ASSESMENT ON THE EFFICTIVENESS OF MARTIAL

ARTS SELF DEFENSE IN CRIMINOLOGY BY THE NEW

ERA UNIVERSITY

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF

THE SUBJECT CRIMINOLOGY7

Team Leader: Kim Tessa Mae T. Abesamis

Team Member: Sofia Jane Tanglao

Chazz Cuya
 Chapter 1

Introduction

The most important aspect for the criminologists of martial art self-defense training and,

really, it’s primary purpose. By training, you prepare your mind and body to respond to

threats against your safety or your life. It is a fact that becoming police officers need to be

trained in self defense, so it is no surprise to learn that martial arts training is an important

part of their arsenal. While some people like to suggest that martial arts does not correspond

to ‘real world’ situations, this is a false assertion, as many martial arts techniques can be used

and even modified depending on the situation a police officer finds himself in. Perhaps the

best benefit of offices properly trained in martial arts is that it can help a police officer take

down an assailant without the use of lethal force. The effectiveness of Martial Arts for

criminology students in new era universuty in case of crime violence they can handle

themeselves, they begin to develop confidence in and they capabilities. They will walk taller

with head up; they’re prepared, calm, and assured. they would be surprised at the change in

their mental attitude after a decent sparring self defense session. they learn that they can

endure, and they can apply real self-defense techniques, and that they’re capable and strong.

Violence can affect all of us. It is important to be prepared for such occurrences, and the

purpose of this training is to learn fighting skills. Not only they learn specific techniques,

but they also develop toughness and stamina needed to endure a physical reaction. The

effectiveness of Martial Arts for criminology students in new era universuty in case of crime

violence they can handle themeselves, they begin to develop confidence in and they
 capabilities. They will walk taller with head up; they’re prepared, calm, and assured. they

would be surprised at the change in their mental attitude after a decent sparring self defense

session. they learn that they can endure, and they can apply real self-defense techniques, and

that they’re capable and strong. Violence can affect all of us. It is important to be prepared

for such occurrences, and the purpose of this training is to learn fighting skills. Not only

they learn specific techniques, but they also develop toughness and stamina needed to

endure a physical reaction

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In the past few months ago, there are many cases violence of crime mostly of crime is, hold up

and this is the commonly crime that happened in overpass Central Avenue. Most target of the

accused person are the senior citizens and students. The criminology students must be prepared

and know to apply this martial arts self defense in cases of happens.

Criminology students in New Era University, Need to train in martial arts to help with their day

to day career skills, to develop and enhance skills.

Many people mostly criminologists believe the focus for martial arts should be on the attack

skills each style provides. However, there is plenty more to consider as martial arts styles and

teachings can differ vastly from each other.

For example, many of the older styles have more traditional teaching methods and values. They

focus on self control, discipline, respect and overall mindfulness. Some of the newer styles have

a stronger focus on striking and defending, with a single mind toward sells defense or sport.
A combination of these skills is important across the Criminology students in New Era

University or incoming law enforcer. Learning to learn multiple martial arts styles to learn and

practice would be beneficial to anyone especially to criminology students considering entering

the law enforcement field. Outside of the practical defense and mindfulness skills that can be

attained, martial arts are a great way to stay in shape.

This is a general list of the most beneficial martial arts for law enforcement. It is important to

consider your own goals before selecting a style to begin.

Overall, though, there is no bad choice when it comes to selecting a style to choose, as they can

all provide you with life and career skills.

Based on the story of John llyod taroy in May 7, 2019 “we're waiting for a jeep in the central.

After my running over the overpass a woman grabbed her by her side while yelling for help .. we

approached her to calm down even though my right sya tas tska kame asked for help at gate 1 of

the central office they called brgy. I don't have a brgy number. there was also no person or

official in the outpost at the central terminal so I ran to the guard at gate 1 Tas said his sister was

commenting while we were finifirst helping her.Be careful when you go home late at night

especially if you are alone with a girl.

The name of the girl who stabbed is Arci airagel.

Men are thin and may not be as young as they are, so guys are usually cautious about women

coming home at this time

Technical Advantages Martial Arts for becoming Police Officers

Takedowns Those who have been on the receiving end of a takedown by an officer trained in

martial arts will testify to the effectiveness of the technique! The tactics used by the majority
of police forces across the country are derived from martial arts developed in Japan, China,

and even Brazil. Forms of martial arts that focus on throws and holds are of the greatest

benefit to police officers, as are techniques involving chokes, locks, and counter striking to

avoid being attacked with and without a weapon. Martial arts, such as Aikido and Ju Jitsu are

common, while Brazilian Jiu Jitsu is also favored by police departments for its wrestling

techniques. Knowing how to grapple allows police officers to easily deal with subjects when

a fight goes to the ground, which is where most officers want the fight to be. Mental

Strength The physical benefits of martial arts are well known, but there are many more

benefits for police officers. Learning martial arts can help to promote the emotional

wellbeing of officers through the process of mental and physical conditioning. In general,

martial arts is beneficial to the mind as it helps you to control your thoughts and breathing,

while meditation gives you a sense of inner peace. This is essential for individuals that are

faced with violence regularly, as is the case with police officers. Martial arts also help to

reduce stress and anxiety – two of the most common reasons for officers to experience a

burnout and to make mistakes. Leadership Martial arts has long been seen as a great way to

separate followers from leaders and through intensive training, police officers can develop

leadership skills that can make all the difference in an exchange with a criminal. Officers

with lofty career aspirations will also need the confidence and authority that martial arts

brings if they intend on climbing the ladder and earning regular promotions. Street Smarts

The escalation of urban warfare has made it essential for police officers to develop street

survival skills. Martial arts can help them to create a mindset that helps them make the right

decisions to stay safe and apprehend criminal suspects – in other words, to be more street

smart. Police officers that settle into a routine can become complacent and there is no room
 for this when patrolling the streets. Preparedness With martial arts, officers of the law can

undergo crisis-scenario training and be prepared for any encounters that occur while they are

off-duty. It is common for police officers to suffer from post traumatic stress disorder, as they

experience many situations involving life and death. It is imperative for a police officer to

remain calm under pressure, while possessing the skills to make rapid decisions for the good

of the public and themselves. Simply put, martial arts gives officers the preparation they need

to survive

Theorithical Framework

A country’s cultural heritage provides a foundation for theuniqueness of the nation and its

people. Nonetheless, with the advancement of technology, many cultural values have been

forgotten. Tradition and cultural values might be lost in the nearfuture if there is no proper steps

taken to preserve them. Martial arts (MA) can be considered as a preserved heritage primarily

due to fact that it represents certain level of identities and cultures. In general term, MA refers to

the art of combat and self-defense It normally combines offensive and defensive techniques. In

Asia, MAs may promote identities of certain races and cultures. There are various styles of MAs

practised in the world for examples ESDO, Aikido, Wing Tsun, Judo, Jujutsu, Karate,

Taekwondo and Kendo (Asian MAs ), Tai-chi-chuan, pa-koua and Shing-hichuan (Chinese

MAs , Capoeira (Brazil , Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) . In Southeast Asia, traditional Malay MA
is a branch of knowledge (physical and spiritual) used for selfprotection systematically. Each MA

exists with a distinct history, philosophy and set of techniques.Capturing and analysing human

motion or frequently called human motion capture is a rapidly growing research area due to the

large number of potential application and its inherent complexity. Apart from its usage in

biomechanics research, the source of motion data is important for computer animation as well as

education, training, and sports. Motion capture (MoCap) is the process of recording a live

movement event to obtain a single 3D representation of the performance by translating it into

usable mathematical terms using tracking a number of key points in space over time. In other

words, MoCap refers to the technology for translating a live movement into a digital

performance. Using MoCap technology, the results of the effectiveness and performance in MA

techniques can be seen through the feedbacks given by the developed system. The feedbacks can

be divided into 2 types: intrinsic feedback; and extrinsic feedback. Intrinsic feedback refers to

information that comes through a person’s own sensory-perceptual or nervous system such as

muscle spindles, joint receptors, lumbar muscle and lumbar proprioception. Extrinsic feedback

(EF) refers to information comes from outside sources such as teacher, therapist, and videotape.

