Histopathology
Uploaded by
King Daniel AzurinHistopathology
Uploaded by
King Daniel AzurinAssigned Number:___________ Name:__________________________________________
Group Name:_______________ Date Submitted:______________ Score:_____________
ACTIVITY 1
RISK MANAGEMENT AND SAFETY IN THE
LABORATORY
INTRODUCTION
Risk management pertains to personal as well as environmental health & safety. It
involves the processes:
Identifying all risk that exist within your environment
Assessing risks for likelihood and severity
Eliminating those risks that can be removed
Reducing the effect of risks that cannot be eliminated
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) Manual, which contains written procedures of all
testing methods done inside the laboratory, must be detailed to include control of hazardous
substances, risk assessments, and other health and safety information relevant to handling
specimens in order to prevent any accidents possible to occur within the laboratory. With this
information placed in the said manual, every employer must then provide a readily available
manual to his/her employees and that employees, in turn, must follow it.
IN – DEPTH QUERIES
1. What are the instruments used in Histopathology Laboratory?
a. _______________________________________
b. _______________________________________
c. _______________________________________
d. _______________________________________
e. _______________________________________
f. _______________________________________
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2. What are the necessary information to be included in the file of each laboratory
equipment?
a. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
d. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Define the following:
a. Biohazards
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. Irritants
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. Corrosive Chemicals
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
d. Sensitizers
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
e. Carcinogens
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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f. Toxic Materials
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Define the following Physical Hazards:
a. Combustibles
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. Flammables
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. Explosive Chemicals
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
d. Oxidizers
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. What are the necessary information included in the label of chemicals?
a. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
d. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
e. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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6. What are the hazards and handling considerations of the following histological
chemicals?
a. Acetic acid
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. Ammonium hydroxide
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. Aniline
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
d. Chloroform
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
e. Chromic acid (Potassium dichromate)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
f. Ethanol
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
g. Ether
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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h. Ethylene glycol
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
i. Formaldehyde and Paraformaldehyde
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
j. Formic acid
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
k. Glutaraldehyde
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
l. Hydrochloric acid
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
m. Hydrogen peroxide
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
n. Hydroxide (Sodium or Potassium)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
o. Isopentane
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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p. Isopropanol
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
q. Mercuric chloride and Mercuric oxide
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
r. Methanol
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
s. Nitric acid
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
t. Osmium tertroxide
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
u. Phenol
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
v. Picric acid
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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w. Potassium ferricyanide and Potassium ferrocyanide
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
x. Potassium permanganate
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
y. Propylene glycol
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
z. Silver salts
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
aa. Sodium azide
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
bb. Sodium bisulfate
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
cc. Sodium hypochlorite
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
dd. Sodium iodate
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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ee. Sodium thiosulfate
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
ff. Sulfuric acid
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
gg. Toluene
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
hh. Zinc chloride
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Give some ways of storing hazardous chemicals.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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8. Give some ways in handling spills.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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9. Give some first aid procedures for certain accidents in the laboratory.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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RUBRICS
SCORE CRITERIA FOR QUESTIONS
5.0 Question is explicitly answered with the
correct rationalization.
4.0 Question is answered correctly.
3.0 Question is answered correctly with some
misconceptions.
2.0 Question is answered but incomplete.
1.0 Question is incompletely answered with some
misconceptions.
0 Question is not answered.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY #1 MAXIMUM POINTS SCORE
QUESTIONS:
1. What are the instruments used in 5.0
Histopathology Laboratory?
2. What are the necessary information to 5.0
be included in the file of each
laboratory equipment?
3. Definition of each Health Hazard 12.0
(2 points each definition)
4. Definition of each Physical Hazard 8.0
(2 points each definition)
5. What are the necessary information 5.0
included in the label of chemicals?
6. Hazards and Handling considerations 68.0
of different histologic chemical (2 points for each chemical thoroughly
described)
7. Give some ways of storing hazardous 4.0
chemicals. (4 points for a thoroughly explained
answer with the correct rationalization)
8. Give some ways in handling spills. 4.0
(4 points for a thoroughly explained
answer with the correct rationalization)
9. Give some first aid procedures for 4.0
certain accidents in the laboratory. (4 points for a thoroughly explained
answer with the correct rationalization)
TOTAL SCORE 115. 0
Assigned Number:___________ Name:__________________________________________
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Group Name:_______________ Date Submitted:______________ Score:_____________
ACTIVITY 2
MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT IN
HISTOPATHOLOGY
OBJECTIVES
1. Identify the commonly – used materials and equipment used in the histopathology
laboratory.
2. Describe and identify the use of each material and equipment.
3. Enumerate considerations in the proper handling of materials and equipment.
MATERIALS
GLASSWARES EQUIPMENT
Coplin Jar Microscope
Staining dish with rack Rotary microtome
Beaker Rocking microtome
Graduated cylinder Sliding microtome
Volumetric Flask Freezing microtome
Stirring rod Cryostat
Glass slides Paraffin oven
Cover slips Microtome blade
Wire loop Microtome knife
Watch glass Forceps
Tissue cassette Surgical blade
Section – lifter Timer
Slide dish pH meter
Slide jar Analytical balance
Slide rack Microtome Knife Sharpener
Screw cap vial
PROCEDURE
1. Note the distinct characteristics of each material and equipment.
2. Pay particular attention to the use and proper handling of each material and equipment.
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DRAW AND LABEL
1. Draw, label the parts and state the function of each material and equipment
included in the table.
