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FIRST STEPS IN LATIN

* RITCHIE
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FIRST STEPS IN LATIN

BY

F. RITCHIE, M.A.
THE BEACON , SEVENOAKS

D E TEAN LISRAEL
CO TAN
'APR 85

OXFORD
THIRD EDITION

RIVINGTONS
WATERLOO PLACE, LONDON
MDCCCLXXXV

3058 f . 21.
 PREFACE

The difficulty which inevitably surrounds the beginning of

Latin by very young pupils is often unnecessarily in
creased by the common practice of separating the study of
the Accidence from its practical application. Exercises in
Translation and Composition, even of the most elementary
kind, are too frequently postponed till the Declensions and
Conjugations have been gone through, and the memory
of the pupil being thus burdened with a mass of forms,
the use and meaning of which are not yet apparent, in
accuracy and mental confusion are the result. An attempt
has here been made to make the application run side by
side with the study of the Accidence, and at the same
time to introduce some of the simpler rules of Syntax.
As each Declension or Tense is learned, the formation
exhibited in the type is applied to other Nouns or Verbs,
and sentences framed to illustrate the use of the inflexions,
and the meaning of the Syntax rules.
With a view to avoiding or lessening the bewilderment
usually produced upon the mind of a beginner by the use
of a complete Grammar, everything not essential to the
structure of a simple sentence has been carefully excluded.
vi Preface .

Thus, in the conjugation of the Verbs the Indicative Mood

only is introduced ; irregularities of every kind have been,
as far as possible, avoided, and the Vocabulary is limited
to words of a simple and concrete meaning.
In the selection of types for Declension and Conjugation,
and in the phraseology employed, the “Public School
Latin Primer” has been closely followed, it being intended
that the use of this little book should precede that of the
ordinary Grammars.
It is not necessary that the whole of the preliminary
matter should be mastered before beginning Exercise I.;
the remarks on the Sentence, Nouns, Adjectives, and
Verbs are placed here for convenience of reference, and
can be studied as occasion requires; the Definitions, how
ever, and the English Verb in Latin form should be
thoroughly learned at first.
The practice of reading or writing the Exercises should
not interfere with the constant repetition (viva voce) of the
types so far as they have been learned . For this purpose
the Accidence, which is taught progressively in the body
of the book , is exhibited in a collected form at the end.
It may be observed that the method of Analysis sug
gested (on p. 3) has been employed for some years with
very advantageous effect.
In this Third Edition I have added at page 99 a
Summary of Rules.
F. R,
THE BEACON , SEVENOAKS.
 CONTENTS

PAGE

PRELIMINARY
Definitions . 1
The Sentence . 2

Latin Nouns 4

Adjectives . 5
Latin Verbs 6

English Verb 8
First Conjugation : A -Verbs. Active Voice 10

Nouns - First Declension . 18

Second Conjugation : E -Verbs. Active Voice 20
Nouns - Second Declension . 24

Third Conjugation : Consonant Verbs. Active Voice . 28

Adjectives . . 32

Fourth Conjugation : I- Verbs. Active Voice . 36

Table of the Four Conjugations. Active Voice 40

Nouns — Third Declension . 42
The Verb Sum . . 48
First Conjugation : A -Verbs. Passive Voice 50
Adjectives of Third Declension 56
Second Conjugation : E -Verbs. Passive Voice 60
Nouns - Fourth Declension . . 64
Third Conjugation : Consonant Verbs. Passive Voice . 66
Nouns - Fifth Declension 70
Fourth Conjugation : I-Verbs. Passive Voice 72
viii Contents .

PAGI

Table of the Four Conjugations. Passive Voice 76

Comparison of Adjectives 78

APPENDIX
First Declension 85
Second Declension . 85
Third Declension . 86
Fourth Declension . . 87
Fifth Declension . 87
Adjectives of First and Second Declensions 87
Adjectives of Third Declension . . 88
Numerals 88
The Verb Sum , “ I am " . 89
Verbs Active : Present Stem Tenses . 90
Verbs Active : Perfect Stem Tenses 91
Verbs Passive : Present Stem Tenses 92

Verbs Passive : Supine Stem Tenses . 93

VOCABULARY
Latin - English . 95
English -Latin 97

SUMMARY OF RULES, 99
 FIRST STEPS IN LATIN.

DEFINITIONS.

A Noun (Substantive) is the Name of a Thing ; as,

dog ,' 'book ,” London .'
An Adjective is a word which describes a Thing ; as,
little dog, red book , many books.
A Verb is a word which tells what a Thing does or has
done to it ; as, ' sleep,'' strike,' ' to be struck.'
( i.) Verbs are Intransitive when the action does not
pass beyond the doer ; as, I sleep, the boy runs,
snakes creep
( ii.) Verbs are Transitive when the action passes on
to another Person or Thing, which is called the
Object ; as, ' I strike the table.' Here ' table '
is the Object to the Verb strike .'
(iii.) Verbs are Copulative when they join together two
words, one of which names a thing and the
other describes it; as,' the water is deep . Here
' is ' joins ' water ' and ' deep,' and is a
Copulative Verb . The word that describes is
called the Complement ; thus, deep ' describes
water, and is the Complement.
R.F.6.L. ) А
2 The Sentence.

THE SENTENCE.

Every Sentence has two parts, namely, (1) the Subject,

(2) the Predicate.
1. The Subject is thething aboutwhich something is said.
2. The Predicate is that which is said about the Sub
ject.
Examples
SUBJECT. PREDICATE.

Birds fly.
We eat bread.
The man is old.

[The Subject of a Sentence may be found by asking the question

Who ? or What ? with the Verb ; thus, ' Birds fly .' Who or
what fly ? Ans. ' Birds.' The Predicate may be found by
asking the question , What about the Subject ? thus, ' The
man is old . What about the man ? Ans. He is old—is old '
is the Predicate.]
The Subject is always a Noun, or some word or words
used as Nouns.
The Predicate is always a Verb, or at least contains a
Verb ; but as Verbs are of three kinds the Predicate has
three forms.
(i.) When the Verb is Intransitive, the Subject and
Verb together make complete sense, and the
Predicate contains nothing but the Verb.
 The Sentence. 3

(ii.) When the Verb is Transitive, an Object is

required to complete the Sentence, and the
Verb and Object together make up the Predi
cate.

(iii.) When the Verb is Copulative, a Complement is

required to complete the Sentence, and the
Verb and Complement together make up the
Predicate.

ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCE.

The following method of Analysis will be found useful

The Subject is marked S.
The Predicate is marked either
(i.) V. I., i.e. Verb Intransitive;
or

(ii.) V. T. and O., i.e. Verb Transitive and Object ;

or

( iii.) V. C. and C., i.e. Verb Copulative and Complement.

The examples given above will be analysed thus

SUBJECT. PREDICATE .

S. V.I.
(i .) Birds fly.
S. V.T. 0.

( ii.) We eat bread.

8. V.C.
( iii.) The man is .
old.
4 Latin Nouns.

LATIN NOUNS.

Inflexion.The meaning of a Latin Noun is altered by

Inflexion, that is, by changing the ending of the word ;
thus, mensa, a table ; mensae, of a table.
Case . — In this way six different forms of the same
Noun are obtained ; these are called the six Cases of the
Noun. The names of the Cases are
1. The Nominative ; the Subject of the sentence is in
the Nominative.

2. The Vocative ; used in addressing Persons or

Things ; as, ' O queen .'
3. The Accusative ; the Object of a Transitive Verb is
in the Accusative.

4. The Genitive ; answers the question ' whose ? '

5. The Dative ; answers the question ' to or for whom
or what ? '
6. The Ablative ; answers the question by, with, or
from what ? '

Number . - Latin Nouns have Two Numbers, Singular

and Plural, and each Number has a distinct set of Six
Cases.

Gender.—There are Three Genders, Masculine, Femi

nine, and Neuter.
 Adjectives. 5

Declension . - There are Five Declensions of Latin

Nouns, that is, there are five different kinds of Inflexion .
The Declensions may be distinguished by the ending of the
Genitive Case Singular 1
Declension 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th .
Ending of Genitive ae i is us ei.

ADJECTIVES.

Adjectives are declined like Nouns as regards Number

and Case ; but besides this their terminations sometimes
indicate the Gender of the Noun to which the Adjective
belongs. Thus some Adjectives have in each case a
separate form for each of the three Genders ; others have
in some Cases one form for Masculine and Feminine and
another for Neuter, and in some Cases only one form for
all three Genders.

1 The termination of the Genitive Singular is given as the distinguish.

ing mark of the Declensions, this being the method adopted in dic
tionaries. The terms Stem and Character are purposely avoided. It is
philologically interesting but practically useless (and to beginners very
confusing) to be told that domino is the Stem of dominus. The plan of
cutting off rum or -um from the Genitive Plural in order to find the
Character and so determine the Declension , presupposes that the pupil is
already able to decline the Noun.
6 Latin Verbs.

LATIN VERBS.1

Verbs have Two Voices, namely

1. The Active Voice, when the Subject does some
thing ; as, amo, I love.
2. The Passive Voice, when the Subject has some
thing done to it ; as, amor, I am loved .
[ N.B. — Only Transitive Verbs have a complete Passive Voice.]
Each Voice has Six Tenses
Present, Imperfect, and Future Simple.
Perfect and Aorist, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect.
[ There is only one Form in Latin for both Perfect and Aorist
Tenses, but in English they are distinct.]

Each Tense has Two Numbers, namely, Singular and

Plural.

Each Number has Three Persons, First, Second, and

Third.

1 On pages 8 and 9 the English Verb To teach is conjugated in Latin form ,

i.e. the names of the Tenses are those used in conjugating a Latin Verb.
It is advisable that for practice other Verbs, and especially the Verbs
love, advise, rule, hear, should be conjugated in the same way. The strong
Verb teach is given here in preference to the Verb love, because it has been
found that confusion arises from the similarity in sound of the various
parts of the latter ; e.g. loved and love.
 Nouns. 7

The Tense, Number, and Person of Latin Verbs are

indicated by various Endings, which are added to the
Stems.1

In order to form the Tenses of a Latin Verb it is

necessary to know three Stems

1. The Present Stem

From this are formed the Present, Imperfect, and Future
Simple, both Active and Passive.

2. The Perfect Stem

From this are formed the Perfect and Aorist, Pluperfect,
and Future Perfect Active.

3. The Supine Stem

From this are formed the Perfect and Aorist, Pluperfect,
and Future Perfect Passive.

Latin Verbs are divided into four classes, called Conju

gations, according to the last letter of the Present Stem.
The First Conjugation has its Present Stem ending in A.
The Second "

The Third 22 a Consonant or U.

The Fourth I.

1 Distinction of Mood is intentionally omitted here, as beyond the

scope of the book.
8 English Verb .

ACTIVE VOICE .

PRESENT TENSE. PERFECT TENSE.

Sing. 1. I teach. Sing. 1. I have taught.

2. Thou teachest. 2. Thouhast taught.
3. He, she, or it teaches. 3. He, she, or it has taught.
Plur. 1. We teach. Plur. 1. We have taught.
2. Ye or you teach . 2. Ye oryou havetaught.
3. They teach. 3. They have taught.
or,
AORIST TENSE.
Sing. 1. I am teaching.
2. Thou art teaching.
3. He, she, or it is teaching. Sing. 1. I taught.
Plur. 1. We are teaching. 2. Thoutaughtest.
2. Ye or you are teaching. 3. He, she, or it taught.
3. They are teaching. Plur. 1. We taught.
2. Ye or you taught.
or ,
3. They taught.
Sing. 1. I do teach. or ,
2. Thou dost teach .
3. He, she, or it does teach . Sing. 1. I did teach .
Plur. 1. We do teach . 2. Thou didst teach .
2. Ye or you do teach. 3. He, she, or it did teach .
3. They do teach . Plur. 1. We did teach .
2. Ye or you did teach.
3. They did teach.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
Sing. 1. I was teaching.
2. Thou wast teaching, Sing. 1. I had ght.
3. He, she, or it was teaching. 2. Thou hadst taught.
Plur. 1. We were teaching. 3. He, she, or it had taught.
2. Ye or you were teaching. Plur. 1. We had taught.
3. They were teaching. 2. Ye or you had taught.
3. They had taught.
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.

Sing. 1. I shall or will teach . Sing. 1. I shall have taught.

2. Thou wilt teach . 2. Thou wilt have taught.
3. He, she, or it will teach . 3. He will have taught.
Plur. 1. We shall or will teach. Plur. 1. We shall have taught.
2. Ye or you will teach. 2. Ye or you willhavetaught.
3. They will teach. 3. They will have taught.
 English Verb . 9

PASSIVE VOICE .

PRESENT TENSE, PERFECT TENSE.

Sing. 1. I am being taught. Sing. 1. I have been taught.

2. Thou hast been taught.
2. Thou art being taught. 3. He, she, or it has been
3. He, she, or it is being
taught. taught.
Plur. 1. We have been taught.
Plur. 1. We are being taught. 2. Ye or you have been
2. Ye or you are being taught.
taught. 3. They have been taught.
3. They are being taught.
or , AORIST TENSE.
Sing. 1. I am taught.
2. Thou art taught. Sing. 1. I was taught.
3. He, she, or it is taught. 2. Thou wast taught.
Plur. 1. We are taught. 3. He, she, or it was taught.
2. Ye or you are taught. Plur. 1. We were taught.
3. They are taught. 2. Ye or you were taught.
3. They were taught.
IMPERFECT TENSE. PLUPERFECT TENSE.

Sing. 1. I had been taught.