Nevertheless, research on EF of the MAs using MoCap technologies are scarce. Furthermore,

there is no complete framework of evaluation system suggested for MAs. Feedbacks given by

the evaluators such as teacher, referee and jury to evaluate the MA techniques are ambiguous,

lack of fairness and objectivity [14]. EFs using teacher’s verbal and videotape require the

presence of teachers or instructors to detect and reprimand one-by-one of the errors via video.

Therefore, in this paper, a theoretical framework of EF-based automated evaluation system is

presented and discussed in detailed to evaluate the effectiveness of performing techniques of

atraditional local MA called Seni Silat Cekak Malaysia (SSCM)

2. Materials and methods

The traditional MAs practised among Malay people are known as “Silat”. Silat involves

physically and mentally movements to defend the practitioners systematically . There are

approximately 439 styles of traditional Malay MAs registered in

National Silat Federation (PESAKA) . The main purpose of PESAKA is to set up a merged MA

organisation in Malaysia. PESAKA was established on September 24, 1983. Four Malaysia

level organizations acknowledged as the Founder Bodies in PESAKA are Seni Silat Lincah

Malaysia, Silat Seni Gayong Malaysia, Seni Gayung Fatani Malaysia, and Seni Silat Cekak

Malaysia with 16 other state level organisations. In this study, Seni Silat Cekak Malaysia

(SSCM) has been selected to be the case study. SSCM is an established traditional Malay MA

and one of the founder bodies of PESAKA. Furthermore, SSCM has been registered as co-

curriculum subject in most of Institutions of Higher Learning (IHLs) in Malaysia. SSCM is a

genuine traditional Malay combat-oriented art covering 99% defending techniques and 1%

attacking technique. This shows that SSCM focuses on defensive aspects and symbolizes Malay

self-defense movements. In SSCM, components of movements can be classified into several

methods namely Kaedah (Fend off technique), Buah Asas (Continuation of fend off technique

before taking down the opponent), Buah Jatuh (Takedown technique), Buah Potong(Clinch

techniques that teach the practitioner to escape even when in close proximity with the opponent)

and Buah Serang (Strike

technique) [15]. In order to ensure the success of this study, preliminary study has

been done by conducting acquaintance meeting, procedures and

approval, and interview. The outputs from these approaches are very important for the

experiment and proposed framework. 2.1. Acquaintance meeting An acquaintance meeting with
an influential individual in SSCM association (PSSCM) has been held in order to obtain the

overview of PSSCM. The influential individual is the chairman of Centre of Education in

PSSCM and at the same time acted as a SSCM supervisor and teacher in Islamic Science

University of Malaysia (USIM) and Sepang Vocational College (KVS). Information

regarding history, mission and vision, administration, taught subjects, and members of the

association has been obtained during the meeting. Additionally, the meeting allowed findings

from the literature study to be validated. Several potential informants were

identified for this study including the informants for pilot study.

2.2. Procedures and approval Several procedures with PSSCM have been followed in order to

gain approval to implement survey, observation, and experimental study of SSCM. Starting with

the acquaintance meeting between the author and influential individual in the PSSCM, several

personin-charge in the association have been identified including the SSCM secretary, teachers

and trainers. In order to obtain permission to do the research on SSCM, a letter of application has

been delivered to the PSSCM together with author’s verification letter of the research issued by

Multimedia University for support, recommendation, and reference. The application letter has

been distributed to ask permissions for conducting research along with SSCM teachers, trainers

and trainees in exercise class and for implementing studies survey, observation and experiment in

the exercise class using the proposed method in the study. The association has stated the

permission to conduct the research on SSCM by replying the approval letter. This permission

allows the author to plan the next agendas for this research including

conducting interview and experiment for selected teacher.

2.3. Interview
After obtaining the approval from PSSCM, the author has approached one of the experienced

SSCM teachers through an interview. The SSCM teacher is also a SSCM supervisor in

University of Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) since 2005. The purpose of the interview is to gain

information about techniques of SSCM and to deliver information about the experiment to be

implemented. Tools of audio recording and notes have been used in this interview for author’s

reference, support and further tasks. In learning SSCM in IHLs, the trainees/students will be

tested before going to higher levels of techniques. Two important tests are called Ujian Peringkat

Asas(Basic Level Test) and Ujian Peringkat Jatuh (Takedown Level Test) where all the

techniques in Buah Asas and Buah Jatuh are tested respectively. Students will be able to

continue to Buah Potong once they passed the Ujian Peringkat Jatuh. Since the author has no

knowledge and experience in SSCM, technique selection is done by the SSCM teacher. Each

level has 21 techniques, and the techniques can be classified into 4 clusters based on Kaedah A,

Kaedah B, Kaedah C and Kaedah D. The SSCM teacher has agreed and decided to choose one

technique from each cluster for the preliminary study. The chosen techniques are: Buah Pertama,

Buah Kuntau Jatuh, Buah Kilas Hadapan, and Buah Hempok from Kaedah A, B, C, and D

respectively. These selected techniques are relatively easier than other techniques in its

cluster.. Experiment

For each cluster, the SSCM teacher will be advised to execute the selected technique from Buah

Jatuh. This is because techniques in Buah Jatuh is an extension from Buah Asas. Each execution

of the selected technique needs to be repeated 10 times to obtain the right motions using the

proposed method. This repetition is to ensure that the captured postures generated by RGDL

method are accurate. Therefore, there will be 40 executions bfor all selected techniques. Planning

and scheduling the experiments are crucial to obtain good data collection for analysis and
experiments to be done. Due to practicality and portability factors, a standard Microsoft Kinect

for Windows Version 2 and Kinect SDK 2.0 have been chosen to capture, track and record

executions of the selected techniques. In term of practicality, participants involved in this

experiment do not need to wear any marker which can limit their movements and performance

[18]. The proposed tool used is based on marker-less technique. Furthermore, the participants do

not need to attend in static studio for motion capture since the chosen tool is easier to carry. The

experiments are conducted indoor. During the experiment, the performers are positioned at the

distance 2.65m from the device since the distance are suitable to track the whole body even if

some techniques executed require the performers to step forward or backward. Proposed

Framework A theoretical framework of MAs evaluation system has been proposed in this paper

to evaluate MAs movements based on extrinsic feedback. As illustrated in Figure 1, the

framework can be divided into 3 important modules consisting of Motion Capture module,

Motion Recognition module and Motion Evaluation module. Motion capture Motion Capture

module mainly acts as the first module in the proposed conceptual framework. The function of

this module is to accurately capture and track human bodies to generate skeleton, find focused

target, and record motions in the repository. This module consists of Skeleton Tracking model,

Focused Target model and Skeleton Recording model.

This module becomes a reference for respectively motion template model and motion
classification model in Motion Recognition module.

MOTION
MOTION CAPTURE
CAPTURE MOTION MOTION
MODULE
MODULE RECOGNITION EVALUATION
MODULE MODE
SKELETON MOTION
TRACKING TEMPLATE PATTERN

FOCUSED
TARGET MOTIONSCRIPTS/
RULES
SCORE

SKELETON
CLASSIFICATION
RECORDING

Fig. 1: Framework of extrinsic feedback-based automated evaluation

system for MAs.(MARTIAL ARTS)

• Skeleton tracking model The purpose of the Skeleton Tracking model is to generate data

based on the human bodies tracked or captured by the device. The device can produce infrared,

colour, depth, and skeleton data through its sensor. The skeleton data has been chosen because

the data is more accurate for evaluation of joints positions. Microsoft Kinect For Windows

Version 2 can detect 25 joints in each human body, they are: SpineBase, SpineMid, Neck, Head,

ShoulderLeft, ElbowLeft, WristLeft, HandLeft, ShoulderRight, ElbowRight, WristRight,

HandRight, HipLeft, KneeLeft, AnkleLeft, FootLeft, HipRight, KneeRight, AnkleRight,

FootRight, SpineShoulder, HandTipLeft, ThumbLeft, HandTipRight and ThumbRight [19].