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2. Draw and label the parts of a microscope. Give the function of each part.
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3. Draw the different kinds of microtome & label its parts.
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RUBRICS
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SCORE CRITERIA FOR ILLUSTRATIONS
5.0 or 10.0 Well illustrated with stunning colors and
correct and legibly written labels and
functions.
4.0 or 8.0 Properly illustrated with correct and legibly
written labels.
3.0 or 6.0 Properly illustrated with correct labels.
2.0 or 4.0 Illustrated with labels.
1.0 or 2.0 Incomplete illustration.
0 No illustration.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY #2 MAXIMUM POINTS SCORE
DRAW AND LABEL:
1. Draw, label the parts and state 125.0
the function of each material (5 points for each material)
and equipment included in the
table.
2. Draw and label the parts of a 10.0
microscope. Give the function of
each part.
3. Draw the different kinds of 25.0
microtome & label its parts. (5 points for each material)
TOTAL SCORE 160. 0
Assigned Number:___________ Name:__________________________________________
Group Name:_______________ Date Submitted:______________ Score:_____________
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ACTIVITY 3
FRESH TISSUE EXAMINATION
INTRODUCTION
The methods of tissue examination may vary according to the structural and chemical
components of the cells to be studied, the nature and amount of the tissue to be evaluated, and
the need for an immediate examination of a tissue structure.
Examination may be done on fresh or preserved tissues, depending upon necessity.
Fresh tissues have the advantage of being examined in the living state, thereby allowing
protoplasmic activities such as motion, mitosis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis to be observed. Its
use has been limited, however, because of the fact that tissues examined in the fresh state are
not permanent, and therefore, liable to develop changes that have usually been observed after
death.
IN – DEPTH QUERIES
1. What are the methods of fresh tissue examination? Describe each.
a.____________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
b.____________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
c.____________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
d.____________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the types of smear preparations, its purpose and advantages and
disadvantages?
a.____________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
b.____________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
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c.____________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
d.____________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the many applications of frozen section in histotechnology?
a.____________________________________________________________________________________________________
b.____________________________________________________________________________________________________
c.____________________________________________________________________________________________________
d.____________________________________________________________________________________________________
e.____________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What are the commonly used methods of freezing?
a.____________________________________________________________________________________________________
b.____________________________________________________________________________________________________
c.____________________________________________________________________________________________________
d.____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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5. What are the general steps in processing tissues?
a.________________________________________________________________________
b.________________________________________________________________________
c.________________________________________________________________________
d.________________________________________________________________________
e.________________________________________________________________________
f._________________________________________________________________________
g.________________________________________________________________________
h.________________________________________________________________________
i._________________________________________________________________________
j._________________________________________________________________________
REFERENCES:
RUBRICS
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SCORE CRITERIA FOR QUESTIONS
5.0 Question is explicitly answered with the
correct rationalization.
4.0 Question is answered correctly.
3.0 Question is answered correctly with some
misconceptions.
2.0 Question is answered but incomplete.
1.0 Question is incompletely answered with some
misconceptions.
0 Question is not answered.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY #1 MAXIMUM POINTS SCORE
QUESTIONS:
1. What are the methods of fresh tissue 5.0 X4= 20
examination? Describe each.
2. What are the types of smear 5.0 X4= 20
preparations, its purpose and advantages
and disadvantages?
3. What are the many applications of 5
frozen section in histotechnology?
4. What are the commonly used methods 5
of freezing
5. What are the general steps in 5.0
processing tissues?
References 10
TOTAL SCORE 70. 0
Assigned Number:___________ Name:__________________________________________
Group Name:_______________ Date Submitted:______________ Score:_____________
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ACTIVITY 4
FIXATION AND FIXATIVES
No process of histotechnology is more critical to slide preparation than fixation. If the
fixation is not adequate, the other processes will also be inadequate. Inadequate or poor fixation
will result in a poorly processed tissue and will make it difficult for the pathologist to render a
proper diagnosis. The primary aim of fixation is to preserve the morphologic and chemical
integrity of the cell in as life like a manner as possible. With fixation, the shape, structure,
intercellular relationship and chemical constituents of tissues are preserved. Fixation prevents
degeneration, decomposition, putrefaction, and distortion of tissues after removal from the body.
The secondary goal of fixation is to harden and protect the tissue from the trauma of further
handling, so that it is easier to cut during gross examination. Neutral buffered formalin allows a
diagnosis to be made in most cases.
However, certain specialized studies such as electron microscopy, histochemistry, and
immunocytochemistry require specific fixation procedures. The most important reactions for
maintaining morphology in the fixation of tissues for routine histopathology are those that
stabilize the proteins. Fixatives have the property of forming cross – links between proteins.
Give the advantages and disadvantages in using the following fixatives.
