TABLE OF CONTENT
Sr. No. Content Page No.
CERTIFICATE i
DECLARATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii-v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi-ix
LIST OF CASES x-xii
CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION 1-35
1.1 CHILD PROTECTION IN INDIA 2
. 1.1.1 Child Protection And UNICEF
1.1.2 Child Protection And National Human Rights
Commission
1.1.3 Rights of the Child
1.2 PRINCIPLES OF CHILD CENTRIC POLICIES AND LAWS 9
1.3 NATIONAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATIONS ADDRESSING 11
CHILD RIGHTS
1.4 INTERNATIONAL COMMITMENT TOWARDS CHILD 13
PROTECTION
1.5 JUVENILE JUSTICE IN INDIA 15
1.6 CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE IN INDIA 18
1.7 SOME SPECIFIC LEGISLATION TO PREVENT SEXUAL 21
OFFENCES
1.8 HYPOTHESIS OF THE RESEARCH WORK 25
1.9 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 26
1.10 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH 30
1.11 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 31
1.12 DATA COLLECTION 32
1.13 SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH 32
1.14 UTILITY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH WORK 33
CHAPTER – 2 COCEPTUALISATION OF CHILD SEXUAL 36-68
OFFENCES IN INDIA AND ITS TYPES
2.1 DYNAMICS OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 39
2.2 RISK FACTORS FOR VICTIMIZATION 40
2.3 PHYSICAL AND BEHAVIOURAL INDICATORS OF CHILD 40
SEXUAL ABUSE
2.4 FORMS OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 42
2.4.1 Physical Abuse
2.4.2 Sexual Abuse
2.4.3 Emotional Abuse
2.4.4 Neglect
2.4.5 Educational Neglect
2.4.6 Behaviours
2.5 INDIA COUNTRY EXPERIENCES & MAGNITUDE OF 46
PROBLEM
2.6 WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF “PROTECTION 48
2.7 THE ROOTS OF CHILD ABUSE 50
2.8 CHILD FACTORS 50
2.8.1 Age
2.8.2 Gender
2.8.3 Children with Disability
2.8.4 Street Children
2.8.5 Family Factors
2.8.6 Poverty and Violence against Children
2.8.7 Divorce, Separation, and Child Custody
2.8.8 Large Families
2.8.9 Drugs and Alcohol
2.9 CULTURAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS 57
2.10 RELIGIOUS FACTORS 58
CHAPTER – 3 INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAME WORK AND 69-138
STANDARDS FOR THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM
SEXUAL OFFENCES
3.1 GENERAL INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS 70
3.1.1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3.1.2 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
3.1.3 The International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights
3.2 SPECIAL INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENT 75
3.2.1 The Declaration on the Rights of the Child (1924)
3.2.2 The Declaration on the Rights of the Child (1959)
3.2.3 The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the
Child (1989)
3.2.4 The Optional Protocols to the UN Convention on the
Rights of the Child on Sex Trafficking
3.2.5 The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights
of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed
Conflicts
3.2.6 The Hague Convention on Adoption
3.3 CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 82
3.3.1 Child Pornography: Legal Perspective
i ) Protection of Children Act 1978
ii) Emerging trends of Pseudo Photograph
3.4 CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE IN USA 86
3.4.1 Historical Background
3.4.2 Development of Pornography Law in United States
3.4.3 Child Pornography Prevention Act 1996
3.4.4 Protect Act, 2003
3.5 CANADA 91
3.5.1 Amendments to Canadian Law after Sharpe’s decision
3.6 COMMERCIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OFCHILDREN 95
IN AFRICA
3.6.1 AFRICA INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL 97
COMMITTMENTS
3.6.2 SELECTED NATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORKS 101
3.6.2.1 ENACTING CONSOLIDATED 102
CHILDREN’S ACTS
South Africa
Ethiopia
Nigeria
Kenya
3.6.2.2 CHALLENGES IN EXISTING NATIONAL 105
LAWS
Definition of a child & determination of
age of majority
Marriage as a defence
Ambiguous definitions on prostitution,
trafficking and pornography
Lack of medical and other services for
child victims
3.7 SEXUAL ABUSE IN SOUTH ASIA 109
3.7.1 AFGHANISTAN 109
Legislation
Definition of a child
Sexual abuse