Sing. 1. I was being taught. 2. Thou hadst been taught.
2. Thou wast being taught. 3. He, she, or it had been
3. He, she, or it was being taught.
taught. Plur. 1. We had been taught.
Plur. 1. We were being taught. 2. Ye or you had been
2. Ye or you were being taught.
taught. 3. Theyhad been taught.
3. Theywere being taught.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE .
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE. Sing. 1. I shall have been taught.
2. Thou wilt have been
taught.
Sing. 1. I shall be taught. 3. He, she, or it will have
2. Thou wilt be taught. been taught.
3. He, she, or it will be Plur. 1. Weshall have been taught.
taught. 2. Ye or you will have been
Plur. 1. We shall be taught. taught.
2. Ye or you will be taught. 3. They will have been
3. They will be taught. taught.
10 A - Verbs.

FIRST CONJUGATION : A - VERBS.

Verbs whose Present Stem ends in a belong to the First
Conjugation.
Example- AMA -RE, to love.
Present Stem , ama- Perfect Stem , amav-.

ACTIVE VOICE.

PRESENT TENSE.
The Present Tense is formed by adding Personal End
ings to the Present Stem .

FORMATION . EXAMPLE . ENGLISH.

Sing. 1. Present Stem + 0 * am -0 I love.

2. +s ama-s Thou lovest.

3. +t ama-t Hc loves.

Plur. 1. + mus ama -mus We love.

2. + tis ama -tis You love.

3. + nt ama -nt They love.

*
[In the First Person Singular, by adding o to ama- we get ama-o, but
this is contracted to am-o ; hence the a at the end of the Stem is not seen. ]
Obs. 1. Remember that the Present Tense has three forms in English
Amo = I love, or I am loving, or I do love.
Amas Thou lovest, Thou art loving, Thou dost love.
Amat = He loves, He is loving, He does love, etc.
Obs. 2. No separate Latin word is required for ' I,' ' thou, ' ' he, ' etc.;
thus, amat, he loves. Here ' he, ' which is the Subject of the sentence
is said to be contained in the Verb, and ' amat’is a complete sentence in
one word .
 A - Verbs. 11

VOCABULARY.

A -Verbs conjugated like amo.

Canto, I sing, Present Stem , canta ..
Pugno, Ifight, pugna-.
Salto, I dance, salta..
Voco, I call, voca-.
Non = not.

EXERCISE I.

1. Canta -t. 11. Non salt - o.

2. Pugna -s. 12. Non voc-as.
3. Salta-mus. 13. Cant-as.
4. Voca -nt. 14. Pugna -tis.
5. Canta - tis. 15. Non voca - t.
6. Pugna -t. 16. Canta -mus.
7. Salta -tis. 17. Non pugna-nt.
8. Voca -mus. 18. Non voc-o.
9. Canta -nt. 19. Non voca -tis.
10. Pugna-mus. 20. Salta-nt.

1. They sing 11. He does not dance.

2. We fight. 12. I am calling.
3. You dance. 13. You are not singing.
4. He calls. 14. They fight.
5. Thou singest. 15. Thou dost call.
6. I do not fight. 16. He is fighting.
7. He is dancing. 17. Thou dancest.
8. They are calling. 18. We do not call.
9. We do not sing. 19. They dance.
10. You are fighting. 20. He does not fight.
12 A - Verbs,

FIRST CONJUGATION : A -VERBS — continued.

ACTIVE VOICE.
IMPERFECT AND FUTURE SIMPLE TENSES.
Both these Tenses are formed, like the Present, by
adding Personal Endings to the Present Stem.

IMPERFECT

FORMATION . EXAMPLE . ENGLISH.

Sing. 1. Present Stem + bam ama-bam I was loving.

2. + bas ama -bas Thou wast loving.
3. + bat ama-bat He was loving.
Plur. 1. + bamus ama-bamus We were loving.
2. + batis ama-batis You were loving.
3. + bant ama -bant They were loving.

FUTURE SIMPLE,

FORMATION EXAMPLE ENGLISH,

Sing. 1. Present Stem + bo ama -bo I shall (or will) love.

2. + bis ama-bis Thou wilt love.
3. + bit ama -bit He will love.

Plur. 1 . + bimus ama-bimus We shall (or will) love.

>> 2. + bitis ama -bitis You will love.
3. + bunt ama-bunt They will love.

Obs. In addressing one person ' you ' is now more commonly used than
' thou, ' therefore both the Second Person Singular and the Second Person
Plural may be translated ' you ; ' thus, amas, you love, and, amatis, you
love, but ' amas ' is addressed to one person, " amatis ' to more than one.
 A - Verbs. 13

VOCABULARY.
Laudo, Ipraise, Present Stem , lauda-.
Rogo, I ask, roga-,

EXERCISE 11.

1. Salta -bat. 11. Salta -bam .

2. Voca -mus. 12. Voca -bamus.
3. Pugna-bit. 13. Roga-bitis.
4. Roga -bis. 14. Salta -t.
5. Laudas. 15. Voca -s.
6. Canta -bitis. 16. Lauda -nt.
7. Voca -bant. 17. Lauda -bat.
8. Pugna-bunt. 18. Pugna-bant.
9. Voca-bas. 19. Canta -nt.
10. Pugna-tis. 20. Voca -bis.

1. We shall fight. 11. They were asking.

2. He was calling. 12. You (sing.) will praise.
3. They will praise. 13. He was not calling .
4. Thou dost fight. 14. He is praising.
5. I shall ask . 15. You (sing.) were fighting.
6. They were dancing. 16. We do not dance.
7. We are calling. 17. You (pl. ) were calling.
8. He calls. 18. We were praising.
9. They will call. 19. You (pl.) will sing.
10. He does not fight. 20. He is dancing.
14 A-Verbs.

FIRST CONJUGATION : A -VERBS -- continued .

ACTIVE VOICE.

THE PERFECT AND AORIST TENSE.

This Tense is formed by adding the Personal Endings to

the Perfect Stem.
The Perfect Stem of any regular Verb of the First
Conjugation is found by adding v to the Present Stem ;
thus
Present Stem , ama Perfect Stem , amav..
pugna pugnavº.

FORMATION . EXAMPLE . ENGLISH ,

Perfect. Aorist.

Sing. 1. Pf. Stem + i amav - i I have loved. I loved.

2. + isti amav - isti Thou hast loved. Thou lovedst
3. + it amay-it He has loved. He loved .

Plur. 1 . + imus amay- imus We have loved . We loved .

2. + istis amay -istis You have loved . You loved .

3. + ērunt amav -ērunt They have loved . They loved .

or + ēre or amav-ēre

Remember there is only one form in Latin for both Perfect and Aorist ;
thus, ' amavi ' means both I have loved and I loved or did love.

1 Or, I did love, etc.

 A - Verbs. 15

EXERCISE 111.

1. Rogav-it. 13. Non lauda -mus.

2. Salta -bat. 14. Saltav -istis.
3. Pugnav -imus. 15. Cantav - erunt.
4. Non roga -nt. 16. Non laudav -i.
5. Voca -bit. 17. Voca -t.
6. Salta - t. 18. Vocav - it.
7. Laudav -erunt. 19. Non salta - t.
8. Vocav-isti. 20. Cantav -isti.
9. Pugna -bimus. 21. Roga -batis.
10. Laudav- it. 22. Laudav -imus.
11. Voca -bat. 23. Salta -bitis.
12. Salta -bit. 24. Pugnav-istis.

1. We have praised. 13. They do not praise.

2. They danced. 14. Thou hast not called.
3. He did not fight. 15. We are dancing.
4. You (sing. ) were calling. 16. I was calling.
5. He sings. 17. They are dancing.
6. He will dance. 18. We will ask.
7. They have asked. 19. He has praised.
8. We did not praise. 20. You have asked.
9. You will ask. 21. You will call.
10. They fought. 22. We have fought.
11. They did not dance. 23. You are calling.
12. We were calling. 24. I did not praise.
16 A - Verbs.

FIRST CONJUGATION : A - VERBS — continued .

ACTIVE VOICE.

THE PLUPERFECT AND THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSES.

Both these Tenses are formed, like the Perfect and Aor
ist, by adding Personal Endings to the Perfect Stem .
PLUPERFECT.

FORMATION . EXAMPLE ENGLISH.

Sing. 1. Pf. Stem + eram amay -eram I had loved .

2. + eras amay -eras Thou hadst loved .
3. + erat amay -erat He had loved .

Plur. 1 . 99 + eramus amay -eramus We had loved .

2. + eratis amay -eratis You had loved .
3. + erant amay -erant They had loved .

FUTURE PERFECT.

FORMATION. EXAMPLE . ENGLISH ,

Sing. 1. Pf. Stem + ero amay- ero I shall have loved .

2. + eris amay -eris Thou wilt have loved .
3. terit amay - erit He will have loved .

Plur. 1 . + erimus amay -erimus We shall have loved .

2. teritis amay -eritis You will have loved .
3. + erint amay - erint They will have loved .

In the sentence amat he loves, the Subject is contained in the Verb,

but the Subject may also be a separate word ; thus, Puella amat, the
girl loves.
RULE. — The Verb must agree in Person with its Subject;
thus, puella, the Subject, is of the Third Person, therefore the Verb
amat is also of the Third Person .
 A - Verbs. 17

VOCABULARY.

Volo, Ifly, Present Stem , vola-. Hasta , a spear.

Vulnero, I wound, vulnera .. Puella, a girl.
Regina, a queen .

EXERCISE IV .

1. Vocav -erat. 11. Non salta -bimus.

2. Pugnav -erit. 12. Rogav -eratis.
3. Hasta vola -bat. 13. Puella saltav -erat.
4. Pugna -bit. 14. Vulnerav - erunt.
5. Vocav -erimus. 15. Vulnera -bunt.
6. Vulnera -mus. 16. Laudav -erit.
7. Rogav -eris. 17. Vulnera -tis.
8. Saltav - eras. 18. Cantav -eranto
9. Puella lauda -t. 19. Vocav- erint.
10. Vocav -erunt. 20. Pugnav -erunt.

1. They had called . 11. They did not fight.

2. He will have asked . 12. You (sing.) had praised.
3. We have fought. 13. The queen will ask .
4. Ye were dancing. 14. We shall have fought.
5. The girl will praise. 15. He had sung .
6. We sang. 16. The spear will wound.
7. They will have sung. 17. They do not fight.
8. You (pl.) did not praise. 18. We were calling.
9. The spear flies. 19. The girl had danced.
10. We had wounded. 20. Thou wilt have fought.
R.F.S.L. ) B
18 Nouns .

NOUNS.

FIRST DECLENSION .

Nouns whose Genitive Singular ends in ae belong to the

First Declension . The Nominative ends in a.
The Cases are formed as follows :

SINGULAR . PLURAL .

Nom . Mens a table ( f .) Mens -ae tables.

Voc. Mens- å O table. Mens- ae O tables,

Acc. Mens-am a table. Mens -as tables.

Gen. Mens -ae of a table. Mens-arum of tables.

Dat. Mens-ae to or for a table. Mens- is to or for tables.
Abl. Mens -ā by, with, orfrom Mens - is by, with, or from
a table. tables.

Most Nouns of the First Declension are of the Feminine Gender.

RULE. - The Subject of the Sentence is in the Nominative

Case, and the Verb must agree in Number with its Subject.
That is, if the Subject is Singular, the Verb must be Singular.
Plural Plural.

Thus, in the sentence The girls love, girls, the Subject, is Plural,
therefore the Verb must also be Plural, and the Latin will be · Puellae
amant. '

Remember that the Verb must also agree with its Subject in Person.
 Nouns. 19

VOCABULARY.
Decline
Epistola, -ae, f., a letter. Sagitta, -ae, f., an arrow .

EXERCISE V.

Point out the Subject and Predicate in each Sentence.

1. Hastae vulnera -nt. 11. Epistola lauda -bit.
2. Regina lauda -bat. 12. Cantav - eramus.
3. Non pugnav-eramus. 13. Laudav-istis.
4. Puellae salta -bunt. 14. Non pugna-batis.
5. Vocav -erunt. 15. Reginae salta -nt.
6. Regina cantav-erit. 16. Puella vocav -erit.
7. Puellae voca - bant. 17. Puellae vocav- erant.
8. Non ama- tis. 18. Hastae vulnera -bunt.
9. Reginae laudav -erant. 19. Non saltav-isti.
10. Sagittae vulnerav -erunt. 20. Vocav-erint.

1. The girls do not call. 11. The arrows were flying.

2. The queen will fight. 12. The queen had praised.
3. The spears wounded. 13. We shall have sung.
4. You did not dance. 14. Ye were asking.
5. I had not fought. 15. The queen does not dance.
6. The queens praised. 16. They had fought.
7. The girls were dancing. 17. We do not praise.
8. The spears will fly. 18. The girl has not sung.
9. We had sung. 19. They have asked.
10. Thou didst fight. 20. We are not praising.
20 E - Verbs.

SECOND CONJUGATION : E-VERBS .

Verbs whose Present Stem ends in e belong to the Second
Conjugation.
Thus MONE-RE, to advise.
Present Stem , mone- Perfect Stem , monu..
ACTIVE VOICE.
TENSES FORMED FROM THE PRESENT STEM.
[The Personal Endings are the same as in the First Conjugation .]
PRESENT.
FORMATION . EXAMPLE. ENGLISH ,

Sing. 1. Present Stem + o mone -o I advise.

2. +8 mone -s Thou advisest.
3. +t mone-t He advises.
Plur . 1. + mus mone -mus We advise.
2. + tis mone -tis You advise,
3. + nt mone -nt They advise.
IMPERFECT.
Sing. 1. Present Stem + bam I was advising.
mone-bam
2. + bas mone -bas
Thou wast advising.
3. + bat mone-bat
He was advising.
Plur. 1 . + bamus mone-bamus We were advising.
2. > + batis mone-batis You were advising.
3. >> + bant mone-bant They were advising.
FUTURE SIMPLE.
Sing. 1. Present Stem + bo mone-bo I shall (or will)
advise.