Formaldehyde
Advantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________________
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8. _____________________________________________________________________
9. _____________________________________________________________________
10. _____________________________________________________________________
11. _____________________________________________________________________
12. _____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________________
8. _____________________________________________________________________
9. _____________________________________________________________________
10. _____________________________________________________________________
Formol corrosive (Formol sublimate)
Advantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
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5. _____________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
Alcoholic Formalin (Gendre’s) Fixative
Advantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
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2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
Glutaraldehyde
Advantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
Mercuric chloride
Advantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
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5. _____________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________________
8. _____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________________
8. _____________________________________________________________________
9. _____________________________________________________________________
10. _____________________________________________________________________
11. _____________________________________________________________________
Lead Fixatives
Advantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
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Picric acid
Advantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________________
8. _____________________________________________________________________
9. _____________________________________________________________________
Glacial acetic acid
Advantages:
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1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
Alcoholic Fixatives
Advantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
Osmium tetroxide
Advantages:
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1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________________
8. _____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________
Trichloroacetic acid
Advantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
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Disadvantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
Acetone
Advantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
Heat Fixation
Advantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
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Microwave Technique
Advantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
2. Define the following:
a. Secondary Fixation
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
b. Post chromatization
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
c. Washing out
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________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Give the fixation time of the following fixatives:
a. 10% Buffered Formalin :_____________________
b. Bouin’s Solution :_____________________
c. Flemming’s Solution :_____________________
d. Newcomer’s Fluid :_____________________
e. Carnoy’s Fluid :_____________________
f. Ethyl alcohol :_____________________
g. Orth’s Fluid :_____________________
h. Zenker’s Fluid :_____________________
i. Glutaraldehyde :_____________________
j. Formol – corrosive :_____________________
4. Describe briefly the physical methods of fixation.
a. Heat
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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b. Microwave Fixation
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
c. Freeze drying and Freeze substitution
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. In bullet type, What are the factors that affect the quality of fixation? Describe briefly.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
=
RUBRICS
SCORE CRITERIA FOR QUESTIONS
38 | P a g e
5.0 Question is explicitly answered with the
correct rationalization.
4.0 Question is answered correctly.
3.0 Question is answered correctly with some
misconceptions.
2.0 Question is answered but incomplete.
1.0 Question is incompletely answered with some
misconceptions.
0 Question is not answered.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY #1 MAXIMUM POINTS SCORE
QUESTIONS:
1. Advantages and disadvantages of the 14 X 10= 140
ff: Formaldehyde, Formol corrosive
(Formol sublimate), Alcoholic Formalin
(Gendre’s) Fixative, Glutaraldehyde
Mercuric chloride , Lead Fixatives
Picric acid, Glacial acetic acid
Alcoholic Fixatives, Osmium tetroxide
Trichloroacetic acid, Acetone
Heat Fixation, Microwave Technique
2. Definition 5 X 3= 15
3. Fixation time 10
4. Definition 5 X 3= 15
5. factors that affect the quality of fixation 10.0
References 10
TOTAL SCORE 200. 0
Assigned Number:___________ Name:__________________________________________
Group Name:_______________ Date Submitted:______________ Score:_____________
39 | P a g e
ACTIVITY 5
DECALCIFICATION
After fixation, selected pieces of tissues are taken from the specimen, properly labeled
and identified, and then subjected to the subsequent steps of processing. There are certain
specimens (bones, teeth, and other calcified tissues), which contain some amount of calcium that
is apt to interfere with accurate evaluation and examination of histologic sections. One must see
to it that all such extraneous materials have been removed before proceeding to the next step in
the tissue processing.
Decalcification is the process whereby calcium or lime salts are removed from tissues
(most especially bones and teeth) following fixation. It is carried out by the use of chemical
agents, either with acids to form soluble calcium salts, or with chelating agents that bind to
calcium ions. It should also be done after fixation or before impregnation, to ensure and facilitate
the normal cutting of sections and prevent obscuring the micro anatomic detail of such sections
by bone dust and other cellular debris. Inadequate decalcification may result in poor cutting of
hard tissues and damage to knife edge during sectioning.
1. What are the commonly used agents for decalcification?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Give the advantages and disadvantages of the following decalcifying agent:
10% Nitric acid solution
Advantages:
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1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
Perenyi’s Fluid
Advantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
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2. _____________________________________________________________________
Von Ebner’s Fluid
Advantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
Trichloroacetic acid
Advantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
Chelating Agents
Advantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
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2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
Ion Exchange Resin
Advantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
3. What are the three ways of measuring the extent of decalcification? Describe extensively
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A.____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
B.____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
C.____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What are the commonly used tissue softeners?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What are the factors influencing the rate of decalcification? Describe extensively
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
RUBRICS
45 | P a g e
SCORE CRITERIA FOR QUESTIONS
10/5.0 Question is explicitly answered with the
correct rationalization.
8/4.0 Question is answered correctly.
6/3.0 Question is answered correctly with some
misconceptions.
4/2.0 Question is answered but incomplete.
2/1.0 Question is incompletely answered with some
misconceptions.
0 Question is not answered.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY #1 MAXIMUM POINTS SCORE
QUESTIONS:
1. What are the commonly used agents for 10
decalcification?
