consultation for Secretariat, facilitate the
Advisory implementation of Ministry of Government
Committee international Environment on Integrated
on Chemicals Conventions. Chemical
(NTACC) Identification Management
of Chemical hazards, (ICM) and

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recommendations for allied issues

safe management of
chemicals
Baseline data
collection and capacity
assessment.
advice in
chemical disasters
Review of
National Policies and
decisions for
international
community through
various multilateral
fora.
Advice on
formulation of
National Chemical
Management Policy.

Agricultural Reviews the results Department Table7.1

Pesticides of physical/chemical of Plant
Technical analysis and bio- Protection,
Advisory Sub efficacy tests performed Ministry of
– Committee by the various research Food and
organisations for the Agriculture
control of pests
attacking various crops.
recommend for
accepting/rejecting
applications for
registration submitted
by the pesticide
companies for
marketing of a pesticide
brand in Pakistan for
review by APTAC
Steering
committee
for
elimination
of
adulteration
in pesticides

7.2. Description of Mechanism for Obtaining Input from Non Governmental Bodies
Generally Non governmental bodies, especially industrial organizations are part of inter-ministerial
committee and other sub-committees. There participation in consultative process makes it possible
for sharing of information, reporting and inputs on key issues. They contribute towards policy
making and implementation of programmes made by government for chemical management. The

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participation of non-governmental institutions in chemical management has been discussed in

detail in Chapter 6.

7.3. Comments/Analysis
The existing coordinating mechanisms are working effectively, how ever there is a dire
need of centralised database related to chemicals life cycle. In presence of comprehensive
database, analysis can be made and gaps can be identified and easily addressed. This will
improve functioning of coordinating mechanisms.
The presence of some of very important sectors/ ministries/organizations have been
neglected in the NTACC, e.g. representation of ministry for Petroleum & Natural
Resources, Labour, Railway, Communication, Ports & Shipping, National Disaster
Management Cell, Rescue 115 Service, is not there. To deal with issues related with the all
segments of chemical life cycle there representation in this committee si very important.
To enhance participation of academia, heads of departments of chemical technology,
chemistry and environmental sciences of the major universities of the country may also be
included in the committee.
Due to cross – sectoral presence of stakeholders in these committees, their contributions
are effective.
After the addition of above mentioned ministries/departments, the existing mechanism
will covers nearly all important aspects of chemical life cycle which require inter-ministerial
cooperation and coordination.

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CHAPTER NO: 8

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 8 234

8. Data Access and Use 234

8.1. Availability of Data for National Chemical Management 234
8.2. Location of National Data 235
8.3. Procedure for Collecting and Disseminating National Local Data 236
8.4. Availability of International Data 237
8.5. Comments/Analysis 237

TABLES

CHAPTER 8 234

TABLE 8.1: QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF AVAILABLE INFORMATION 235

TABLE 8.2: LOCATION OF NATIONAL DATA 235

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Chapter 8
8. Data Access and Use
8.1. Availability of Data for National Chemical Management
This chapter deals with the availability of reliable data with reference to production, import,
export, transport, use and disposal of chemicals in the country. During the preparation of
National Chemical Profile, it was observed that access to reliable data related to all aspects of
chemical cycle, is really a difficult job. The data related to import and export of chemicals and
raw materials for related industry is managed by Federal Board of Revenue (FBR), Chambers
of Commerce and Industries and Trade Associations. The production data is collected from
the individual industry by Federal Bureau of Statistics (FBS). The data related to import,
production and use of pesticide is managed by Plant Protection Department (MINFAL). The
production statistics related to fertilizers are managed by Ministry of Industry, and about use is
available with MINFAL.

There is no mechanism for collection of data related to transport of chemicals, chemical

accidents, injuries caused due to exposure to chemicals, chemical wastes produced, disposal,
obsolete chemicals/pesticides and storage. Chemicals are transported to different parts of the
country but no inventories are made about mode of transport, i.e. rail, road or air cargo.
There is no record available/maintained about industrial accidents, injuries caused or deaths
occurred, and mitigation measure taken to avoid such incidents in future.

The data related to various categories and amount of chemical wastes produced by industry is
very limited. Only few individual studies were made during the past years by some agencies on
industrial effluents, municipal waste and hospital waste but there is no comprehensive data
base available on chemical wastes. Pak-EPA and provincial EPAs have established air
monitoring centres in some major cities of the country to monitor air quality and they keep
the records. Similarly the data related to storage facilities is also not available. There is no
inventory system of such storage facilities. The highly toxic e.g. pesticides, flammable (spirit,
thinners) and other hazardous industrial chemicals are often stored in thickly populated areas
without any safety measures but there is no record of such facilities.

In general collection, compilation and dissemination of data on various socio-economic

sectors is the primary function of Federal Bureau of Statistics FBS. These data are collected
from primary and Secondary Sources. The primary data are collected through different surveys
such as Labour Force Survey (LFS), Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES), Pakistan
Integrated Household Survey (PIHS), and Pakistan Demographic Survey (PDS) etc. Secondary
data such as Foreign Trade Statistics, Industrial Statistics, Transport and Communication
Statistics, Social Statistics, Agriculture Statistics, Environment statistics etc. are collected from
the records of concerned Ministries/Departments. Demand for data is increasing
tremendously and that too in computer readable form etc. Such demands are made mainly by

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various Government/Semi-Govt., Non Government Organization (NGOs), Research

Institutions, and Universities etc. within and outside the country.

Table 8.1: Quality and Quantity of Available Information

Data Needed for/to: Pesticides Industrial Consumer Chemical

(agricultural, Chemicals Chemicals Wastes
public, health
and
consumer
use)
Priority Setting low low low low
Assess Chemicals moderate moderate low moderate
Impact under Local
Conditions
Risk Assessment low low low moderate
(environment/health)
Classification/Labelling moderate moderate low moderate
Registration high high low -
Licensing high high moderate -
Permitting high high low -
Risk Reduction low low low low
Decisions
Accident low low low low
Preparedness/Response
Poisoning Control low low low low
Emissions Inventories low low low low
Inspections & Audits low low low low
(environment/health)
Information to low low low low
Workers
Information to Public low low low low
Others

8.2. Location of National Data

Table 8.2: Location of National Data

Type of Data Location (s) Data Source Who Has How to Gain Format
Access Access
Production Federal Bureau of Individual Government Published Reports/
Statistics Statistics/Ministry of industries ministries/ monthly Tabulated
Industries/Production/ institutions/ /annually ,

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Textile academia/ available on

Research website/on
Organizations written request
/NGOs
Import Federal Bureau of Importers/ Government Published Reports/
Statistics Statistics/Federal Board Exporters ministries/ monthly Tabulated
of Revenue/Customs institutions/ /annually ,
Department/Chambers academia/ available on
of Commerce and Research website/on
Industries/Trade Organizations written request
Associations /NGOs
Export Federal Bureau of Importers/ Published Published Reports/
Statistics Statistics/Federal Board Exporters monthly monthly Tabulated
of Revenue/Customs /annually , /annually ,
Department/Chambers available on available on
of Commerce and website/on website/on
Industries/Trade written written request
Assocaition request
Use Federal Bureau of Individual Published Published Reports
Statistics/individual industries monthly monthly
Industries, /annually , /annually ,
available on available on
website/on website/on
written written request
request
Disposal Not available Not Not available Not available Not
available available

8.3. Procedure for Collecting and Disseminating National Local Data

Access to Relevant Data
The legal framework available for chemical management in Pakistan has made it mediatory
through different instruments for the responsible stakeholders to provide relevant data to
authority. There are different reporting systems for different legal instrument. Due limited human
and financial resources available with the implementing authorities the reporting system is not
functioning well.

There is no specific institution established in the country for collection of data related to various
aspects of chemical life cycle in the country. Data relevant to chemical management is indirectly
collected by various government agencies. The generation of such data is according to the specific
requirement of ministries/organizations and agencies. The mechanism of data compilation and
storage varies from agency to agency. Mostly the ministries and government departments have
computerised their data storage system which makes easier access to it. Generally data is available
to users within department and in some cases to the users of other departments. The data related

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to common use is often published in the form of monthly as well annual reports by Federal bureau
of Statistics which is available on price as well as on its websites. The restricted data generally
require follow of official channel, a written request to the concerning authority mentioning the
purpose for which data is required.

As per policy adopted by Federal Bureau of Statistics for data supply was that aggregate level data
(tabulation) was provided to the users free of charges and this practice is continued. However
special tabulation in the required computer readable format is supplied to users on demand, with
charges to be deposited in the government treasury. In case of demand for the sensitive
information /data, the same may be supplied with the prior approval of the Federal Statistics
Authority i.e. Secretary, Statistics Division. In this age of information technology, the
researchers/users are extending their demands for data at micro level. Consequently FBS has
revised its data dissemination policy.

8.4. Availability of International Data

Data of various international organizations like, UNDP, WHO, UNITAR, FAO, UNEP, UNIDO,
UNICEF, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, USAID etc. are readily available on internet
unless it is classified.

National Information Exchange System

With the e-government initiative the ministries and government departments are interlinked
through internet thus providing main source of Information Exchange System. Public has also
access to information through the same system. The ministries and attached departments have
their own websites which give detailed information about policies, activities, mandates,
responsibilities, relevant laws, officers, and major projects implemented etc. In addition to this
online registration downloading facilities for important forms are also available.
Ministries can interact with the relevant international institutions/organizations through internet.
They have access to databases, general information and international literature. Specific or
confidential information can be acquired through e-mail.

8.5. Comments/Analysis
From table 8.1 it can be seen that there are many gaps in the data management for
chemicals in Pakistan. The availability in many areas and quality of available data is not
satisfactory. Without reliable data the chemical management is not possible and in this
regard a serious effort is required.
National Health Data Management System is present but the data for toxic exposures and
the emergency services in relation to chemical incidents is missing. There is a dire need for
capacity building of NHDMS, for improved data generation for decision making.

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Data related to chemical accidents, deaths caused due to industrial accidents, injuries,
mitigation measures taken is nearly absent. Industries neither maintain such records nor
do they report to authorities due to fear of reprisal.
The national data is maintained by the relevant departments and agencies. There is no
harmonization in available data for analytical purpose.
Due to behavioural problems and lengthy procedures often it takes too much time to
acquire data from government agencies.
Access to international database is rather easy as every thing is available on internet.
To harmonize the chemical data it is proposed that a separate delegated section may be
established as part of National Environmental Information Management System (NIEMS)
a project implemented by Ministry of Environment.

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CHAPTER NO: 9

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 9 241

9. Technical Infrastructure 241

9.1. Overview of Laboratory Infrastructure 241
9.1.1. Pesticides Research Laboratories 241
9.1.2. Pesticide Research Institute, SARC Karachi 241
9.1.3. Grain Quality Control and testing Labs (GQCTL) 241
9.1.4. Pesticide Chemistry Lab. NIAB, Faisalabad 241
9.1.5. National Institute of Health 241
9.1.7. Plant Protection Department (PPD) 242
9.1.8. Fertilizer Monitoring and Research: 243
9.1.9. Laboratories Established under Pakistan Council for Scientific & Industrial Research (PCSIR) 243
9.1.9.1. Environmental / Analytical Laboratory PCSIR, Islamabad 243
9.1.9.2. PCSIR Laboratories Complex (R & D) Karachi 244
9.1.9.3. Leather Research Centre (R & D) 245
9.1.9.4. Fuel Research Centre 246
9.1.9.5. PCSIR Laboratories, (R & D, Analysis) Peshawar 246
9.1.9.6. PCSIR Laboratories Quetta 247
9.1.9.7. PCSIR Laboratories Complex Lahore 247
9.1.10. Attock Refinery Limited (ARL) Quality Control Laboratory (QCL) 249
9.1.11. Pak-EPA - Central Labs for Environmental Analysis and Networking (CLEAN), Islamabad 249
9.1.12. Pakistan Institute of Science and Technology (PINSTECH), Nilor, Islamabad 250
9.1.13. Industrial Analytical Centre, IAC, (HEJ), Karachi 250
9.1.14. SGS Chemical and Environmental Laboratory, Karachi (Analysis) 251
9.1.15. Global Environmental Labs (Pvt), (GEL) 251
9.1.16. Department of Plant Protection MINFAL 252
9.1.17. Bureau Veritas Consumer Product Services 253
9.1.18. National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL), PCRWR 254
9.1.19. Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan (HDIP) 254
9.2. Overview of Technical Training and Education Programmes 255
9.3. Overview of Environmental Health, Occupational Health & Chemical Safety 258
a. Environmental Health 258
b. Chemical Safety 259
c. Occupational Health 260
9.4. Overview of Government Information System 260
9.5. Comments/Analysis 262

TABLES

CHAPTER 9 241

TABLE 9.1: PESTICIDE RESIDUES RESEARCH FACILITIES IN PAKISTAN 242

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Chapter 9
9. Technical Infrastructure
9.1. Overview of Laboratory Infrastructure
For support of national legal instruments, policies and plans related to chemical management,
numerous R & D organizations, institutes and laboratories have been established throughout the
country over the last decades. The main objectives of these facilities are following;
Quality control of chemicals
Residue analysis
Research on unknown substances
Monitoring of harmful effects of chemicals
Table 9.1 gives a brief detail of these organizations, institutes and laboratories.

9.1.1. Pesticides Research Laboratories

Ecotoxicology Research Programme
The Ecotoxicology Research Programme was established in 1993, in an effort of PARC RENPAP
(Regional Network on Pesticides in Asia and Pacific). The laboratories equipped with state-of-the
art analytical facilities. The institute collaborates with Pak-EPA in POPs enabling activities in
Pakistan.

9.1.2. Pesticide Research Institute, SARC Karachi

Southern zone Agriculture research Centre (SARC), Karachi is the second largest research
organization of PARC. Pesticide Research Institute, SARC is the pioneer of pesticide residue
analysis in the country. This lab is moderately equipped with analytical instruments and well
trained manpower. Besides pesticide residues analysis in grains, PRI is also acting as Reference Lab
for Quality Control of pesticide formulation.

9.1.3. Grain Quality Control and testing Labs (GQCTL)

Two labs Grain Quality Control and testing labs at NARC and SARC are fully equipped for
physical, chemical, microbial and pathology testing of grains quality. The lab at NARC is providing
services to public and private sectors in the grain producing areas while other is conducting final
inspection of grains before shipment of import.

9.1.4. Pesticide Chemistry Lab. NIAB, Faisalabad

Pesticide Chemistry Lab, nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad is under
administrative control of Pakistan Atomic Energy Agency (PAEA). This lab is conducting
pesticides residue analysis by employing radio labelled techniques for elucidating fate of pesticides
in different agro-ecological conditions.

9.1.5. National Institute of Health

The Nutrition Division of NIH, Islamabad is running programme for quality testing of food and
feed. The pesticide residue was started in 1981 and a project on food contamination study and
control in Asia and Far East was completed.

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9.1.6. Pesticide Quality Control Lab, ARI, Tarnab, Peshawar

A Pesticide Quality Control Lab is working in Directorate of Soil and Plant Nutrition, Agriculture
Research Institute, Tarnab since 1996. The lab is responsible for pesticide formulation analysis
and is conducting physio-chemical tests. This is the only lab in NWFP providing services to
farmers and other allied agencies.

9.1.7. Plant Protection Department (PPD)

The Plant Protection Department (PPD) has a network of laboratories throughout the country.
PPD labs are dealing with pesticides formulations being marketed in the country.