2. + bis mone -bis Thou wilt

3. + bit mone- bit He will
Plur. 1. + bimus mone-bimus We shall ( or will)
2. + bitis mone- bitis You will
3. + bunt mone -bunt They will

Remember the various meanings of the Present. See page 10.

RULE . — The Object of a Transitive Verb is in the Accusative
Case . See page 8.
Thus- Subject. Transitive Verb . Object.
The queen loves the girl.
Regina ( Nom . ) amat puellam(Accus).
The correct Latin order is not alluded to till a later exercise ; it can, of
course , be insisted on from the first in the English -Latin exercise.
 E - Verbs. 21

VOCABULARY.

Verbs of Second Conjugation like moneo.

Doce-o, I teach , Present Stem , doce-.
Tene-o, I hold , tene .
Time- o, I fear, time

EXERCISE VI.

Point out the Subject and Object ( where there is one).

1. Doce-mus puellam . 11. Non pugnav-isti.
2. Tene-bant hastas. 12. Voca -t reginam .
3. Tene- t hastam. 13. Hasta volav -erit.
4. Time-bunt reginam . 14. Lauda-mus puellam .
5. Puellae non time-nt. 15. Tene-batis hastas.
6. Regina saltav- erat. 16. Non doce -bitis.
7. Tene-bam epistolam. 17. Tene-t epistolam .
8. Hastae vulnera -nt. 18. Time-bat hastam .
9. Non time -bo hastas. 19. Reginae time-nt.
10. Doce-tis puellas. 20. Non pugnav -eramus.

1. We fear the queen . 11. They were holding letters.

2. Ye teach the girls. 12. You will fear the spear.
3. The girl will fear. 13. Thou didst not call.
4. They hold a spear. 14. Spears had wounded .
5. Ye were not teaching. 15. They will teach girls.
6. Thou dost fear. 16. The girls were fearing.
7. We had not danced. 17. You will not have fought.
8. He praised the letter. 18. Thou teachest the queen .
9. I will teach the girl. 19. They fear the spears.
10. He is not fighting. 20. He called the girl.
22 E - Verbs.

SECOND CONJUGATION : E -VERBS - continued .

MONE- RE, to advise.
Present Stem , mone Perfect Stem , monu-.
ACTIVE VOICE.
TENSES FORMED FROM THE PERFECT STEM.
The Perfect Stem of any regular Verb of the Second
Conjugation is found by changing the last letter of the
Present Stem from e into u . Thus
Present Stem , mone- Perfect Stem , monu-.
doce. docu ..
[ The Personal Endings are the same as in the First Conjugation .]
PERFECT AND AORIST.
FORMATION . EXAMPLE ENGLISH

Perfect. Aorist.

Sing. 1. Pf. Stem + i monu-i I have advised. I advised .

2. + isti monu - isti Thou hast Thou advisedst.
3. + it monu - it He has He advised .
Plur. 1. + imus monu - imus We have We advised .
2. + istis monu - istis You have You advised .
3. + ērunt monu - erunt They have) They advised .
or + ēre or monu -ere

PLUPERFECT.
Sing. 1. Pf. Stem + eram monu - eram I had advised .
2. + eras monu -eras Thou hadst advised .
3. + erat monu - erat He had advised .
Plur, 1. + eramus monu - eramus We had advised .
2. + eratis monu -eratis You had advised .
3. + erant monu - erant They had advised .

FUTURE PERFECT.
Sing. 1. | Pf. Stem + ero monu -ero I shall have advised .
2. + eris monu.eris Thou wilt have advised .
3. + erit monu -erit He will have advised .
Plur. 1 . + erimus monu -erimus We shall have advised .
2. + eritis monu -eritis You will have advised .
3. + erint monu -ěrint They will have adviscd .
 E - Verbs. 23

VOCABULARY.

Aqua, -ae, f., water. Ira, -ae f. , anger.

EXERCISE VII.

Point out the Subject and Object.

1. Tenu -i hastam. 11. Non time-o iram.

2. Docu -eras puellas. 12. Docu -isti puellam .
3. Regina timu -erit. 13. Regina monu -erit.
4. Tenu -imus sagittas. 14. Sagittae vola-bunt.
5. Timu- eratis aquam . 15. Tene-tis sagittas.
6. Lauda -bitis epistolas. 16. Non monu-istis.
7. Puellae saltav -erunt. 17. Timu -erant hastas.
8. Regina time -t hastam . 18. Docu -eris reginam .
9. Laudav -erant puellam . 19. Puellae canta -bant.
10. Puellae timu-erunt. 20. Timu-erint reginam .

1 , We held spears. 11. The queen will have advised.

2. You do not fear anger. 12. You are not praising.
3. The girl had not taught. 13. They fear the water.
4. Thou didst teach the girl. 14. The girls had not fought.
5. We praised the letter. 15. I did not praise the girl.
6. I did not fear the arrow . 16. The queen has not feared .
7. We do not praise the girl. 17. The arrow has wounded.
8. We shall not fight. 18. The spears did not wound.
9. He was teaching the girl. 19. Thou hadst taught the queen.
10. They had held the arrows. 20. Thou art holding a letter.
24 Nouns.

NOUNS.
SECOND DECLENSION .
Nouns whose Genitive Singular ends in i belong to the
Second Declension .
The Nominative ends in us or er, if the Noun is Masculine
or Feminine.

The Nominative ends in um , if the Noun is Neuter.

MASCULINE.

SINGULAR . PLURAL .

Nom . | Domin -us a lord ( m .) Domin-i lords.

Voc. Domin-e O lord . Domin -i O lords.
Acc. Domin -um a lord . Domin -os lords.
Gen. Domin-i of a lord . Domin -orum of lords.
Dat. Domin - o to orfor a lord. Domin.is to or for lords.
Abl. Domin - o by, with, or from Domin -is by , with , or from
a lord. 1 lords.

Nom . Magister a master ( m .) Magistri masters .

Voc . Magister O master . Magistr-i O masters.
Acc. Magistr-um a master . Magistr-os masters.
Gen. Magistr-i of a master. Magistr-orum ofmasters.
Dat. Magistr - o to or for a master. Magistr-is to or for masters.
Abl. Magistr- o by, with, or from Magistr.is | by, with, or from
a master. 1 masters. 1

The Case -endings of dominus and magister are exactly alike except in
the Nominative and Vocative Singular.
Observe that in declining magister the e is dropped in all Cases except
Nominative and Vocative Singular.

1 A Preposition is required to give this meaning to the Ablative of

dominus and magister, or of any word which is the name of a Person.
 Nouns. 25

VOCABULARY.
Like Dominus. Like Magister.
Serv -us, -i, m . , a slave. Liber, libri, m. , a book .
Amic -us, -i, m. , a friend .

EXERCISE VIII.

Point out the Subject and Object.

1. Magister lauda -t servum. 11. Servi time-nt dominum .
2. Puellae tene-bant libros. 12. Regina lauda-t librum.
3. Regina amav -it amicum . 13. Hasta vulnera - bit servum .
4. Non timu-erunt dominum. 14. Puella timu- it aquam.
5. Amici voca-bunt servos. 15. Non tene- bimus hastas.
6. Servi non pugnav -erant. 16. Magister doce-t puellas.
7. Regina tenu -erit hastam . 17. Ama-batis magistros.
8. Lauda -bamus amicos. 18. Servi tene-bunt sagittas.
9. Hastae vulnerav - erunt. 19. Vulnerav -isti reginam .
10. Docu -erimus puellas. 20. Non laudav- istis libros.

1. The slaves feared the queen. 11. The spear wounded the girl.
2. The friend will hold spears. 12. You were holding the book.
3. The girl fears the slaves. 13. The girls have not sung.
4. I did not praise the girl. 14. Thou hast called the slaves.
5. The master had taught. 15. The queen loves the friends.
6. We will praise the book. 16. We fear the master,
7. You (s. ) do not fear water. 17. You had held the spear.
8. I had called a slave. 18. We did not call the girl.
9. The girls love the queen . 19. Wewere teaching the slaves.
10. They will not have fought. 20. They praised the letters.
26 Nouns .

SECOND DECLENSION - continued .

MASCULINE.
A few words ending in er do not drop the e in declen
sion, as magister does.
SINGULAR . PLURAL.

Nom . | Puer a boy ( m .) Puer-i boys.

Voc. Puer O boy . Puer -i O boys.
Acc. Puer -um a boy. Puer-os boys.
Gen. Puer-i of a boy. Puer -orum of boys.
Dat. Puer-o to orfor a boy. Puer.is to orfor boys.
Abl.. Puer- o by, with, or from || Puer -is by, with , or from
a boy. boys.

NEUTER.
The Nominative Singular of Neuter Nouns of the Second
Declension ends in um.

SINGULAR . PLURAL.

Nom . Bell -um war ( n .) Bell -a wars.

Voc . Bell-um O war. Bell-a O wars.
Acc. Bell -um war. Bell-a wars .
Gen. Bell-i of war . Bell -orum of wars.
Dat. Bell-o to or for war. Bell-is to or for wars.
Abl. Bell- o by, with , or from Bell.is by, with , or from
war . wars .

In all the Declensions the Nominative, Vocative, and Accusative of

Neuter Nouns are alike, and the Nominative, Vocative, and Accusative
Plural end in a.

1 A Preposition is required. See p. 24.

 Nouns. 27

VOCABULARY.

Don -um , -i , n. , a gift. Tel- um , i, n. , a dart.

Terreo, I frighten , Present Stem , terre ..

EXERCISE IX .

[ N.B. - In Latin the Object is generally placed before its Verb .]

1. Tela non terre -nt. 11. Pueri tela tene -bunt.
2. Puer dona lauda -t. 12. Hastas non timu-imus.
3. Voca -bas pueros. 13. Reginae vocav-erant.
4. Tene -bimus tela. 14. Amavimus reginam .
5. Puella librum tenu -it. 15. Puer servos voca -bat.
6. Laudav-istis amicos. 16. Magister pueros docu-it.
7. Hasta servum vulnera-t. 17. Sagittae vulnera -bunt.
8. Regina non saltav-erit. 18. Dominus servum lauda -t.
9. Puellae aquam time- nt. 19. Tenu-eratis epistolas.
10. Servi puerum ama-bant. 20. Puellæ saltav-erunt.

1. The boys loved books. 11. You (sing.) will have sung.
2. We did not fear war. 12. The girl held letters.
3. The queen was calling. 13. Masters will teach boys.
4. Ye have taught boys. 14. Slaves fear darts.
5. I will praise the gifts. 15. We had called the girl.
6. The slaves feared water. 16. They praised the giſts.
7. Boys will hold arrows. 17. The queen will not fight.
8. The darts wound the boys. 18. You (pl.) were not singing.
9. The girls are not dancing. 19. They frightened the girl.
10. We do not fear boys. 20. The slaves had fought.
28 Consonant Verbs.

THIRD CONJUGATION : CONSONANT VERBS.

Verbs whose Present Stem ends in a Consonant1 belong
to the Third Conjugation.
Example- REG - ERE, to rule.
Present Stem , reg . Perfect Stem , rex..
ACTIVE VOICE.
TENSES FORMED FROM THE PRESENT STEM.
PRESENT.
FORMATION . EXAMPLE ENGLISH .

Sing. 1. Present Stem + o reg - o I rule.

2. + is reg.is Thou rulest.
3. + it reg.it He rules.
Plur. 1. >> + imus reg - imus We rule.
2. + Itis reg.itis You rule.
3. tunt reg -unt They rule .
IMPERFECT.

Sing. 1. Present Stem + ēbam reg.ebam I was ruling.

2. ) + ēbas reg -ebas Thou wastruling.
3. + ēbat reg.ebat He was ruling.
Plur. 1 . + ēbamus reg-ebamus We were ruling.
2. + ēbatis reg -ebatis You were ruling.
3. 9 + ēbant reg -ebant They were ruling.

FUTURE SIMPLE.
Sing. 1. Present Stem + am reg.am I shall (or will)
2. + es reg- es Thou wilt
rule.

3. tet reg.et He will

Plur . 1 . 9 + emus reg - emus We shall (or will)
2. + etis reg -etis You will
3. + ent reg -ent They will
ANALYSIS.
The English -Latin sentences of Exercise X. and the following Exercises
may beanalysed according to the method described on page 3. When
the Subject is contained in the Verb, S. should be placed over the
termination, thus V.I. S. S. V.I.
Salta -mus = We dance.

1 Or u .
 Consonant Verbs. 29

VOCABULARY.

Verbs of Third Conjugation .

Duc -o, I lead, Present Stem , duc Perfect Stem , dux ..
Mitt-o, I send, mitt mis-.
Scrib -o, I write, scrib 99 scrips-.

EXERCISE X.
S. V. T. 0. V. T. S. 0.
1. Puer scrib-ebat librum . 11. Duc-ebat puellas.
2. Mitt-ent servos . 12. Servus puerum duc-et.
3. Puer aquam time-t. 13. Amici dona mitt-unt.
4. Puerum non mitt-unt. 14. Laudav -eramus libros.
5. Libros scrib -ebat. 15. Duce-batis puellas.
6. Epistolam scrib - etis. 16. Vulnerav -isti magistrum .
7. Docu -erunt pueros. 17. Reginas docu -eramus.
8. Puer dona mitt- et. 18. Timu-erunt sagittas.
9. Puella librum scrib - it. 19. Servi tela mitt-ent.
10. Non mitt-itis servum . 20. Pueri servos voca -nt.