• Focused target model By default, the sensor may recognise up to 6 human bodies

simultaneously. Thus, the events involving partners such as MAs Can take advantage through

this sensor’s capabilities. In real situation of MAs, the performers are normally surrounded by

other people such as teachers, trainers, judges or other trainees as well as audience. Standard
tracking method in this situation however, may cause confusion in determining the targeted

performers for the evaluation. This is because all bodies are tracked using the same

methods or codes by the system. Therefore, Focused Target model is proposed to only track the

person being evaluated. This model is based on method of the first person to be seen by the

sensor. Since the sensor can track 6 bodies, they are assigned in an array of the Body. Whenever

one of the bodies in the array is tracked, the system records the index of the body as a class level

variable. The system then use the index recorded to access the array for

generating the skeleton data and ignore all other bodies.

• Skeleton recording model Skeleton Recording model is used to record or save the skeleton

data tracked by the sensor into repository. The data saved is then used in other main modules

such as Motion Recognition and Motion Evaluation modules. Continuous motions are stored in a

file containing frame list. A second of recording may contain 25 to 30 frames in which each

frame contains of a full of human body skeleton [19]. In the file, data of time period, clip edges,

hand left confidence, hand left state, hand right confidence, hand right state, restriction and

tracking status of body, lean, lean tracking state, joints’ orientation and position as well as

tracking status are stored along with the frames list (Figure 2). The tracking status is important to

obtain percentages of tracked and inferred joints during the experiments. The percentages can be

used to measure the correlations between the tracking status and the results of classification.

Through the correlations, information about tracking status affecting whether good or poor

results of classification can be obtained. The expectation of the tracking status, if the recordings

may track 80% joints and above, this percentage exhibits high accuracy of the movements and

effectiveness of the system. The results of classification are also

expected to be high due to the system can track more than 80% joints and postures of the body

during the execution of the techniques. If the recordings track below than 80%, it shows low

accuracy of the movements. The low accuracy of the movements is expected to affect the results

of classification (either for other expert or students).. Motion recognition

Motion Recognition module is purposed to interpret motion data captured using Motion Capture

module for creating motions template and classification. This module consists of Motion

Template model and Motion Classification model. Both models in this module are used to

support Motion Evaluation module. Common approaches to motion recognition are using

statistical methods, neural networks and fuzzy sets, optimal path finding, semantic methods and

finite state machines and natural interface. These approaches however have limitations in terms

of requiring very large training and validation sets which might be unintuitive for a skilled

system user because the techniques have to be manually tuned and difficult to add new gesture to

be recognised without additional intensive training of the classifier. In this study, Motion

Recognition module utilises Gesture Description Language (GDL) and Reverse-GDL (R-GDL)

created by Dr. Tomasz Hachaj (as illustrated in figure 2). The advantages of GDL/R-GDL are as

follows [22]:

• It is capable of classifying human body movements in real

time.

• It can classify not only simple, real life gestures but also

complicated movements like Karate techniques.

• It does not require large training dataset. Gestures are defined

by user in GDL script. User can utilise as many body features

as he or she needs in each rule definition.

• Gestures are split into key frames that appears in some order

under given time restriction.

• The input data for classifier is set of body joints that arrive

from tracking software in real- time (approximately with

frequency 30 Hz).

• Motion template model

Motion Template model is used to develop a script of motions as a template for classification and

matching purposes using R-GDL. This model utilises teachers’ motions data recorded previously

in the Motion Capture module to be visualised, segmented and scripted. R-GDL method has been

selected because of its capability to classify data from unsegmented (continuous) recording of

teachers’ motions that contains multiple actions in order to generate the scripts. R-GDL can

generate syntactic descriptions which are easily understood by a computer programmer or an

expert in the field. Using heuristic GDL, unwanted behaviour of classifier can be observed

because the heuristic GDL may distinguish between key frames that belong to different classes

and solve the false positive error without necessity of defining the new feature set and

prolonged re-training of whole classifier [24]. In R-GDL, appropriate features for important

limbs/joints have to be created. Since SSCM involves simultaneous movements in

executing the techniques, the movements of both right and left hands and both right and left legs

should be required and considered as important limbs/joints. The hands movement part may

consist of wrist, elbow and shoulder joints while the legs movement part consists of hip, knee

and ankle joints. For accurate measurement of both parts movements, joint angles function is

used to measure the angles of right and left elbows, right and left shoulders, right and
left knees, right and left hips, between wrists and between ankles. Therefore, the features for

these parts movements are suggested as

Figure 3. The number of cluster in the Clusters Count part will be filled based

on the number of important steps in the executed techniques mentioned or advised by the SSCM

teacher. This is because, the SSCM teacher is the expert in this field. Based on Hachaj & Ogiela

forms of motion pattern and scores. Motion pattern recognition can be interpreted using the GDL

approach in the motion classification model. Based on Hoon Choi & Jong Joo [14], the score can

be produced through the sum of items A, B, C and D. A: Whether or not the movements are in

order, B: Accuracy of the motion, C: Speed and balance and D: Harmony (Strength and smooth,

Tempo, Rhythm). In this research, the score will be generated based on the traditional local MA

approach. In SSCM, there is no show or performance. Therefore, the harmony item is excluded

because this item is to evaluate shows or performance.

3. Data collection and analysis Data collection is implemented after the experiments have been

done. The data collected will contain 40 recordings of selected techniques using Motion Capture

module. The recordings consume SKL file formats which are skeleton data to store the

movements of selected techniques in computer. These file formats later will be

used in R-GDL and GDL methods respectively for motions template and classification purposes.

In this study, R-GDL approach is used to generate motion templates using SSCM teachers’

movements while GDL method is purposed to classify the trainees’ movements based on the

created motion templates. The outputs of R-GDL approach are in forms of GDL

scripts containing information about the procedures of executing the selected techniques using

Rules-based method. Meanwhile, extrinsic feedbacks in forms of pattern recognition and score

are the outputs of GDL.Analysis on data collected can be done towards both R-GDL and
GDL approaches as the followings:

• To validate the effectiveness of the generated GDLs by comparing the results generated for

motion templates in forms of GDLs files using R-GDL approach with the stored teachers’

motions again. This analysis is important to obtain accurate motions since this data will be

referred as important templates for classification and preservation purposes.

• To investigate the feasibility of Cluster numbers suggested by the SSCM teachers toward the

captured postures for each selected technique. This analysis explores the capability of the utilised

approaches to capture the desired and important postures for each selected technique.

• To analyze the trainees’ skills and experience in executing the selected techniques. This

analysis can be done real-time by comparing the trainees’ performance or movements with the

GDLs using GDL approach.

4. Expected results Using the proposed framework for MAs evaluation system, trainers

and trainees can test their knowledge and skills of MAs techniques. This framework is proposed

for PSSCM to be a preparation tool to evaluate the trainees’ performance before they come to the

real tests which are Basic Level Test and Drop Level Test. Motion pattern and scores generated

through the system allow the trainees to identify their levels of mastering the techniques. Such

evaluations may encourage the trainees to improve their techniques Data of teacher’s motions

collected for motion templates can be stored digitally for reference and inheritance in the future.

Therefore, the data is believed promising the authenticity and originality of the MAs techniques

and at the same time preserving this kind of valuable cultural heritage.

5. Conclusion

A theoretical framework of extrinsic feedback using automatedevaluation system is presented in

this paper to evaluate the

effectiveness of performing techniques of a traditional local martial art called SSCM. To ensure

the success of this study, preliminary study has been done earlier including acquaintance

meeting, procedures and approval and interview. In the framework, due to the practicality and

portability factors, MoCap module utilises Microsoft Kinect for Window Version 2 and Kinect

SDK 2.0 respectively as a tool and a runtime platform to capture, track and record the executions

of selected techniques. Recognition module for motion template in the framework utilises

R-GDL approach for visualizing, segmenting and scripting the teachers’ motion data. The data is

stored in forms of GDLs files for classification and preservation purposes. Recognition module

for motion classification meanwhile applies GDL approach for classifying the trainees’ motion

based on the GDLs files stored. The output in this model will be used in evaluation module to

produce the extrinsic feedback in forms of motion pattern and scores for the

performance executed. Therefore, the framework proposed for the MAs evaluation system

can measure the accuracy and effectiveness of performed motions of one of the traditional local

MAs and is believed to guarantee the authenticity and originality of the MAs techniques and at

the same time to preserve this kind of valuable cultural heritage.