Sexual exploitation in pornography
3.7.2 BANGLADESH 113
Legislation
Definition of a child
Sexual abuse
Sexual exploitation in pornography
3.7.3 INDIA 117
Legislation
Definition of a child
Sexual abuse
Sexual exploitation in pornography
3.7.4 NEPAL 122
Legislation
Definition of a child
Sexual abuse
Sexual exploitation in pornography
3.7.5 PAKISTAN 126
Legislation
Definition of a child
Sexual abuse
Sexual exploitation in pornography
3.7.6 SRI LANKA 131
Legislation
Definition of a child
Sexual abuse
Sexual exploitation in pornography
CHAPTER – 4 THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM 139-177
SEXUAL OFFENCES ACT (POCSO ACT) 2012: A CRITICAL
ANALYSIS
4.1 NATIONAL CRIME RECORDS BUREAU (NCRB) FOR 141
2015:DATA ANALYSIS
4.2 SURVEY OF MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILD 143
DEVELOPMENT
4.3 OBJECTIVE OF POCSO ACT 145
4.4 SALIENT FEATURES of POCSO ACT 147
4.5 TYPES OF SEXUAL OFFENCES AND PUNISHMENTS 149
4.6 DETAILLED ANALYSIS OF POCSO: MENACE THAT ACT 152
SEEKS TO CURE
4.7 ROLE OF CHILD WELFARE COMMITTEES (CWC) 154
4.8 ROLE OF STATE COMMISSIONS FOR PROTECTION OF 154
CHILD RIGHTS
4.8.1 Duty on State to Spread Awareness:
4.8.2 Criteria of Compensation
4.8.3 Trafficking of Children
4.8.4 Mandatory Reporting of Sexual Offences
4.9 ROLE OF POLICE 157
4.9.1 Unmistakable duties of Police during the First 24 hours
4.10 ROLE OF DOCTORS 159
4.10.1 Duties of Hospitals or Doctors during the First 24 hours
4.10.2 Doctors Seek Parents' Cooperation to Report Child
Sexual Abuse
4.10.3 Medical Examination of the Child
4.10.4 Provision to avoid Re-Victimisation of the Child
4.11 ROLE OF STATE GOVERNEMENT UNDER SECTION 39 162
OF THE POCOSO
4.12 DESIGNATION BY STATE GOVERNMENT OF A SPECIAL 162
COURT UNDER SECTION 28 OF POCSO
4.13 CRITICAL APPRAISAL AND BEST PRACTICES UNDER 163
POCSO ACT
4.14 LOOPHOLES IN THE LAW 164
4.15 STRONG PROVISIONS, WEAK IMPLEMENTATION 167
4.16 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 169
CHAPTER – 5 JUVENILE JUSTICE VIS-À-VIS POCSO ACT 2012 178-214
5.1 JOURNEY FROM IPC TO JUVENILE JUSTICE (JJ) ACT2015 180
AND POCSO ACT2012
5.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IPC, JJ ACT AND POCSO 191
5.3 CONFLICT BETWEEN IPC AND JJ ACT 192
5.4 CONFLICT BETWEEN IPC AND POCSO 193
5.5 CONFLICT BETWEEN JUVENILE JUSTICE ACT AND 196
POCSO
5.6 HARMONIOUS CONSTRUCTION OF CHILD 197
PORNOGRAPHY LAWS UNDER
5.6.1 THE POSCO ACT,
5.6.2 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT,
5.6.3INDIAN PENAL CODEAND INTERMEDIARY
GUIDELINES UNDER IT ACT
5.7 RELEVENT CASES 203
5.8 NEED FOR BALANCED APPROACH 206
5.9 WEAK IMPLEMENTATION OF CHILD LAWS 207
5.10 AUTHORITIES OBLIGATION FOR THE END OF 208
JUVENILE JUSTICEUNDER POCSO ACT2012
CHAPTER – 6 INVESTIGATING CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE FROM 215-233
AN EMPIRICAL LENS
6.1 EMPIRICAL STUDY 215
6.2 AIM OF THE EMPRICAL STUDY 216
6.3 SELECTION OF SCHOOLS 217
6.4 SAMPLING 217
6.5 DATA COLLECTION 218
6.6 SAMPLE COLLECTION 218
6.7 KEY FINDINGS 219
6.7.1 Prevalence of Sexual Abuse 219
6.7.2 Child Sexual Abuse with Respect to Socio-Economic 221
Class
6.7.3 Sexual Abuse with respect to Family Type 222
6.7.4. Prevalence of different forms of sexual abuse 222
6.7.5. The Abusers 224
6.7.6. Frequency of Abuse 227
6.7.7. Age of onset of Abuse 228
6.7.8. Disclosure and seeking help 229
6.7.9 Assistance and information Needed to Children 231
CHAPTER – 7 JUDICIAL TREND AND RECENT DEVELOPMENT 234-274
7.1 JUDICIAL TRENDS IN SAFEGUARDING THE INTEREST 237
OF THE CHILD DURING TRIAL IN CASES OF RAPE AND
SEX ABUSE
7.2 DIRECTIONS FOR MAGISTRATES/JUVENILE JUSTICE 239
BOARD/LEGAL SERVICES AUTHORITY
7.3 JUDICIAL PROCESS: TOWARDS A VICTIM-CENTRIC 241
APPROACH
7.3.1 Double trauma
7.3.2 Issue of victim’s past
7.3.3 On child victims
7.3.4 Monitoring Courts
7.4 LEADING CASES ON CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 247
7.5 RECENT JUDICIAL PRONOUNCEMENT UNDER POCSO 248
7.6 RECENT DEVELOPMENT UNDER POCSO:NEWS BY SIDE 268
CHAPTER – 8 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 275-298
8.1 DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS FOR EXAMINING CHILD SEXUAL 279
ABUSE AND FOLLOW-UP TREATMENT
8.2 RECOMMENDATIONS 291
8.2.1 General
8.2.2 Specific
BIBLIOGRAPHY 299-319
ANNEXURE i-viii