Analyse the following Sentences :

1. We will send a slave. 11. The girls will dance.
2. The queen writes books. 12. The queen held a spear.
3. You (s.) were leading a boy. 13. They will send letters.
4. Friends will send gifts. 14. We are leading boys.
5. We write letters. 15. We will write books.
6. The boys were writing. 16. The master taught girls.
7. The girls loved books. 17. We will praise the queen .
8. We had taught boys. 18. You (pl.) had held letters.
9. You (pl. ) send arrows. 19. The girl will send gifts.
10. They had called a slave. 20. Friends write letters.
30 Consonant Verbs.

THIRD CONJUGATION : CONSONANT VERBS - continued.

REG-ÉRE, to rule.
Present Stem , reg Perfect Stem , rex..
ACTIVE VOICE.
TENSES FORMED FROM THE PERFECT STEM.
The Perfect Stem of Verbs of the Third Conjugation
cannot be found from the Present Stem, it must be looked
out in the Vocabulary.
[The Personal Endings are the same as in First and Second Conjugations.]
PERFECT AND AORIST.
FORMATION . EXAMPLE . ESGLISH .

Perfect. Aorist.

Sing. 1. Pf. Stem + i rex-i I have I ruled .

2. + isti rex - isti Thou hast Thou didst rule.
3 + it rex - it He has He ruled .
Plur. 1 . + imus rex - imus We have ( We ruled.
2 + istis rex - istis You have You ruled .
3. + ērunt rex - erunt They have) They ruled .
or + ēre or rex-ere

PLUPERFECT.
Sing. 1. Perfect Stem + eram rex -eram I had ruled.
2. + eras rex -eras Thor hadst ruled .
3 + erat rex -erat He had ruled .
Plur. 1 . + eramus rex - eramus We had ruled .
2. + eratis rex -eratis You had ruled .
3. + erant rex -erant They had ruled .

FUTURE PERFECT.
Sing. 1. | Perfect Stem + ero rex- ero I shall have ruled.
2. + eris rex -eris Thou wilt have ruled .
3. + erit rex -erit He will have ruled .
Plur. 1 . 9 + erimus rex -erimus We shall have ruled.
2. + eritis rex -eritis You will have ruled .
3. + erint rex - erint They will have ruled .
When the Subject consists of more than one Noun
RULE.—
joined by ' and ,' the Verb must be plural; thus, Puer et puella
canta-nt, the boy and the girl sing. When the Object consists of
more than one Noun joined by ' and, ' both must be in the
Accusative ; thus, Amo puerum et puellam , I love the boy and the girl.
 Consonant Verbs. 31

VOCABULARY.

Fili-us, -i , m. , a son . Julia, -æ, f., Julia .

Nunti-us, -i, m. , a messenger. Et, and.

EXERCISE XI.

S. 0. V. T.
1. Regina nuntios non mis -erat.
2. Pueri epistolas scripserunt.
3. Servus puerum et puellam dux -erit.
4. Puer et puella donum mis -erant.
5. Libros et epistolas scrips-eramus.
6. Magister filium et puellam docu -it.
7. Regina et Julia dona mitt -ent.
8. Hastam et sagittas tene- bamus.
9. Puer et servus aquam time-nt.
10. Tela et sagittam timu-istis.
11. Servos et nuntios vocav - eratis.
12. Regina et Julia epistolas scrib - ent.

1. The boys and the girls wrote letters.

2. We had sent a slave and a messenger.
3. The queen will have sent arrows and spears.
4. The slaves had led the boy and the girl.
5. We have written letters and books.
6. You will send slaves and messengers.
7. The girl and the boy were calling the queen.
8. The spears wounded the queen and the slave.
9. You had sent books and gifts.
10. Julia and the girls will have sung.
11. The boys are holding darts and arrows.
12. We fear the master and the queen.
32 Adjectives.

ADJECTIVES.

Adjectives are words which describe Nouns, and as

Nouns are of various Genders, Adjectives are declined in
different forms according to the Gender.
Adjectives of Three Terminations are those which have
one form for the Masculine Gender, another for the Femi
nine, and a third for the Neuter. Thus
The Masculine is declined like a Masculine Noun of the Second Declension.
Feminine Noun of First Declension.
99 Neuter Neuter Noun of Second Declension .

BONUS = good .

SINGULAR . PLURAL

Masc . Fem . Neut. Masc . Fem . Neut.

Nom . Bon -us bon bon -um Bon -i bon -ae bon

Voc . Bon - e bon bon -um Bon -i bon -ae bon

Acc . Bon -um bon - am bon -um Bon-os bon -as bon -å

Gen. Bon -i bon -ae bon-i Bon -orum bon - arum bon - orum

Dat. Bon -o bon-ae bon.o Bon.is bon.is bon - is

Abl. Bon -o bon -ā bon.o Bon-is bon - is bon.is

Bonus is declined in the Masculine like dominus, in the Feminine

liko mensa , and in the Neuter like bellum .

RULE.—An Adjective must be of the same Gender, Case, and

Number as the Noun which it describes ; thus, Regina bona, a
good queen. Regina is Feminine Nominative Singular, therefore bona
must also be Feminine Nominative Singular to agree with regina.
 Adjectives . 33

VOCABULARY.
Magn -us, -a, -um, great. Me-us, -a, -um , my, mine.
Long -us, -a, -um, long. Tu -us, -a, -um, your (thy, thine).
Parv-us, -a, -um, small, little. Mult-us, -a, -um, many.
EXERCISE X11.
[ N.B. - In Latin the Adjective generally stands after the Noun which
it describes. In translating from Latin take the Adjective before
the Noun .]
1. Servi mei scrib-ent. 7. Libros longos scrib -is.
2. Hasta longa terre-bat. 8. Puellam parvam time-t.
3. Regina bona lauda-t. 9. Librum parvum tene-tis.
4. Filius parvus mis -erat. 10. Dona magna mitt -es.
5. Hastas longas time- o. 11. Sagittas tuas time-mus.
6. Pueros meos laudav -it. 12. Servum tuum vocav-isti.
13. Filius tuus servum meum doce-bat.
14. Regina magna libros tuos laudav - it.
15. Nuntius epistolas meas tenu -it.
16. Dona multa et epistolas longas mis -imus.
17. Amici tui filium meum docu - erant.
18. Libros magnos et epistolas longas scrips-isti.
1. Your son has written a long letter.
2. My slaves had led the little girls.
3. We shall have sent great books.
4. You were holding arrows and long spears.
5. The queen praised my gifts and your letters.
6. The little girls do not fear the water.
7. We have sent many slaves and messengers.
8. The good queen will praise the little boys.
9. The long spear has not wounded my slave.
10. Your books will teach the boys and girls.
11. The master was teaching many boys.
12. We have written a great book and many letters.
R.F.8. L.) 0
 34 Adjectives.

ADJECTIVES - continued .

Besides Adjectives in -us, -a, -um , there are others of

Three Terminations in -er, -a, -um .

NIGER = black .

SINGULAR. PLURAL .

Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem . Neut.

Nom.
& Niger nigr-= nigr-um Nigr-i nigr -ae nigr
Voc.
Acc. Nigr -um nigr- am nigr-um Nigr- os nigr-as nigr
Gen. Nigr-i nigr-ae nigr-i Nigr-orum nigr-arum nigr -orum
Dat. Nigr - o nigr -ae nigr - o Nigr -is nigr -is nigr- is
Abl. Nigr - o nigr- ā nigr-o Nigr-is nigr -is nigr-is

TENER = tender.

SINGULAR . PLURAL ,

Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc . Fem . Neut.

Nom .
& Tener tener tener -um Tener-i tener-ae tener-=
Voc.
| Acc . Tener -um tener-am tener-um Tener-os tener -as tener - a
Gen. Tener-i tener - ae tener-i Tener-orum tener -arum tener-orum
Dat. Tener-o tener- ae tener-o Tener.is tener-is tener-is
Abl. Tener- o tener-ā tener-o Tener.is tener-is tener-is

Niger is declined in the Masculine like magister, and drops the e.

Tener puer, and keeps the e.
Both are declined in the Feminine like mensa , and in the Neuter like
bellum .
N.B. — Tuus = your , when speaking to one person .
Vester = your , to more than one person .
Always use ' tuus' for your, unless it is clear that more than one per.
son is being addressed .
 35
Adjectives.

VOCABULARY.
Like Niger . Like Tener.
Pulcher, -chra, -chrum , beautiful. Miser, -a , -um , wretched .
Vester, -tra, -trum , your.
Noster, -tra, -trum , our.

EXERCISE XIII.

S. 0. V. T.
1. Pueri parvi servos nigros time-bant.
2. Servi nostri hastas multas tenu-erunt.
3. Regina nostra pueros bonos lauda-bit.
4. Puellae pulchrae amicum vestrum dux -erunt.
5. Pueros parvos et puellas teneras non time-mus.
6. Filium meum et servos vestros docu-i.
7. Tela multa et hastas longas mis-isti.
8. Puella pulchra servum miserum ducebat.
9. Filii nostri dona tua lauda -bunt.
10. Amici vestri epistolas multas mitt-ent.
11. Magna dona et libros multos mis -eratis.
12. Pueri parvi epistolas parvas scrib -unt.
1. Our sons were calling your res.
2. The black slaves feared the long spears.
3. We praised the beautiful girl and the little boy.
4. You ( sing.) will teach your son and our slaves.
5. The good queen had sent many messengers.
6. Our friends write many books and long letters.
7. We shall have called our slaves.
8. Our spears wounded the wretched queen.
9. You (pl. ) will have praised our friends.
10. The little boys will praise the beautiful gifts.
11. You (sing.) had sent your son and my friend.
12. The tender boys and the slaves did not fight.
36 I - Verbs.

FOURTH CONJUGATION : I-VERBS.

Verbs whose Present Stem ends in i belong to the
Fourth Conjugation. Example
AUDI-RE, to hear.
Present Stem , audi Perfect Stem , audiv ..
ACTIVE VOICE.

TENSES FORMED FROM THE PRESENT STEM.

PRESENT.
FORMATION . EXAMPLE ENGLISH.

Sing. 1. Pres. Stem + o audi - o I hear.

2. +8 audi- s Thou hearest.
3 +t audi -t He hears.
Plur. 1 . + mus audi-mus We hear.
2. + tis audi- tis You hear.
3. tunt audi- unt They hear.

IMPERFECT.
Sing. 1. Pres. Stem + ebam audi -ebam I was hearing.
2. + ebas audi- ebas Thou wast hearing.
3. > + ebat audi- ebat He was hearing.
Plur. 1 . + ebamus audi- ebamus We were hearing.
2. + ebatis audi- ebatis You were hearing.
3. + ebant audi-ebant They were hearing.
FUTURE SIMPLE.

Sing. 1. Pres. Stem + am audi-am I shall ( or will)

2 tes audi - es Thou wilt
hear.

3 tet audi- et He will

Plur. 1 . temus audi- emus We shall (or will)
2. + etis audi- etis You will
3 + ent audi- ent They will

Observe that in the Imperfect and Future the Personal Endings are the
same as those of the Third Conjugation, but in the Present they are
slightly different.
 I - Verbs. 37

VOCABULARY.

Verbs of the Fourth Conjugation like audio.

Erudi-o, I instruct. Puni-o, I punish.
Impedi-o, I hinder. Mur-us, -i, m. , a wall.

EXERCISE XIV .
S. 0. V. T.
1. Amicus bonus filium meum erudi- t.
2. Muri magni nuntios nostros impedi-ebant.
3. Magister noster pueros non puni-et.
4. Servos nostros et filium tuum erudi-mus.
5. Regina pulchra servum miserum non puni-t.
6. Murus magnus et aqua nuntium impedi- ent.
7. Tela multa et hastam longam tenu-istis.
8. Amici nostri libros multos scrips-erunt.
9. Puella pulchra magna dona laudav -erit.
10. Magister bonus filios tuos puni-ebat.
11. Sagittas et hastas longas timu-imus.
12. Puellas teneras et pueros parvos erudi-tis.

1. The long spears were hindering the little boys.

2. Good masters will instruct our sons.
3. The great queen does not punish the slaves.
4. You do not instruct the boys and girls.
5. The great wall hinders our messengers.
6. Many arrows had wounded the wretched queen .
7. Our friends will praise our letters.
8. The tender girls did not fear the darts.
9. Our letters will instruct the little girl.
10. We shall have sent books and many gifts.
11. The beautiful girls were holding the books.
12. I shall punish my son and your slaves.
38 I - Verbs.

FOURTH CONJUGATION : I -VERBS — continued .

AUDI -RE, to hear.
Present Stem , audi- Perfect Stem , audiv ..
ACTIVE VOICE.
TENSES FORMED FROM THE PERFECT STEM.
The Perfect Stem of a regular Verb of the Fourth Conju
gation may be found by adding v to the Present Stem ; thus
Present Stem , audi Perfect Stem , audiv..
puni. puniv.,
[The Personal Endings are the same as in the First, Second, and Third
Conjugations.]
PERFECT AND AORIST.
FORMATION . EXAMPLE . ENGLISH.

Perfect. Aorist.

Sing. 1. Pf. Stem + i audiv -i I have I heard.

heard.
2. + isti audiv-isti Thou hast Thou didst hear.
3. + it audiv-it He has He heard.
Plur. 1 . + imus audiv - imus We have We heard .
2. + istis audiv - istis You have You heard .
3. + ērunt audiv -ērunt They have! They heard.
or + ēre or audiv -ēre

PLUPERFECT.
Sing. 1. Pf. Stem + eram audiv -eram I had heard .
2. + eras audiy- eras Thou hadst heard.
3. + erat audiv - erat He had heard .
Plur. 1 . + eramus audiv - eramus We had heard .
2. + eratis audiv - eratis You had heard.
3. + erant audiv -ěrant They had heard.

FUTURE PERFECT.
Siny. 1. Pf. Stem + ero audiv - ero I shall have heard .
2. 99 teris audiv - eris Thou wilt have heard .
3. > + erit audiv -erit He will have heard .
Plur. 1 . + erimus audiv-erimus We shall have heard .
2. + eritis audiv -eritis You will have heard.
3. + erint audiv -ěrint They will have heard .