Table 9.1: Pesticide Residues Research Facilities in Pakistan

Institute Year of Activity

Establishment
Pesticide Research Laboratory, 1954 Pesticides quality control, pesticides
TARI, PARC, Karachi residues in food, crops, water, soil,
and human tissues.
Pesticide laboratory NIAB, 1969 Pesticides residues in food and soil
Faisalabad. especially through radio-tracers
techniques.
Nutrition Davison, NIH, 1975 Pesticides residues in food and
Islamabad tissues.
Federal Pesticides Research 1998 Pesticides quality control.
Laboratory, PARC, Multan
Ecotoxicology Research Institute, 1994 Pesticides residues in food- chain and
NARC, Islamabad environmental compartments, impact
of pesticides on non-target organisms.
Pesticide Laboratory, UAF, 1982 Academic
Faisalabad.
Chemistry Department NWFP Academic, dissipation pattern and
University of Agriculture, half-life.
Peshawar.
Chemistry Department, Peshawar Academic
University, Peshawar.
Pak-EPA, Islamabad 1993 Legislation, industrial and vehicular
pollution
Pesticide Division, Faisalabad. 1971 Quality Control
Pesticide Quality Control 1984 Quality Control
Laboratory, Lahore.
Pesticide Quality Control Quality control and residues in crops
Laboratory, Tarnab, Peshawar.
Grain Quality Testing Laboratory, 2004 Grain quality testing including
PARC, Islamabad pesticides residues
Grain Quality Testing Laboratory, 2004 Grain quality testing including

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PARC, Karachi. pesticides residues

Pesticides Residue Laboratory, 2007 Quality control and residues in crops
Kala Shah Kaku, Lahore

Most of the staff of above mentioned institutes conducts research on the efficacy trials of pesticides
and developing pest management packages. Very little attention is paid to ecological studies.
Whereas all the provincial institutes are mainly concerned with the quality of the pesticides, the
institute of Ecotoxicology have gone beyond and are looking into the residues in crops and food
products.

9.1.8. Fertilizer Monitoring and Research:

Like pesticides, no independent institute and /or non-governmental body/entity is in existence to
carry out research on any aspect of fertilizer consumption. However, following federal and
provincial institutes conduct research on all aspects of fertilizer production and formulating
recommendations for improving crop productivity through balanced fertilizer application.

National Fertilizer Development Centre (NDFC), Islamabad

Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC), Islamabad
Soil Fertility Survey & Soil Testing Institute , Lahore
Ayub Agrl. Research Institute, Faisalabad
Agrl. Research Institute, Tanab, Peshawar
Barani Agrl.Research Institute, Chakwal
Agricultural Research Institute, Sariab
Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan
Soil Chemistry Section & Soil Physics Laboratory Tandojam

9.1.9. Laboratories Established under Pakistan Council for Scientific & Industrial Research
(PCSIR)
9.1.9.1. Environmental / Analytical Laboratory PCSIR, Islamabad
Environmental/ Analytical Laboratory PCSIR, Islamabad is established in 2001, especially for
investigation and R&D on water and air pollution. The laboratory has capabilities to analyze
Organic, Inorganic and Microbiological contamination in water, wastewater, and foodstuff etc.
The laboratory has also capabilities for the industrial emission, automobile emission and
particulate matters analysis. Recently facilities have been upgraded for ambient air monitoring.
Laboratory has the following sections

Chemical Section
This section is equipped for the estimation and quantification, monitoring of Inorganic/
organic pollutants in different matrices.

Field Monitoring Section

This section is equipped with potable equipment required for automobile, industrial
emission and particulate matters investigation. This section is being upgraded by a mobile
air monitoring laboratory for ambient investigation.

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9.1.9.2. PCSIR Laboratories Complex (R & D) Karachi

Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories Complex Karachi is a
multifunctional unit. The laboratory has highly educated, well trained and skilled personnel,
having expertise in different scientific fields with broad vision especially in Pharmaceutical,
Marine, Food Sciences, Applied Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Physics, Computers,
Instrumentation Design and Development etc. PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Karachi has been
accredited in ISO 17025 from Pakistan National Accreditation Council (PNAC), Ministry of
Science & Technology.

Analytical Facilities and Services

Analytical Centres having analytical and testing facilities in following four disciplines have been
started, which are equipped with latest analytical equipment and are working under the strict
compliance to ISO – 9001 standard.

i. Analytical Centre for Pharmaceutical Chemicals / Products.

ii. Analytical Centre for Food and Marine Products.
iii. Analytical Centre for Plastic and Polymers.
iv. Analytical Centre for Equipment Calibration and Standardization.
The PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Karachi, offers following services to various entrepreneurs/
industries and other organizations. Work is carried in strict compliance of ISO-9001 standard
specification.
Development of new products and technologies or improvement in existing
products/technologies.
Designing, fabrication, installation and commissioning of new plants and machinery.
Development of processes for substitution of imported products.
Identification, analysis and evaluation of raw materials, finished and semi-finished
products.
Standardization and calibration of various instruments/equipment.
Trouble shooting of the problems relating to quality control, quality assurance
and Production.

Food & Marine Resources Research Centre

Food & Marine Resources Research Centre has been working on various research and
development projects of economic importance. The centre is engaged on various aspects of
marine resources utilization, preservation and conversation into value added products.
Another important area is the development of fish / shrimp culture. Food section is also
involved in the development of processes / products referred by different food industries.

Material Science Research Centre

Material Science is an interdisciplinary subject having an impact on many aspects of the
global economy. It involves the study and discovery of how materials work synthesis,
analysis and utilization of new materials which include polymers; electronics, thin film
materials, refectories & ceramics etc. Following are the activities of the Material Science
Research Center, PCSIR Labs., Complex, Karachi.

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Process Know-how/Products development

Testing and Analysis of Metallic/Non metallic and Polymeric Materials
Design, development and fabrication of Low Cost Scientific Instruments repair,
maintenance and calibration of instruments.

Pharmaceutical Research Centre

The centre provides services to R&D institutes, academics and industrial clients with
innovative solutions of their technical and industrial problems and conducting technical
training on sophisticated analytical equipment and Quality Management Systems.

Applied Chemistry Research Centre

This centre deals with diverse fields of process industry and has developed considerable
capabilities in related technologies. Import substitution of organic and inorganic chemicals
is a major area of interest in which the centre is presently involved. This includes industrial
chemicals, chemical pesticides and fungicides, dyes and pigments, fertilizers, intermediate
chemicals from BTX etc. Other activities include environmental studies and waste
management.

9.1.9.3. Leather Research Centre (R & D)

PCSIR has established a Leather Research Centre (LRC) at SITE area in Karachi. Main divisions
include following;

Leather Technology Division

This division actively pursues R & D activities in the following major areas:
Improvement in tanning technology
Reduction in cost of production.
Utilization of indigenous raw materials.
Meaningful use of tannery waste.
Introduction of low pollution tanning processes.

Chemical Research Division

This division undertakes R & D activities in the following major areas:
Development of know – how for the manufacture of leather chemicals locally.
Environmental studies relating & tannery effluent treatment and their recycling.

Research Utilization & Extension Division

This division is engaged in activities in the following major areas:
To make pilot plant studies on the processes developed at the Centre.
Technical & job-work facilities to the leather industry.

Chemical Testing
At the centre there are facilities for chemical testing of water & wastewater, leather, allied
chemicals, leather oils, chrome tanning materials, Sodium Sulphide and lime.

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9.1.9.4. Fuel Research Centre

Fuel Research Centre (FRC) of the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR)
is a major research and development (R & D) institute for fuel research in Pakistan. Over the
years, FRC has developed capability to undertake comprehensive analyses and testing of not only
solid and liquid fuels like coal, coke diesel and gasoline but also liquid and gaseous products
obtained from coal and petroleum industries. The centre is actively engaged in scientific and
technological research work pertaining to coal, coke, bio-mass, liquid and gaseous fuels. The broad
spectrum of the activities of FRC revolves around evaluating indigenous fuels and concentrating
efforts on achieving self-reliance in the energy needs of the country. The Centre has achieved
expertise to undertake research and offer technical assistance and services not only to Government
departments but also to private and public sector organizations.

o Analytical Facilities and Services

Analytical facilities and services include physical, chemical and mineralogical testing and
analyses of fuels and fuel quality and adulteration testing services.

o Environmental Studies and Testing

EIA / EIS national /international projects, monitoring of air, water & soil pollution;
ambient air studies; stack emission studies; identification /testing of organic /inorganic
pollutants.

o Coal Conversion and Coal Combustion

The facilities include, beneficiation studies; desulphurization of coal; carbonization
properties of coals; smokeless coal briquettes; gasification of coal; development of coal-oil
and coal-water emulsions; studies on fluidized bed combustion; environmental effects of
combustion.

o Hydrogen and Alternate Fuels

Productions of hydrogen through cost-effective techniques; preparation of metallic
hydrides and complexes; utilization in internal combustion engines, etc.

o Common Services
Pilot plant, workshop, stores, library and administration services.

9.1.9.5. PCSIR Laboratories, (R & D, Analysis) Peshawar

The PCSIR Laboratories, Peshawar are located at Jamrud road adjacent to University of Peshawar.
The Peshawar Laboratories of the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research were
initiated in 1955 with a view to especially investigating raw material resources of the region and
assisting in its industrial development.

The laboratories main objectives were the development of processes of industrial importance,
directed to assisting in import substitution. This led to a more active interaction with the industry
resulting in the development of several processes of industrial importance. About two dozen such
process has already been leased out for commercial exploitation.

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9.1.9.6. PCSIR Laboratories Quetta

PCSIR Quetta was initially established with the main objective of the project is to establish a bi-
functional laboratory with a view to provide technical assistance and expertise to the mineral and
fruit sectors of the province.

Analytical Facilities and Services:

Following are the facilities and services which are provide by laboratories:
Complete facilities are available for chemical characterization and analysis of ores and
minerals.
In addition to microbiological analysis facilities for chemical evaluation of various fruits
and fruit products are also available.
Facilities are also available for analysis of drinking water for wide range of tests including
microbiological analysis. In addition testing and analytical assignments are also carried out
pertaining to industrial effluents.
Facilities are available for physico-chemical characterization of irrigation water and soil.
The laboratories have also the capabilities of undertaking complete testing of manures and
fertilizers analyses.

9.1.9.7. PCSIR Laboratories Complex Lahore

The PCSIR Laboratories Complex Lahore, formerly known as the West Regional Laboratories
started functioning with a nucleus staff in a wing of the Punjab University‘s Institute of Chemistry
in 1953. This nucleus set up was shifted in 1956 to the present permanent site. The complex is
consisted of following research centres;

Applied Chemistry Research Centre

The Centre has its origin in the former Oils, Fats & Waxes Division Created in 1955 in
the PCSIR Laboratories, Lahore. The Divisions after passing through various evolutionary
phases, in order to meet the demands of time, was elevated to the Applied Chemistry
Research Centre in 1989, also taking into its folds the former Pharmaceutical Division,
Agro-industrial Division, and the Industrial liaison Cell. Objective and goals of the Centre
are:
o Identification and evaluation of indigenous raw materials;
o Development of industrial processes for the utilization of locally available raw
materials;
o Indigenous development of imported chemicals and industrial materials such as
agricultural chemicals, pharmaceuticals, catalysts, textile auxiliaries, detergents,
dyes, lubricants, greases, in addition to utilization of industrial wastes and bye-
products, oils and fats, essential oils, and hydrocarbons;
o Advisory and analytical services to the industry;
o And R&D work in various applied fields of chemistry.

Biotechnology and Food Research Centre

The merger of two separate Divisions of the Laboratories of PCSIR namely, Biological
Evaluation & Fermentation and Food Technology & Nutrition in 1977 has evolved into

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the present set-up of this centre. Through wide and varied in the scope of R&D areas being
pursed by the professionals of the centre, the strength in microbiology and analytical
facilities have been instrumental in keeping these activities inter-linked. The major
objectives are assistance in the establishment / development of food and biotechnology
industry in the country through value-added output from low-priced raw materials, bio-
resource development and utilization, quality assurance of finished products, industrial
trouble-shooting and attracting small and medium entrepreneurs to the establishment of
industry.

Minerals and Metallurgy Research Centre

The Minerals and Metallurgy Research Centre is engaged in R&D activities in areas related
to mineralogy and geochemistry, mineral processing, physical metallurgy, cast metals
technology, chemical evaluation, corrosion protection, product development, technological
promotion, and industrial relations. The Centre has a well oriented multipurpose ore
beneficiation pilot plant, which is a centralized facility capable of beneficiation studies on
different types of metallic and non-metallic minerals. The major objective of the creation of
the centre is to provide assistance in the establishment / development of mineral based
industry through value added output, mineral development and utilization, quality
assurance of finished products, resolution of industrial trouble shooting, and attracting
small and medium level entrepreneurs to the establishment of industry.

Applied Physics, Computers and Instrumentation Centre

The centre was established basically to cater the equipment maintenance services to serve
PCSIR itself and industries, educational institutions, and R&D organizations situated in
and around Lahore. In-house R&D activities were also initiated to design, develop and
fabricate commonly used scientific laboratory instruments as import substitutes. This
centre is also providing services for calibration and standardization of scientific
instruments to industries as per requirement of the ISO 9001/9002. One of the activities
of this centre is to design, develop and fabricate clean energy devices.

Glass and Ceramics Research Centre

Glass and ceramics research centre was established for advancing material science and
technology in Pakistan. The centre is engaged in research and development of
conventional as well as innovative functional glass and ceramic material and their products
for industrial use.

Centre for Environmental Protection Studies:

The Centre for Environment Protection Studies previously existed in the form of a section
and due to its important role it was given the status of Centre in 1991. Among its major
functions are included development of technologies for industrial wastes treatment and
designing of treatment plants, preparation of environmental impact assessment, carrying
out environmental impact assessment, evaluation / characterization of materials and
wastes, carrying out environment related surveys, provision of technical expert guidance on
environment related problems and issues in national and international perspective and

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help in chalking out action plans on environmental management as desired by

Government of Pakistan, public and private sectors, preparation of environmental
management relates documents, waste management, and monitoring of environment
pollution.

Engineering Research Centre:

The Engineering Research Centre has been established by the merger of General Services
Division and Electrical Measurement & Test Laboratory. Main objectives of the Centre
are:
o Design, fabrication, installation and operation of pilot plants and equipment;
o Computer aided design, engineering & development activities;
o Test and performance evaluation of electrical products;
o Quality control and quality assurance through R & D standardization activities;
training of manpower to uplift their technical knowledge in the relevant field;
o Handling civil construction repair and building maintenance and utilities services;
technical advisory services to public and private sectors.

9.1.10. Attock Refinery Limited (ARL) Quality Control Laboratory (QCL)

ARL is the first laboratory in the oil-refining sector of the country to achieve the coveted ISO 9002
accreditation. Quality Control Laboratory of ARL has been awarded ISO/IEC 17025:2005
Accreditation by the Pakistan National Accreditation Council (PNAC), Ministry of Science and
Technology, Government of Pakistan on October 4, 2007, thereby becoming the first and the only
laboratory in the oil & gas sector of Pakistan to achieve this distinction.

ISO/IEC 17025:2005 Laboratory Accreditation is the criteria for laboratories to demonstrate the
technical competence to carry out specific test methods, generate valid internationally traceable
calibration data, test results, and operate an effective quality system. This accreditation, thus, gives
ARL‘s Laboratory an international standing equivalent to any of the international laboratories of
repute.

9.1.11. Pak-EPA - Central Labs for Environmental Analysis and Networking (CLEAN),
Islamabad
Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency has established Central Laboratory for Environmental
Analysis (CLEAN) in its premises at Islamabad. The Laboratory comprises of three sections i.e.
analytical, field measurement and sampling.

It is equipped with state of art computerized analytical equipment. The Laboratory has facilities for
analyzing pollutants in air, water and soil beside toxicity levels in food stuffs and other products.
It has its regular environmental investigation programmes for air, water and soil pollution. Pak-
EPA has conducted a latest research study with the assistant of JICA experts on air pollution with
emphasis on suspended particulate matters in three major cities of the country. It has also
conducted regular monitoring of air in Islamabad. Study on development of inventory of chemical
used in industries has been carried out. It has the capabilities of carrying out field activities using

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portable equipments viz. high volume samplers, DO, PH and Turbidity Meter along with other
relevant equipments for compliance of National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS).