 INPUT

Profile:
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK.
A.Gender
The researchers opted to use IPO or input, process, output method
B.Age

C.Do you encounter accused person?

PROCESS
D.Do you want to continue learning STAGES IN VULNERABILITY ASSESMENT
PROCESS OUTPUT
martial arts self defense?
 DISCRIPTIVE SURVEY Design for
How Crimology students in New Era METHOD
 DATA GATHERING criminologist
University performed the  TABULATION OF DATA students in New
 GRAPH TABLE Era University,
effectiveness of Martial Arts self  CROSS TABULATION Quezon city.
which martial arts
defense? self defense is
effective
What kind of Martial Arts Self

Defense techniques use of

Criminology students?

If the Criminology students in new

era students are ready to do a actual

martial arts self defense when they

encountered a accused peron

Statement Of The Problem

1. Profile:

2. A.Gender

3. B.Age

4. C.Do you encounter accused person?

5. D..Do you want to continue learning martial arts self defense?

6.

7. How Crimology students in New Era University performed the effectiveness of Martial

Arts self defense?

8. What kind of Martial Arts Self Defense techniques use of Criminology students?
 9. If the Criminology students in new era students are ready to do a actual martial arts self

defense when they encountered a accused peron

General Statement/ Major Objectives

A purpose of this study is to know if the criminology students in new era university are ready to

use the self defense in case of violence if they could risk it or not

Specific objectives:

 To know if the criminology students in new era university are prepared

 To ask the criminology students in new era university

 To suggest to criminology sudents in new era if they’re willing to continue learning

martial arts

 To know if they can perform in a real situatin

1.4 Significance Of The Study

In the Significance of the Study The researcher wants to benefits the students in New Era

University especially the Criminology students.it helps to extend their life in cause of danger.

Practicing martial arts self defense teaches students how to believe in themselves and how to

obtain each of the beliefs mentioned above. Theres is nothing wrong learning martial arts it

depends on themselves if they can applied through by heart or not but martial arts self defense is
teaches you how to defend yourself, how to attack with plan or without a plan how to calm

yourself how to perform successfully if you're harming or in a trouble situtation

1.5 Scope And Delimitation

In this study the researchers general intent of the study is to know the assesment on the

effectivesness of martial arts self defense by the New Era University Quezon City.

The descriptive evaluative method will be used to gather the necessary data and information

needed. Questionnaires will be distributed to respondents who will consist of the Criminology

students in New Era University Quezon City.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms are defined conceptually and operationally to understand the main

focus of the study.

 Yaw-yan First stop, Yaw-yan – short for “Sayaw Kamatayan”, a sound of dread

even from the name alone. The style’s distinctively Pinoy as developed by our

very own ‘kababayan’, Napoleon A.Fernandez. Dubbed the Filipino style of

kickboxing, Yaw-yan has close resemblance to Thailand’s fave sport, Muay-Thai,

with its own version of eight-limb striking added with 70 distinct kick-forms.

 Arnis Another distinctly-Filipino martial arts, Arnis is a spin-off of the

 balintawak eskrima stick-dueling and bolo fighting and has been brought to its

highest form by founder Remy Presas. What makes this weaponed art of self-

defense deadly is you won’t even need those 2 sticks or any impact weapon for

that matter to defend yourself with the onslaught of an attacker

 Muay Thai As the revered national sport of Thailand, this fighting style has

come a long way. And many Filipinos have seen the ferocity and prowess of this

self-defense, dubbed as the “Art of Eight Limbs” as it harnesses eight striking

tools in its fighter’s arsenal, combination of elbows, knees, feet and fists

 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) Avid fans of MMA have seen the devastating power of

Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu in such players as Brandon “The Truth” Vera,BJ Penn and the

just retired champion GSP, George St. Pierre, who incidentally is as Catholic as

the Great Spider in UFC, Anderson Silva. You can’t get as graphic as watching

how deadly are these masters of the takedown. ‘Nough said

 Aikido There is a lot of mystery surrounding this Japanese martial arts, Aikido.

And we can’t blame the masses. With Aikido master Steven Seagal tossing his

enemies to the sides like paper and breaking their bones like it’s made of plastic.

Aikido has a very sound defense strategy though and it’s tough to beat: Use the

enemies strength to your advantage. With its focus on small joint manipulation,

the results are nothing short of phenomenal

 Kravmaga A self-defense system developed for the military in Israel that consists

of a wide combination of techniques sourced from Boxing, Combat Sambo, Muay

Thai, Wing Chun, Judo, Jujutsu, Wrestling, Aikido and Grappling, along with

realistic fight training. Krav Maga is known for its focus on real-world situations

and extremely efficient and brutal counter-attacks.

 Judo A combat art perfected by the Japanese,Judo, meaning “gentle way” is one

ground and pound system of takedowns and pins that ju-don’t want to mess with.

Because of its emphasis on technique and not on strength it’s very possible a

smaller fellow can dislodge a much-stronger one. Now, that’s scary. But it takes a

lot of hard work to be proficient – like most sport.

 Taekwondo Here’s one martial from the Koreans you don’t want to be up against.

Taekwondo puts heavy emphasis on legwork. And rightly so, as our legs carry

much of our weight, more power is derived from them than just using bare hands.

Mixed with superior speed, this kind of power is hard to beat. The proof: a lot of

broken boards and broken layers of bricks or hollow blocks.

 Silat Silat is an indigenous martial art which originated in different parts of

Southeast Asia, most especially in Indonesia. As a combat fighting technique with

bone-crushing strength, lightning-fast take-downs, and some of the most

terrifying weapons ever invented, silat has gained popularity not only in the world
but also in the Philippines Silat is among the major sports in the Southeast Asian

Games. Thus, it's popularity spread not just nationally but internationally. In the

Philippines, Silat is thought to some police and military groups. In fact, there was

one famous incident when a policewoman apprehended a criminal who tried to

take her gun and escape using silat

 CHAPTER 2

REVIE OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents and discusses foreign and local literature and studies that

are closely related to the present research. The information in this chapter was

sought to support this study and lead the researchers in determining the the

assesment on the effectiveness of the martial arts self defense in criminology by

the New Era University, Quezon City.

According to Ken Asuncion Founded krav maga philipphines ( 2004) So why is it important for

us to learn specific techniques When under the pressure of a stressful situation, especially an

attack or survival situation, people automatically revert to what they’ve practiced. Stress makes it

difficult to adapt to circumstances we haven’t encountered or prepared for.

That’s why self-defense is important. It lets you take charge and defuse, de-escalate, or defend

yourself and those around you. By training and preparing for the worst-case scenario, you better

your odds of surviving if such a situation occurs. Physical Habits That Create And Maintain A

Healthier You - Participating in self-defense training is great exercise. Self-defense training will

get your blood pumping and your lungs working, leading to a more powerful and efficient
cardiovascular system. As you train and push your body you will be involving your entire

musculoskeletal system and your muscles will get stronger and more, very often, more flexible.

Your metabolism will also increase as a result of regular training, likely leading to weight loss. A

Sharper Mental Focus - In addition to your body, you’ll also be training your mind, which is

another reason that self-defense training is important. As part of your training, you will learn to

make effective decisions and act decisively in dangerous situations.This confidence carries over

into your everyday activities. You’ll become more self-disciplined and goal-oriented. There is a

peace to be found in the ability to take care of yourself, and it shows in your everyday

interactions.

According to David H K Brown And George Jennings

Simple techniques are difficult to apply under real-life pressure, where there are limited chances

to slip, strike or run. And attackers often behave in unpredictable ways.

But real assaults are not perfectly choreographed – and attackers won’t be following the script.

There is evidence to suggest that determined people can often absorb powerful strikes, even to

sensitive areas, and may continue attacks regardless of injury or pain – especially if they have

consumed drugs, alcohol or are experienced fighters themselves. Even strikes to the face or groin

might not halt an attack, unless they inflict considerable pain and damage. Don’t get close.