RULE. — The Genitive Case shows to whom a thing belongs ;

thus , Pueri liber, the boy's book, or, the book of the boy.
 I-Verbs, 39

VOCABULARY.
Claud-o, I shut (3), Present Stem , claud Perfect Stem , claus..
Frang.o, I break (3), frang freg .
Port-a, -ae, f ., a gate.
Oppid-um, -i, n. , a town.
EXERCISE XV.

1. Reginae filius pugna-t. 6. Oppidi portam claud -es.

2. Servi amicus time-t. 7. Pueri hastas freg -i.
3. Pueri librum tene-s. 8. Reginarum iram time-o.
4. Puellae dona laud-o. 9. Magistri filium duc-it.
5. Servorum tela vola -nt. 10. Magistri pueros doce-nt.
11. Regina nostra servos vestros puniv -erit.
12. Magistri boni pueros multos erudiv -erant.
13. Sagittae multae et hastae impediv -erunt.
14. Amicus tuus dona multa mitt- et.
15. Servus niger oppidi portas claus-erit.
16. Reginae filios et servos erudiv - isti.
17. Hastas longas et sagittas freg -eramus.
18. Muri magni nuntium tuum impediv-erant.

1. We will shut the great gate of the town.

2. The sons of the queen had broken many arrows.
3. The wall of the town will have hindered our messenger.
4. You have praised the gifts of the girls.
5. Our friends were writing a great book.
6. The black slave was leading the little girl.
7. You have not shut the gate of the town.
8. The slaves held many arrows and spears.
9. We will instruct the little son of the slave.
10. The queen's friends had sent the messengers.
11. We do not fear the slaves' arrows.
12. You have broken the gates and the great wall.
 40 The Four Conjugations.

TABLE OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.

ACTIVE VOICE.
Present

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3.
Åma
.

8 t mŭs tis nt.

OI

Mone tis
O

S mŭs nt.
Rěg es it žmūs Xtis unt.
mperfect

Audi S t mús tis unt.

.Perfect
imp

Åmā
Fut
.ISand

Mõnē . bam bās băt bāmŭs bātis bant.

Rěg ēbam ēbās ēbăt ēbāmús ēbātis ēbant .
Audi
Åmā
Mõnē . bo bis bit bỉmūs bitis bunt.
Rěg . am ēs ět ēmús ētis ent.
Audi
Aorist

Amăv.
Monŭ
.

isti it îmŭs istis ērunt or

luperfect

Rex
Audiv ērē.
erf

Åmāv.
.PFut

Mõnŭ .
Rex ēram ērās ěrăt ērāmŭs ērātis ěrant.
Audiy.
Amũy.
Monů . ērts
Rex.
ěro ērit ĕrimŭs ērítis ěrint.
Audiy

ENGLISH .

Present.-- I love, am loving, do love, etc.

Imperfect. I was loving, etc.
Future Simple. —I shall or will love, etc.
Perfect. — I have loved, etc.
Aorist. — I loved or did love, etc.
Pluperfect. — I had loved .
Future Perfect . - I shall or will have loved .

1 The First Person Singular Present is amo for amao .

 The Four Conjugations. 41

RECAPITULATORY.

Active Voice, Four Conjugations.

1. Erudiv-erant. 13. Dux -erimus. 25. Tene-nt.
2. Pugna -s. 14. Claus-eris. 26. Claud -ebatis.
3. Scrips-erint. 15. Vocay -eras. 27. Scrib - etis.
4. Doce-s. 16. Mitt-unt. 28. Mis -imus.
5. Mis-ērunt. 17. Terre -tis. 29. Lauda -bit.
6. Vulnera -t. 18. Freg -isti. 30. Tenu -eram .
7. Roga-bo. 19. Docu-eritis. 31. Terre-mus.
8. Impedi-es. 20. Vulnera -tis. 32. Scrib-am.
9. Tenu - erat. 21. Frang-itis. 33. Claus-it.
10. Vola -bant. 22. Erudi-emus. 34. Terru -ero,
11. Timu - imus. 23. Vocav - istis. 35. Erudi-tis.
12. Salta -bis. 24. Canta -bamus. 36. Puni-ent.

1. Thou callest. 13. We are writing.

2. We shall hold. 14. Ye hinder.
3. You were leading. 15. We have broken,
4. They will have sent. 16. Thou fearest.
5. I had feared. 17. Ye did not fear.
6. Ye are teaching. 18. We taught.
7. They punish . 19. I shall send.
8. We do not ask . 20. Thou dost punish.
9. I will shut. 21. He wounds.
10. Thou didst send. 22. Ye were praising.
11. Ye had led . 23. Thou wilt hinder,
12. Thou wilt have held . 24. Thou dost lead.
42 Nouns .

NOUNS.
THIRD DECLENSION .
Nouns whose Genitive Singular ends in is belong to
the Third Declension. The Nominative ending is various,
and Nouns of all three Genders belong to the Third
Declension
The Third Declension has two divisions
1. Nouns which increase ; that is, which have more
syllables in the Genitive Singular than in the
Nominative Singular.
2. Nouns which do not increase ; that is, which have
the same number of syllables in the Genitive
Singular as in the Nominative Singular.2
I. INCREASING NOUNS.
MASCULINE AND FEMININE.
SINGULAR . PLURAL.

Nom . Judex a judge (m .) Judic-es judges.

Voc. Judex Ojudge. Judic - es O judges.
Acc. Judic- em a judge. Judic-es judges.
Gen. Judic -is of a judge. Judic -um ofjudges.
Dat. Judic-i to or for a judge. ||Judic-ibus to or for judges.
Abl. Judic - e by, with, or from Judic -ibus by, with , or from
a judge.3 judges .
Nom . Virgo a virgin ( f.) Virgin - es virgins.
Voc. Virgo O virgin . Virgin -es O virgins.
Acc. Virgin -em a virgin. Virgin -es virgins.
Gen. Virgin - is of a virgin . Virgin -um of virgins.
Dat. Virgin -i to or for a virgin . Virgin -ibus to or for virgins.
Abl. Virgin -e by, with, or from Virgin -ibus by, with, or from
a virgin.3 virgins.

Observe that the Nominative and Vocative Singular is judex, but that
all the other casesare formed by adding certain endings to thestem judic- ;
this stem is found by taking away -is from the Genitive Singular.
1 These are called Imparisyllabic. 2 These are called Parisyllabic.
3 Require a Preposition for this meaning.
 Nouns, 43

VOCABULARY.
Words of the Third Declension.
Decline
Rex, reg.is, m. , a king. Miles, milit-is, m. , a soldier.
Vox, voc-is, f., a voice. Leo, leon-is, m. , a lion.

EXĘRCISE XVI.

1. Judic- es scrib -ebant. 7. Vox reg-is terre-t.

2. Milit -em timu-imus. 8. Puer leon-em time-t.
3 Reg -es pugnav-erunt. 9. Milites pugnav-erant.
4. Reg -is voc-em audi-o. 10. Reg -um filios doce -s.
5. Leon - es time-bis. 11. Virgin -em lauda- bas.
6. Reg -em vocav- isti. 12. Judic-es puni-ent.
13. Milit-es voc-em reg -is non audiv -erunt.
14. Pueri parvi leon-em vulnerav -erant.
15. Milit -um hastas longas freg -imus.
16. Reg -is amici nuntios multos mis -erant.
17. Puella tenera leon - is voc-em time-bat.
18. Vox tua pueros parvos terru -it

1. The soldiers will fight. 6. The judges punish.

2. The kings had praised. 7. I praised the virgin.
3. We heard a voice. 8. I call the king's slaves.
4. You feared the lions. 9. The judge's son sings.
5. Thou lovest the king. 10. You taught kings.
11. The sons of the king had written many letters.
12. The judges punished the slaves and the soldiers.
13. The boys' spears had wounded the lion .
14. Your voice will frighten the little girls.
15. The soldiers did not fear the spears of the slaves.
16. We do not hear the voice of the virgins.
17. The king and the queen will praise the soldiers.
44 Nouns.

THIRD DECLENSION — continued .

INCREASING NOUNS.

NEUTER.

Remember that all Neuter Nouns have Nominative,

Vocative, and Accusative alike, and that in the Plural the
Nominative, Vocative, and Accusative end in a.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.

Nom . Nomen a name (n. ) Nomin-a names .

Voc. Nomen O name. Nomin- a O names .
Acc. Nomen a name. Nomin-a names .
Gen. Nomin - is of a name. Nomin -um of names .
Dat. Nomin-i to or for a name. Nomin - ibus to or for names .
Abl. Nomin- o by, with, or from Nomin -ibus by, with, or from
a name. names.

Nom . Opus work (n .) Opera works.

Voc. Opus O work . Oper-a O works.
Acc. Opus work. Oper-a works.
Gen. Oper.is of work . Oper -um of works.
Dat. Oper-i to or for work. Oper -ibus to or for works.
Abl. Oper-e by, with, or from Oper-ibus by, with, orfrom
work . works.

In making an Adjective like bonus or niger agree with a Noun of the

Third Declension, remember that the Adjective is declined like the Second
or First Declension while the Noun is of the Third Declension, therefore
the endings of the Adjective will not always be the same as those of the
Noun ; thus, Reg- es boni, good kings.
Decline together Rex magnus—vox tua -- onus parvum .
 Nouns. 45

VOCABULARY.
Neuter words of Third Declension.
Decline
Carmen , carmin -is, n . , a song. Onus, oner -is, n. , burden .
Flumen , flumin -is, n. , a river.

EXERCISE XVII.
s. 0. V. T.

1. Puellae pulchrae carmin -a multa canta-bant.

2. Flumen magnum milit-es nostros terre -bit.
3. Reg-is servi onus magnum timu-erunt.
4. Judic-es boni milit-em miserum puni-ent.
5. Milit -es nostri portas magnas claus-erunt.
6. Reg -em magnum et reginam ama-bimus.
7. Flumina magna nuntios meos impediv -erant.
8. Virgin -es pulchrae carmen longum canta -nt.
9. Judic -is boni voc-em audi-emus.
10. Milit -um multorum hastas freg-eratis.
11. Virgo tenera onus magnum tene-bat.
12. Servi nostri onera magna porta -bant.
1. The great kings punished the wretched slaves.
2. We heard the voices of many soldiers.
3. Your voice will frighten the son of the queen .
4. The king and the queen praised the good judge.
5. You heard the songs of the beautiful girls.
6. Many soldiers were holding arrows and spears.
7. The great river will hinder our slaves.
8. We had led the little son of the great king.
9. The son of the good judge writes many books.
10. The slaves had shut the great gates of our town.
11. The good king praised the song of the girls.
12. The little boys feared the voice of the great lion.
46 Nouns.

THIRD DECLENSION - continued.

II. Nouns that do not increase (see p. 42) form their

Genitive Plural in -rum instead of -um.1 In all the other
Cases the endings are the same as those of Increasing
Nouns.
FEMININE .

SINGULAR . PLURAL.

Nom . Ov-is a sheep ( f.) Ov-es sheep.

Voc. Ov-is O sheep . Ov- es O sheep.
Acc. Ov- em a sheep. Oy.es sheep .
Gen. Ov-is of a sheep. Ov - ium of sheep.
Dat. Ov-i to or for a sheep. Ov - ibus to or for sheep.
Abl. Ov- e by, with, or from Ov - ibus by, with, or from
a sheep. sheep.

NEUTER.

SINGULAR , PLURAL.

Nom . Mar- e the sea ( n .) Mar-ia seas .

Voc. Mar - e Osca . Mar-ia O seas .

Acc. Mar- e the sea . Mar -ia seas.
Gen. Mar.is of the sea . Mar - ium of seas.
Dat. Mar-i to orfor the sea. Mar- ibus to or for seas.
Abl. Mar-i by, with, or from Mar- ibus by, with, or from
the sea . seas .

Decline together Avis parva, mare magnum .

1 The rule is here given absolutely, to avoid confusion. Wherever in

the following exercises exceptional Nouns have been used the Genitive
Plural has been avoided.
 Nouns. 47

VOCABULARY.

Words of the Third Declension, Genitive Plural -cum .

Av-is, -is, f ., a bird . Host-is, -is, m. , an enemy.?
Nav -is, -is, f., a ship.
Vinc -o, I conquer (3 ), Present Stem , vinc- Perfect Stem , vic-.
EXERCISE XVIII.
A. 0. V. T.

1. Regis milites hostes multos vic-erunt.

2. Regina nostra navem magnam mitt-et.
3. Oves tenerae leonem magnum time-bant.
4. Hostium sagittae regem vestrum vulnera -nt.
5. Avis parva vocem tuam timu-erat.
6. Avium parvarum carmina audivimus.
7. Naves magnas et milites multos duc - is.
8. Regis filius hostium tela non timu-it.
9. Mare magnum puellas multas terre - t.
10. Militum tela muros nostros non frang-ent.
11. Epistolas longas et libros multos scrips-i.
12. Reginae filius aves teneras voca- bat.
1. The queen's ships will frighten our enemies,
2. The girls heard the voice of the little birds.
3. We do not fear the great ship of our enemies.
4. The darts of the soldiers wounded many slaves.
5. Our enemies will not conquer the king's soldiers.
6. The little boy was holding a beautiful bird.
7. Your arrows have wounded the tender sheep.
8. We praise the voices of the beautiful virgins.
9. You had broken the spears of many soldiers.
10. The ships of the enemy frightened our slaves.
11. You have not shut the great gates of your town.
12. The sons of the judges do not fear the great sea.
1 Hostis may , of course, be Feminine.
 {
48 The Verb Sum . "

THE VERB " SUM . "

Present Stem , es Perfect Stem , fu ..
The Verb sum belongs to none of the Four Conjuga
tions, and is irregular inPresent Stem Tenses.
PRESENT. PERFECT AND AORIST.