CLEAN Works in the following Areas:

Analysis of municipal, industrial effluent and other environmental related samples
Research/Investigation to identify different pollutant affecting public health
Establish national procedures and methodologies for testing NEQS parameters
Training to provincial Environmental Protection Agencies, Industrial sector and non-
government organizations (NGOs)
Propose amendments in the NEWS, if and where required based on the technical investigation
Provides research facilities to different universities Institutions

9.1.12. Pakistan Institute of Science and Technology (PINSTECH), Nilor, Islamabad

PINSTECH has a variety of analytical equipment with advanced and powerful instrumental
techniques, which can be compared, to the most modern laboratories in the developed countries.
Separation and pre-concentration procedures have been developed for a variety of elements based
on their solvent extraction, ion exchange and adsorption studies with wide applications in
radiochemistry and in waste management technologies. Services include the analysis of biological,
environmental, geological and industrial samples, alloys, reactor grade water samples, etc.
Following analysis are available at PINSTECH:

Trace element analyses of industrial as well as environmental materials

Quantitative analysis of metals at trace and ultra trace levels
Elemental analysis
Quantitative analysis of metals at trace and ultra trace levels
Gas analysis
Neutron Activation Analysis
Analysis of gases and organic constituents
Analysis of anions and cations in water samples at trace level
Analysis of organic compounds such as steroids, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons
Determination of actinides and radio nuclide
Services analysis in the fields of agriculture, hydrology, geology, environment and medicine
Measuring tritium and radiocarbon of water samples determination of the purity of various
ligands, radioactive products and TC-kits, etc.

9.1.13. Industrial Analytical Centre, IAC, (HEJ), Karachi

IAC currently offers a wide range of services from chemical analysis, microbiological testing, food
science, biotechnology, pharmacology, and material testing. Their researchers and technicians use
the latest techniques (methodology) and the modern analytical instrumentations to provide
accurate results. The range of services offered by IAC is
Analysis of chemicals, organic & inorganic samples
Analysis of Food items and agriculture products for chemical & nutritional profiles.
Industrial materials like polymers, dyes, and solvents.
Pharmaceutical & Herbal Products

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Microbiological & Toxicological analysis

All type of Petroleum Products
Calorific Value in Coal, Food Items, oils etc.
Aflatoxin in food items
Pesticide Analysis
Ghee and Oil Analysis
Analysis of fertilizers and raw material testing
Analysis of different types of salts

9.1.14. SGS Chemical and Environmental Laboratory, Karachi (Analysis)

SGS laboratories are doing the analysis of raw materials and the testing of products in following
areas;
Air samples (gas bags and adsorption tubes)
Soil (soil, sludges and water bottoms)
Waste (hazardous waste, industrial waste)
Water (waste water, groundwater, process water, drinking water)
Organic Micro Pollutants service
Asbestos identification by
o In situ sampling
o Leachates examination
o Microbiology and parasitology

The Environment and Food

Certain organic substances have an extremely high toxicity, or are persistent and can be
accumulated in our environment. These can be dioxins in flue gases, acrylamide in deep-
fried products or pesticide residues in vegetables and fruit. Even a suspected presence of
these micro pollutants in the product can jeopardize the continuity of the enterprise. SGS
has founded the Institute for Applied Chromatography (I.A.C.). It is a unique laboratory
able to quickly detect the slightest contamination by organic micro pollutants.

9.1.15. Global Environmental Labs (Pvt), (GEL)

Global Environmental Lab (Private) Limited (GEL), was established in 1996, is the first dedicated
environmental lab of Pakistan that is owned and managed by the private sector. After more than a
decade, the lab has grown from initial operations being limited to the effluent analysis of certain
parameters of NEQS to the additions of specialized and highly skilled services. Today GEL has
established its network of laboratories all over Pakistan. GEL has been certified for Quality
Management System (QMS). It is also working on ISO 17025 accreditation and will soon be one
of the accredited laboratories. It is providing services to various sectors including:
Oil and Gas Exploration and Production
Textiles Industries
Pharmaceuticals
Tanneries
Food Industries
Chemical Industries

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Government Agencies (which includes Federal and Provincial EPAs)

Non Government Organizations

Testing and monitoring services presently offered by the company include the following:
Liquid Effluent Analysis
Drinking Water Analysis
Soil & Sludge Analysis
Microbiological Analysis
Gaseous Emissions and Particulate Matter Analysis
Ambient Air Monitoring
Noise Level Measurements
Light Intensity Measurement
Complete Monitoring as per NEQS
Waste Management

GEL owns two commercial incineration facilities, one in Karachi and the other in Lahore. Both
the facilities are approved by the relevant EPA and have handled over 400,000 kgs. of various types
of industrial hazardous and non-hazardous wastes. The waste includes production line waste,
damaged and spoiled raw materials, expired finished goods and sludge from treatment plants, oil
contaminated soils etc. The services provided by GEL in waste disposal/ treatment are in following
areas;
Water Disposal
Incineration
Bio-remediation
Research and Development facility for disposal
Waste Minimization through good housekeeping
Waste recycling

9.1.16. Department of Plant Protection MINFAL

The Department of Plant Protection emanated from the nucleus staff that opted for Pakistan at
the time of independence. Soon after its establishment the department had to fight the locust
menace that posed a serious threat to the national plant wealth. By the passage of time, awareness,
modernization, pollution and priorities on agricultural policy against the use of pesticides, have
consequently reduced the activities of aerial sprays to a large extent. The department now headed
by the Plant Protection Adviser and Director General, is mainly responsible for the following
activities:
Registration of Pesticides under the Agricultural Pesticides Ordinance, 1971;
Regulation of Import, manufacture, formulation, refilling/ repacking, sale, use &
advertisement of pesticides;
Convening meetings of Agricultural Pesticides Technical advisory Committee & Sub-
committees;
Coordination with Federal and Provincial Governments, Private sector and International
Organization
Quality check of pesticides

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International obligations
Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain
Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides (signatory since 1992) Director General – DNA
(Designated National Authority)
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutant (POPs) (signatory since 2001)
Basel Convention on the Control of Tranboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and
their Disposal (signatory since 1994)
Montreal Protocol on Substances Depleting Ozone Layer (ratified on 18.12.1992)

Federal Pesticides Testing and Reference Labs

For testing and quality control of pesticides, the Plant Protection Department has established
Federal Pesticides Testing and Reference Labs in Karachi, Hyderabad, Rohri, Multan, Lahore,
Faisalabad and Tarnab. The main functions of these labs are;
o Testing samples for registration, quality control, import and officially purchased chemicals.
o Entertain appeals against analysis reports of the Provincial Government labs.
o Provide training to chemists of provincial departments.

9.1.17. Bureau Veritas Consumer Product Services

Founded in 1828, Bureau Veritas is a worldwide leader in certification, conformity assessment,
training and consultancy services. Its mission is to assist customers in QHSE and SA management
(Quality, Health, Safety, Environment and Social Accountability) of their assets, products or
services, systems and employees. Through its services portfolio, Bureau Veritas contributes to risk
prevention and performance improvement in order to help companies create long-term value.
Bureau Veritas is a recognized leader in interpreting the global regulatory environment.

BVCPS, Pakistan is committed to leveraging the technical expertise of the Network to deliver
added value services to its customers from Pakistan. It conducts tests according to the Standards
and regulations of the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC),
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), British Standards Institute (BSI) etc. as well as buyer specified standards. A
Comprehensive Range of Services include;

Textile Testing
o Product evaluation at development, pre-production and production stage.
o Testing to national and international standards
o Product regulatory and safety compliance assessments
o Product evaluation for appearance, quality and performance
o Reporting data in user friendly test reports
o Technical support network to answer questions, interpret results, and help manage our
quality assurance program
o Customized or standard testing program development and implementation
o Defect Analysis of customer complaint items or manufacturing defects

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o Comparative analysis of own brand products to the competition Re-testing after corrective
actions have been put in place, to assure on-going product quality

9.1.18. National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL), PCRWR

The National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL), of Pakistan Council for Research in Water and
Resources at PCRWR Headquarters Islamabad, is a premier laboratory of water quality in
Pakistan. In a short span of time, it has established itself as a centre of excellence in water quality
management by upgrading its infrastructure and improving the quality of scientific manpower. It
has the capacity to analyze more than 116 water quality parameters (drinking, irrigation and waste
water) and is fully capable to support industry, research institutes and universities in this area. The
NWQL has three main sections i.e. Microbiology Section, Chemical Analysis Section and
Wastewater Analysis Section.

The PCRWR has established other National Water Quality Laboratories in its centers at Lahore,
Bahawalpur, Tando Jam, Quetta, Peshawar, and Abbottabad.

9.1.19. Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan (HDIP)

The Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan (HDIP) is the national petroleum Research
& Development (R&D) organization which provides consultancy, advisory and laboratory services,
expertise and facilities, public and private sector organizations and companies and renders
technical services to the government.

HDIP has established state of the art Petroleum Testing Labs for checking of quality, standards
and specifications of hydrocarbons including crude petroleum, petroleum products, liquefied
petroleum gas and natural gas in downstream petroleum sector and geochemical labs in upstream
petroleum sector.

Geochemical Labs
The Geochemical labs are providing services for Bitumen Classification, Source Rock
Typing, Gas Analysis by Chromatography, TOC and Rock Eval (S1, S2, S3 and Tmax), Gas
Chromatography of Saturated Hydrocarbons, Biological Marker Analysis by Gas
Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, Natural Gas Analysis by Gas Analyser, Calorific
Value and Gravity Estimation of Gas by Calculation Method, Compositional Analysis of
LPG, Density Estimation by Calculation Method, Light Hydrocarbon Analysis by Head
Space Gas Analyser.

Hydrocarbon Characterization is done for, Total Hydrocarbon by Infrared Spectro-

photometer, Semi Volatile Hydrocarbons (C9-C30) and Total Hydrocarbon (>C30).
Geochemical Labs are also Formation Water Analysis, for pH, Total Suspended Solid
(TSS), Density, Alkalinity m/P-val, Conductivity, Metal Analysis, Non-metal Analysis,
Hardness (Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Nitrate Sulphate and Chloride), Total Dissolved Solids
(TDS). Inorganic Soil Analysis are offered for, Trace Metals (AAS) e.g. Al, Ba, Mg, Cr, Fe,
Pb, Ca, Ni, Si, Ag, Mn, Zn and for Non-Metals e.g. Sulphate, Nitrate, Chloride, Phosphate

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Petroleum Testing Labs

In downstream sector testing and evaluation of petroleum products like Condensate,
Gasoline, Ethanol, Light Diesel Oil (LDO) and Allied Products, High Speed Diesel,
(HSD), Kerosene, Furnace Oil, Asphalt (residual oil), Brake Fluid, Grease, Transformer
Oil, Lubricating Oil, LPG, Natural Gas, Other POL compounds is done as per
internationally accepted ASTM/ IP Methods. In addition to that sampling & inspection of
POL products, sampling & testing of POL import products and Inspection of Lube Plants
and fuel oil storage and terminals.

Combustion Engineering Labs

The Combustion Engineering Labs are providing facilities for study of environmental
pollution for the CO2, CO, Soots, Nitrogen and Sulphur, in ppm level, Exhaust Emission
Study, Energy Conservation Study for the Industries, Study for the Substitute Fuel
Performance in I.C. Engine, Efficiency Monitoring of Domestic Heating Appliances.

The following pilot plants are also available to undertake various process studies.
o Thermal Cracking
o Liquid-Liquid Extraction
o Organic Chemistry Chemicals Formulation and Polymerization-catalytic conversion
process.

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

HDIP, being pioneer in introducing and establishing Compressed Natural Gas as an
alternate fuel for cars and busses in Pakistan offers following expertise in this sector;
o Establishment of CNG stations on turnkey basis or through technical support.
o Testing and certification of compressed natural gas (CNG) cylinders.
o Dynamometer based tuning of vehicles.
o Technical evaluation of imported and locally manufactured CNG equipment.
o Safety Inspection of CNG station as per Pakistan CNG Rules 1992.
o Safety inspection related documents and technical details:

Environmental Analysis
Environmental analysis are done for Water Portability (Dissolved), Alkalinity, Conductivity, pH,
Chloride, Iron, Bicarbonate, Nitrate, Sulphate, Carbonate, Sodium, Hydrocarbons, TDS
Hardness, Calcium and Magnesium, Water Salinity (Dissolved), Calcium, Chloride, Magnesium,
pH, Potassium, Sulphate, Sodium and Conductivity. Studies for Trace Elements in
Salt/Sediments/Water, Trace Metal Analysis by Atomic Absorption (15 Elements) are also done.

9.2. Overview of Technical Training and Education Programmes

For the development of technical expertise for chemical management and environmental
management in general the, academia, public sector research organizations and NGOs (local as
well as foreign) are involved. The expertise required for chemical management in the country is
required in two main areas;
Implementing government policies

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Chemical management, covering education in chemistry, environmental sciences and

management, environmental engineering, Ecotoxicology, health and safety issues etc.

The courses related to implementation of government policies are lacking in curricula of Pakistani
universities. The major courses available in the universities are in public
administration/management, human resources management, environmental management,
environmental sciences, chemistry, chemical engineering, biochemistry, public health, toxicology,
and some other related directly or indirectly with the chemical management. All major universities
of Pakistan have well established chemistry departments. Engineering universities are teaching in
chemical technology or chemical engineering. Environmental management and environmental
sciences are taught in many universities of public as well as private sector. These universities are
recognised by Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan.

Apart from degree courses offered by universities, they are also involved in industrial research with
the collaboration of chemical industry and other related industries. The focus of their research is
mainly in industrial processes development and environmental issues. The subject chemistry is
taught at school level as compulsory subject all over the country.

In addition to the academia, public as well as private research organizations are also involved in
trainings related to chemical management. The training programmes are designed specially for the
needs of capacity building of government officials and staff with national as well as international
technical and financial assistance.

Pakistan National Accreditation Council is developing the Quality Culture in the country through
awareness and training programs in the field of quality and accreditation. For this purpose a series
of courses have been designed by internationally trained staff of PNAC. These courses are based
on internally harmonized system and are based on the body of knowledge of different foreign
bodies in the field of accreditation and quality. It is worth to mention that for effective
implementation of international standards a well documented quality management system and
validated technical procedures are required through well-trained and competent staff. The major
courses include;
Laboratory Accreditation Courses based on the requirement of ISO/IEC 17025
Awareness and implementation of ISO/IEC 17025
Traceability and Uncertainty in Measurement for Testing and Calibration Laboratories
(ISO/IEC 17025)
Method Validation (ISO/IEC 17025)
Quality Assurance (Proficiency Testing/ ILC) (ISO/IEC 17025)
Medical Laboratory Accreditation Courses (ISO 15189:2007)
Laboratory Quality Management Course (ISO 15189:2007)
Inspection Bodies Accreditation Courses ISO/IEC 17020:1998/ APLAC TR001
Inspection Bodies Management Course based on ISO/IEC 17020
Certified Manager of Quality

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To promote quality improvement practices in the country, Pakistan National Accreditation

Council (PNAC), under the administrative control of the Ministry of Science and Technology has
launched a project "Awareness Raising and Training on Conformity Assessment, Quality and
Productivity" (ARTCAQP) in the year 2007. The project envisages mass awareness raising for all
the stakeholders and general public through seminars / courses and media campaign to improve
the quality of our goods and services for achieving the following objectives: -
To create awareness among the industry, industrial policymakers, academia, service
providers, exporters and consumers etc about the benefit of adopting quality improvement
practices.
To arrange special seminars, workshops and training courses for all the stakeholders for
improving skills in the field of quality, environment, product certification, test and
calibration and accreditation, etc.
To educate/train consumers on environment, social and economic impact of consumers
choice.
To assist consumer associations to start a quality awareness campaign amongst consumers
through publication of material, articles in newspapers and holding of seminars/workshops
etc.
To launch a publicity campaign in print and electronic media in order to create awareness
and facilitate our exporters, industry and other stakeholders about importance of
international standards, conformity assessment procedures and benefits of improving the
quality of our goods and services.
Development of know how, resource information and compilation of information through
conduct of surveys included but not limited to cost of non-conformance in manufacturing,
services and agriculture sector etc.
To disseminate information collected through surveys to facilitate both public and private
sector organizations for enhancing the quality and productivity to become competitive in
local and international markets.
To create awareness among the manufactures, producers and exporters to know more
about the threats and opportunities arising from the WTO regime.
To conduct sectoral studies through professional organizations on losses due to poor
quality in different sectors, information on technical requirements of major importing
countries and dissemination of such information to stakeholders in order to reduce
technical barriers to trade.