2. Give the advantages and disadvantages 10 each
of the following decalcifying agent:
10% Nitric acid solution
Perenyi’s Fluid
Von Ebner’s Fluid
Trichloroacetic acid
Chelating Agents
Ion Exchange Resin
3. What are the three ways of measuring 10
the extent of decalcification? Describe
extensively
4. What are the commonly used tissue 10
softeners?
5. What are the factors influencing the 10
rate of decalcification? Describe
extensively
TOTAL SCORE 100
Assigned Number:___________ Name:__________________________________________
Group Name:_______________ Date Submitted:______________ Score:_____________
ACTIVITY 6
46 | P a g e
DEHYDRATION
The first stage of processing is the removal of unbound water and aqueous fixatives from
the tissue components. Many dehydrating reagents are hydrophilic (water – loving), possessing
strong polar groups that interact with the water molecules in the tissue. Other reagents affect
dehydration by repeated dilution of the aqueous issue fluids. Dehydration should be
accomplished slowly. The solutions are called dehydrating agents. Whatever dehydrating agent
is used, the amount in each stage should not be less than 10 times the volume of the tissue in
order to ensure complete penetration of the tissue by the dehydrating solution.
1. Give the characteristics of an ideal dehydrating solution.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the commonly used dehydrating agent?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
47 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the advantage of dioxane over alcohol in dehydration of tissues?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What are the disadvantages of using acetone as dehydrating agent?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the effect of formalin fixed tissues immersed in high concentration of alcohol?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
48 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What will determine the strength of initial alcohol required for dehydration?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. If the use of ethylene glycol cannot be avoided, what other substitute can be used?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. What additives can be added to dehydrating agents to soften tissues?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
49 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
9. What is the general rule in the amount of dehydrating solution to be used?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
10. What type of alcohol is recommended for the routine dehydration of tissues?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
RUBRICS
50 | P a g e
SCORE CRITERIA FOR QUESTIONS
10/5.0 Question is explicitly answered with the
correct rationalization.
8/4.0 Question is answered correctly.
6/3.0 Question is answered correctly with some
misconceptions.
4/2.0 Question is answered but incomplete.
2/1.0 Question is incompletely answered with some
misconceptions.
0 Question is not answered.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY #1 MAXIMUM POINTS SCORE
QUESTIONS:
1. Give the characteristics of an ideal 10
dehydrating solution.
2. What are the commonly used dehydrating 10
agent?
3. What is the advantage of dioxane over 10
alcohol in dehydration of tissues?
4. What are the disadvantages of using 10
acetone as dehydrating agent?
5. What is the effect of formalin fixed tissues 10
immersed in high concentration of alcohol?
6. What will determine the strength of initial 10
alcohol required for dehydration?
7. If the use of ethylene glycol cannot be 10
avoided, what other substitute can be used?
8. What additives can be added to dehydrating 10
agents to soften tissues?
9. What is the general rule in the amount of 10
dehydrating solution to be used?
10. What type of alcohol is recommended for 10
the routine dehydration of tissues?
TOTAL SCORE 100
Assigned Number:___________ Name:__________________________________________
Group Name:_______________ Date Submitted:______________ Score:_____________
ACTIVITY 7
51 | P a g e
CLEARING
Clearing (De – alcoholization) is the process whereby alcohol or dehydrating agent is
removed from the tissue and replaced with a substance that will dissolve the wax with which the
tissue is to be impregnated or the medium on which the tissue is to be mounted. The most
commonly used clearing agents for dealcohollization in the embedding process are xylene,
dioxane, chloroform and cedarwood.
When used after the tissue section has been stained, the clearing agent will make
microscopic tissue preparations transparent due to their high index of refraction. Glycerin and
gum syrup are used when the tissue is to be cleared directly from water, as in a frozen section.
Most clearing agents are flammable liquids that warrant considerable caution in their use, and the
histotechnologist should be aware of the large quantities used in routine processing, so that the
safest method of use and storage can be adopted. Prolonged exposure to most clearing agents
causes the tissue to become brittle and therefore more difficult to cut.
1. What are the characteristics of a good clearing agent?
a. _________________________________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________________________________
c. _________________________________________________________________________
d. _________________________________________________________________________
e. _________________________________________________________________________
f. _________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the commonly used clearing agents?
a. _________________________________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________________________________
c. _________________________________________________________________________
d. _________________________________________________________________________
e. _________________________________________________________________________
f. _________________________________________________________________________
g. _________________________________________________________________________
52 | P a g e
h. _________________________________________________________________________
3. Give the advantages and disadvantages of the following clearing agents:
Xylene
Advantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
Toluene
Advantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
Benzene
53 | P a g e
Advantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
Chloroform
Advantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
RUBRICS
SCORE CRITERIA FOR QUESTIONS
10/5.0 Question is explicitly answered with the
54 | P a g e
correct rationalization.
8/4.0 Question is answered correctly.
6/3.0 Question is answered correctly with some
misconceptions.
4/2.0 Question is answered but incomplete.
2/1.0 Question is incompletely answered with some
misconceptions.
0 Question is not answered.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY #1 MAXIMUM POINTS SCORE
QUESTIONS:
1. What are the characteristics of a good 10
clearing agent?