Shutterstock. Striking ineffectually carries a big risk, because it leaves you within range of the

attacker – and because striking an aggressor turns the confrontation into a fight. Attacks are

usually fast and committed, and attackers do not normally freeze when executing a move. A grab

from behind can transition to a takedown, while a hair grasp might be accompanied with strikes,

kicks or shoves.
When people are put into locks, they generally resist, struggle, shift their weight to gain leverage,

kick out or use a free hand. In a bear hug, when kicked in the groin, attackers will just as likely

tighten their grip and drop to the floor with the victim underneath. A heavier attacker will be

better able to resist locks and absorb strikes, too. Mass matters – this is why combat sports have

weight categories. Making techniques work Bruce Lee said, “boards don’t hit back”. Training

objects, such as compliant training partners and demonstration videos, lack the kinaesthetic

feedback (the awareness if the movement of parts of the body by the sensory organs) required to

develop skills to cope with real-world situations. Those looking to defend themselves must be

able to adapt techniques depending on the circumstances of the attack. They should also be able

to transition between techniques and automatically perform powerful and accurate

counterattacks.

All this takes lots of time, practice and variation with partners of different sizes, reaches,

strengths, personalities and motivations. Progressive scenarios should be used to simulate reality.

Combat systems use such methods to prepare people for potential scenarios through months or

even years of regular, intense and interactive physical training, with knowledgeable and

competent others, some of whom should possess experiences of violence. Training involves

conditioning the body and multiple senses including sound smell, taste, and touch. This

progressive practice eventually modifies one’s mind and body, developing contextually specific

intelligence and creativity. There’s scientific evidence to show that sustained training has the

power to improve combat reaction times, attention and alertness and cognitive function in older

adults. Even then, the ultimate aim of self-defence is to minimise violence and avoid

confrontation. Spending so much of one’s life perfecting this goal is indeed the paradox of the

martial arts – to love fighting but hate violence. The researcher analyst wants to include the own
opinion in review related of liteature. A criminilogists self-defense also requires to criminology

to be well versed in defensive skills and techniques. Just like his offensive arsenal, the modern

incoming police officer needs defensive skills that are simple, practical and capable of being

used against larger and stronger assailants. Moreover, must be prepared to handle a myriad of

criminal attacks; from an emotionally disturbed person who a crazed knife attacker high on drugs

or alcohol. This will be need a proper timing how you defend yourself in effectiveness way need

some of the following defensive street techniques:

Knife defense techniques.

Gun disarming techniques.

Fighting multiple attackers.

Baseball bat and bludgeon defense skills.

Hand-to-hand attacks

According to, Ronald Leach.(August 2018) Criminology could be anything from a 3 credit

course to a PhD. Usually, criminology is a requirement many areas of study including law

enforcement and a host of related areas of study. Karate is a separate entity.

Taking a semester or two of karate will not leave you with a functional knowledge of the art you

study. It could even be dangerous to you if you assume that you can effectively defend yourself.

Usually, reaching a black belt level takes four to five years of study in a traditional system. Then,

you are considered to be proficient in the basics. Anything less than that will be inadequate at

best.

Most areas of law enforcement have something akin to self defense but much more extensive. It

would contain, perhaps, blocks and strike with take downs and cuffing techniques and perhaps
weapon retention. The ability of the student would depend on the instruction, curriculum and

personal ability. Some people can naturally defend them selves in most situations, others not at

all. The final outcome of any altercation for a law enforcement officer is a must win at any cost

situation.

According to Abraham C, 2004

Although it is not often recognized or acknowledged, the various Filipino martial arts such as

Escrima/Arnis are said to contain many elements of Spanish Renaissance swordsmanship.

Frequently, when this is acknowledged, it is often done in a misconceived manner that apparently

allows followers of modern Filipino weapon arts to dismiss this influence as Although most of

the earlier studies focused on personality traits of martial artists in general, some authors

specifically looked at the relationship between martial arts and aggressive behavior (Daniels and

Thornton, 1990; 1992; Nosanchuk, 1981; Rothpearl, 1980; Skelton et al., 1991). In general, it

was concluded that longer training was associated with lower levels of aggressiveness.

Contrary to earlier research, only a few of the more recent studies made use of a cross-sectional

design. For example, Lamarre and Nosanchuk, 1999 used the “Rosenzweig Picture Frustration

Test ”and responses to hostile or frustrating situations to examine the aggressiveness among

judoka. Their results revealed that aggressiveness decreased across training, as well as across

age, with gender having no effect. Consequently, findings were consistent with those of the

previous studies. However, Wargo et al., 2007 failed to support previous findings. In their study

the “Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 ”(MMPI-2) was used to assess the

personalities of yellow and black belt taekwondo-in and karateka. It was reported that
participants were no more likely to view ambiguous situations as warranting retaliation

compared to the general population.

Instead of dividing the sample as a function of level of experience, Björkqvist and Varhama,

2001 made a comparison between different types of martial arts. Attitudes towards violent

conflict resolution were examined among female and male practitioners of different styles of

martial arts (karateka compared to wrestlers and boxers), practitioners of non-contact sports and

controls who did not practice any sport. Results indicated that martial arts practise had positive

effects on male, but negative effects on female participants when compared to participants in a

control group. As indicated earlier, in recent years more researchers have become interested in

the relationship of martial arts practise and aggressiveness among children and adolescents.

Theoritical

The truth in today’s society is that help is not always available in time to make a

difference Martial Art Mechanics

Don't think of the machine, think of the man with the wrench. And what he needs to know

Many techniques -- as they are being taught now -- are like a car that has no engine. You

have the shape, but not what makes it go. Sometimes what is missing is big. Sometimes it's

just a small part, like a distributor cap. Whatever it is, the technique/car won't run without it

But if you don't know mechanics, you can't fix it.

Martial mechanics is teaching YOU to be a mechanic. It's teaching you how to find what is

keeping the technique from working. It first gives you the knowledge to look at what you

do/teach and diagnose it. Then it gives you the tools to fix any problems you might find.

Finally, it helps you as a teacher because you can explain why something has to be done for

the technique to work. Marc did an interview with Patrick Parker at Mokuren dojo that goes
more in depth with how a Martial Arts Mechanic seminar can help you and your students.

Effective Offense Before you can fix it, you have to understand the nature of the problem

vWhat is effective offense? What are the fundamental elements you must master in order for

your offense to be effective? Elements, that if they are not there, rob you of power. What are

the ways to generate power and how do you deliver it into an opponent? Just as importantly,

what are the unconscious moves and mistakes that students make that undermine their

offense? A comprehensive look at the nature of effective offense and what it takes not to lose

energy. This is a very advanced technical class moving from underlying theory to practical

application. Focusing on debugging common "errors" that have crept into defensive training

(i.e. structural weakness, misunderstanding of range, coherent movement, offensive strategy

and tactical deployment). This is a teaching solutions class. It is of more use to instructors

and senior students as it addresses mistakes beginners commonly make and presents

solutions, explanations and drills. This class is tailored to the needs of the hosting agency,

martial arts, LEO or Military

Knife Defense We do not teach "knife fighting" That is a macho myth anyway -- and one that

will get you killed. What No Nonsense Self-defense knife seminars teach is how to survive

the horrible reality of a knife assault in a dark alley. Knife to knife "fights" are so rare as to

be statistically meaningless. Most knife attacks are assassination attempts, where only one

person has a knife. It isn't a fight, it is someone trying to kill you. And we treat it as such.

Contrary to what many Filipino MA based, so-called "knife fighting" experts will tell you,

you will *not* be attacked by a knifer in the way that they train you to handle. This is not to

say that those sort of attacks can't happen, but rather they only originate from people who are

trained in a specific manner. The way that a criminal or homicidal person comes at you is
 totally different. A full on killing attack is what you need to know how to handle. And that is

what we show you. This is not a martial art, it is survival, pure and simple. And by survival

we also mean in surviving in the courtroom after you have caused serious -- if not fatal --

damage to an attacker by using a knife on him.

Rates US/Canada | Rates overseas Making your martial art street effective

Because the goals are different, self-defense training is radically different than martial arts

training. Just because you're trained in one, doesn't mean you can do the other.

Having said that: Any martial art system can be used effectively for self-defense. You can create

a successful self-defense strategy using traditional martial art movement and the proper mindset/

strategy. But that isn't going to happen on it's own.