Under the ARTCAQP project seminars and courses are held on the following topics in different
cities with close collaboration of Chambers of Commerce & Industry, Industrial Associations,
Consumer Associations, Academic Institutions or any other stakeholder organizations both in
public and private sectors.

Global Environmental Labs, private organization is provides training to various industries,

educational institutions, NGOs etc. Trainings are provided in the following fields:
Environmental Management Systems (EMS)
Environmental Awareness
Self Monitoring and Reporting Tool (SMART)

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National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)

Health and Safety
Bio-Diversity

Pakistan Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) arranges seminars, workshops and
training programmes in the specialized fields for the senior technical staff of the industry in order
to update the knowledge of industrial workers and to teach the modern techniques, skills and
latest methods for improving the quality and standards of their industrial products. PCSIR has a
network of training centers across the country in major cities, related to industrial electronics
engineering, precision mechanics and instrumentation and processing systems

Training courses in Water Quality Monitoring on Capacity Building under the project provision
of Safe Drinking Water–Khushal Pakistan Programme , were organised by PCRWR which were
completed in 2008. More than 500 managers, operators and technicians have qualified these
courses.

9.3. Overview of Environmental Health, Occupational Health & Chemical Safety

a. Environmental Health
Lack of access to safe drinking water, inadequate sanitation facilities, improper solid waste
management including healthcare waste are the major environmental health problems identified
in Pakistan. The government of Pakistan has recently launched "Clean Drinking Water Program"
(Ministry of Environment) for all, which includes provision of drinking water treatment plants at
the tehsil level. Pakistan Council for Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) has planned to build
a network of drinking water testing laboratories in major cities of the country.

The Ministry of Health in its Prevention and Control of Hepatitis Project has allocated resources
for up-gradation of NIH and provincial laboratories, model water filtration plants and household
water treatment methods in particular. There is a need to guide the hospitals on making waste
management plan for hospitals in light of approved hospital waste rules.

Achievements
Preparation of PC-1s for the federal and provincial Environmental Health Units (EHU)
Formulation of National Drinking Water Standards
Development of National Strategy for Healthy Environments for Children
Development of the proposal for Environmental Health Awareness Program

Objectives
Strengthen the network among the Federal and Provincial Environmental Health Units
Update and adopt National Drinking Water Quality Standards
Provide guidelines for household water treatment methods and low cost sanitation options
Prepare draft Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
Develop guidelines for health care waste management to be implemented in the hospitals

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b. Chemical Safety
The major priority areas out lined are:
Registry of mortality and morbidity data throughout the country in all age groups and both
genders and measures to reduce it.
Networking of Poison Control centers through out the country with national and
International links. These centers are pivotal in the registry, investigation, treatment,
research & training of health professionals of health related chemicals along with public
awareness programmes.
Urgent establishment of Poison Information Services through out the country, minimum
of all tertiary care centers with trained staff, and IT facilities.
Urgent need for collaboration & coordination amongst the various ministries, institutions
and departments (stakeholders), to reduce the cost of programmes and to develop effective
evidence based data of all issues related to harmful effect of chemicals on human health.
Incorporation of all data/ reports in the training programmes of health professionals,
medical students and general public awareness.

Achievements
Trained doctors and nurses for other centers at National Poison Control Center Karachi.
Data of National Poison Center ready and compiled and pear reviewed by International
University to be used as reference data.
Established Provincial Poison Control Center at Faisalabad.
Provincial Poison Control Centers ready for official inaugural at Hyderabad, Multan and
Peshawar.
Module of Poison Information Services along with the resources in the form of electronic
media and hard copy ready to start the training of doctors, nurses and pharmacists at major
tertiary health care centers of all four provinces in the country.

Constrains
Inadequate coordination and collaboration amongst various stake holders at federal and
provincial levels involved in chemical handling.
Lack of available data for research.
Lack of laboratories to perform research.

Objectives
Networking of nationwide poison control centers to be the center of excellence for registry,
treatment, investigations and research.
Source of public awareness campaigns and training of health professionals.
Prevention and long-term surveillance programmes.
Establish Poison Information Services throughout the country.
Bring the different stakeholders on one platform to address issues related to chemical
safety.

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c. Occupational Health
The great industrial growth in the country has resulted in high rates of accidents, occupational
diseases and unhealthy working environments in Pakistan. A large proportion of the workforce is
illiterate and employed in the informal and unregulated sectors of economy. The women and
children are even more vulnerable as they are largely employed in the informal and unregulated
sectors, with little or no basic occupational health and safety services.

Most of the workforce is not even prepared to cope with the hazards posed by the modern
technologies and processes. Legislation concerning occupational safety and health needs to be
drafted in line with the Labour Policy 2001, which encompasses the decision for bringing the new
law called as "Occupational Health & Safety Act" (OSHA). This law will replace all the existing
laws related to inspection of workplaces.

There is a dire need to institutionalize the Occupational Safety and Health in this country. The
guiding legal framework for establishment of supervisory and enforcement institutions is provided
by the laws enacted by the federal government. A comprehensive situational analysis of
occupational health related issues should be done so that the gaps identified can be addressed.

Objectives
Prepare Occupational Safety & Health Act (OSHA)
Improve multidisciplinary networking among the various stakeholders
Build capacity in occupational health

9.4. Overview of Government Information System

The first IT Policy and Action Plan of Pakistan was approved by the Federal Cabinet in the year
2000. The IT Policy paid particular attention to the use of IT in Government. Prior to the
formation of the IT Division an IT Commission was working. As a concrete follow-up step to the
IT Policy, in October 2002, the Federal Cabinet approved the conversion of the IT Commission
into the E-Government Directorate (EGD). EGD was set up as a cell within the Ministry of IT to
focus specifically on E-Government. The E-government Directorate has the primary responsibility
for bringing about the e-government transformation within the Federal Government, with strong
cooperation and commitment, necessarily, from the various Federal Government organizations.

EGD has provided Personal Computers or equivalent computing resource, office productivity
suite, including word processing, spreadsheet and presentation software, Email, system
management and security clients, departmental servers for print sharing, local area networking to
enable electronic communication between users of the Ministry as well as directory services to
ensure authentication and authorization for users and the networking between the Divisions for
inter-ministerial communications.
The e-governments system consists of common applications that are common to many or all
Divisions of the Federal Government. They were implemented once and replicated across multiple
Divisions. The second part is agency-specific applications are all applications that e-enable agency-
specific services and processes. These applications have very limited or no potential for replication
in other organizations. E-Services includes the use of electronic means for all interaction between

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citizens and government agencies, including availing services from the government, understanding
the status of work in progress and accessing results of the process.

E-Government in the context of the Federal Government of Pakistan is defined as a combination

of internal e-enablement and the external provision of e-Services to stakeholders of the Federal
Government. Government-to-Government includes Federal, Provincial, Local, as well as
Governments of other countries and international agencies. To allow for process and IT system
integration as well as the provision of services that support significant administrative savings and
improve service delivery to citizens.

Government-to-Business includes all Suppliers as well as Businesses procuring services from GOP.
Reduce the government‘s burden on businesses by accelerating government processes vis-à-vis
businesses, providing services, eliminating redundant collection of data and better leveraging E-
business technologies for communication.

Government-to-Citizen includes all Citizens of Pakistan. Provide easy to find, easy to use, points-of-
service while providing higher speed, higher quality, and greater accessibility. Government-to-
Employee includes all Government Employees. Provide easy to find, easy to use, points-of-service
while providing higher speed, higher quality, and greater accessibility. The first phase includes the
provision of information alone. The quality, usability and currency of the content determine the
value of this phase of e-government.

In the second interactive phase, E-Government provides some degree of online interaction. For
instance, citizens can enter complaints or job applications online. This phase does not include
secure transactions such as financial or other transactions that require a high degree of
authorization and audit.

In the collaborative phase citizens and businesses collaborate with the government on processes,
projects, etc. This is especially important for businesses working together with the government on
projects, for public-private partnerships, NGOs, citizen forums, etc. This phase requires a
collaboration infrastructure, which brings together suppliers, consumers and the government in a
network with the object of increasing value creation.

The automation of Government offices carried out by EGD has resulted in a substantial
transformation of decision making process from usual typing oriented methods to hi-tech word
processing and with improved productivity of staff. It has provided a fast pace communication
system within the government as well as for public to government.

All Ministries/government departments and related organizations have ensure that their websites
contain essential content as per guidelines provided by the Ministry of IT and are updated
regularly. Ministry of IT reviews the quality of content of the websites and prepares a monthly
report which is submitted to the PM Secretariat/Cabinet Division.

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The officers and staff of all Ministries and attached departments have been provided with the
personal computers with Microsoft window operating system and MS Office tools. The computers
are maintained and upgraded time to time. The computers have been connected with the high
speed internet. Through this network the individual ministries are maintaining and regularly
upgrading their data bases. National and international data and information access from the
World Wide Web is available. The systems have similar operating systems therefore are compatible
for exchange of data and information with the country and outside the country.

9.5. Comments/Analysis
As far as the technical infrastructure is concerned, a large number of laboratories have
been established throughout the country related to chemical analysis.
A large number of laboratories have been accredited through National Accreditation
Council of Pakistan, where the laboratory quality standards are being maintained. But still
there are other laboratories which still require certification.
The Standard Reference chemicals are very expensive and there availability in the country
is insufficient.
The laboratory grade chemicals required for lab analysis are although available in the
country on demand but their quality standards are required to be monitored as the
practices of adulteration is common.
Although education in chemistry, chemical engineering, environmental management and
environmental studies is available in the country but there are no specific course available
for chemical management. The additional modules are required in the curricula of the
universities with reference to the chemical management, waste management, waste
treatment etc.
With reference to public health Pesticides Management in Pakistan using WHO
Guidelines, the following should be considered
o Need for enhanced coordination between Ministries of Food, Health, Agriculture
& Live stock and Environment.
o Need for enhanced participation of Ministry of Health in the registration process,
particularly in case of pesticides that are used in Public Health.
o Strengthening of agencies responsible for enforcement of laws, for formulation and
repackaging, storage and transportation of pesticides. There should be a national
monitoring and surveillance system.
o Surveillance of pesticide poisoning is through National Poisoning Control Center
Karachi at Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre Karachi. This center is acting as a
registry, information investigation, treatment and research center at Federal level.
The provincial centers at different hospitals are only acting as treatment centres for
pesticides cases. The existing poison control centers are insufficient for catering the
needs of the large population. There is an urgent need to increase such facilities
with required technical human resource and infrastructure. The capacity building
of existing poison control centers in terms of trained persons and technical support
is also required.
o The inter-linkage of National Poison Control Center and Provincial Centers is also
very important. There is a need for coordination mechanism between these centers,

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registration authority at Plant Protection Department, and Ministries of Health and

Environment.
o There is a need for strong National Public Health Pesticides Resistance Monitoring
System.
o Public health authorities need to be involved in the licensing process of public
health pesticides.
o Ministry of Health should be involved in the national information exchange system
and strong public health pesticide management awareness should be done, in
collaboration of ministry of health.
o To address the poisoning due to different agents, whether acute or chronic, the
integrated and collaborative approach of government, non governmental
organizations along with industries and private sector representatives is required.
o Institutional capacities are needed to be strengthened in terms of improved
availability of information, filling gaps in the understanding of chemicals related
health issues, risk assessment methods, protection of vulnerable groups including
children, workers and population in general, promotion of safe alternatives and
needs for prevention.
There is a dire need for development of emergency response infrastructures in the country
for chemical disaster management. The National Disaster Management Plan does not
include chemical accidents response and management plan in it.

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CHAPTER NO: 10

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 10 266

10. Chemical Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Follow-up 266

10.1. Chemical Emergency Planning 266
10.1.1. Policies & Protocols with Links to Disaster Risk Management 267
10.1.2. Technical Committees for National Disaster Management 268
10.1.3. Roles and Responsibilities of Key Stakeholders in NDMF 269
10.2. Chemical Incident Response 270
10.3. Chemical Incident follow-up and Evaluation 270
10.4. Comments/Analysis 271

TABLES

CHAPTER 10 266

TABLE 10.1: ORGANIZATIONS WORKING ON NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT 267

TABLE 10.2: POLICIES & PROTOCOLS WITH LINKS TO DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 267

TABLE 10.3: EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL INCIDENTS IN THE COUNTRY 270

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Chapter 10

10. Chemical Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Follow-up

10.1. Chemical Emergency Planning
The need for strong institutional and policy arrangements was fulfilled with the promulgation of
the National Disaster Management Ordinance, 2006, and as a consequence establishment of the
National Disaster Management Commission (NDMC) headed by the Prime Minister and the
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). In line with Pakistan‘s commitment under the
HFA and global best practices, a paradigm shift has been made from reactionary emergency
oriented approach to pro-active prevention, mitigation and preparedness approach. The NDMA,
being the lead agency of Pakistan at the federal level has under taken several key initiatives aimed
at establishing a comprehensive disaster management system in the Country. Some of them were;

Establishment of DRR institutions at the federal, provincial and district levels.

Formulation of the National Disaster Risk Management Framework to guide the work of
entire system in the area of disaster risk management. Nine priority areas have been
identified within this framework to establish and strengthen policies, institutions and
capacities over the next five years.
Establishment of National Disaster Management Fund to make available dedicated
resources for disaster risk reduction activities.
Initiation of National Institute of Disaster Management Project with the purpose of
establishing a Centre of Excellence in the field of disaster management, catering for the
domestic as well as regional training and research needs.
The National Capacity Building for Disaster Risk Management Project which is in progress
and several development projects are being implemented in the priority areas identified in
the National Framework. Some of which include:
o Human Resource Development (HRD) for Disaster Risk Management (DRM).
o Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Planning.
o Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Mainstreaming.
o Community Based Disaster Risk Management Activities.
o Establishment of state of the art Urban Search and Rescue Teams.

Initiation of Composite Risk Assessment and National Emergency Response System

Project. The detailed activities under the project include mapping of hazard risks in
Pakistan, develop guidelines and standards for response, equip national and provincial
Emergency Operation Centres with essential IT equipment, prepare National Disaster
Response Plan, develop departmental SOPs for disaster response, develop an information
management system for disaster response, and capacity building activities on risk
assessment and response.
In order to ensure integrated national response for anticipated hazards in the country,
contingency planning exercise has been under taken which include the following:
o Winter Contingency Plan.
o Cyclone Contingency Plan (for Karachi City),
o Monsoon Contingency Plan.

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o Industrial/Chemical Accidents Contingency Plan.

o Marine Oil/Chemical Spill Contingency Plan.
o Technical Contingency Plan.
o Contingency Plans for Drought, Tsunami, Mass Casualty Management and
Earthquakes are being prepared.