2. What are the commonly used clearing 10
agents?
3.Give the advantages and disadvantages of 10 each
the following clearing agents:
Xylene
Toluene
Benzene
Chloroform
TOTAL SCORE 60
Assigned Number:___________ Name:__________________________________________
Group Name:_______________ Date Submitted:______________ Score:_____________
ACTIVITY 8
IMPREGNATION AND EMBEDDING
55 | P a g e
Impregnation (Infiltration)
The process whereby the clearing agent is completely removed from the tissue and
replaced by a medium that will completely fill all tissue cavities, thereby giving a form
consistency to the specimen, and allowing easier handling and cutting of suitably thin
sections without any damage or distortion to the tissue and its cellular components.
Embedding (Casting or Blocking)
The process by which the impregnated tissue is placed into a precisely arranged position
in a mold containing a medium which is then allowed to solidify.
EMBEDDING MEDIUM – The medium used to infiltrate the tissue.
1. What are the general types of tissue impregnation and embedding media?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. State the advantages and disadvantages of paraffin wax impregnation.
Advantages:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
56 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Advantages of celloidin impregnation:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages of celloidin impregnation:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Give the recommended orientation of the following tissues during embedding.
a. Tubular structures (arteries, veins, fallopian tubes)
___________________________________________________________________________
57 | P a g e
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
b. Skin, intestine, gallbladder, and other epithelial biopsies
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
c. Muscle biopsies
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
d. Multiple pieces of tissues
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
RUBRICS
SCORE CRITERIA FOR QUESTIONS
10/5.0 Question is explicitly answered with the
58 | P a g e
correct rationalization.
8/4.0 Question is answered correctly.
6/3.0 Question is answered correctly with some
misconceptions.
4/2.0 Question is answered but incomplete.
2/1.0 Question is incompletely answered with some
misconceptions.
0 Question is not answered.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY #1 MAXIMUM POINTS SCORE
QUESTIONS:
1. What are the general types of tissue 10
impregnation and embedding media?
2. State the advantages and disadvantages of 10
paraffin wax impregnation
3. Advantages of celloidin impregnation: 10
4. Give the recommended orientation of the 5 each
following tissues during embedding.
a. Tubular structures (arteries, veins,
fallopian tubes)
b. Skin, intestine, gallbladder, and other
epithelial biopsies
c. Muscle biopsies
d. Multiple pieces of tissues
TOTAL SCORE 50
Assigned Number:___________ Name:__________________________________________
Group Name:_______________ Date Submitted:______________ Score:_____________
ACTIVITY 9
PARAFFIN SECTIONS
59 | P a g e
Sectioning is the process whereby tissues are cut into uniformly thin slices or sections with
the aid of a machine to facilitate the studies under the microscope.
Three general types of tissue sections:
PARAFFIN SECTION – paraffin embedded tissue blocks which may be cut by a
rocking rotary microtome
CELLOIDIN SECTION – celloidin embedded tissues which are usually cut by a
sliding microtome
FROZEN SECTION – which may be cut from tissues that have been fixed and frozen
with carbon dioxide or for fresh tissues frozen with the cryostat.
1. Give the reason/s and remedy for the following problems encountered in tissue processing and
section cutting.
FAULTS OCCURING DURING TISSUE PROCESSING
FAULTS REASON REMEDY
Brittle or hard tissue
Clearing agent turns milky
as soon as tissue is placed in
it.
On trimming, tissue smells
of clearing agent.
Tissue is opaque, section
cutting is difficult due to
presence of alcohol.
Tissue shrinks away from
wax when trimmed.
60 | P a g e
Tissue is soft when block is
trimmed.
Air holes found on the
tissue during trimming.
On trimming, wax appears
crystalline.
Paraffin block, after
cooling, is moist and
crumbles.
FAULTS OBSERVED DURING SECTION CUTTING
FAULTS REASON REMEDY
Sections fail to form
ribbons.
Sections roll up on cutting
so that they adhere and get
broken against the knife
edge.
Ribbon is curved, crooked
or uneven instead of
straight.
Sections are compressed,
wrinkled or jammed.
61 | P a g e
Sections are squashed
(width of each section is less
than that of the block).
A hole is formed in the
section.
Sections of unequal
thickness are produced.
Sections adhere to the knife
or other parts of the
microtome.
Ribbon is split or
lengthwise vertical
scratches are seen on
sections.
Sections are lifted from the
knife on upstrokes.
62 | P a g e
Resistance is felt on the
lower part of the section
during cutting.
Horizontal or parallel lines
or furrows across the
section (“chatters”) are
seen, forming thick and thin
zones.
Section cut is sometimes
thin, sometimes thick.
Knife makes a hard metallic
scraping or ringing sound
on backstroke, when section
is cut.
Frozen tissue crumbles and
comes off the block holder
when cut.
Frozen tissue chips into
fragments when cut.
RUBRICS
SCORE CRITERIA FOR QUESTIONS
10/5.0 Question is explicitly answered with the
63 | P a g e
correct rationalization.
8/4.0 Question is answered correctly.
6/3.0 Question is answered correctly with some
misconceptions.
4/2.0 Question is answered but incomplete.