This class shows you two things. First, the non-martial art issues (such as legal) involved in a

self-defense situation. This class extensively deals with the realities of self-defense and the

psychological, moral, social and legal complications that will commonly arise from use of

force/self-defense. This includes how the law will view your conduct prior to and after a violent

incident. Your conduct on either side of a physical engagement will greatly influence if the police

arrest you for 'defending yourself.' While this class doesn't give you legal advice, it does acquaint

you with the issues you must consider before you use your martial arts. Second, what aspects of

your art you need to emphasize to deal with assaults and attacks. Self-defense has its own

requirements. You cannot use the techniques and mindset of the sparring ring in a violent

confrontation -- especially if you try to stand and spar. This does not mean, however, that your

art doesn't have effective self-defense elements. They are there. But they often must be brought

forth, emphasized and tailored to work within legal parameters and against the sort of attacks you
are likely to faceWomen's self-defense Marc has a saying: Everything I learned about women in

the locker room was wrong. But ...if that's the case, what makes you think what other women tell

you about men is any less wrong? Men and women think and behave differently. And

miscommunication is often a big source of conflict. This course is jointly taught by both Dianna

Gordon MacYoung and Marc MacYoung. We teach it together because, that way, you aren't

hearing locker room 'wisdom' about the opposite sex. The organization and presentation of the

information is unique in that we present both the female AND male perspective. We do this

because we aren't teaching self-defense nearly as much as we are teaching life skills and

rape/crime avoidance. This is not a course on empowerment, women's rights, fighting, or

permission to do whatever you want to do; it is about commonsense, personal safety and taking

personal responsibility so as not to be assaulted, raped or robbe This martial arts sub-hub is

collection of tips, ideas and concepts for training. Issues that by sitting down and considering

you can -- and will -- greatly enhance the effectiveness of what you are doing. This no matter

what level you are at. Our reasoning for this is twofold: First, is so that a student can use these

ideas to learn the art/style/system/training that he/she is involved in. These are explanations of

issues, challenges and concepts that are often confusing and/or poorly explained. This is not a

condemnation of your instructor, what it is based on is that often an instructor does moves so

instinctively that it can be difficult to articulate them. By explaining these concepts the student

can learn and faster, easier and with greater comprehension. Our second reason, is to provide a

set of explanations that instructors can use to communicate to the students ideas that are often

difficult for beginners to grasp. Elements that the instructor may understand instinctively, but

often has a hard time communicating -- for the very reason that they are so ingrained that they

are unconsciously done. These elements, while they are instinctive to the instructor, are not
apparent to the student. And without specific articulation and explanation, a majority of your

students will never develop these attributes. (And we suspect that the frustration of trying to

make partial techniques work plays a significant role in student drop out). Both purposes help

students learn faster and focus on important aspects that must be present for them to effectively

apply what they are learning. What we wish to do with this section is address elements relating to

training, understanding and the application of your art/system...that's complex enough without

muddying the water with all kinds of other issues..

Adrenal Decay Get a cup of coffee before you go to this page. Most of what people 'know'

about adrenal decay is advertising. I take a chainsaw to the misconceptions,

misunderstandings, mythology -- and most of all -- marketing that surrounds your martial arts

training and adrenal decay. Aliveness and Other NonsenseThere are some bad training

paradigms that have crept into the martial arts world. Unfortunately, ill informed instructors,

commercialized schools and watered down martial art systems have given marketers of these

'training fads' a target rich environment to draw people from traditional martial arts. See how

many of these' what you think you know is advertising' that you've fallen for.

Angles

Understanding slight directional changes in how you are applying force has a major effect on

how much work you have to do and how effective you are. Learning how to correctly use angles

is a critical step in improving how effective you are -- and if your opponent can keep on resisting

you.

Application (Bunkai)
 The sad truth is that most of what is explained as the uses of moves from forms/katas simply

does not work. That does not, however, that the move cannot work. There are several ways

that thing can -- and do -- go wrong. We provide a checklist of ideas you can use to analyze

why a move isn't working the way you were told it does.

Basics vs. Fundamentals

Many people do not understand that -- although very close in meaning -- there is a difference

between these two terms. A difference, that if you do not consciously address, critical

components will be lost from instruction. Unfortunately, most people neither know or address

these differences and by doing so rob themselves and their students of effectiveness.

Distance

Where you are standing has major influence on whether at technique is going to work or not.

Notice we didn't say 'whether or not you can do the technique' we said whether it is going to

work or not. Unfortunately many people try to make a technique work from the wrong

distance, in doing so they rob themselves of power and effectiveness. This introduction to the

importance of distance (range) will help you understand why so often things aren't working.

Return to top

Effective Movement

The importance of effective movement cannot be understated, it is a fundamental.

Unfortunately, it is a fundamental that's significance has been lost to many people --

 including most instructors. This page not only addresses the standards of effective

movement, but the tactical and strategic implications and applications.

Evaluating a Martial Art

How can you tell something is 'good' if you don't know what you are looking at ... or what

you are looking for? There are key points to look for when evaluating a martial art's

effectiveness. Finding a Techniques Optimum Range

Now that you know distance/range is so important for power delivery how do you find it for

a particular technique? Here is a simple series of experiments you can do to find a technique's

optimum range. The Four Focuses of the Martial Arts"

While there are many reasons to study the martial arts, there are basically four main focuses.

Each focus is valid and worthwhile. Each is extremely specialized and tailored to achieve a

certain goal. It is by recognizing the four different focuses that allows you to select the

school, style and focus that best suits your needs. Know Your Tools. One of the most ignorant

things anyone can say is "I know that already." This simple statement is why the counter --

common among survival trainers -- of "What you think you know will kill you" was

developed. Before you can apply your tools in different situations you have to have thought

about how to do it. Although largely philosophical, the points made on this page will forever

change how you look at training. Message To MA School Owners/Instructors

Fads, fashions and trends affect what is taught as martial arts. However, we suspect there is

something looming on the horizon that will not just have an effect on your teaching, but that

if you don't adapt to it, it will crush your business. The Open Message to MA School

Owners/Instructors is to give you a chance to prepare for what we see is coming as the future

of martial arts.
McDojo

There are many reasons a school can turn into a McDojo. The biggest problem is the poor

training that they provide can burn you out on the martial arts. However, if you leave a belt

factory for better training another problem you'll face a different problem from learning a

watered down system. That is that McDojo training makes it difficult to relearn a movement

-- but in an effective way The different ways of moving will conflict with each other. Instead

of having to relearn everything, learn how to spot a McDojo.

Muscle

Unfortunately, many martial artists when they are in the wrong range and moving poorly try

to compensate by using muscle. If you're big and strong enough it might even seem like you

are making a flawed technique work ... you're not, you&'re using muscle. Many problems

arise from this, not the least of which is a smaller, weaker person cannot make a bad

technique work this way. We take a look a this and the other problems that arise from using

muscle to try to make your martial arts work.

Mushy Movement

The challenge is not how to generate more force, the challenge is how not to waste the force

you are already generating. Unfortunately, many people -- by not understanding the

significance of their system's movement -- fail at this challenge. Worse, many martial artists

-- in trying to solve this problem, by cross training -- end up creating more problems. Over

and above the tendency to incorrectly move within their own system, quite often, cross

trained individuals end up attempting to execute moves from other systems based on their
original style's body mechanics. This results in additional loss of power. This page addresses

the fundamentals of power generation through body movement.

Power

Many people mistakenly believe that effective fighting is about how much power you

generate. We disagree. We feel that being able to effectively deliver power into you opponent

is more about what you don't do to lose power. And while the list long of what people don't

know about power generation, it is even longer with how they lose power.

Receiving Force

Although written for law enforcement officers, this page may prove useful to martial artists

in its explanation on how to take the force your opponent is generating without losing the

ability to operate tactically.

Stance

Odds are you weren't taught how to use stances properly. Here are concepts that your

instructor more than likely didn't explain to you about the Stances you use.

Technique

It's time to take a long hard look at what you think a technique is. What does a technique do,

what doesn't it do? And what do you need to be focusing on when you teach a technique?

Training Goals
What are you expecting out of your self-defense training? Before you think you are getting

effective self-defense training, you had better understand the different training goals and

what is involved in different types of training.