Table 10.1: Organizations Working on National Disaster Management

Phase Agency
Mitigation/Prevention Federal Flood Commission
Provincial Irrigation Departments
Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority
Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA)/ Dams
safety council
Preparedness and Response Armed Forces
Civil Defence
Emergency Relief Cell
Fire Services
National Crisis Management Cell (NCMC)
Pakistan Meteorological Department
Police
Provincial Communication and Works
Provincial Food Departments
Provincial Health Departments
Provincial Relief Commissioners
Provincial Agriculture and Livestock Departments
Space and Upper Atmospheric Research Commission
(SUPARCO)
Recovery & Reconstruction Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority (ERRA)
Provincial Irrigation Departments

10.1.1. Policies & Protocols with Links to Disaster Risk Management

Being a cross-cutting theme, disaster risk management has close links with all development sectors.
Given below is a list of national sectoral policies and international protocols that have implications
for disaster risk management and vice-a-versa. The NDMA would strive to build linkages with these
policies and protocols for the implementation of the Framework.

Table 10.2: Policies & Protocols with Links to Disaster Risk Management

Sector/Agency Legislation/Document
Agriculture Agriculture perspective and policy
Bio-diversity Convention on Biodiversity (UNCBD)
Climate Change Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

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Desertification Convention on Combating Desertification (UNCCD)

Development Medium Term Development Framework (MTDF), 2006-2010,
Planning Commission
Development Ten Year Perspective Development Plan, 2001-2011, Planning
Commission
Development Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 2000
Disaster Management SAARC Disaster Management Plan (under development
phase)
Disaster Management ASEAN Regional Forum (Draft plan for mutual cooperation)
Disaster Risk Management HYOGO Framework of Action, 2005-2115
Environment National Conservation Strategy, 1992
Environment National Environment Action Plan (NEAP) 2001
Environment National Environmental Policy 2005
Environment Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 2001
Hazardous Waste Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-Boundary
Movement of hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, 1994
Ozone Layer Vienna Convention on Protection for Ozone Layer, and the
Montreal Protocol, 1992
Poverty Reduction Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
Water Resources National Water Policy, 2006

10.1.2. Technical Committees for National Disaster Management

The NDMA, PDMA and DDMAs may establish Technical Committees in order to facilitate
coordination and enable optimum use of available skills and resources. Technical Committees will
focus on specific disaster threats and issues, which may not have been covered as part of National
Disaster Risk Management Framework for Pakistan the stakeholder responsibilities in the
Framework. Technical Committees will assist local, provincial or national authorities in identifying
issues and problems and devising solutions. The specific areas that are covered through the
establishment of TCs are:
Cyclones, storms, winds
Disaster risk communication
Drought
Early warning systems
Earthquakes
Epidemics
Floods
Industrial and mines accidents
Landslides, earth slides and avalanches
Laws, procedures and standards
Locust/pest infestation
Major transportation accidents
Marine disasters, including oil spills
Nuclear, chemical, biological and radiological accidents

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Refugees/displaced persons
Tsunamis
Urban and forest fires
Any other future calamity

10.1.3. Roles and Responsibilities of Key Stakeholders in NDMF

Disaster Risk Management is a multi sectoral, multi discipline and timely response undertaking.
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has been established in order to serve as the
focal point and coordinating body to facilitate implementation of disaster risk management
strategies. This necessitates NDMA to directly interact/ communicate with all stakeholders,
including Ministries, Divisions, and Departments in relaxation to normal communication
channel. All ministries , divisions and agencies which are likely to participate in disaster risk
management shall procure all relevant items, stock them if necessary and supply them as directed
by the NDMA for meeting any calamity or disaster. Roles and responsibilities described in this part
refer to functions that are expected to be performed by concerned stakeholders with relation to
disaster risk reduction, preparedness, response and recovery after disasters.

For Ministry of Environment

Develop disaster risk management plan for risk reduction and response with relation to
Ministry‘s mandate;
Incorporate Natural Disaster Risk Assessment in the Environmental Impact Assessment
guidelines;
Develop technical capacities of the staff of ministry to undertake disaster risk assessment
and disaster risk reduction activities in the environment sector;
Undertake assessment of vulnerability of natural resources (forest, lakes, streams,
mangroves, coral reefs, protected areas, coastal areas) to natural and human induced
hazards;
Implement programmes for conservation and rehabilitation of natural resources in order
to reduce risks of natural hazards; e.g. reforestation, mangrove plantation, combating
desertification, conservation of special natural resources; e.g. wetlands, lakes, reefs,
mangroves, and coastal areas;
Allocate resources for implementation of programmes to conserve and rehabilitate the
natural resource base, particularly in up-stream areas of the Indus River basin;
Develop mechanisms for assessment of environmental losses and damages in the aftermath
of disasters and their rehabilitation;

Ministry of Industries, Production and Special Initiatives

Develop disaster risk management plan with regards to the mandate of the Ministry;
Develop guidelines for industrial sector to ensure safety of industry and its production
processes in hazard-prone areas;
Establish systems to monitor implementation of guidelines by industrial sector;
Develop system of incentives and disincentives for industry to promote application of
disaster safety;

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Implement awareness raising programmes for industrial sector including Chambers of

Commerce and Industry (CCI) on integrating disaster risk assessment and vulnerability
reduction in project planning and implementation stages;
Prepare inventories of industries based upon the type of chemicals and raw materials used
in their products and the dangers posed by various types of industries;
Initiate demonstration programmes on industrial disaster preparedness;
Develop safety codes for all industries to reduce risks of industrial and chemical hazards
and to ensure vulnerability reduction from natural hazards;
Develop SOPs for emergency response to industrial disasters;
Develop physical capability to manage all types of likely industrial disasters including
chemical disasters;
Monitor and encourage implementation of safety codes in industry;

Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources

Develop disaster risk management plan with regards to the mandate of the Ministry;
Develop guidelines for safety in oil/gas, fire and mining sectors;
Integrate risk assessment and risk reduction in planning and implementation of projects in
the above sectors;
Implement awareness raising programmes for staff in the oil, gas, fire and mining sectors;
Develop SOPs for emergency response to disasters in the above sectors;
Through the Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) conduct research on hazard mapping
and produce user friendly maps;

10.2. Chemical Incident Response

Describe some of the more significant chemical incidents that have occurred recently in the
country with the outcomes, observations and possible lesson learned.

Table 10.3: Examples of Chemical Incidents in the Country

Date of Location Type of Chemicals Number of Environmental

incident Incident involved deaths contamination
I: Number of and damage
Injuries
E: Number of
evacuated
Data not provided

10.3. Chemical Incident follow-up and Evaluation

There is no formal or informal mechanism in place to investigate a chemical incident and
its outcome in the country, a standardized format for collecting the information about the
incident should be developed by the Pak-EPA.
Investigations leading to a formal enquiry about the causes and responsibilities of various
parties involved are often made these investigations never lead to a follow-up activity, in
general.
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The record for chemicals incidents and disasters is never kept in organized manners at any
agency.
The do not exist any follow-up surveillance and rehabilitation mechanism in the health
service for exposed persons who may suffer long term disabilities and sequelae and
Government level. Generally some NGOs are involved in such surveys and rehabilitation
activities.

10.4. Comments/Analysis
Disaster management in Pakistan basically revolves around flood disasters with a primary
focus on rescue and relief. After each disaster episode the government incurs considerable
expenditure directed at rescue, relief and rehabilitation. The Disaster management related
to chemical accidents though part of framework but still not implemented.
There does not exist any mechanism for inventories of installations and transport routes at
risk of chemical incidents.
Fire, police and other emergency services does not have specific equipment, including
protective clothing, to deal with chemical incidents and staffs are not specifically trained
for such incidents.
There are no chemical hazard identification systems both in the transport and
industrial/commercial sectors except in very few large enterprises.
There are no dedicated chemical emergency services in the country.
Only few hospitals have proper patient decontamination facilities and stocks of antidotes,
medicines, and appropriate equipment for chemical emergencies. But in small towns and
agricultural rural areas there are no such facilities to meet the emergency situation like
pesticides poisoning.
Health or emergency services are not properly trained and equipped for transportation of
chemically exposed persons.
There is no special training programme to prepare the emergency services (e.g. fire, police,
civil defence) personnel in dealing with a chemical incident, as well as medical and
paramedical staff in handling and treating chemically exposed persons
Only in major cities veterinarians are available and not all of them have enough
knowledge/trainings concerning treatment of exposed animals to toxic substances.
Disaster management, development planning and environmental management institutions
operate in isolation and integrated planning between these sectors is almost lacking.
Within disaster management bodies in Pakistan, there is a dearth of knowledge and
information about hazard identification, risk assessment & management, and linkages
between livelihoods and disaster preparedness. Disaster management policy responses are
not generally influenced by methods and tools for cost effective and sustainable
interventions.

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CHAPTER NO: 11

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 11 274

11. Awareness /Understanding of Workers and the Public; and Training and Education of Target Groups and
Professionals 274
11.1 Overview 274
11.2 Comments and Analysis 275

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Chapter 11

11. Awareness /Understanding of Workers and the Public; and Training and Education of
Target Groups and Professionals

11.1 Overview
Under PEPA 1997, Federal Agency, EPA is required to Provide information and guidance to the
public on environmental matters; recommend environmental courses, topics, literature and books
for incorporation in the curricula and syllabi of educational institutions; promote public education
and awareness of environmental issues through mass media and other means, including seminars
and workshops; specify safeguards for the prevention of accidents and disasters which may cause
pollution, collaborate with the concerned person in the preparation of contingency plans for
control of such accidents and disasters, and co-ordinate implementation of such plans; encourage
the formation and working of non-governmental organizations, community organizations and
village organizations to prevent and control pollution and promote sustainable development;

The mandate of Pakistan Science Foundation includes;

a) The Foundation shall function as a financing agency for –

the establishment of comprehensive scientific and technological information and
dissemination centres;
the promotion of basic and fundamental research in the universities and other institutions
on scientific problems relevant to the socio-economic development of the country;
the utilization of the results of scientific and technological research including pilot plant
studies to prove the technical and economic feasibility of process found to be promising on
a laboratory scale;
the establishment of science centres, clubs, museums, herbaria and planetaria;
promotion of scientific Scotties, associations and academies engaged in spreading the cause
of scientific knowledge in general or in the pursuit of a specific scientific discipline or
technology in particular;
the organization of periodical science conferences, symposia and seminars;
the exchange of visits of scientists and technologists with other countries;
the grant of awards, prizes and fellowships to individuals engaged in developing processes,
products and inventions of consequence to the economy of the country; and
special scientific surveys not undertaken by any other organization and collection of
scientific statistics related to the scientific effort of the country.

b) The Foundations shall also –

review the progress of scientific research sponsored by it and evaluate the results of such
research;

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maintain a National Register of highly qualified and talented scientists of Pakistan,

including engineers and doctors, in or outside the country and to assist them, in
collaboration with the concerned agencies in finding appropriate employment; and
establish liaison with similar bodies in other countries.

Under the Hospital Waste Management Rules 2005, the duties of waste management team,
hospital superintendent, heads of departments, infection control officer, chief pharmacist,
radiology officer, senior matron, are clearly defined with respect to awareness, education and
necessary training of their staff which include;
Hospital waste management team – to ensure adequate training and refresher courses for
the concerned hospital staff.
Heads of departments – Ensure that all doctors, nurses, clinical and staff in their respective
departments, is aware of, and where required properly trained, in waste management
procedures.
Infection control officer – giving advice regarding the control of infection, and the
standards of the waste disposal system, identify training requirements for each category of
staff and organization of training and refreshers courses on safe waste management
procedures.
Chief Pharmacist – ensure concerned hospital staff members receive adequate training in
pharmaceutical waste management procedures.
Radiology officer – ensure that the concerned hospital staff members receive adequate
training in radioactive waste management procedures.
Senior matron – shall be responsible for ensuring training of nursing staff, laboratory staff,
medical assistants and sanitary staff and sweepers in waste management procedures and
basic personal hygiene.
Waste management officer – Liaise with the heads of departments, head of administration,
senior matron to ensure all doctors, clinical staff, nursing staff, laboratory staff and medical
assistants are fully aware of their duties and responsibilities under the waste management
plan.

Similarly other others laws, acts and ordinances have similar provisions for awareness
/understanding programmes of workers and the public; and training and education of target
groups and professionals. The ministries, research organizations, NGOs, Trade associations,
chambers of commerce and trade, international organizations all are involved in such programmes.

11.2 Comments and Analysis

In general these efforts seem to be inadequate. Normally the factory workers are not fully
aware of risks to the environment, health, and safety from chemicals, and measures which
should be taken in order to protect themselves from chronic or acute exposure to
hazardous chemicals in everyday life, as well as at the time of a chemical of a chemical
emergency.
NGOs especially are playing very important role in raising awareness and educating the
public for effective participation in national environmental management initiatives (e.g. as

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stated in agenda 21 or the implementation of Stockholm Convention) as well as access to

justice in environmental matters.
There is a dire need to Raise the awareness of decision-makers and legislatures concerning
chemical safety and encourage them to take timely action to implement sound
management measures.
There is a need to improve the understanding of communicators and the media
concerning chemical safety issues and encourage them to better communicate these issues
to the public in order to improve understanding and promote chemical safety actions by
the public and civil society in general.
To boost the efforts for safe handling of chemicals in country at all levels following are
recommended;
o Develop chemical safety education in school and university curricular;
o Promote the necessary skills for administrators concerned with risk assessment and
regulations in the use of available data and evidence base approaches;
o Promote skills trainings for a range of professional workers concerned with aspects of
sound management of chemicals, from customs workers to those handling and
transporting chemicals to the users of chemicals, such as agricultural and industrial
workers and those in SMEs;
o Promote the training of health and other professionals in diagnosis and management
of exposed persons;
o Promote the training of chemical emergency response professionals; and promote the
training of staff at technical facilities such as laboratories, recycling, and disposal
facilities.

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CHAPTER NO: 12

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 12 279

12. International Linkages 279

12.1. Co-operation and Involvement with International Organizations, Bodies and Agreements 279
12.1.1. Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) 279
12.1.2. Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-Boundary Movement of Hazardous Waste 281
12.1.3. Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC) For Certain Hazardous Chemicals
and Pesticides 288
12.1.4. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (Pops) 289
12.2. Participation in Relevant Technical Assistance Project 295
12.3. Comments/Analysis 295

TABLES

CHAPTER 12 279

TABLE 12.1: LIST OF CONVENTIONS/ PROTOCOLS SINGED/ RATIFIED BY PAKISTAN 280

TABLE 12.2: IMPLEMENTATION STATUS OF BASEL CONVENTIONS SIGNED BY PAKISTAN 282

TABLE 12.3: IMPLEMENTATION STATUS OF STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON PERSISTENT

ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPS) IN PAKISTAN 289

TABLE 12.4: LIST OF RATIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LABOUR CONVENTIONS 293

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Chapter 12

12. International Linkages

12.1. Co-operation and Involvement with International Organizations, Bodies and
Agreements
Pakistan is also playing an active role internationally by supporting and establishing new global
partnerships to protect the environment at national, regional and global level. The country has
become a signatory to many international Conventions/Protocols/Agreements like Agenda-21,
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Montreal Protocol on Ozone
Depleting Substances, Global Environment Facility (GEF), Commission on sustainable
Development (CSD) and Convention on the Control of Trans boundary Movement of Hazardous
Waste and their Disposal. The following section summarizes the initiatives taken by Pakistan for
international cooperation.

12.1.1. Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM)

Pakistan is signatory to the ―Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management‖
(SAICM). The Implementation of SAICM in Pakistan will affect a large number of stakeholders
belonging to public, private sectors and civil society along with interest groups like labour
organizations. The IC Wing Ministry of Environment is the focal point for implementation of
SAICM in Pakistan which is striving to carve out a way forward in consultation with major
stakeholders.