Sing. 1. sum , I am . fu -i, I have been . I was.

2. es, Thou art. fu -isti, Thou hast been . Thou wast.
3. est, He is. fu - it, He has been . He was .
Plur. 1. sumus, We are. fu - imus, We have been. We were .
2. estis, You are. fu - istis, You have been. You were.
3. sunt, They are. fu -ērunt, They have been. They were.
or fu -ēre .

IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT.

Sing. 1. | eram , I was . fu -eram , I had been .

2. eras, Thou wast. fu -eras, Thou hadst been .
3. erat, He was . fu -erat, He had been .
Plur. 1. eramus, Wewere. fu -eramus, We had been.
2. eratis, You were. fu -eratis, You had been .
3. erant, They were. fu - erant, They had been.

FUTURE. FUTURE PERFECT.

Sing. 1. ero, I shall be. fu -ero, I shall have been .

2. eris, Thou wilt be. fu - eris, Thou wilt have been.
3. erit, He will be. fu -erit, He will have been.
Plur. 1. erimus, We shall be. fu -erimus, We shall have been.
2. eritis, You will be. fu -eritis , You will have been .
3. erunt, They will be. fu - erint, They will have been .

The Verb sum is a Copulative Verb, that is, it joins the Subject to
another word which describes it. Theword that describes the Subject may
be a Noun or an Adjective, and is called the Complement. See page 3.
RULE . — The Complement agrees with the Subject.
S. V.0. 0.
Regina est bona = the queen is good.
Here bonais the Complement, and is Nominative Case Singular and
Feminino Gender, to agree with regina.
[In the Analysis V. C. = Verb Copulative, C. = Complement.]
 The Verb ' Sum. ' 49

VOCABULARY.

Dur-us, -a, -um, hard. Alt-us, -a, -um, high , decp.

Timid -us, -a, -um, timid . Aeger, • gra , •grum , sick .

EXERCISE XIX .

s. V.o. C. s. V.O. 0.

1. Puella est pulchra. 10. Filius erat bonus.

2. Aves erant pulchrae. 11. Portae fu -erint densae.
3. Servus erit nuntius. 12. Hostes fu -erant multi.
4. Rex fu - it timidus. 13. Amici sumus.
5. Telum fu -erat durum. 14. Milites estis.
6. Ayis fu - erit parva . 15. Miseri eritis.
7. Reges sunt magni. 16. Aegri fu -istis.
8. Muri erunt alti. 17. Servus eris.
9. Oves fu -erunt parvae. 18. Regina fu -eras.
19. Filius servi tui est nuntius noster.
20. Milites reginae nostrae sunt multi.
21. Portae oppidi vestri erant magnae.

1. The king was sick. 7. You will have been sick.

2. The boys were small. 8. We are not soldiers.
3. The ships are great. 9. The ships were black.
4. The gifts will be many. 10. You have been a king.
5. Your son is a slave. 11. The letter will be long.
6. We had been friends. 12. We are the king's sons.
13. The friends of the queen are the enemies of the king.
14. The gates of the great town will be high.
15. The spears of our soldiers were hard .
16. The sons of the good judges have been soldiers
17. The enemies of your king were many.
18. The son of your friend had been our slave.
R.F.S.L. ) D
50 A-Verbs.

FIRST CONJUGATION : A - VERBS .

Example AMA -RE, to love.

Pres. Stem , ama Perf. Stem , amav Sup. Stem , amat-,
PASSIVE VOICE.

TENSES FORMED FROM PRESENT STEM AMA-.

PRESENT
FORMATION. EXAMPLE ENGLISH.

Sing. 1. Present Stem + or am -or 1 I am loved.

2. + ris ama-ris Thou art loved .
3. + tur ama - tur He is loved .
Plur , 1 . + mur ama -mur We are loved .
2. + mini ama -mini You are loved .
3. + ntur ama -ntur They are loved .
IMPERFECT.
Sing. 1. Present Stem + bar ama -bar I was being loved .
2. + baris ama- baris Thou wast being loved .
3. + batur ama -batur He was being loved.
Plur. 1 . + bamur ama -bamur We were being loved .
2. + bamini ama-bamini You were being loved.
3 + bantur ama-bantur They were being loved .
FUTURE SIMPLE.
Sing. 1 . Present Stem + bor ama-bor I shall be loved .
2. + běris ama -beris Thou wilt be loved .
3. + bitur ama-bitur He will be loved .
Plur. 1 . + bimur ama-bimur We shall be loved .
2. + bimini ama -bimini You will be loved .
3. + buntur ama -buntur They will be loved.
[ Each of the above Tenses has another form for the Second Person
Singalar, viz. Pres. ama - re, Imperf. ama -bare, Fut. ama-běre .]
N.B. — Only Transitive Verbs have a complete Passive Voice, but when
turned into the Passive Voice they become Intransitive, and cannot there
fore have an Object.

* Amoor is for ama-or, just as the Active am - o is for ama-o.

 A - Verbs. 51

VOCABULARY.
Porto, I carry ( 1 ). Culpo, I blame ( 1 ).
Monstro, I show, point out (1 ). Turr-is, -is, f ., a tower.

EXERCISE XX.

1. Lauda-bitur. 7. Vulnera -bamini.

2. Culpa -bamur. 8. Aqua porta -bitur.
3. Onus porta -tur. 9. Non culpa-mur.
4. Pueri culpa-ntur. 10. Vulnera -bimini.
5. Non voca - beris. 11. Rex monstra -batur.
6. Monstra -buntur. 12. Voca-baris.
13. Filii tui et amicus noster lauda -buntur.
14. Turres altae oppidi nostri monstra -ntur.
15. Milites multi hastas et sagittas freg -erant.
16. Naves regis nostri hostem timidum terre -bunt.
17. Judic-is filius et servus meus culpa -bantur.
18. Puellae timidae leonem magnum timu-erunt.
[ Remember that
The Active Voice is used when the Subject does something ;
The Passive Voice is used when the Subject has something done to it.
Thus, The boy calls ( Active) ; the boy is called (Passive). ]
1. We are blamed. 7. The voice is praised .
2. You were being praised. 8. The boy is calling.
3. They will be carried. 9. The girls are called .
4. Thou art not fearing. 10. You will be blamed.
5. We were singing. 11. Thou art singing.
6. He was being blamed . 12. We were being called.
13. The great burdens of our slaves were being carried .
14. The voice of the beautiful virgin will be praised.
15. The timid soldiers of the king are not praised.
16. The gates and the towers of the town will be shown.
17. You are blaming the friends of the good judges.
18. The letters and books of your friend will be shown.
 52 A - Verbs.

FIRST CONJUGATION : A -VERBS — continued .

Example AMA -RE, to love.
Pres. Stem , ama- Perf. Stem , amav- Sup. Stem , amat-.
PASSIVE VOICE .

TENSES FORMED FROM SUPINE STEM AMAT-.

These Tenses are made up of the Participle amat-us and
Tenses of sum .
The Supine Stem of a regular Verb of the First Conjuga
tion is found by adding t to the Present Stem.
PERFECT AND AORIST.
FORMATION . EXAMPLE ENGLISH ,

Perfect. Aorist.

Sing. 1. Sup. Stem + us sum amat -us sum I have been I was

2. 9 ) tus es amat -us es Thou hast been Thou wast

loved.
loved.
3. tus est anat-us est He has been He was

Plur. 1 . + i sumus amat -i sumus We have been We were

2. + i estis amat-i estis You have been You were

3. + i sunt amat-i sunt They have been They were

The Participle amat -us used in forming this Tense has three Termina
M. F. N.
tions for the three Genders, like an Adjective ending in -us, -a, -um ,
and it must, like an Adjective, agree in Gender and Number with the
Subject of the Verb ; thus
Masculine, Puer amat-us est = the boy was loved.
SING. Feminine, Virgo amat-a est = the virgin was loved.
Neuter, Nomen amat-um est = the name was loved .
Masculine, Pueri amat-i sunt = the boys were loved .
PLUR. Į Feminine, Virgines amat -ae sunt = the virgins were loved .
Veuter, Nomina amat-a sunt = the names were loved .
 A - Verbs. 53

VOCABULARY.
Lex, leg -is, f., a law . Lapis, lapid - is, m. , a stone.

EXERCISE XXI,
V.P. s. S. V.P.
1. Laudat-i estis. 6. Virgo vocat-a est.
2. Naves monstrat-ae sunt. 7. Milites sunt timidi.
3. Onus portat- um est. 8. Vulnerat-us sum.
4. Reges culpat-i sunt. 9. Oppidum est magnum .
5. Vulnerat-i sumus. 10. Regis filii estis.
11. Leges bonae regum nostrorum laudat-ae sunt.
12. Portae altae oppidi magni monstrat-ae sunt.
13. Reginae filius parvus vulnerat-us est.
14. Opus puellarum pulchrarum laudat-um est.
15. Flumina multa hostem nostrum impedi-ent.
16. Milites multos et naves magnas mis -isti.
17. Carmina virginis pulchrae laudat-a sunt.
18. Milites multi et rex magnus vulnerat-i sunt.
[ N.B.- ' I was loved ' is the Aorist Passive.
' I was being loved ' is the Imperfect Passive.
' I was loving ' is the Imperfect Active. ]
1. You were called . 6. We were being called.
2. We were blamed. 7. Boys were fighting.
3. The work was praised. 8. Kings were wounded.
4. The girl has been called . 9. The voice was praised.
5. The girls were beautiful. 10. Spears were carried.
11. The song of the beautiful virgins was praised.
12. The great ships of our kings were shown.
13. The soldiers of the good queen have been wounded.
14. The messengers of the judges will be blamed.
15. The great stones of the walls were being shown.
16. We do not fear the ships and soldiers of the enemy.
17. You have written many letters and many books.
18. The gifts of the little boys were praised.
54 A - Verbs.

FIRST CONJUGATION ; A -VERBS — continued.

Example AMA -RE, to love.
Pres. Stem , ama. Perf. Stem , amay . Sup. Stem , amat..
PASSIVE VOICE.

TENSES FORMED FROM THE SUPINE STEM AMAT-.

PLUPERFECT.

FORMATION . EXAMPLE ENGLISH,

Sing. 1. Sup. Stem + us eram amat-us eram I had been loved .

2. + us eras amat -us eras Thou hadst been loved .
3 tus erat amat-us erat He had been loved .
Plur. 1 . 9 + i eramus amat-i eramus We had been loved .
2. + i eratis amat - i eratis You had been loved .
3. + i erant amat-i erant They had been loved .
FUTURE PERFECT,
Sing. 1. Sup. Stem + us ero amat - us ero I shall have been loved .
2. + us eris amat-us eris Thou wilt have been loved .
3. tus erit amat-us erit He will have been loved .
Plur. 1 . + i erimus amat-i erimus We shall have been loved .
2. + i eritis amat-i eritis You will have been loved .
3. + i erunt amat-i erunt T'hey will have been loved .

N.B. — In the above Tenses, as in the Perfect Tense, the Participle must
agree in Gender and Number with the Subject. See page 52.
ABLATIVE OF INSTRUMENT AND AGENT.
The Thing with which an action is done is called the Instrument, and
is put in the Ablative ; thus, Vulnerat-us est sagittis = he was wounded
(by) with arrows (Ablative of Instrument).
The Person by whom an action is done is called the Agent, and when
the Verb is Passive the Agent is put in the Ablative with the Preposition
a or ab ; thus, Vulnerat-us est a milite = he was wounded by the soldier
( Ablative of Agent).
RULE.— ' By ' (or with ') a Thing -- Ablative only .
' By ' a Person or Animal - Ablative with ' a ' or ' ab .'
 A - Verbs. 55

VOCABULARY.

Oppugno, I attack (1 ). Aedifico, I build (1).

EXERCISE XXII.

[ N.B. - a and ab both mean 'by,' but a is used before consonants, ab

before vowels and h. ]
1. Virgines pulchrae a rege magno laudat -ae sunt.
2. Milites multi sagittis vestris vulnerat-i erant.
3. Onera multa a servis miseris portat-a erunt.
4. Flumen altum a militibus monstrat-um erat.
5. Hastis et sagittis hostium vulnerat-i eramus.
6. Ab amicis reginae bonae culpat-us eris.
7. Milites portas lapide magno freg -erunt.
8. Leonem magnum sagittis multis vulnera- bamus.
9. Regina nostra a militibus amat- a erat.
10. Avis tenera a puero lapide vulnerat - a est.
11. Carmina multa a puellis pulchris canta -ntur.
12. Virgines timidae aquam fluminis timu-erunt.

1. The good boys will be praised by the masters.

2. The king has been wounded by the arrows of the slaves.
3. Your books had been praised by the friends of the judges.
4. The tender girl had been wounded by a great stone.
5. Many rivers will have been pointed out by the boys.
6. We have been blamed by the king and by the queen.
7. You will have been called by our friends.
8. We will break the gates of the town with our spears.
9. You have frightened the timid girls with your voice.
10. Many towns were attacked by the soldiers.
11. We were building a high wall with great stones.
12. The judges have written great books and many letters.
56 Adjectives.

ADJECTIVES OF THIRD DECLENSION.

Besides the Adjectives in me,

-US, -a,an -um , ļ which follow
, -um,S -er , -a, -um ,
the First and Second Declensions, there are others which
follow the Third Declension of Nouns.
The Adjectives declined below have one form for the
Masculine and Feminine Gender and another for the
Neuter in Nominative, Vocative, and Accusative; in the
other Cases they have the same form for all Genders.
MELIOR = better.
SINGULAR . PLURAL.

Masc. Fem . Neut. Masc. Fem . Neut.

Nom . Melior melius Melior-es melior-a
Voc . Melior melius Melior-es melior-a
Acc. Melior- em melius Melior -es melior-a
Gen. Melior - is Melior -um
Dat. Melior-i Melior - ibus
Abl. Melior - e or i Melior - ibus

Observe that the Ablative Singular ends in i or e .

TRISTIS = sad.

SINGULAR . PLURAL .

Masc . Fem . Neut. Masc . Fem. Neut .

Nom . Trist-is trist - e Trist - es trist-ia
Voc. Trist-is trist- e Trist-es trist-ia
Acc . Trist -em trist - e Trist -es trist-ia
Gen. Trist - is Trist-ium
Dat. Trist- i Trist - ibus
Abl. Trist-i Trist - ibus

Observe that the Ablative Singular ends in i not e.

Decline together Donum melius — hasta gravis - servus fortis -- onus leve
-filius melior. - telum grave.
 Adjectives. 57

VOCABULARY.
Decline like tristis
Fortis, brave. Gravis, heavy.
Brevis, short. Dulcis, sweet.

EXERCISE XX111.

1. Rex est fortis. 6. Vox fuit dulcis.

2. Onus erat grave. 7. Carminum dulcium .
3. Carmina sunt dulcia. 8. Sagittis brevibus.
4. Hasta erit brevis. 9. A forti milite.
5. Pueri erant fortes. 10. Opus erat melius.
11. Regis filii carmen dulce canta -bant.
12. Onera gravia a servis miseris portat-a sunt.
13. Regina nostra a militibus fortibus amat- a erat.
14. Epistolae puerorum parvorum sunt breves.
15. Militum fortium hastas graves time -mus.
16. Avium parvarum vocem dulcem laudav-isti.
17. Amici nostri dona meliora mitt-ent.
18. Judicis filius sagitta brevi vulnerat-us est.
1 . The song was short. 6. By brave boys.
2. The girls are brave. 7. Of a sweet song.
3. The books were heavy. 8. Short letters.
4. Of brave soldiers . 9. A better gift.
5. By a short spear. 10. Of better spears.
11. The sweet voices of the girls will lead our friends.
12. We were wounded by the heavy spears of the soldiers.
13. The heavy books were carried by the little boys.
14. The short song had been praised by the king.
15. The arrows of the brave soldiers are short .
16. The heavy stones will hinder the king's messengers.
17. Better ships will be built by the brave queen.
18. The wretched slaves will fear the heavy burdens .
58 Adjectives .

ADJECTIVES OF THIRD DECLENSION - continued .

The Adjectives declined below have in the Accusative
Singular, and Nominative, Vocative, and Accusative Plural,
one form for Masculine and Feminine and another for the
Neuter, but in all the other Cases they have the same form
for all three Genders.
FELIX = happy..
SINGULAR. PLURAL,

Masc . Fem . Neut. Masc . Fem. Neut.

Nom . Felix Felic-es felic - ia
Voc. Felix Felic -es felic - ia
Acc. Felic - em felix Felic- es felic - ia
Gen. Felic -is Felic - ium
Dat. Felic-i Felic - ibus
Abl.. Felic -i or .e Felic - ibus

INGENS = vast.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem . Neut.

Nom . Ingens Ingent -es ingent- ia
Voc. Ingens Ingent-es ingent-ia
Acc. Ingent-em ingens Ingent.es ingent-ia
Gen. Ingent.is Ingent-ium
Dat. Ingent-i Ingent -ibus
Abl. Ingent- i or -e Ingert.ibus

Decline together Puella felix - mare ingens- magister sapiens - telum

velox — servus audax - donum ingens,
RULE. -A Noun is sometimes described by another Noun
which agrees with it in Case, and is said to be in Apposition .
Thus
Romulus rex pugnavit = Romulus the king has fought.
Timemus Romulum regem = we fear Romulus the king.
Filius Romuli regis = the son of Romulus the king.
 Adjectives. 59

VOCABULARY.
Decline
Like Felix . Like Ingens.
Vel-ox, -ocis, swift. Sapi-ens, -entis, wise.
Aud-ax, -acis, bold .
Cai-us, -i, Caesa-r, -ris, Lentul-us, -i, names of men .

EXERCISE XXIV .

1. Reges sapientes bella longa non ama-nt.

2. Lentulus, amicus noster, puerum audacem puni-et.
3. Nuntii veloces libros, dona tua, porta- bant.
4. Servi sapientes a Caio magistro laudat-i sunt.
5. Libros et epistolas, Caesaris opera, lauda -mus.
6. Naves multae a regina sapiente aedifica -toe sunt.
7. Caius, judex bonus, sagitta brevi vulnerat-us est.
8. Opera servorum audacium a rege culpat-a sunt.
9. Magistri sapientes pueros multos erudiv -erunt.
10. Hastas veloces et lapides graves time-mus.
11. Caius et Caesar, amici nostri, sagittis vulnerat-i erant,
12. Lentulus, regis filius, libros multos scrips-it.

1. The bold slaves broke the heavy gates of the town.

2. Caius, your friend, has been praised by the judge.
3. The vast walls were being built by the slaves of the queen.
4. The books of Caius, the judge, were praised by the king.
5. We feared the swift arrows and the heavy spears.
6. The voices of the wise judges were being heard.
7. Lentulus and Caesar, our friends, had been called.
8. The towns had been attacked by the bold slaves.
9. Caius, our slave, has been wounded by a heavy stone.
10. A sweet song was sung by Julia, a happy girl.
11. The bold lion had terrified the tender sheep.
12. The son of the wise master had led the brave soldiers.
60 E - Verbs,

SECOND CONJUGATION : E-VERBS.

Example MONĒ-RE, to advise.

Pres. Stem , mone Perf. Stem , monu. Sup. Stem , monit-.
PASSIVE VOICE.

TENSES FORMED FROM PRESENT STEM MONE-.

[The Personal Endings are the same as those of the First Conjugation .]
PRESENT.
FORMATION . EXAMPLE ENGLISH

Sing. 1. Pres. Stem + or mone - or I am (being) advised .

2. + ris mone -ris Thou art advised.
3. + tur mone -tur He is advised .
Plur. 1 . + mur mone -mur We are advised .
2. + mini mone -mini You are advised .
3. + ntur mone- ntur They are advised .

IMPERFECT.
Sing. 1. Pres. Stem + bar I was being advised .
mone-bar
2. + baris mone-baris Thou wast being advised .
3. + batur mone-batur He was being advised .
Plur. 1 . + bamur mone-bamur We were being advised .
2. + bamini mone-bamini You were being advised .
3. + bantur mone-bantur They were being advised .
FUTURE SIMPLE.
Sing. 1. Pres. Stem + bor mone-bor I shall be advised .
2. 92 + běris mone -běris Thou wilt be advised .
3. + bitur mone.bitur He will be advised .
Plur. 1 . + bimur mone-bimur We shall be advised.
2. + bimini mone-bimini You will be advised .
3. + buntur mone-buntur They will be advised .

[Each of the above Tenses has another form for the Second Person Sin
gular, viz. Pres. mone-re, Imperf. mone -bare, Fut. mone-běre.]
 E - Verbs. 61

VOCABULARY.

Sor -or, oris, f ., a sister. Rom -a, -ae, f ., Rome.

Urbs, urb -is, f., a city. Gall-us, -i, a Gaul.
Verb - um , -i, n. , a word.

EXERCISE XXV.

1. Julia, soror mea , a servo nigro terre-bitur.

2. Leones magni ab ovibus teneris time-ntur.
3. Roma urbs magna ab hostibus oppugnat-a erat.
4. Pueri multi a Caio amico tuo doce -ntur.
5. Judicis boni verba sapientia audiv -imus.
6. Milites fortes hostium sagittis non terre-buntur.
7. Romulus, rex sapiens, portas urbis claus-erit.
8. Aves timidae puerorum vocibus terre -bantur.
9. Carmen dulce a Julia, sorore tua, cantat-um est.
10. Hostes audaces portas urbis nostrae freg -erant.
11. Epistolae Lentuli, amici nostri, laudat-ae sunt.
12. Onera gravia a servis miseris time-bantur.

1. Caius, the son of our friend, will lead the soldiers.

2. The boys were being taught by Lentulus, a wise master.
3. We do not fear Caius, the son of a wise king.
4. Ye were wounded by the heavy spears of the soldiers.
5. Julia, the sister of Caius, your friend, is beautiful.
6. The little birds are frightened by our voices.
7. The bold enemy (pl. ) will not attack the great city.
8. Your letters will have been praised by the wise queen.
9. You were being taught by Caius, the son of our friend.
10. The anger of the judges will be feared by your slaves.
11. The gates of the city were pointed out by the enemy.
12. The short spears of the enemy (pl. ) wounded many soldiers.
 62 E - Verbs.

SECOND CONJUGATION : E -VERBS - continued .

Example- MONE-RE, to advise.
Pres. Stem , mone- Perf. Stem , monu- Sup. Stem , monit..
PASSIVE VOICE.
TENSES FORMED FROM THE SUPINE STEM MONIT-.'

PERFECT AND AORIST.

FORMATION . EXAMPLE ENGLISH.

Perfect. Aorist.

advised.
advised.
Sing. 1. Sup. Stem + us sum monit
monit-us sum I have been I was
2. + us es -us es Thou hast been Thou wast
3. + us est monit-us est He has been He was
Plur. 1 . + i sumus monit-i sumus We have been We were
2. + i estis monit- i estis You have been You were
3. + i sunt monit -i sunt They have been ! They were
PLUPERFECT.
Sing. 1. Sup. Stem + us eram monit-us eram I had been advised .
2. + us eras monit-us eras Thou hadst been advised .
3. + us erat monit-us erat He had been advised .
Plur. 1 . + i eramus monit-ieramus We had been advised .
2. + i eratis monit- i eratis You had been advised .
3. + i erant monit-i erant They had been advised .
FUTURE PERFECT.
Sing. 1. Sup. Stem + us ero monit-us ero I shall have been advised.
2. + us eris monit-us eris Thou wilt have been advised .
3. ‫وو‬ + us erit monit-us erit He will have been advised .
Plur, 1 . + ierimus monit- i erimus We shall have been advised .
2. + ieritis monit -i eritis You will have been advised .
3. + ierunt monit-i erunt They will have been advised .
RULE. - When an Adjective describes two or more Nouns of
different Genders, the Adjective agrees with the Masculine
rather than with the Feminine.
Puer et puella sunt pulchri = the boy and the girl are beautiful.
The same rule applies to the Participle used in the Perfect Stem Tenses
of the Passive Voice.
Puer et puella laudati sunt = the boy and the girl were praised .
1
Supine Stems of Verbs of Second Conjugation are rarely regular, and
should be looked up.
 E - Verbs. 63

VOCABULARY.
Doce-o, I teach (2), Perfect Stem , docu- Supine Stem , doct- .
Video, I see (2), vid. vis-.
Move-o, I move (2), mov mot..
Omnis ( Adjective like tristis), all.

EXERCISE XXVI.

1. Rex et regina ab omnibus militibus vis-i sunt.

2. Filius tuus et soror mea a magistro bono doct -i erunt.
3. Flumina magna et muri alti regem impedi-ent.
4. Murus et porta oppidi nostri sunt alti.
5. Romam urbem nostram et Romulum regem ama -mus.
6. Verba sapientia judicum bonorum non audiv -isti,
7. Aves multae puerorum sagittis vulnerat -ae sunt.
8. Onus magnum a servis timidis non mot-um erit.
9. Roma, urbs nostra, a Romulo rege aedificat - a est.
10. Virgines pulchrae carmina dulcia canta -bant.
11. Caius, amicus tuus, et Julia, soror mea, aegri fu -erunt.
12. Libri tui ab omnibus amicis nostris laudat-i erant.

1. The wall and the gate were built by Caius, your friend.
2. The boy and the girl had been taught by the son of the judge.
3. We have seen Julia, your sister, and Lentulus, our friend .
4. The books and the letters were praised by the wise king.
5. Heavy stones had been moved by the great river.
6. We shall have been seen by the Gauls, our enemies.
7. You were frightened by the voices of the messengers.
8. The bold slaves had broken the gates of the city.
9. Rome, our city, will be attacked by all the soldiers.
10. The sweet song of the girls will be praised by the queen.
11. We shall be wounded by the heavy spears of the enemy (pl.).
12. We were fearing the deep river and the vast sea .
64 Nouns.

FOURTH DECLENSION .
Nouns whose Genitive Singular ends in ūs belong to
the Fourth Declension .
The Nominative ends in ús if the Noun is Masculine
(or Feminine).
The Nominative ends in u if the Noun is Neuter.
MASCULINE.
SINGULAR . PLURAL.

Nom . Grad -ởs a step (m. ) Grad - ūs steps.

Voc. Grad-ús O step . Grad - ūs O steps.
Acc. Grad -um a step. Grad -ūs steps.
Gen. Grad -ūs of a step . Grad -uum of steps.
Dat. Grad - ūi to orfor a step. Grad - ibus to or for steps.
Abl. Grad - ū by, with, or from Grad -ibus by, with, or from
a step . steps.
NEUTER .
SINGULAR . PLURAL.

Nom . Gen - ū a knee (n. ) Gen-ua knees.

Voc . Gen -ū O knee . Gen -ua O knees.
Acc. Gen-ū a knee. Gen -ua knees.
Gen. Gen -us of a knee. Gen -uum of knees,
Dat. Gen -ū to or for a knee. Gen - ibus to or for knees.
Abl. Gen-ü by, with, or from Gen -ibus by , with , orfrom
a knee . knees.