Unnecessary Movement

There is a BIG (did we mention big?) difference between what generates power and what you

think generates power. Unfortunately, what you think makes for a powerful move plays way

too big of a part in how you move. Many people, in attempting to add in more power actually

are robbing themselves of power by putting in extra and unnecessary movement.

What If Monkeys

It seems that no matter what seminar you go to there is always someone asking "What if it

doesn't work?" Although this page is important for students to read, this page is by and large

written for martial arts/ self-defense instructors, giving them advice on how to handle

WIMsThis martial arts sub-hub is collection of tips, ideas and concepts for training. Issues

that by sitting down and considering you can -- and will -- greatly enhance the effectiveness

of what you are doing. This no matter what level you are at.

Our reasoning for this is twofold: First, is so that a student can use these ideas to learn the

art/style/system/training that he/she is involved in. These are explanations of issues,

challenges and concepts that are often confusing and/or poorly explained. This is not a

condemnation of your instructor, what it is based on is that often an instructor does moves so
instinctively that it can be difficult to articulate them. By explaining these concepts the

student can learn and faster, easier and with greater comprehension.

Our second reason, is to provide a set of explanations that instructors can use to communicate

to the students ideas that are often difficult for beginners to grasp. Elements that the

instructor may understand instinctively, but often has a hard time communicating -- for the

very reason that they are so ingrained that they are unconsciously done. These elements,

while they are instinctive to the instructor, are not apparent to the student. And without

specific articulation and explanation, a majority of your students will never develop these

attributes. (And we suspect that the frustration of trying to make partial techniques work

plays a significant role in student drop out).

Both purposes help students learn faster and focus on important aspects that must be present

for them to effectively apply what they are learning. What we wish to do with this section is

address elements relating to training, understanding and the application of your

art/system...that's complex enough without muddying the water with all kinds of other

issues..

Adrenal Decay

Get a cup of coffee before you go to this page. Most of what people 'know' about adrenal

decay is advertising. I take a chainsaw to the misconceptions, misunderstandings, mythology

-- and most of all -- marketing that surrounds your martial arts training and adrenal decay.
Aliveness and Other Nonsense

There are some bad training paradigms that have crept into the martial arts world.

Unfortunately, ill informed instructors, commercialized schools and watered down martial art

systems have given marketers of these 'training fads' a target rich environment to draw people

from traditional martial arts. See how many of these' what you think you know is advertising'

that you've fallen for.

Angles

Understanding slight directional changes in how you are applying force has a major effect on

how much work you have to do and how effective you are. Learning how to correctly use

angles is a critical step in improving how effective you are -- and if your opponent can keep

on resisting you.

Application (Bunkai)

The sad truth is that most of what is explained as the uses of moves from forms/katas simply

does not work. That does not, however, that the move cannot work. There are several ways

that thing can -- and do -- go wrong. We provide a checklist of ideas you can use to analyze

why a move isn't working the way you were told it does.

Basics vs. Fundamentals

Many people do not understand that -- although very close in meaning -- there is a difference

between these two terms. A difference, that if you do not consciously address, critical
components will be lost from instruction. Unfortunately, most people neither know or address

these differences and by doing so rob themselves and their students of effectiveness.

Distance

Where you are standing has major influence on whether at technique is going to work or not.

Notice we didn't say 'whether or not you can do the technique' we said whether it is going to

work or not. Unfortunately many people try to make a technique work from the wrong

distance, in doing so they rob themselves of power and effectiveness. This introduction to the

importance of distance (range) will help you understand why so often things aren't working.

Return to top

Effective Movement

The importance of effective movement cannot be understated, it is a fundamental.

Unfortunately, it is a fundamental that's significance has been lost to many people --

including most instructors. This page not only addresses the standards of effective

movement, but the tactical and strategic implications and applications.

Evaluating a Martial Art

How can you tell something is 'good' if you don't know what you are looking at ... or what

you are looking for? There are key points to look for when evaluating a martial art's

effectiveness.
Finding a Techniques Optimum Range

Now that you know distance/range is so important for power delivery how do you find it for

a particular technique? Here is a simple series of experiments you can do to find a technique's

optimum range.

"The Four Focuses of the Martial Arts"

While there are many reasons to study the martial arts, there are basically four main focuses.

Each focus is valid and worthwhile. Each is extremely specialized and tailored to achieve a

certain goal. It is by recognizing the four different focuses that allows you to select the

school, style and focus that best suits your needs.

Know Your Tools

One of the most ignorant things anyone can say is "I know that already." This simple

statement is why the counter -- common among survival trainers -- of "What you think you

know will kill you" was developed. Before you can apply your tools in different situations

you have to have thought about how to do it. Although largely philosophical, the points made

on this page will forever change how you look at training.

Message To MA School Owners/Instructors

Fads, fashions and trends affect what is taught as martial arts. However, we suspect there is

something looming on the horizon that will not just have an effect on your teaching, but that

if you don't adapt to it, it will crush your business. The Open Message to MA School
Owners/Instructors is to give you a chance to prepare for what we see is coming as the future

of martial arts.

McDojo

There are many reasons a school can turn into a McDojo. The biggest problem is the poor

training that they provide can burn you out on the martial arts. However, if you leave a belt

factory for better training another problem you'll face a different problem from learning a

watered down system. That is that McDojo training makes it difficult to relearn a movement

-- but in an effective way The different ways of moving will conflict with each other. Instead

of having to relearn everything, learn how to spot a McDojo.

Muscle

Unfortunately, many martial artists when they are in the wrong range and moving poorly try

to compensate by using muscle. If you're big and strong enough it might even seem like you

are making a flawed technique work ... you're not, you&'re using muscle. Many problems

arise from this, not the least of which is a smaller, weaker person cannot make a bad

technique work this way. We take a look a this and the other problems that arise from using

muscle to try to make your martial arts work.

Mushy Movement

The challenge is not how to generate more force, the challenge is how not to waste the force

you are already generating. Unfortunately, many people -- by not understanding the

significance of their system's movement -- fail at this challenge. Worse, many martial artists
-- in trying to solve this problem, by cross training -- end up creating more problems. Over

and above the tendency to incorrectly move within their own system, quite often, cross

trained individuals end up attempting to execute moves from other systems based on their

original style's body mechanics. This results in additional loss of power. This page addresses

the fundamentals of power generation through body movement.

Power

Many people mistakenly believe that effective fighting is about how much power you

generate. We disagree. We feel that being able to effectively deliver power into you opponent

is more about what you don't do to lose power. And while the list long of what people don't

know about power generation, it is even longer with how they lose power.

Receiving Force

Although written for law enforcement officers, this page may prove useful to martial artists

in its explanation on how to take the force your opponent is generating without losing the

ability to operate tactically.

Stance

Odds are you weren't taught how to use stances properly. Here are concepts that your

instructor more than likely didn't explain to you about the Stances you use.

Technique
It's time to take a long hard look at what you think a technique is. What does a technique do,

what doesn't it do? And what do you need to be focusing on when you teach a technique?

Training Goals

What are you expecting out of your self-defense training? Before you think you are getting

effective self-defense training, you had better understand the different training goals and

what is involved in different types of training.

https://www.susanschorn.com/?p=1358 December 28, 2013

Personal Safety Education is a key recommendation of numerous national experts in violence

prevention, public health, sexual violence, criminology, and trauma studies.

Alan Berkowitz recommends that programs for women, in particular, include the following

elements of PSE: discussion of effective responses to coercive behavior, overcoming of social

norms that reduce self-efficacy, understanding protective and risk behaviors, and learning

physical self-defense techniques and skills (Berkowitz, 2001, pp. 85-86).

Judith Herman recommends self-defense in the newest edition of her seminal work Trauma and

Recovery, in which she notes that self-defense training can empower survivors to “face their

world more confidently” (1997, p. 198).

National prevention expert Gavin De Becker recommends IMPACT Personal Safety Education

and further readings on self-defense in his best-seller The Gift of Fear (1997).

Teaching PSE skills has been identified as a promising practice in the same category as

Bystander Intervention Education; both are “supported by a preponderance of the evidence” for

changing knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, or behavioral intentions and for reducing…

victimization,” (Schewe, 2007, p. 227.)

Further, self-defense training has been labeled “one of the most promising interventions to

prevent violence against women, particularly sexual assault committed by strangers or

acquaintances” (Hollander, 2009, p. 575).