First consultation with civil society organizations was held on 14th November 2008. First meeting
for establishment of Inter-Ministerial Coordination Mechanism was held on 3rd January 2009.
International Coordination has been established through UNITAR (United Nations Institute for
Training and Research). A UNITAR Mission arrived in Pakistan from 19-27 January 2009 which
held discussions with the Federal Minister, Secretary, Additional Secretary and Joint Secretary
Ministry of Environment as well as with some other stakeholders such as Pak EPA and FBR etc.
The Mission discussed in detail the possible course of action and possible pitfalls with the National
SAICM Coordinator /National Project Manager MEAs Secretariat. Meeting of National Technical
Advisory Committee on Chemicals (NTACC) was held on 21st April 2009 which made decisions
on regulating manufacture, import, export and use of various chemicals falling under international
conventions.
The initial consultations built consensus that following actions need to be taken a priori to
development of an action Plan for integrated chemicals management in Pakistan:

1. Development of a National Chemicals profile.

2. Capacity Assessment for Implementation of SAICM
3. Mass Awareness through Civil Society organizations about harmful effects of chemicals on
daily life of citizens with special reference to labor working in industries and agriculture.

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Table 12.1: List of Conventions/ Protocols Singed/ Ratified by Pakistan

Convention Pakistan
Sr.# Name of Convention City / Country Signing Date of
Date Ratification
1.Ramsar Convention on Ramsar (Iran) 1971 July, 1976
Wetland
2.Convention on the Washington D.C 1973 April, 1976
International Trade in United States of
Endangered Species of Wild America
Fauna and Flora (CITES)
3.Vienna Convention Vienna (Austria) December, 1992
4.Montreal Protocol on Ozone Montreal (Canada) January, December, 1992
Depleting Substances 1989
5.Basal Convention on Basal (Switzerland) May, October, 1994
Transboundary Movement 1992
of Hazardous Wastes &
Their Disposal
6.Convention on Biological Rio. De Janeiro (Bazil) June, July, 1994
Diversity (CBD) 1992
7.United Nations Frame WorkNew York (United State June, June, 1994
Convention on Climate of America) 1992
Change UNFCCC
8.Kyoto Protocol to UNFCCC Kyoto (Japan) Decembe January, 2005
r, 1997
9.United Nations Convention October, February, 1997
to Combat Desertification 1994
(UNCCD)
Rotterdam Convention on
10. Rotterdam ( Nether Septembe July, 2005
Prior Informed Consent Land) r, 1999
(PIC) for certain Hazardous
Chemicals and Pesticides
Stockholm Convention on Stockholm (Sweden)
11. Decembe April, 2008
Persistent Organic Pollutants r, 2001
(POPs)
Cartagena Protocol on
12. Cartagena (Spain) June, Not yet ratified
Bio-safety to the CBD 2001
Convention on Law of Seas
13. Decembe February, 1997
r, 1982
14.
Convention of Migratory Bonn (Germany) 1981 December, 1987
Species (CMS)

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12.1.2. Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-Boundary Movement of Hazardous Waste

The Government of Pakistan signed the Convention in May, 1992 and ratified in July, 1994. The
major implementation measures include following;

i. National Definition of Waste

National definition of ―waste‖ and ―hazardous waste‖ has been provided in the ―Pakistan
Environmental Protection Act-1997‖, "waste" means any substance or object which has been, is
being or is intended to be, discarded or disposed of, and includes liquid waste, solid waste, waste
gases, suspended waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste, nuclear waste, municipal waste,
hospital waste, used polyethylene bags and residues from the incineration of all types of waste.
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 defines Hazardous waste as ―waste which is or which
contains a hazardous substance, and includes hospital waste and nuclear waste‖.
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 defines ―Hazardous Substance" as
(a) a substance or mixture of substance, other than a pesticide as defined in the Agricultural
Pesticide Ordinance, 1971 (II of 1971), which, by reason of its chemical activity is toxic,
explosive, flammable, corrosive, radioactive or other characteristics causes, or is likely to
cause, directly or in combination with other matters, an adverse environmental effect; and
(b) any substance which may be prescribed as a hazardous substance.

ii. Restrictions on Tranboundary Movement

a. Restrictions on export for final disposal
Pakistan restricts export of hazardous wastes and other wastes for final disposal under Section 14
(Handling of Hazardous Substances) of Pakistan Environmental Protection Act-1997, which reads
"subject to the provisions of this Act, no person shall generate, collect, consign, transport, treat,
dispose of, store, handle or import any hazardous substance except; (a) under a license issued by
the Federal Agency and in such manner as may be prescribed; or (b) in accordance with the
provisions of any other law for the time being in force, or of any international treaty, convention,
protocol, code, standard, agreement or other instrument to which Pakistan is a party."
The restriction covers all countries.

b. Restrictions on export for recovery

Pakistan restricts the export of hazardous wastes and other wastes for recovery under Section 14 of
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act-1997 as mentioned earlier. The restriction covers all
countries.

c. Restrictions on Import for Final Disposal

Pakistan restricts the import of hazardous wastes and other wastes for final disposal as per Pakistan
Environmental Protection Act-1997 and Import Policy Order, 2007 issued by Ministry of
Commerce. The restriction covers all countries. Under Section 13 (Prohibition of Import of
Hazardous Waste) of Pakistan Environmental Protection Act-1997, "No person shall import
hazardous waste into Pakistan and its territorial waters, Exclusive Economic Zone and historic
water."
Import Trade and Procedure Order 2000, inter-alia, also bans import of hazardous wastes as
defined and classified in Basel Convention except where import is specifically authorized by the

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 National Profile for Chemical Mangement in Pakistan

Government of Pakistan. Government of Pakistan has also prepared a national Profile on

Chemical Management in Pakistan in the year 2000 to provide information on registered
hazardous chemicals being imported or produced locally.

d. Restrictions on Import for Recovery

Pakistan restricts the import of hazardous wastes and other wastes for recovery under Section 13 of
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act-1997 and Import Policy Order 2007 issued by Ministry of
Commerce. The restriction covers all countries. Pakistan has also prepared a national Profile on
Chemical Management in Pakistan in the year 2000 (being upgraded now) to provide information
on registered hazardous chemicals being imported or produced locally.

e. Restrictions on Transit
Pakistan restricts the transit of hazardous wastes and other wastes as mentioned in Section 14 of
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997.
The restriction covers all countries.

iii. Reduction and/or Elimination of Hazardous Waste Generation

a. National Strategies/policies
Formulation and implementation of National Conservation Strategy and National Environmental
Action Plan, and National Cleaner Production Center.

b. Legislation, Regulations and Guidelines

Following legislation covers chemical and hazardous wastes:
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997;
Import Policy Order – 2006 and 2007 issued by Ministry of Commerce;
Self Monitoring and Reporting Rules-1998;
Draft Hazardous Substances Rules-2007;
Revised National Environmental Quality Standards-2000;
Draft Hospital Waste Management Rules-2005; and
Industrial Pollution charge (Calculations and Collection Rules)-1998;

Table 12.2: Implementation Status of Basel Conventions Signed by Pakistan

Sr.# Convention Implementation Responsibility Remarks/

Requirements Status Suggestions
1 Ratification of Government of Government of Pakistan is party to
Convention Pakistan ratified Pakistan the Basel Convention
the Basel and has to comply
Convention on with all the provisions
26th July 1994. of the Convention
and major obligations
in Annex-1.
2 Designated National Government of Ministry of The DNA is looking
Authorities (Article- Pakistan has Environment after Hazardous

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5) already designated Wastes under the

Director General Basel Convention.
Pak-EPA (Ministry
of Environment)
as Designated
National
Authority for
Basel Convention
3 National Definition Hazardous Waste Ministry of
1. According to
of Hazardous Waste has already been Environment, PEPA-1997,
(Article-3) defined in Government of Hazardous waste
Pakistan Pakistan means; waste which
Environmental is or which contains
Protection Act a hazardous
1997 by substance or which
Government of may be prescribed as
Pakistan hazardous waste,
and includes
hospital waste and
nuclear waste.
2. Pak-EPA has
also drafted
Hazardous
Substance Rules to
deal with hazardous
waste. These Rules
are under the
process of approval
from competent
authority.
4 Article 4, paragraph Under Section-13 Pak-EPA, The approval process
1 (a) of Pakistan Ministry of of Hazardous
Parties exercising Environmental Environment, Substance Rules
their right to prohibit Protection Act Government of drafted by Pak-EPA
the import of 1997 the import Pakistan should be accelerated.
hazardous wastes or of hazardous waste
other wastes for is prohibited in
disposal shall inform Pakistan. (Section
the other Parties of 13 of PEPA-1997
their decision states that, ―No
pursuant to Article person shall
13. import hazardous
waste into
Pakistan and its

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territorial waters,
Exclusive
Economic Zone
and historic
waters‖.)
Article 4, paragraph Although Pakistan Ministry of DNA for Basel
1 (b) is not the exporter Environment. Convention should
Parties shall prohibit of hazardous expedite the disposal
or shall not permit waste, however of waste identified as
the export of waste / stockpiles hazardous waste and
hazardous wastes and of out dated stockpiles of outdated
other wastes to the pesticides pesticides.
Parties which have exported from
prohibited the NWFP for
import of such disposal were
wastes, when notified according to the
pursuant to provisions and
subparagraph (a) compliance of
above. Basel Convention.
Article 4, paragraph Pakistan is not DG Pak-EPA, PIC procedures
1 (c) regular exporter of Ministry of under Rotterdam
Parties shall prohibit hazardous waste. Environment. Convention and
or shall not permit import policy of
the export of government should
hazardous wastes and be strictly followed.
other wastes if the
State of import does
not consent in
writing to the specific
import, in the case
where that State of
import has not
prohibited the
import of such
wastes.
5 Article 4, paragraph Government of All provincial Efficient
2 (a) Pakistan is and federal EPAs, implementation of
Each Party shall implementing Ministry of NEQS should be
ensure that the National Environment. ensured and special
generation of Environmental attention should be
hazardous wastes and Quality Standards paid to solid waste
other wastes within it (NEQS) for generation industries.
is reduced to a industrial sector,
minimum, taking which aims to

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 National Profile for Chemical Mangement in Pakistan

into account social, reduce the

technological and production of
economic aspects; waste in either
form of wastes i.e.
solid waste,
effluent and
emissions.
Article 4, Under Section-13 Pak-EPA, Implementation of
paragraph 2 (g) of Pakistan Ministry of Section -13 of PEPA
Each Party shall Environmental Environment, 1997 and Import
prevent the import of Protection Act Custom Policy of Pakistan
hazardous wastes and 1997 the import Department. should be ensured.
other wastes if it has of hazardous waste
reason to believe that is prohibited in
the wastes in question Pakistan.
will not be managed
in an
environmentally
sound manner
Article 4, paragraph Pakistan is not the Pak-EPA, DNA /DG Pak-EPA
8 exporter of Ministry of should develop
Each Party that hazardous waste Environment, plan/strategy for
intends to export however Custom disposal of out dated
hazardous or other hazardous waste is Department. pesticides stockpiles
waste shall ensure only exported for with the assistance of
that the waste will be safe disposal and international donor
managed in an only to those agencies.
environmentally countries having
sound manner at the its safe disposal
place of its capabilities.
destination.
6 Article 4, paragraph Under the PEPA Pak-EPA, Facilities for disposal
5 and Article 11, 1997, import of Ministry of of hazardous waste in
paragraph 1. hazardous waste Environment, the country should be
Each Party shall not from any country Custom developed, so that
permit hazardous either party to Department. local hazardous waste
wastes or other Basel Convention can be disposed off
wastes to be or non party is and it will also serve
imported from a prohibited. for region.
non-Party unless However under
there is a bilateral, special condition
multilateral or the waste can be
regional agreement imported can be
allowing this import. exempted.

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7 Article 4, paragraph Hazardous waste is Pak-EPA, 1. DNA /DG

5 and Article 11, not usually Ministry of Pak-EPA should
paragraph 1 exported from Environment, develop
Each Party shall not Pakistan, however Custom plan/strategy for
permit hazardous for safe disposal Department. disposal of out
wastes or other hazardous waste dated pesticides
wastes to be exported can be exported to stockpiles.
to a non-Party unless those countries 2. Donors for
there is a bilateral, who are capable assisting the
multilateral or for its safe development of
regional agreement disposal. hazardous waste
allowing this import. disposal should be
arranged.
8 Article 4, paragraph 1. In this Federal and 1. Health and
2 (c) regards Pak- Provincial EPAs safety related
Each Party shall EPA has and Ministry of activities should be
ensure that persons drafted Environment. initiated by MOE in
involved in the Hazardous collaboration with
management of Substance Ministry of
hazardous wastes or Rules which Industries, Ministry
other wastes shall addresses of Health and CBR
prevent pollution handling of for handling of
and minimize hazardous hazardous wastes.
potential impacts on waste. These 2. A data base
human health and Rules are under on wastes profiles,
the environment. the process of their uses and its
approval from health and
competent environmental
authority. impacts needs to be
2. Federal developed and
and Provincial made public.
EPAs are 3. Chemicals
implementing disaster
National Management Cells
Environmental needs to be
Quality established
Standards throughout the
(NEQS) for country.
control of 4. Chemicals
pollution at Zones may be
source in earmarked for
industrial wastes / chemicals
sector. related industry.
9 Article 4, paragraph Under section 12 Federal and A data base of all

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 National Profile for Chemical Mangement in Pakistan

7 (a) of PEPA 1997, Provincial EPAs waste either imported

Each Party shall EIA/IEE is and Ministry of or exported needs to
prohibit all persons mandatory for all Environment. be developed for
under its national kind of future actions.
jurisdiction from developmental A Basel Convention
transporting or activities and Center needs to be
disposing of construction work established to look
hazardous wastes or cannot be into the technical as
other wastes unless commissioned well as
such persons are without the Strategic/Commercial
authorized to do so. conditional NOC issues related to trade
of either Federal in waste.
EPA or Provincial Funding from Basel
EPAs. The Convention
Environmental Secretariat and other
Management Plan International donor
(EMP) of EIA/IEE Organizations may be
for industrial explored by Pak-EPA.
sector
interventions
clearly suggests the
ways and means
for the disposal of
its wastes either
hazardous or non
hazardous.
10 Article 2, paragraph In this regard the DG Pak-EPA and A data base for NOCs
13 office of DNA for Ministry of of transit and Import
Each Party shall Basel Convention Environment. should be developed,
require that any issue NOC for as the record of
person who takes transit of waste previous NOCs
charge of a transport with certain issued for transit and
of hazardous wastes conditions waste import is not
or other wastes that complying with readily available.
pass through the convention Copies of previous
(transits) another obligations. record should be
country to inform made available for
the transit country in future activities.
writing.
11 Each Party which Waste is imported DG Pak-EPA, PIC procedures
potentially could be in the country and Ministry of under Rotterdam
an importer of there are waste Environment and Convention and
hazardous or other based industries. CBR. import policy of
wastes may write to However its government should

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the exporter and: import or transit is be strictly followed.

consent to permitted with the
the import with or information as the
without conditions, importer or
deny Government
permission for the deemed necessary.
import, or
request
additional
information (Article
6, paragraph 2)

12.1.3. Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC) For Certain Hazardous
Chemicals and Pesticides
The Government of Pakistan signed the Convention in September, 1997 and ratified in July,
2005. The major implementation measures taken so far are as following;

Pakistan ratified The Rotterdam Convention on 14th July 2005.

The entire twenty-eight pesticides subject to PIC procedure under Rotterdam Convention
(RC) are either banned or deregistered/never registered in Pakistan.
The import response from Pakistan for all 28 pesticides has been communicated to RC
Secretariat.
MINFAL has established an Agricultural Pesticides Technical Advisory Committee
(APTAC) for appropriate decision-making on the information and recommendations of
APTAC-Sub-committee.
The APTAC-Sub-Committee reviews and evaluates all concerns of pesticides in Pakistan.
The APTAC set up by the MINFAL evaluates all pesticides to avoid formulation of severely
hazardous pesticides. Various research laboratories conduct eco-toxicological tests. No
Severely Hazardous Pesticides Formulation (SHPF) is recommended unless reported by eco-
toxicological labs.
Ministry of Environment, Government of Pakistan has constituted a National Technical
Advisory Committee on Chemicals (NTACC) under the chairmanship of DNA
(Chemicals-RC) Ministry of Environment, to advice on the use of industrial chemicals
under Rotterdam Convention.
The National Technical Advisory Committee on Chemicals (NTACC) will review and
evaluate the concerns about industrial chemicals in the country and will submit its report
as and when required.
The committee will also develop mechanisms for inter-ministerial interaction,
communication among public and private sectors, academic researchers and decision
makers.
The import response about eleven industrial chemicals will be communicated to
Rotterdam Convention Secretariat this year as soon as the NTACC submit its report.

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12.1.4. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (Pops)

The Government of Pakistan signed the Convention in December, 2001 and ratified in April,
2008.
POPs stands for Persistent Organic Pollutants called Dirty Dozen. POPs are Chemicals that
resist their decay, travel long distances and accumulate in human and animal tissues. POPs
are extremely dangerous for human health and environment.
Pakistan signed the convention on 6th December, 2001
Pakistan Ratified the Stockholm Convention 17th April 2008

Table 12.3: Implementation Status of Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

(Pops) In Pakistan

Sr. Convention Implementation Status Responsibilit Remarks /

# Requirements y Suggestions
A Administrative Obligations
1 Ratification/Signing Government of Pakistan Government Pakistan is now
of Convention signed Stockholm of Pakistan party to the
Convention on 6th Stockholm
December 2001 and Convention and has
ratified it on 17th April to comply with all
2008 the provisions of
the Convention and
major obligations in
Annex-1.
2 National Focal Government of Pakistan Ministry of Currently Joint
Point (Paragraph 3 has already designated Environment. Secretary (Admn)
of Article 9 on National Focal Point. Ministry of
information Environment is
exchange, requires National Focal
that ―Each Party Point for POPs
shall designate a Convention.
national focal point
for the exchange of
such information‖)
3 Article-7, National NIP has already been Pak-EPA and The submission of
Implementation prepared by Pak-EPA. UNDP NIP to Stockholm
Plan (NIP) Ministry of Environment Convention
has forwarded the NIP Secretariat has been
to UNDP. delayed due to
delayed ratification
of the Convention.
1. Pak-EPA
should ensure

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that NIP is
forwarded to
Stockholm
Convention
Secretariat
urgently.
2. Ministry of
Environment and
Pak-EPA should
consult UNDP,
UNIDO and
other
International
Organizations for
seeking funding
from Stockholm
Convention
Secretariat.
B Chemicals Related Obligations
1 Category 1: Pesticides
1). The Stockholm Endrine: De-registered Ministry of The entire nine
Convention bans since 1985 Food, POPs pesticides are
immediately all Toxaphene: De- Agriculture either banned or
production and use registered since 1992 and Livestock deregistered/never
of Pesticides (MINFAL) registered in
Endrine and Pakistan.
Toxaphene. However the out
2). It requires Aldrin: Never registered MINFAL dated stockpiles of
(a) all parties to stop Dieldrin: Deregistered these pesticides is a
producing the since 1983 threat which needs
Pesticides Aldrin, Heptachlor: to be identified
Dieldrin, Deregistered since 1997 throughout the
Heptachlor and country and
(b) Requires those disposed off
wishing to use through
remaining supplies environmentally
to register for safe and sound
exemptions. practices.
3). It limits the Chlordance: Never MINFAL Although these
production and use registered pesticides are
of Chlordane, Hexachlorobenzene: banned/deregistere
Hexachlorobenzene Deregistered since 1997 d or never registered
and Mirex to Mirex: Never registered in Pakistan,

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narrowly prescribed however most of

purposes. these pesticides are
available in the
market illegally with
different brand
names. Its
elimination should
be ensured through
strict
implementation of
Provincial
Agriculture
Departments and
Customs
Department.
4). The Convention DDT: Deregistered since MINFAL Although DDT as
limits the 1992 pesticides is
production and use deregistered in
of DDT to Pakistan, however
controlling disease DDT is still used for
vectors such as control of Malaria
malarial mosquitoes Vector in the
developing world.
The Convention
also have some built
in exemptions for
DDT use for health
purposes subject it
has been sought
after the ratification
of Convention.
2 Category 2: PCBs
1). The convention (a) No production MOE/Minist PCBs were never
bans production of industry identified in ry of produced in
PCBs immediately. Pakistan. Commerce Pakistan and were
with mainly imported by
consultation WAPDA for usage
of WAPDA in transformer.
2). The convention (b) New type of However they claim
gives the countries transformers and that since 1974 the
until 2025 to phase capacitors do not use transformer oil
out the use of PCBs, hence there is imported are PCB
equipment no need to import free.
containing PCBs. PCBs. But the sampling

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3). The recovered (c) At present we do MOE and analysis carried out
PCBs must be not have adequate WAPDA during POPs
treated and technology to destroy enabling Activity
eliminated by 2028. PCBs but we may be Project show that at
able to develop this least 50 % of
capacity by 2028. WAPDA
transformers are
PCB contaminated.
Furthermore a
Technical Advisory
Committee on
Chemicals (TACC)
is being established
by MOE to evaluate
the status of
industrial chemicals
including PCBs
either to officially
ban it or not.
Identification of
PCB containing
equipment should
be carried out for
future action to
meet Convention of
its elimination by
2028.
Category 3: UPOPs
(Dioxins & Furans)
The convention (a) Not produced MOE for Unintended by
requires the parties intentionally for any policy products of
to develop an action industrial, agricultural or decision. combustions and
plan (within 2 years domestic use. Control of industrial processes.
after ratification) to (b) Best Available UPOPs In Pakistan there is
identify, characterize Techniques (BATs) and emissions by no facility available
and address the Best Environmental Federal and either its qualitative
release of UPOPs. Practices (BEPs) are Provincial or quantitative
required for EPAs. analysis. However
minimization of the estimates made
emission of these POPs during POPs
which Pakistan need to Enabling Activity
acquire as soon as Project and studies
possible. carried out by SDPI
(c) At present Pakistan shows huge quantity

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does not have adequate of UPOPs

laboratory facilities to production.
measure emission of
Dioxins and Furans.

Pakistan has been a member country of International Labour Organization (ILO) since its
establishment in 1947. Pakistan‘s tripartite delegation consisting of representatives of its
government through Ministry of Labour & Manpower, Employers Association and Workers
federations have been participating in the International Labour Conference of ILO in its
headquarter in Geneva. In the following table the International Labour Convention, Pakistan has
signed and enforced are listed.

Table 12.4: List of Ratification of International Labour Conventions

No.
C. 1 Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, 1919 (No. 1) 14.07.1921
C. 4 Night Work (Women) Convention, 1919 (No. 4) 14.07.1921
C. 6 Night Work of Young Persons (Industry) Convention, 14.07.1921
1919 (No. 6)
C. 11 Right of Association (Agriculture) Convention, 1921 11.05.1923
(No. 11)
C. 14 Weekly Rest (Industry) Convention, 1921 (No. 14) 11.05.1923
C. 16 Medical Examination of Young Persons (Sea) Convention, 20.11.1922
1921 (No. 16)
C. 18 Workmen's Compensation (Occupational Diseases) 30.09.1927
Convention, 1925 (No. 18)
C. 19 Equality of Treatment (Accident Compensation) 30.09.1927
Convention, 1925 (No. 19)
C. 21 Inspection of Emigrants Convention, 1926 (No. 21) 14.01.1928
C. 22 Seamen's Articles of Agreement Convention, 1926 (No. 22) 31.10.1932
C. 27 Marking of Weight (Packages Transported by Vessels) 7.09.1931
Convention, 1929 (No. 27)
C. 29 Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29) 23.12.1957
C. 32 Protection against Accidents (Dockers) Convention 10.02.1947
(Revised), 1932 (No. 32)
C. 45 Underground Work (Women) Convention, 1935 (No. 45) 25.03.1938
C. 59 Minimum Age (Industry) Convention (Revised), 1937 26.05.1955
(No. 59)
C. 80 Final Articles Revision Convention, 1946 (No. 80) 25.03.1948
C. 81 Labour Inspection Convention, 1947 (No. 81) 10.10.1953
C. 87 Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to 14.02.1951
Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87)

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C. 89 Night Work (Women) Convention (Revised), 1948 (No. 89) 14.02.1951

C. 90 Night Work of Young Persons (Industry) Convention 14.02.1951
(Revised), 1948 (No. 90)
C. 96 Fee-Charging Employment Agencies Convention (Revised), 26.05.1952
1949 (No. 96)
Has accepted the provisions of Part II
C. 98 Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 26.05.1952
1949 (No. 98)
C. 100 Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100) 11.10.2001
C. 105 Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105) 15.02.1960
C. 106 Weekly Rest (Commerce and Offices) Convention, 1957 15.02.1960
(No. 106)
The Government has declared that the Convention also
applies to persons employed in the establishments specified
in Article 3, paragraph 1(c).
C. 107 Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957 15.02.1960
(No. 107)
C. 111 Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 24.01.1961
1958 (No. 111)
C. 116 Final Articles Revision Convention, 1961 (No. 116) 17.11.1967
C. 118 Equality of Treatment (Social Security) Convention, 1962 27.03.1969
(No. 118)
Has accepted Branches (c) and (g)
C. 138 Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) 6.07.2006
Minimum age specified: 14 years
C. 144 Tripartite Consultation (International Labour Standards) 25.10.1994
Convention, 1976 (No. 144)
C. 159 Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled 25.10.1994
Persons) Convention, 1983 (No. 159)
C. 182 Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) 11.10.2001
C. 185 Seafarers' Identity Documents Convention (Revised), 2003 21.12.2006
(No. 185)
Denunciation (as a result of the ratification of Convention No. 89)
C. 41 Night Work (Women) Convention (Revised), 1934 (No. 41) 22.11.1935
Denounced on 14.02.1951
Denunciation (as a result of the ratification of Convention No. 138)
C. 15 Minimum Age (Trimmers and Stokers) Convention, 1921
(No. 15)
Denounced on 6.07.2006
Total Conventions Ratified: 36 In force: 34

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12.2. Participation in Relevant Technical Assistance Project

UNITAR
Pakistan is a member of many international agreements as mentioned earlier in this chapter. For
accomplishing the implementation of these international agreements (e.g. SAICM, Stockholm
Convention, Rotterdam Convention, GHS) Pakistan is collaborating with UNITAR for
institutional, technical, and legal support. UNITAR is one of the seven Participating Organisations
(and two observers) of the Inter-Organisation Programme for the Sound Management of
Chemicals (IOMC). The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) has
initiated a programme in 1995 to assist countries to prepare National Profiles to assess the
national infrastructures. Present National Profile on Chemical Management in Pakistan has been
prepared in line with the Guidance Document of the UNITAR/IOMC, in order to help the
member countries develop national programmes for the sound management of chemicals on the
lines envisaged in Chapter 19 of ―Agenda 21‖. UNITAR is providing a variety of services to assist
Pakistan in National profile development & priority-setting; Action plan development; National
implementation plan (NIP) project assistance; Risk management decision making training; PCB
elimination; Legislation and policy development, including enforcement; and other institutional
strengthening (GHS, pollutant release and transfer registers). UNITAR is providing assistance to
Pakistan for skills-building on many aspects of NIP development, inventory compilation, and
capacity gap assessment. Beside this, UNITAR provides support to developing countries and
countries with economies in transition to take measures to eliminate or reduce the release of POPs
into the environment. Pakistan has launched POPs Enabling Activity Project of Pak-EPA, in
collaboration with UNDP and GEF. UNITAR is providing technical assistance and international
coordination for the project.

12.3. Comments/Analysis
The overall progress in implementation of international agreements is generally good.
Pakistan has incorporated Basel Convention, Montreal Protocol, and Rotterdam
Convention in the environmental laws and has been implemented in full strength.
SAICM Polite project is under implementation and this document is an outcome of it.
Pakistan still needs to implement Globally Harmonized System of Classification and
Labelling of Chemicals (GHG).
For the implementation of International Chemical Management Programme the focal
points are well defined, their duties laid down and implementations are at various stages.
The major grey area in implementation of international agreements is the poorly managed
national data system related to chemical life cycle.

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CHAPTER NO: 13

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 13 298

13. Resources Available and Needed for Chemicals Management 298

13.1. Comments/Diagnosis 299

TABLES

CHAPTER 13 298

TABLE 13.1: RESOURCES AVAILABLE IN NON-GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS ERROR! BOOKMARK

NOT DEFINED.

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Chapter 13

13. Resources Available and Needed for Chemicals Management

Due to the cross-sectoral nature of chemical management, several ministries, agencies and
institutions in both public and private sectors need to be involved in the process of sound
management of chemicals. There is lack of information due to absence of centralized database that
could have played an important role to assess the extent of resources available such as professional,
technical and financial resources within these ministries, agencies and institutions and also assess
the resource needed for effective management of chemicals.

The ministries and other public institutions do not have enough financial, technical and human
resource as well as infrastructure required for the chemical management throughout their life
cycle. The technical infrastructure for recycling and recovery as well as for disposal of chemicals
in the country is at a very low profile. A large number of laboratories have been accredited through
National Accreditation Council of Pakistan, where the laboratory quality standards are being
maintained. But still there are other laboratories which still require certification. There is also lack
critical infrastructure required for monitoring. Moreover, there is a serious lack of trained
technical human resource in every related department.

The effectiveness and enforcement of regulatory framework is the major drawback, with the
inspections, monitoring, vigilance and public awareness. There is a need for capacity building of
existing institutions with reference to implementation of policies, rules, regulations and acts. Most
of the staff of ministries and related departments is overworked and there are very few
financial/career incentives available to technical human resource. The lack of human resource,
awareness of existing regulatory framework within implementing agencies and meagre funds
available are main bottlenecks to be removed. There is also a dire need to raise the awareness of
decision-makers and legislatures concerning chemical safety and encourage them to take timely
action to implement sound management measures.

There are no dedicated financial resources for the chemical management in the country. In the
public sector, the budgetary process in the country does not allocate resources directly to the
chemical management. The budgetary provisions appear either as development expenditure for
public sector industrial units or majority of it is to provide funds for import of fertilizers from
abroad to bridge the gap between supply and demand. Therefore these resources are not
specifically meant to manage the environmental impacts of the chemicals. For the sound
management of chemicals throughout their life cycle in the country, there is a need to recognize
chemical management as a separate entity and the resources should be allocated accordingly in the
budgetary process.

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In order to implement SAICM in Pakistan for initiatives like data management and dissemination
system, inventory system, GHS, development of PRTRS, national training programme for capacity
building of public, private, and non-governmental institutions, establishment of poison control
and information centers, disaster management planning, solid waste management programme,
awareness raising campaigns, technology transfer, review of legislation, a considerable financial
resources are required. These financial requirements can be met with development of a sustainable
financial system in national development planning and from international organizations like
IOMC, GEF etc.

13.1. Comments/Diagnosis

Present financial resources do not meet the requirement for sound management of
chemicals in the country.
There is no separate allocation of fund for chemical management and waste management
in the national development plans.
The funding resources can be explored for chemical management initiatives within the
mechanism of international agreements and from other international organisation like
IOMC and GEF.

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CHAPTER NO: 14

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Contents

CHAPTER NO: 14 302

14. Conclusion 302

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Chapter no: 14

14. Conclusion

Implementation of SAICM in Pakistan is part of the UNITAR‘s initiative ―National SAICM Pilot
Projects‖ (2006-2009) which has been executed in Belarus, Mongolia, Pakistan, Panama, and
Tanzania, with the financial assistance of Government of Switzerland as a contribution to SAICM
Quick start Programme. As part of this programme the National chemical Profile has been
prepared which will be followed by other two baseline documents, i.e. National Capacity
Assessment of Pakistan for SAICM, and National Programme for Chemicals and Waste
Management.

Concluding this Pilot Project, a Two Day National Chemicals Forum, on ―Strategic Approach to
International Chemical Management‖ was held on 30-31 March 2009 in Islamabad, organized by
the Ministry of Environment, Pakistan. Around two hundred stakeholders from different segments
of the society participated in the forum. The National Chemical Forum was an innovative
participatory mechanism with the purpose of providing an open, transparent and inclusive forum
for discussing issues of common interest and also new and emerging issues. The Forum provided
stakeholders the opportunity to place issues on the national agenda and emphasize their special
needs and concerns with respect to improving chemicals management.

At Forum, the national chemical profile prepared under the supervision of IC-Wing, Ministry of
Environment was presented to the stakeholders. Recommendations were made on it and the
course for work in a number of new areas was charted. In light of the adoption of the Strategic
Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) by the Government of Pakistan,
forum considered the future role of prepared national chemical profile as a contribution to the
implementation of SAICM. The Forum‘s recommendations and agreed action items then were
integrated in the national chemical profile.

The Chemical Management Profile is the second profile after 2000 and has been prepared with
extensive stakeholders‘ participation and UNITAR comprehensive guidelines. However due to lack
of information and harmonized database at sectoral/ institutional level it was difficult to develop
the profile on chemical management. However stakeholders considered it as a remarkable
achievement by being first ―integrated‖ chemical profile ever been prepared in Pakistan. Profile
development was faced with many challenges related to accessing information at government
agencies.

The National Chemical Profile is an important component of the national information system
prepared for exchanging information regarding existing structures and implementation related to
chemical management in Pakistan. The scope of the national profile covers latest facts and
information available in the country, presented in 14 chapters according to UNITAR guidelines

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and Supplementary Note to the UNITAR/IOMC National Profile Guidance Document. The
Profile made a considerable contribution in defining further priorities in chemical management
for the related government agencies. It is anticipated to provide some insights to decision-making
processes to guide the country towards sustainable development.

Pakistan is not a large producer of industrial chemicals but it one of its main importer. Illegal
import of chemicals had been inspected in the country but there is no possible way to identify how
many of the chemicals were imported in hidden way. There is unchecked illegal traffic of banned
chemicals especially pesticides through border movement especially in Balochistan. There should
be some mechanism developed for control of illegal traffic, and capacity building of law enforcing
agencies and custom department.

The data related to obsolete chemical stocks, chemical waste site, and contaminated areas generally
does not exist or not provided by the relevant stakeholders. There are very few waste disposal/
treatment/recycling facilities in the country. The information about these facilities could not be
collected due to non availability of database. Pakistan does not have proper disposal sites and
methods/technologies for treating wastes, which consequently contributes to environmental
pollution and health problems. Technical infrastructure for recycling and recovery as well as for
disposal of chemicals in the country is at a very low profile. There and urgent need to develop and
implement a life cycle-based integrated solid waste management (ISWM) programme in the country.

There is no sustainable data collection and monitoring system in chemical management,

particularly for chemical transportation, storage and disposal. In addition comprehensive research
and analysis of chemical lifecycle management is needed. Pakistan does not have developed
chemical inventory system for storage, transport and disposal. The mechanism for Pollution
Transfer and Released Registers (PRTRS) is absent. Globally Harmonized System for labelling and
hazard identification (GHS) is also not implemented. In absence of such critical elements the
capacity for data management of concerned institutions is very poor.

Problems related to chemical production, import, export and use were identified and prioritized
for the environmental and health areas. The statistical data related to priority concerns of chemical
management in Pakistan is very meagre. In absence of such critical information it is difficult to
prioritise the issues. Database related to occupational accidents, chemical accidents, chemical
poisoning, chemical injuries, drinking water contamination, food contamination, and deaths
caused due to chemical accidents, chemicals transport, and disposal of waste is absent. Chemical
life cycle information is very important for chemical hazards and risk assessment and mitigation
measures.

Legislation related to different aspects of life cycle of chemicals, especially with reference to import,
export, production, is very comprehensive. There are some lope holes related to chemical use
especially in consumer products. The legislation dealing with disposal, transportation and storage

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of chemicals is insufficient to absent. These areas are required to be addressed urgently. There does
not exist any law directly related to transport and storage of chemicals. Explosive act is present but
that too does not cover all aspect of chemical handling and safety. Legislation related to consumer
chemicals including food product is not complete. This is causing serious health hazards due to
uncheck use of chemicals in consumer and food products. Most of the existing legislation was not
enacted for the specific purpose of chemical life cycle management in particular e.g. Carriage of
Goods by Sea Act, The Motor Vehicle Act, The Railways Act, Explosive Substances Act, Mines
Act, fatal Accidents Act, dose not cover all aspects of chemical management. Therefore their
environmental content is ancillary. For sound management of chemicals and waste it is necessary to revise
existing legislation and policies to include chemicals life cycle management concept in it.

Penalties for environmental offences are generally punitive rather than reformatory. The cases of
adulterations in chemicals, if any are dealt with under the pure food rules. Similarly, no specialized
legislation exists to control the import, production, storage, transportation, distribution,
use/handling of any kind of chemicals except that the disposal/handling of toxic and hazardous
substances are dealt with under the Pakistan Penal Code and the Explosives Act, 1884 and
Hazardous Substances Rules, 2006. The ineffectiveness and non-enforcement of regulatory
framework are the major drawbacks with the inspections, monitoring, vigilance and public
awareness. There is a serious lack of trained technical human resource in every related department.
This can be enhanced with the properly accredited NGOs for such purpose. Now new acts are
proposed but few amendments in existing laws will be suffice. Various non regulatory mechanisms
and voluntary programmes are important in reducing the risks. To improve the implementation of
policies and regulatory framework the capacity of law enforcing and monitoring agencies should be build up.

Information provided in the national profile gives an overview of the ministerial responsibilities in
managing chemicals that are considered vital for the country, namely pesticides, fertilizers,
industrial chemicals and consumer products, in different phases of their life cycles. The mandates
of ministries and departments are clearly defined and there does not exist any overlapping.
However if there any controversy arise, the matter can be sorted out in inter-ministerial committee
for management of chemicals. There is no need for a new ministry dealing with chemical management but
a strong mechanism for inter-ministerial coordination at federal as well as provincial level is required. The
close coordination between provincial and federal government and among provinces themselves is also
necessary.

There is a need for capacity building of existing institutions with reference to implementation of
policies, rules, regulations and acts. Effective chemical management depends on financial
allocation to implement strategy and plan. There is a lack of critical infrastructure required for
monitoring. There is a need for enhanced coordination between Ministries of Food, Health,
Agriculture & Live stock and Environment. Participation of Ministry of Health in the registration
process, particularly in case of pesticides that are used in Public Health should be enhanced. There

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should be a national monitoring and surveillance system. Ministry of Health should plan for vector
control management and public health pesticide management awareness programme, in
collaboration of ministry of Environment. Institutional capacities are needed to be strengthened in terms
of improved availability of information, filling gaps in the understanding of chemicals related health issues,
risk assessment methods, protection of vulnerable groups including children, workers and population in
general, promotion of safe alternatives and needs for prevention.

Participation of non-governmental organizations, trade associations, research institutions and

community groups in policy making and policy implementation is very important for chemical
management in the country. In Pakistan all these stakeholders are contributing and taking some
effective measures. There is a need for a stronger coordinating and consultative mechanism among
the Government, NGOs and community at grass root level. Some of the important NGOs, CSOs
and trade associations are part of committees made for chemical management. These organizations
are playing a vital role in implementation of international voluntary initiatives like ISO standards
9000, 14000 and OHSAS 18001. They are also cooperating in Pak-EPA‘s SMART programme for
self monitoring and reporting.

NGOs, CSOs and public interest groups have direct linkage with local communities hence their
role in dissemination of information and creating awareness among workers and local population
is very effective. They arrange seminars, workshops, focal groups meetings and interact with
common man. There are a large number of NGOs and CSOs working in Pakistan and many of
them are involved in environmental issues.

They have right to access to environmental tribunals, labour courts and other similar institutions
for any complaint related communities benefit. Although a good number of NGOs and CSOs are
working for environmental issues but there is no NGO, CSO, working exclusively for chemical
management in Pakistan. There role is indirect. These organizations require capacity building in
chemical management exclusively. They have the capacities for policy analysis, legislation, research
on alternatives, trainings, education, data collection/dissemination and raising awareness. There a
need of acreditization of these civil society organization and interest groups so that they can play an effective
role in monitoring and inspections. Once some mechanism for accredit non-governmental organization
is brought in they can play better role in dealing with environmental issues.

Technical advisory committees have been formed at the national level to improve coordination
among ministries for sound management of chemicals. The main advisory committee is National
Technical Advisory Committee on Chemicals (NTACC). Beside this, Agricultural Pesticides
Technical Advisory Sub – Committee and Steering Committee for Elimination of Adulteration in
Pesticides have been formed as well. The presence of some of very important sectors/
ministries/organizations have been neglected in the NTACC, e.g. representation of ministry for Petroleum &
Natural Resources, Labour, Railway, Communication, Ports & Shipping, National Disaster Management

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Cell, Rescue 115 Service, and academia is not there. After the addition of above mentioned
ministries/departments, the existing mechanism will cover nearly all important aspects of chemical
life cycle which require inter-ministerial cooperation and coordination.

There are many gaps in the data management for chemicals in Pakistan. The availability and
quality of available data in many areas is not satisfactory. Without reliable data the chemical
management is not possible. Therefore in this regard a serious effort is required. National Health
Data Management System (NHDMS) is present but the data for toxic exposures and the emergency
services in relation to chemical incidents is missing. There is a dire need for capacity building of
NHDMS, for improved data generation for decision making. Data related to chemical accidents,
deaths caused due to industrial accidents, injuries, mitigation measures taken is nearly absent.
Industries neither maintain such records nor do they report to authorities due to fear of reprisal.

The national data is maintained by the relevant departments and agencies. There is no
harmonization in available data for analytical purpose. Due to behavioural problems and lengthy
procedures it often takes too much time to acquire data from government agencies. Access to
international database is rather easy as every thing is available on internet. Therefore National
Chemical Information Mangement and Dissemination System should be developed and integrated with
National Environmental Information Management System (NIEMS), a project implemented by Ministry of
Environment.

As far as the technical infrastructure is concerned, a large number of laboratories have been
established throughout the country related to chemical analysis. Where as a some of them have
been accredited through National Accreditation Council of Pakistan, where the laboratory quality
standards are being maintained. But still there are other laboratories which still require
certification. The Standard Reference chemicals, required to compare result of analysis, are very
expensive and there availability in the country is insufficient. The laboratory grade chemicals
required for lab analysis are although available in the country on demand but their quality
standards are required to be monitored as the practice of adulteration is common. There is lack of
professionals who could work or use advanced equipments and tools. It is therefore considered that
the technical capacities of R & D institutions should be enhanced for analytical and monitoring facilities and
an in-depth country wide need assessment study may be conducted to know their requirements of technical
human resource, equipment and infrastructure in dealing with chemicals issues.

Beside there is a need to incorporate chemical life cycle management concept in academic
curricula at university level. Although education in chemistry, chemical engineering,
environmental management and environmental studies is available in the country but there are no
specific course available for chemical management. The additional modules are required in the university
curricula with reference to the life cycle chemical management, integrated waste management, waste
treatment/recycling technologies, hazard/ risk assessment tools etc.

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The National Disaster Management Plan does not include chemical accidents response and
management strategy in it. Disaster management in Pakistan basically revolves around natural
disasters (floods, earthquake and drought) with a primary focus on rescue and relief. The disaster
management related to chemical accidents is though part of the framework but still not
implemented. There does not exist any mechanism for inventories of installations and transport
routes at risk of chemical incidents. Fire, police and other emergency services does not have
specific equipment, including protective clothing, to deal with chemical incidents and staffs are
not specifically trained for such incidents. There are no chemical hazard identification systems
both in the transport and industrial/commercial sectors except in very few large enterprises.

There are no dedicated chemical emergency services in the country. Only few hospitals have
proper patient decontamination facilities and stocks of antidotes, medicines, and appropriate
equipment for chemical emergencies. The emergency medical supply for the people and animals is
very limited. There is no special training programme to train the emergency services (e.g. fire,
police, civil, defence) personnel dealing with chemical incidents, as well as medical and
paramedical staff in handling and treating chemically exposed persons.

Disaster management, development planning and environmental management institutions operate

in isolation and integrated planning between these sectors is almost lacking. Within disaster
management bodies in Pakistan, there is a dearth of knowledge and information about hazard
identification, risk assessment & management, and linkages between livelihoods and disaster
preparedness. Disaster management policy responses are not generally influenced by methods and
tools for cost effective and sustainable interventions. There is a dire need for development of emergency
response infrastructures/ training programmes and technical human resource in the country for chemical
disaster management.

Enhancement of workers' and public awareness and knowledge is an essential element for the
success of national chemical safety management, since it will enable them to safeguard their health
and the environment from avoidable chemical hazards. At present, all stakeholders including
government, academic, and business sectors, as well as NGOs, are involved in educating workers
and public about chemical risks and the proper management through different approaches to
some extent. In general these efforts seem to be inadequate. Normally the factory workers are not
fully aware of risks to the environment, health, and safety from chemicals, and measures which
should be taken in order to protect themselves from chronic or acute exposure to hazardous
chemicals in everyday life, as well as at the time of a chemical of a chemical emergency.
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) and Environment Health and Safety (EHS) policies, laws and
programmes for factory workers and general public should be developed and implemented.

NGOs especially are playing very important role in raising awareness and educating the public for
effective participation in national environmental management initiatives (e.g. as stated in agenda
21 or the implementation of Stockholm Convention) as well as access to justice in environmental

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matters. There is a dire need to Raise the awareness of decision-makers and legislatures concerning
chemical safety and encourage them to take timely action to implement sound management
measures. There is a need to improve the understanding of communicators and the media
concerning chemical safety issues and encourage them to better communicate these issues to the
public.

Pakistan is a member of numerous international programs / agreements (Agenda21, FAO, Code

of Conduct, Montreal Protocol, Basel Convention, Stockholm Convention, Vienna Convention
and GATT / WTO agreements, ILO Convention 155). It has good linkages with international
organizations such as IFCS, IPCS, UNEP, WHO, FAO, UNIDO, ILO, WTO, ADB and
UNITAR. The focal point of each of the international cooperation is usually located at the
institution considered to be the prime responsible agency.

Pakistan is also participating in international/regional SAICM meetings, and is National SAICM

Focal Point in the QSP Pilot Project and QSPTF Project. SAICM Polite project is under
implementation and this document is an outcome of it. The overall progress in implementation of
international agreements is generally good. Pakistan has incorporated Basel Convention, Montreal
Protocol, and Rotterdam Convention in the environmental laws and has been implemented in full
strength. Pakistan still needs to implement Globally Harmonized System of Classification and
Labelling of Chemicals (GHG). The major grey area in implementation of international agreements is the
poorly managed national data system related to chemical life cycle.

Through the international linkages, several projects have been funded and given technical
assistance in the areas of chemical safety, risk reduction, environment quality monitoring system,
and environmental health impact assessment. Assistance has been provided by various
organizations, such as GEF, UNIDO, UNITAR, and WHO. Pakistan has long commitment to
work for global chemical safety, since the establishment of IFCS in 1994. In framework of this
cooperation Pakistan would have an Updated National Chemicals Profile, Capacity Assessment for
the chemicals management, National Action Plan and Integrated National Chemicals and Waste
Management Programme. Outcomes of the projects will have great significance for Pakistan in
terms of improving chemicals and waste management, which are still overlooked in the national
priorities and strategies.

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