2/1.0 Question is incompletely answered with some
misconceptions.
0 Question is not answered.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY #1 MAXIMUM POINTS SCORE
QUESTIONS:
FAULTS OCCURING DURING TISSUE 10 each
PROCESSING
1. Brittle or hard tissue
2. Clearing agent turns milky as soon as tissue is
placed in it.
3. On trimming, tissue smells of clearing agent.
4. Tissue is opaque, section cutting is difficult
due to presence of alcohol.
5. Tissue shrinks away from wax when trimmed.
6. Tissue is soft when block is trimmed.
7. Air holes found on the tissue during trimming.
8. On trimming, wax appears crystalline.
9. Paraffin block, after cooling, is moist and
crumbles.
FAULTS OBSERVED DURING 10 each
SECTION CUTTING
1. Sections fail to form ribbons.
2. Sections roll up on cutting so that they adhere
and get broken against the knife edge
3. Ribbon is curved, crooked or uneven instead
of straight
4. Sections are compressed, wrinkled or jammed.
5. Sections are squashed (width of each section
is less than that of the block).
6. A hole is formed in the section.
7. Sections of unequal thickness are produced.
8. Sections adhere to the knife or other parts of
the microtome.
9. Ribbon is split or lengthwise vertical scratches
are seen on sections.
10. Sections are lifted from the knife on
upstrokes.
11. Resistance is felt on the lower part of the
section during cutting.
12. Horizontal or parallel lines or furrows across
64 | P a g e
the section (“chatters”) are seen, forming thick
and thin zones.
13. Section cut is sometimes thin, sometimes
thick.
14. Knife makes a hard metallic scraping or
ringing sound on backstroke, when section is
cut.
15. Frozen tissue crumbles and comes off the
block holder when cut.
16. Frozen tissue chips into fragments when cut.
TOTAL SCORE 250
Assigned Number:___________ Name:__________________________________________
Group Name:_______________ Date Submitted:______________ Score:_____________
ACTIVITY 10
FROZEN SECTION
The principle of cutting frozen section is simple: when the tissue is frozen, the water in
the tissue turns to ice, and in this state the tissue is firm, the ice acting as the embedding medium.
The consistency of tissue block can be altered by varying the temperature of the tissue. Reducing
the temperature will produce a harder block, raising the temperature makes the tissue softer. The
majority of non – fatty unfixed tissues are sectioned well at – 20 to – 25ᵒC.
1. What are the uses of frozen section?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
65 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the two methods of preparing frozen sections? Describe
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the commonly used methods of freezing? Describe
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
66 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Give the recommended tissues/ organs for the following cryostat temperature:
– 5 to – 15ᵒC
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
– 15 to – 25ᵒC
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
– 35ᵒC
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
67 | P a g e
5. Care of the microtome.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
RUBRICS
SCORE CRITERIA FOR QUESTIONS
10/5.0 Question is explicitly answered with the
correct rationalization.
8/4.0 Question is answered correctly.
6/3.0 Question is answered correctly with some
misconceptions.
4/2.0 Question is answered but incomplete.
2/1.0 Question is incompletely answered with some
misconceptions.
0 Question is not answered.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY #1 MAXIMUM POINTS SCORE
QUESTIONS:
1. What are the uses of frozen section? 10
2. What are the two methods of preparing 10
frozen sections?
68 | P a g e
3. What are the commonly used methods of 10
freezing? Describe
4. Give the recommended tissues/ organs for 5 each
the following cryostat temperature:
– 5 to – 15ᵒC
– 15 to – 25ᵒC
– 35ᵒC
5. Care of the microtome. 10
TOTAL SCORE 55
Assigned Number:___________ Name:__________________________________________
Group Name:_______________ Date Submitted:______________ Score:_____________
ACTIVITY 11
STAINS AND STAINING SOLUTION
Staining always involves the visual labeling of some entity by attaching, or depositing in
its vicinity, a marker of characteristic color or shape. The stain is the marker, or the reagent used
to generate the marker.
1. Why are the stains taken into the tissues? Describe the three different interactions.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
69 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Why do stains remain in the tissues after its removal from the staining bath?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
70 | P a g e
3. Why are the stains not taken up into every part of the tissue? Give the factors that control such
selectivities.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What are the effects of tissue modification prior to staining? Describe the effects of fixation,
histochemical blocking and extraction procedures.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
71 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What are the effects of specimen geometry on staining?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What are the effects of resin embedding on staining?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Give the formula and procedures for the following stains:
a. Harris Hematoxylin
72 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
b. Cole’s Hematoxylin
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
c. Mayer’s Hematoxylin
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
73 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
d. Weigart’s Hematoxylin Solution
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
e. Heidenhain’s Hematoxylin
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
74 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
f. 5% Aqueous Eosin Y
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
g. Eosin, Stock alcoholic solution
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
75 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
RUBRICS
SCORE CRITERIA FOR QUESTIONS
10/5.0 Question is explicitly answered with the
correct rationalization.
8/4.0 Question is answered correctly.
6/3.0 Question is answered correctly with some
misconceptions.
4/2.0 Question is answered but incomplete.
2/1.0 Question is incompletely answered with some
misconceptions.