Various federal U.S. institutes, grant-makers and departments recommend that people at high risk

for violence practice PSE. In a recent report commissioned by the National Institute of Justice,

researchers examined various types of assault against women. They found that certain actions

reduce the risk of rape more than 80 percent compared to nonresistance and did not significantly

increase the risk of serious injury to the defender (Kleck & Tark, 2005).

The most effective actions, according to survivors, are attacking or struggling against their

attacker, running away, and verbally warning the attacker (all actions which are taught and

practiced in Personal Safety Education).

Further, while the Department of Justice once identified self-defense-styles of PSE as an

example of victim-blaming programming which would not be funded, in recent years they have

moved from such a stance. Their 2012 solicitation for Campus Grants no longer disallows such

programming, but cautions only that any funded self-defense programs must not be

mandatorynor the sole Prevention program available for students on campus.[1]

Academic Literature
A number of studies have found evidence that self-defense training, specifically, may decrease a

woman’s chances of experiencing future sexual victimization as compared to women without

training; and that forceful verbal and physical resistance and fleeing (all taught and practiced in

PSE) have a proven association with rape avoidance in both reported and unreported crimes

(Bart & O’Brien, 1993; Brecklin & Ullman, 2005; Ullman & Knight, 1993; Orchowski, Gidycz

& Raffle, 2008; Peri, 1991; Zoucha-Jensen & Coyne, 1993).

Low utilization of self-protective dating behaviors (including those taught and practiced in PSE)

is associated with more frequent sexual victimization (Orchowski, Untied, & Gidycz, 2011).

Additionally, self-defense has been empirically proven to decrease a number of psychological

attributes that are associated with victimization (Brecklin, 2008; Ozer & Bandura 1990;

Sochting, Fairbrother & Koch, 2004; Ullman, 2007).

PSE programs may increase assertiveness, perceived control, self-efficacy, risk avoidance

behaviors, confidence, and self-esteem, and may also lower anxiety and fear (Brecklin, 2008;

Hollander, 2004). Importantly, low self-esteem and low assertiveness have been found to be

predictive of victimization (Brecklin & Ullman, 2005).

Unfortunately, crime prevention effectiveness is a difficult topic to quantify, as successful risk

reduction or escape from violent situations is rarely reported as such. Experts believe women

successfully resist at least 75% of all attempted sexual assaults (Bart & O’Brien, 1993; Gordon

& Riger, 1989; Ullman 1997). Such was the case during the well-publicized Ann Arbor attacks of
2011; 5 out of 6 of the assailant’s intended victims successfully employed Personal Safety

strategies to end the assault.[2]

Survivors of intimate partner violence similarly employ many different active and creative self-

protective strategies both to resist and to escape violence (Campbell, Rose, Kub, & Nedd, 1998;

Cook, Woolard, & McCollum, 2004; Gondolf, 1988; Jones, 1994; Hollander, 2005).

Case Study — University of Oregon

One well-known and widely respected academic PSE class reveals additional important

supporting research. This upper level, 4-credit Women’s Studies class was taught by the author of

Self-Defense from the Inside Out. Nadia Telsey is a national expert on non-violence and personal

safety, and a founder of the National Women’s Martial Arts Federation[3] who taught at the

University of Oregon for 17 years. Her course included 45 hours of instruction in PSE over a 10

week academic quarter. This women-only class included 3 hours per week of physical and verbal

PSE training plus a required weekly 1.5 hour discussion section.

Deep and broad learning outcomes for students were revealed in a qualitative, longitudinal study.

Researchers identified five areas in which changes were most striking: “interactions with

strangers, interactions with known others (acquaintances, friends, employers, teachers, and

intimates), feelings about one’s body, perceived self-confidence, and beliefs about women, men,

and gender” (Hollander, 2004, p. 212).

According to Nonesenseselfdefense Mar Animal Mac Young Dianna, Gordon Macyoung (2003)
Law Enforcement Training

Our defensive tactics are oriented at only one thing, officer safety. We offer four different

seminars for officers. Each seminar can two day for training officers or reduced to two, one day

classes to run as many officers through as possible.

Attack Signs

What are the signals that someone gives off just before he launches an attack? Not that he's

thinking about attacking, but that in about two seconds you're going to be in a fight?

Control Presence/Violence De-escalation

The No Nonsense Self-Defense Control Presence Program is about one thing maintaining

control of a potentially violent situation. It is "front line psychology" for patrol officers. That is

why we call it: De-escalation with a smile ... and superior firepower.

This program takes at two pronged approach First it acknowledges that negotiate and de-

escalation is the preferred option (if nothing else it saves on all kinds of paperwork). Having said

this, however, sometimes violent individuals just aren't in the mood to listen -- especially if they

think they have the upper hand physically. With this in mind, the second prong that this system

"communicates" to a potentially violent person that it is not safe to attack the negotiator.

This is done, not through "command presence," but "control presence," a tactical maneuvering

pattern that not only makes it difficult to attack the negotiator, but puts the negotiator into a
superior tactical position (both offensively and defensively) in the event of the situation going

physical.

Through the establishment of control presence the officer not only opens the door to negotiate,

but closes the door for the perp to successfully use violence. It is negotiate from a position of

strength while at the same time letting the suspect decide it is in his best interest to cooperate.

Rates US/Canada | Rates overseas

De-escalation seminars

Unlike the Control Presence, the de-escalation program doesn't include tactical issues.

Motivations for violence, types of violence and strategies most likely to counter them, just as

important, the types of behaviors on the part of the negotiator will cause the situation to go

physical, the difference between institutional and personal authority, command/control presence

and pattern interruption strategies as well as how to prevent from accidentally sending the wrong

signals to provoke an attack.

Also covered are what are the actions you can take to get it back from the physical? Getting, not

only control, but cooperation? Many of the concepts in this class will be immediately recognized

by veterans as "street smarts." These are issues that it normally takes years of hard knocks and

experience to acquire an unconscious understanding and ability to apply. An understanding that

is difficult to communicate to rookies. This is a crash course, designed to codify and explain

what the veterans instinctively know about how to talk a situation down.
Defensive Tactics

Before you can fix it, you have to understand the nature of the problem

What is effective offense? What are the fundamental elements you must master in order for your

offense to be effective? Elements, that if they are not there, rob you of power. What are the ways

to generate power and how do you deliver it into an opponent? Just as importantly, what are the

unconscious moves and mistakes that students make that undermine their offense? A

comprehensive look at the nature of effective offense and what it takes not to lose energy. This is

a very advanced technical class moving from underlying theory to practical application.

Focusing on debugging common "errors" that have crept into defensive tactics training (i.e.

structural weakness, misunderstanding of range, coherent movement, offensive strategy and

tactical deployment).

Conversely, by utilizing reliable takedown and control techniques that do not rely on muscle, the

suspects safety is greatly enhanced. By not misapplying pain, the officer does not motivate the

suspect to resist. A common problem that often results in both the officer and the suspect being

injured and the department vulnerable to lawsuit.

This is a teaching solutions class. It is of more use to instructors and senior students as it

addresses mistakes beginners commonly make and presents solutions, explanations and drills.

This class is tailored to the needs of the hosting agency, martial arts, LEO or Military

nife survival for LE/Correctional Officers

Most vests will not stop a shank attack -- especially an attack by a convict who knows the

inherent weaknesses of vests. Unfortunately, officers do not have the option that civilians do; an

option that is the most effective defense against a blade -- running. What is taught in this class is

not some esoteric Filipino martial art. It is predicated on how knives are used in the US prisons

and by criminals. In this seminar officer survival is paramount.

Small officer/Big Perp

He's 6'4', 270 lbs, has a long record of felony assaults and you just told him "No." Now you need

to be able to back it up. This seminar is specially designed for female and smaller officers who

are very likely to have to try to control a larger, stronger suspect who decides not to cooperate.

The purpose of this training is to enhance existing defensive tactics so the smaller officer doesn't

have to resort to chemical or baton tactics. The tactics taught in this seminar not only allow a

smaller individual to easily manipulate a larger one, but on tape, it doesn't look any different

from approved tactics...but the person being moved will feel the difference.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY