Thematic
Apperception Test
Projective test
is a projective test consisting of a series of
pictures in which the examinee is
requested to create a story about the
picture.
method of revealing to the trained
interpreter some of the dominant drives,
emotions, sentiments, complexes and
conflicts of personality.
History:
It was conceptualized by Henry Murray and
Christina Morgan on 1935 but more fully
elaborated in 1938 and 1943.
It was believed that material derived from the test
could serve as the X-ray of personality.
By 1950, several books and more than 100 articles
were published
Cont…
By 1971, more than 1,800 articles had been written based on the
TAT
The test is still not considered to have achieved degree of
comparable degree of standardization to MMPI and WAIS
No clear agreed on scoring and interpretation system
Varying methods of administration regarding number, sequence
and types of cards that are given
Yet it ranks as 6th most frequently used test by clinical
psychologists
Researchers were dissatisfied because it was not applicable for
all populations like children, the elderly and minorities.
Cont…
Several TAT-type tests have been designed
to study specific problem areas
Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Study to
understand how people perceive and deal
with frustration
The Stress Tolerance Test to be used in
understanding how a subject responds to
stressful scenes of combat
Murray’s Theory of
Personality
How individuals react with their
environment
How they are affected by their external
forces
How their attitudes, needs and values
influence their reaction to world
Murray developed a list of 28 needs
Cont…
He developed a list of 24 possible
forces in person’s environment named
as press
He gave the concept of thema “ a
pattern of related needs and press”
derived from early infantile
experiences
General Conditions:
to be administered in an interpersonal setting.
TAT materials consists of 20 cards on which
ambiguous pictures are presented.
-”M” for males, “F” for females
-”B” for boys, “G” for girls
-”BM” for boys/males, “GF” for
girls/females.
The selection of cards may be idiosyncratic to the
patient’s presenting problem.
SEQUENTIAL NUMBERING SYSTEM (SNS)
a) administered to females and males in exact order :
1, 2, 3BM, 4, 6BM, 7GF, 8BM, 9GF, 10, 13MF.
b) administered to any males: 1, 2, 3BM, 4, 6BM,
7BM, 11, 12M, 13MF.
c) administered to any females: 1, 2, 3, 3BM, 4, 6GF,
7GF, 9GF, 11, 13GF.
Keiser and Prather (1990) specified Murray’s
frequent cards.
- 10 most frequent cards : 1, 2, 3BM, 3GF, 4,
5, 6BM, 6GF, 8BM and 8GF.
During administration, the subject should be
seated beside the examiner with his or her
chair turned away.
Instructions:
The examiner will show some pictures one
at a time, and the subject will be making up
as dramatic a story as he/she can for each
picture card. 50 minutes for 10 pictures. The
following story structure must be obtained:
a) current situation ;
• what is happening at the moment?
b) thoughts and feelings of the character (s);
• what the characters are feeling and thinking?
c) preceding events;
• what has led up to the event shown in the picture?
d) outcome ;
• what was the outcome?
Procedures:
TIME
time measured should begin when the picture is first
presented and end when the subject begins his or
her story.
RECORDING
a subject’s complete responses should be recorded,
along with any noteworthy behavioral
observations: exclamation, pauses, blushing,
degree of involvement , and change in voice
inflection.
QUESTIONING and INQUIRY
to produce an unhampered and free-flow of
the subject’s fantasy material.
ORDER OF PRESENTATION
usually, the cards should be administered
according to their sequential numbering
system.
Scoring:
The Psychological Corporation
For each of the scoring categories, practitioners
should abbreviate their observations about the
person. In some sections, practitioners are asked to
indicate the levels of importance or strength for the
per by putting one check (mere presence of
characteristics), two checks (moderate) or three
checks (strong). The entire scoring and interpretation
procedure typically takes a half-hour.
H.A Murray, 1943 scoring the TAT involves
evaluating the following five different aspects of the
stories:
The Hero. Scoring for the hero involves identifying who
is central character(s) in the story
Need of the Hero. For Murray, it was also critical to
identify the needs, motives and desire of the hero.
Identifying the presses. A press refer to any important
environmental factor that may influence or interfere with
the need of the hero.
Example: (parents or boss), (the lock on the door is
broken)
Scoring for themes. Scoring for themes in TAT stories
involves noting the nature of the interplay and conflict
between the needs and presses, the types of emotion elicited
by this conflict, and the way the conflict is resolved.
Scoring for outcome. Scoring for the outcome of the
story involves analyzing how the stories end by noting a
happy versus unhappy ending and assessing the extent to
which the ending is controlled by the strengths of the hero
and forces in the environment.
Interpretation:
Nomothetic and Idiographic.
1. Nomothethic Interpretation refers to the practice of establishing
norms for answer from subjects in specific age, gender, racial, or
educational level groups and then measuring a given subject’s
responses against those norms.
2. Idiographic Interpretation refers to evaluating the unique
features of the subject’s view of the world and relationships.
Most psychologists would classify the TAT is better suited to
idiographic than nomothethic interpretations
In interpreting the responses of the TAT, the
examiners typically focus their attention on one
of the three (3) areas:
•The content of the stories that the subject tells;
•The feeling or the tone of the stories;
•The subject’s behavior apart from responses.
These behavior may include: Verbal Remarks
(e.g. comments about feeling stressed by
situation or not being good story teller) as well
as Nonverbal Actions or Signs (e.g. difficulties
making an eye contact with the examiner, etc.)
The3 Levels of Interpretations suggest by
Bellak & Abram, 1997 are:
•Descriptive Level- it is the mere repeat of
the story
•Interpretative Level- It extends the
descriptive level by an alteration of it [if one
does the X, then the outcome will be Y.].
•Diagnostic Level- It is the further extension
that an interference is made about the client.
In Example Given:
PICTURE 1
Descriptive level (the boy
is practicing to increase his
competence.)
Interpretative level (If one
practice, then he or she will
improve.)
Diagnostic level (The
client has a high need for
achievement with a high
level of self- efficacy.
Results:
The results of the TAT must be interpreted in the
context of the subject’s personal history, age, sex,
level of education, occupation, racial or ethnic
identification first language, and other
characteristics that may be important.
The results of the Thematic Apperception Test
are difficult to generalize. The results are often
subjective and do not use any formal type of
scoring system. However, a close analysis of
the stories told by the subject normally gives
the tester a decent idea of the traits mentioned
above (personality, emotional control, and
attitudes towards aspects of everyday life).
Thematic Apperception
Test (TAT)
Picture 1:
A boy is sitting at a
table looking at a violin
placed on the table in
front of him.
Picture 2 : Country scene with a woman holding
a book in the foreground. In the background,
a man is working a field while a woman
watches.
General Discussion
This is the only card in the series
that presents the group scene and
gives information relating to how
the individual deals with the
challenge of people living
together.
Picture 3BM : A boy is huddled next to a couch.
On the floor next to him is an ambiguous
object that could be a set of keys or a
revolver.
General Discussion
This is identified as one of the most useful pictures for it
concerns themes of guilt, depression, aggression, and
impulsive control.
• For example, if the object is described as a gun, is it used or
intended to used for:*Intra-aggression-the subject is going to
use it to damage oneself, or Extra-aggression-the subject
has used it or going to use it to damage or harm another
person.
This picture is particularly important for depressed patients,
whether male or female, because it can reveal important
dynamics regarding the manner in which the depression
developed and how it is currently being maintained
Picture 3GF : A woman is standing next to an
open door with one hand grabbing the side
of the door and the other holding her
downcast face.
General Discussion
The same general trend that hold for Picture
3BM are also true here, in that both pictures
tend to bring out depressive feelings.
Picture 4 : A woman is grabbing the shoulders
of a man who is turning away from her.
General Discussion
This picture typically elicits a good deal of
information relating to the feelings and
attitudes surrounding male-female
relationship.
Picture 5 : A woman is looking into a room from
the threshold of a door.
General Discussion
This picture often reveals information surrounding attitudes about the
subjects mother in her role of observing and possibly judging behavior.
It is important to note how the woman is perceived and how the
situation is resolved.
This card elicits paranoid fears of attack.
Picture 6BM : An elderly woman is standing
parallel to a window. Behind her is a younger
man with his face down. He is holding onto
his hat.
General Discussion
It usually proves to be rich source of information
regarding attitudes and feelings toward their mother or
maternal figures in general.
Picture 6GF : A young woman sitting on the
edge of a sofa looks back over her shoulder
at an older man with a pipe in his mouth who
seems to be addressing her.
General Discussion
This card was originally intended to be the female
counterpart to Picture 6BM,, and it was hoped that
it, too, would elicit attitudes and feelings toward
paternal figures. However, because the two figures
are often seen as being about an equal age, the
card frequently does not accompilsh0 its intended
purpose. When clear father-daughter plots are not
discussed, the picture reflects the subject’s style
and approach to instructed heterosexual
relationship.
Picture 7BM : An older man is looking at a
younger man, who appears to be peering
into space.
General Discussion
The picture deals with hierarchical
personal relationships and usually
takes the form of an older , more
experienced man interacting with a
younger, less experienced one. Thus,
the card can clearly show how the
subject deals with external demands
and attitudes toward authority
Picture 7GF : A young girl is seated on a couch
and is holding a doll in her hands. Behind
her is an older woman who appears to be
reading to her out of a book.
General Discussion
When older women are the subjects, the
picture often elicits feelings and attitudes
toward children. Because both figures
are looking away, either
figure is sometimes perceived as
rejecting the other. Thus, the card often
elicits negative feelings and interactions,
and it is important to note how these
feelings are resolved, expressed, or
avoided
Picture 8BM : A young boy in the foreground is
staring directly out of the picture. In the
background is a hazy image of two men
performing surgery on a patient who is lying
down.
General Discussion
The picture can be seen as a thinly veiled
depiction of a young man’s oedipal conflicts, with
concomitant feelings of castration anxiety and
hostility. Thus, it is important to note what feelings
the boy or the other characters in the story have
toward the older man performing the surgery.
Picture 8GF : A woman is sitting on a chair
staring into space with her chin resting in her
hand.
General Discussion
This picture is difficult to generalize about.
Typically, it produces somewhat shallow stories of
a contemplative nature.
Picture 9BM : Four men in a field are lying
against one another.
Picture 9GF : A woman in the foreground is
standing behind a tree, observing another
woman who is running along a beach below.
Picture 10 : One person is holding his or her
head against another person’s shoulder. The
gender of the two persons is not defined.
Picture 11 : On a road in a chasm, several
figures are proceeding along a path toward a
bridge. Above them and against the side of a
cliff appears to be a dragon.
Picture 12M : A man with his hand raised is
standing above a boy who is lying on a bed
with his eyes closed.
Picture 12F : A portrait of a woman is in the
foreground; an older woman holding her chin
is in the background.
Picture 12BG : A country setting depicts a tree,
with a rowboat pulled up next to it. No
human figures are present.
Picture 13MF : A young man is standing in the
foreground with his head in his arms. In the
background is a woman lying in a bed.
Picture 13B : A boy is sitting in the doorway of a
log cabin.
Picture 13G : A girl is climbing a flight of stairs.
Picture 14 : A person is silhouetted against a
window.
Picture 15 : A man is standing among
tombstones with his hands clasped together.
Picture 17BM : A naked man is climbing up (or
down) a rope.
Picture 17GF : A female is standing on a bridge
over water. Above the bridge is a tall
building, and behind the building the sun is
shining from behind clouds.
Picture 18BM : A man dressed in a long coat is
being grabbed from behind. Three hands are
visible.
Picture 18GF : A woman has her hands around
the throat of another woman. In the
background is a flight of stairs.
Picture 19 : A surreal depiction of clouds and a
home covered with snow.
Picture 20 : A hazy, nighttime picture of a man
leaning against a lamppost.
Reliability
The TAT involve complex, meaningful verbal
material. Because of the complexity of this
material, exact quantitative analysis is difficult.
This issue is further complicated because there
are so many different scoring systems.
Reliability (and validity) for one system may
not mean that adequate reliability will be
present for another system.
Cont…
Interscorer reliability across different
scoring systems has generally been
found to be good, ranging between
.37 and .90, with most reports .85 or
higher.
Validity
Reviews of the TAT’s validity have shown wide
variability
One reviewer might be impressed by a
correlation of .25 while another sees it as highly
deficient
Research done on it likewise allows readers to
project their biases, needs, and expectations onto
the TAT
Advantages
Offers access to the covert and deeper
structures of an individual’s personality
Less susceptibility to faking because the
purpose of projective techniques is usually
disguised
Intrinsically interesting and nonthreatening
Disadvantages
difficulty establishing adequate internal
consistency and test-retest reliability
the effectiveness of the technique is often more
dependent on the clinician’s individual skill than
on the quality
sensitive to situational variables such as mood,
stress, sleep deprivation, and differences in
instruction