0 Question is not answered.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY #1 MAXIMUM POINTS SCORE
QUESTIONS:
1. Why are the stains taken into the tissues? 10
Describe the three different interactions.
2. Why do stains remain in the tissues after its 10
removal from the staining bath?
3. Why are the stains not taken up into every 10
part of the tissue? Give the factors that control
such selectivities.
4. What are the effects of tissue modification 10
prior to staining? Describe the effects of
fixation, histochemical blocking and
extraction procedures.
5. What are the effects of specimen geometry 10
on staining?
6. What are the effects of resin embedding on 10
staining?
7. Give the formula and procedures for the 10 each
following stains:
a. Harris Hematoxylin
76 | P a g e
b. Cole’s Hematoxylin
c. Mayer’s Hematoxylin
d. Weigart’s Hematoxylin Solution
h. Heidenhain’s Hematoxylin
i. 5% Aqueous Eosin Y
j. Eosin, Stock alcoholic solution
TOTAL SCORE 130
Assigned Number:___________ Name:__________________________________________
Group Name:_______________ Date Submitted:______________ Score:_____________
ACTIVITY 12
PRINCIPLES OF STAINING
The process of applying dyes on the sections to see and study the architectural pattern of
the tissue and physical characteristics of the cells.
1. Differentiate between regressive and progressive staining.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
77 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Differentiate between direct and indirect staining.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Define the following:
a. Mordant
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
b. Accentuator
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
78 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
c. Decolorization
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
d. Metachromatic Staining
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
e. Metallic Impregnation
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
f. Counterstaining
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
k. Intravital Staining
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
79 | P a g e
l. Supravital Staining
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Enumerate the procedures for H and E staining of frozen section.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Procedures for routine H and E staining in Paraffin – embedded sections:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
80 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
RUBRICS
SCORE CRITERIA FOR QUESTIONS
10/5.0 Question is explicitly answered with the
correct rationalization.
8/4.0 Question is answered correctly.
6/3.0 Question is answered correctly with some
misconceptions.
4/2.0 Question is answered but incomplete.
2/1.0 Question is incompletely answered with some
misconceptions.
0 Question is not answered.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY #1 MAXIMUM POINTS SCORE
QUESTIONS:
1. Differentiate between regressive and 10
progressive staining.
2. Differentiate between direct and indirect 10
staining.
3. Define the following: 10 each
a. Mordant
b. Accentuator
c. Decolorization
81 | P a g e
d. Metachromatic Staining
e. Metallic Impregnation
f. Counterstaining
g. Intravital Staining
h. Supravital Staining
4. Enumerate the procedures for H and E 10
staining of frozen section
5. Procedures for routine H and E staining in 10
Paraffin – embedded sections:
TOTAL SCORE 100
Assigned Number:___________ Name:__________________________________________
Group Name:_______________ Date Submitted:______________ Score:_____________
ACTIVITY 13
ADHESIVES AND MOUNTING MEDIA
1. What are the commonly used adhesives?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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82 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the characteristics of a good mounting medium?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Give examples of aqueous solutions. Describe briefly.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Give examples of natural resinous media. Describe
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
83 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
RUBRICS
SCORE CRITERIA FOR QUESTIONS
10/5.0 Question is explicitly answered with the
correct rationalization.
8/4.0 Question is answered correctly.
6/3.0 Question is answered correctly with some
misconceptions.
4/2.0 Question is answered but incomplete.
2/1.0 Question is incompletely answered with some
misconceptions.
0 Question is not answered.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY #1 MAXIMUM POINTS SCORE
QUESTIONS:
10
1. What are the commonly used adhesives?
2. What are the characteristics of a good 10
mounting medium?
3. Give examples of aqueous solutions. 10
Describe briefly.
84 | P a g e
4. Give examples of natural resinous media. 10
Describe
TOTAL SCORE 40
Assigned Number:___________ Name:__________________________________________
Group Name:_______________ Date Submitted:______________ Score:_____________
ACTIVITY 14
STAINING CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates are the main sources of energy in the body, mobilized in the form of
monosaccharides (glucose) and stored in the form of polysaccharides, either in pure form
(glycogen), or bound to other substances (mucin).
Mucin is secreted by the goblet cells of intestinal mucosa, respiratory lining cells and
certain glands, or found in intercellular substances and connective tissue fibers.
Both glycogen and mucin are stained by Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) Technique.
SPECIAL STAINS IN HISTOPATHOLOGY
I. Objectives:
1. Identify special staining techniques in Histopathology.
2. Describe the staining reactions of each.
3. Correlate staining reactions with the pathology.
85 | P a g e
II. Materials:
Reference books, Atlas and Charts
III. Procedure:
Study staining reactions of selected specimens under LPO and HPO. Note the characteristic
color demonstrated by the different tissue components. Compare with the staining reactions of
normal tissue components. Note the differences.
1. Describe briefly the Periodic Acid Schiff Reaction.
______________________________________________________________________________
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2. What are the methods used in the demonstration of glycogen?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
86 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the methods used to demonstrate mucin in tissues?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
87 | P a g e
RUBRICS
SCORE CRITERIA FOR QUESTIONS
10/5.0 Question is explicitly answered with the
correct rationalization.
8/4.0 Question is answered correctly.
6/3.0 Question is answered correctly with some
misconceptions.
4/2.0 Question is answered but incomplete.
2/1.0 Question is incompletely answered with some
misconceptions.
0 Question is not answered.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY #1 MAXIMUM POINTS SCORE
QUESTIONS:
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
TOTAL SCORE 100
Assigned Number:___________ Name:__________________________________________
Group Name:_______________ Date Submitted:______________ Score:_____________
ACTIVITY 15
STAINING OF FATS OR LIPIDS
88 | P a g e
1. What are the classifications of lipids?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the oil soluble dyes used in lipid staining? Describe briefly.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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89 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
RUBRICS
SCORE CRITERIA FOR QUESTIONS
10/5.0 Question is explicitly answered with the
correct rationalization.
8/4.0 Question is answered correctly.
6/3.0 Question is answered correctly with some
misconceptions.
4/2.0 Question is answered but incomplete.
2/1.0 Question is incompletely answered with some
misconceptions.
0 Question is not answered.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY #1 MAXIMUM POINTS SCORE
QUESTIONS:
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
90 | P a g e
TOTAL SCORE 100
Assigned Number:___________ Name:__________________________________________
Group Name:_______________ Date Submitted:______________ Score:_____________
ACTIVITY 16
STAINING OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1. What are the stains used to demonstrate collagen fibers?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the best method to demonstrate the basement membrane?
91 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the stains used to demonstrate elastic fibers? Describe briefly.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What are the pathologic changes and deposits found in connective tissues? Describe briefly.
Give the stains commonly used to demonstrate these deposits.
92 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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93 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
RUBRICS
SCORE CRITERIA FOR QUESTIONS
10/5.0 Question is explicitly answered with the
correct rationalization.
8/4.0 Question is answered correctly.
6/3.0 Question is answered correctly with some
misconceptions.
4/2.0 Question is answered but incomplete.
2/1.0 Question is incompletely answered with some
misconceptions.
0 Question is not answered.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY #1 MAXIMUM POINTS SCORE
QUESTIONS:
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
TOTAL SCORE 100
Assigned Number:___________ Name:__________________________________________
Group Name:_______________ Date Submitted:______________ Score:_____________
94 | P a g e
ACTIVITY 17
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
Immunohistochemical techniques are now routinely used for the identification of specific
or highly selective cellular epitopes or antigens in frozen or paraffin embedded tissues. It can
also be used to detect organisms in cytologic preparations such as fluids, sputum samples, and
fine needle aspirates. These immunologic techniques make use of antigen – antibody
interactions, whereby the site of antigen binding is demonstrated by direct labeling of the
antibody, or by means of secondary labeling method.
SPECIAL TECHNIQUES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY
I. Objectives:
1. Identify the special techniques in Histopathology.
2. Discuss the importance of each.
3. List down difficulties encountered in each technique.
II. Materials:
Reference books and Charts
III. Procedure:
Read assigned topics (Immunohistochemistry, Enzyme Histochemistry, Computer –
controlled Tissue Processors, In – Situ Hybridization, Microwave Processing, etc.)
1. Differentiate between polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
95 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the epithelial tumor markers? Describe briefly.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the intermediate filament markers? Describe briefly.
______________________________________________________________________________
96 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What are the neuroendocrine markers? Describe briefly.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
97 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What are germ cell tumor markers? Describe briefly.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What are the mesenchymal markers? Describe briefly.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
98 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Differentiate between direct and indirect technique of immunohistochemistry.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
99 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
RUBRICS
SCORE CRITERIA FOR QUESTIONS
10/5.0 Question is explicitly answered with the
correct rationalization.
8/4.0 Question is answered correctly.
6/3.0 Question is answered correctly with some
misconceptions.
4/2.0 Question is answered but incomplete.
100 | P a g e
2/1.0 Question is incompletely answered with some
misconceptions.
0 Question is not answered.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY #1 MAXIMUM POINTS SCORE
QUESTIONS:
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
TOTAL SCORE 100
Assigned Number:___________ Name:__________________________________________
Group Name:_______________ Date Submitted:______________ Score:_____________
ACTIVITY 10
DIAGNOSTIC CYTOLOGY
1. Differentiate between Diagnostic Cytology and Exfoliative Cytology.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
101 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the uses of Exfoliative Cytology?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
102 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the cells found in cervico – vaginal smears? Describe briefly. Draw the three
commonly seen cells.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
103 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____________________
__________________________________
104 | P a g e
____________________________________
4. What are the advantages of Papanicolau Method (Pap’s stain)?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
105 | P a g e
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
RUBRICS
SCORE CRITERIA FOR QUESTIONS
10/5.0 Question is explicitly answered with the
correct rationalization.
8/4.0 Question is answered correctly.
6/3.0 Question is answered correctly with some
misconceptions.
4/2.0 Question is answered but incomplete.
2/1.0 Question is incompletely answered with some
misconceptions.
0 Question is not answered.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY #1 MAXIMUM POINTS SCORE
QUESTIONS:
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
106 | P a g e
10
10
10
TOTAL SCORE 100
107 | P a g e
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