[The ending of the Dative and Ablative Plural is sometimes written -ubus.]
Carefully distinguish the Fourth from the Second Declensions
A Noun with Nominative in -us and Genitive in -i is of the Second
Declension ;
A Noun with Nominative in -us and Genitive in .us is of the Fourth
Declension .

RULE . — When an Adjective describes the words man ,'

woman ,' or ' thing ,' the Noun is often omitted in Latin , and
the Adjective shows by its Gender whether ' man ,' woman ,'
or ' thing ,' is meant. Thus,
SINGULAR , PLURAL.
Masculine, Bonus = a good man. Boni = good men .
Feminine, Bona = a good woman . Bonae = good women .
Neuter, Bonum = a good thing. Bona = good things
 Nouns. 65

VOCABULARY.
Decline
Like Gradus.
Arc-us, -ūs, m. , a bow. Imperat-or -oris, m . , a general.
Exercit-us, -ūs, m. , an army. Rot-a, -ae, f., a wheel.
Curr-us, -ūs, m. , a chariot.
Man -us, -ūs, f., a hand .

EXERCISE XXVII.

1. Milites nostri arcūs magnos manibus tene-bant.

2. Manŭs tenera sororis tuae vulnerat- a erat.
3. Currūs hostium ab omnibus militibus vis-i erunt.
4. Omnes boni Romulum regem nostrum ama-bunt.
5. Filius amici tui a multis culpat-us erat.
6. Exercitūs Gallorum hostium nostrorum vid - imus.
7. Fortium opera et sapientium verba lauda -tis.
8. Multi sagittas et arcūs magnos portav-erunt.
9. Caesar imperator exercitūs nostri hostem non time-t.
10. Puerorum audacium sagittas manu mea freg-eram .
11. Magnum exercitum et multos currūs mis -istis.
12. Fortes et sapientes ab omnibus lauda- buntur.
1. The vast armies of the Gauls were seen by our (men).
2. All your works have been praised by the wise (men).
3. The friends of Caius the wise judge wrote many things).
4. We will shut the gates of the city with our (own) hands.
5. You did not see the bows and the arrows of the enemy (pl.).
6. Many will blame Caesar, the general of your army.
7. The brave fear not the armies and the chariots of kings.
8. Rome, the city of brave men, will be attacked by the Gauls.
9. The heavy burden was moved by the hand of a girl.
10. The king and the queen were loved by all good men .
11. The great stones will break the wheels of the chariots.
12. The rivers hindered the armies of the brave Gauls.
E
R.F.S.L.)
66 Consonant Verbs.

THIRD CONJUGATION : CONSONANT VERBS.

Example REG-ĚRE, to rule.
Pres. Stem, reg . Perf. Stem , rex- Sup. Stem , rect..
PASSIVE VOICE.
TENSES FORMED FROM PRESENT STEM REG-.
PRESENT.
FORMATION. EXAMPLE ENGLISH ,

Sing. 1. Pres. Stem + or reg- or I am (being) ruled .

2. + ěris reg -ěris 1 Thou art ruled.
3. + Itur reg - itur He is ruled .
Plur. 1 . + imur reg -imur We are ruled .
2. ) + imini reg - imini You are ruled .
3. tuntur reg -untur They are ruled .

IMPERFECT.
Sing. 1. | Pres . Stem + ēbar reg. bar I was being ruled .
2. + ēbaris reg -ēbaris Thou wast being ruled .
3. + ēbatur reg-Zbatur He was being ruled .
Plur. 1 . + ēbamur reg -ēbamur We were being ruled .
2. + ēbamini reg-@ bamini You were being ruled .
3. + ēbantur reg -ebantur l'hey were being ruled .
FUTURE SIMPLE.
Sing. 1. Pres. Stem + ar reg -ar I shall be ruled .
2 + ēris reg - ēris ? Thou wilt be ruled .
3. + ētur reg -ētur He will be ruled .
Plur. 1 . + ēmur reg -ēmur We shall be ruled.
2. + ēmini reg.ēmini You will be ruled .
3. + entur reg - entur They will be ruled .
[Each of the above Tenses has another form for the Second Person
Singular, viz. Pres. reg-ěre, Imperf. reg -ébare, Fut. reg -ēre.]
RULE.—' With , ' when it means ' together with ,' or ' in com
pany with,' is translated by cum ,' followed by the Ablative ;
as, Mitto servum cum puero I send a slave with the boy ,
Carefully distinguish this from the Ablative of Instrument, which shows
with whator by what an action is done. See page 54.
Puer vulneratus est sagittis = the boy was wounded with arrows.
* N.B. - reg-eris (short e ) is Second Person Singular Present ;
reg -ēris (long e) is Second Person Singular Future
 Consonant Verbs. 67

VOCABULARY.

occid-o, I kill (3) , Perfect Stem , occid Supine Stem , occis-.

ger.0, I carry on (3) , gess . gest ..
fluct -us, -us, m. , a wave.
Vent -us, -i, m. , wind .

EXERCISE XXVIII.
1. A Gallis vinc-emur. 5. Cum multis mitt- ēmur.
2. Cum nuntio mitt-ěris. 6. Bella ger-ebantur.
3. Non duc -ebamini. 7. A Caesare duc -ebamur.
4. Telis occid -ēris. 8. Omnes vinc -entur.
9. Multa sapientia a Lentulo amico tuo scrib -untur.
10. Imperatorem cum omnibus amicis occid-emus.
11. Naves multae fluctibus et vento frang -untur.
12. Murum ingentem lapidibus magnis aedifica -bamus.
13. Filii nostri cum nuntiis velocibus mitt- entur.
14. Multi fortes a Gallis hostibus nostris occid-ebantur.
15. Virginis pulchrae carmina dulcia audivimus.
16. Libri magni a Caio, judice sapiente, scrib -untur.
1. Vast armies were being led by the brave general.
2. You will be slain hy the heavy spear of the Gaul.
3. Many gifts will be sent by Julia your sister.
4. We will send a swift messenger with your slave.
5. Our king with (bis) son will be slain by the enemy.
6. The gate of the city is being broken with a vast stone.
7. The Gauls with a vast army will attack our city.
8. Brave (men) are not frightened by waves and wind.
9. The wheels of our chariots will be broken by the stones.
10. We shall be led by Caesar, a brave general.
11. Your work has been praised by all good men.
12. The wise praise the good laws of Romulus our king.
 68 Consonant Verbs.

THIRD CONJUGATION : CONSONANT VERBS - continued .

Example- REG-FRE, to rule.
Pres . Stem , reg. Perf. Stem , rex- Sup. Stem , rect..
PASSIVE VOICE.
TENSES FORMED FROM THE SUPINE STEM RECT-.
PERFECT AND AORIST.
FORMATION EXAMPLE . ENGLISH .

Perfect. Aorist.

Sing. 1. Sup. Stem + us sum rect -us sum I have been I was

ruled.
ruled.
2. + us es rect-us es Thou hast been Thou wast
3. + us est rect -us est He has been He was
Plur. 1 . > + i sumus rect- i sumus Wehave been We were
2. + i estis rect -i estis You have been You were
3. + i sunt rect - i sunt They have been They were)

PLUPERFECT.
Sing. 1. Sup. Stem + us eram rect-us eram I had been ruled.
2. + us eras Thou hadst been ruled .
rect -us eras
3. tus erat rect-us eratHe had been ruled .
Plur. 1 . + i eramus rect-i eramus We had been ruled .
2. + i eratis rect -i eratis You had been ruled.
3. + i erant rect - i erant They had been ruled.

FUTURE PERFECT.
Sing. 1. Sup. Stem + us ero rect -us ero I shall have been ruled .
2. + us eris rect -us eris Thou wilt have been ruled .
3. + us erit rect-us erit He will have been ruled .
Plur. 1 . + i erimus rect-i erimus We shall have been ruled .
2 + i eritis rect -i eritis You will have been ruled .
3. > + i erunt rect-i erunt They will have been ruled .

To. '
To ' (or " for ') is the sign of the Dative ; thus, Regi to ( or for) the
king : but where motion towards is implied ' to ' is translated by ad or in
with the Accusative ; as, Ad urbem missus est he was sent to the city.
=

RULE. — To,' without motion towards — Dative only.

" To,' with motion towards — in ' or ' ad ' with Accu
sative .
 Consonant Verbs. 69

EXERCISE XXIX .

[In this and the following Exercises words introduced for the first time
are given only in the Vocabulary at the end. ]
1. Rex Gallorum cum exercitu ad urbem contend- it.
, 2. Multae naves fluctibus et vento fract-ae erant.
3. Nuntii veloces ad exercitum nostrum miss-i sunt.
4. Urbis portae a servis timidis claus-ae erunt.
5. Hastae et sagittae fuerunt utiles militibus.
6. Libros Lentuli, amici tui, regi monstrav- imus.
7. Rex et regina omnibus bonis cari fu -erunt.
8. Carmina avium parvarum sunt dulcia omnibus.
9. Urbis turres et portas imperatori monstra -bimus.
10. Cum multis Gallis in urbem vestram duct -i sumus.
11. Epistolae breves a sapientibus scrib-ebantur,
12. Liber tuus Lentulo judicis filio utilis erit.

1. The name of our general is dear to all the soldiers.

2. All the slaves have been sent to the great city.
3. The wall of the temple was broken by the waves.
4. Our armies had been conquered by the Gauls, our enemies.
5. The words of the judges will be declared to the king.
6. The messengers had been sent to the city of the queen,
7. We were marching with a great army to the river.
8. Many brave men were slain by the darts of the enemy.
9. The ships of the enemy were useful to our queen.
10. The wheels of the chariot had been broken by the stones.
11. You will not be blamed by Caius, a wise master.
12. The letters and books were shown to all the boys.
70 Nouns.

FIFTH DECLENSION.
Nouns whose Genitive Singular ends in ei are of the
Fifth Declension. The Nominative Singular ends in es,
and the Gender is Feminine.

SINGULAR. PLURAL .

Nom . Di-es a day (m. f.) Di- es days.

Voc. Di- es 0 ag. Di- es o days.
Acc. Di-em a day. Di- es days.
Gen. Di-ei of a day. Di-erum of days.
Dat. Di-ei to orfor a day. Di-ebus to orfor days.
Abl. Di- e by, with, or from Di- ebus by, with , orfrom
a day. days.

CASE-ENDINGS OF THE FIVE DECLENSIONS.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Fem . Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem . Neut. Ma. Fem . Neut. Fem .

Nom . -ă -us -er -um various various -ŭs -u -es

Voc. ă -er -um = Nom . = Nom . -ús -U -es
Acc. -am -um -um -em = Nom . -um -u -em
Gen. • ае -i i -is -is -ūs -ūs -ei
Dat. -ae -0 -0 i .i -ui -U -ei
Abl.. -ā -0 -e -u -U

Nom . • ae -i -a -es -a -ūs .ua -es

Voc. -ae .i -a -es -a -ūs -ua -es
Acc. -as -OS -a -es -a -ūs -lla -es
-um -um
Gen. -arum -orum -orum -uum -uum -erum
-ium -ium
Dat. -is -is .is -ibus -ibus -ibus -ibus -ebus
Abl. .is is .is -ibus -ibus -ibus -ibus -ebus

' IN ' AND ' Into . '

The Latin word in has two meanings
In with the Accusative means ' into’or ' to, ' and showsmotion towards
a place ;
In with the Ablative means ' in, ' and shows position in a place.
Thus, In urbem into the city ; in urbe = in the city.
---
 Nouns. 71

EXERCISE XXX.

1. Caesar cum magno exercitu in Italiam contend -ebat.

2. Rex et regina in urbe nostra occis-i erant.
3. Currus nostros et naves amico tuo monstra -bamus.
4. Julia soror tua ab omnibus bonis laudat- a erit.
5. Captivi miseri ab imperatore in urbem duct-i sunt.
6. Cum Lentulo, judicis filio, in Italiam mitt-ēris.
7. Milites multi sagittis et hastis vulnerat-i erant.
8. Italia, patria nostra, omnibus fortibus cara est.
9. Servus niger in curru cum imperatore sede-bat.
10. Nuntios multos ad judicem bonum mis-istis.
11. Milites fortes a Gallis hostibus nostris non vinc-entur.
12. Dulcia sunt omnibus sapientibus puellarum carmina.

1. We have not seen Lentulus, the friend of your son.

2. We will march with Caesar, our general, into Italy.
3. All things will be declared to the judge by the slaves.
4. Many were slain in the town by the arrows of the Gauls.
5. Julia, your sister, is dear to all (her) friends
6. The slaves were carrying a heavy burden into the town.
7. The armies of our enemies will march into Italy.
8. We were showing our books to Lentulus, your son.
9. Caesar, our general, has carried on many great wars.
10. The queen will sit with the king in a beautiful chariot.
11. The words of the general were declared to all the soldiers.
12. The timid sheep are frightened by the voices of the boys
72 I - Verbs.

FOURTH CONJUGATION : I-VERBS.

Example- AUDI-RE, to hear.
Pres. Stem , audi. Perf. Stem , audiv . Sup. Stem , audit.,
PASSIVE VOICE.
TENSES FORMED FROM THE PRESENT STEM AUDI-.
PRESENT PASSIVE.
FORMATION . EXAMPLE ENGLISH.

Sing. 1. Pres. Stem + or audi-or I am (being) heard .

2. + ris audi-ris Thou art heard.
3. + tur audi-tur He is heard .
Plur. 1 . + mur audi -mur We are heard .
2. + mini audi-mini You are heard.
3. + untur audi-untur They are heard .

IMPERFECT PASSIVE.
Sing. 1. Pres. Stem + bar audi- ēbar I was being

heard.
2. 9 + ēbaris audi- ēbaris Thou wast being
3 + ēbatur audi-zbatur He was being
Plur. 1 . + ēbamur audi-ēbamur We were being
2. + ēbamini audi-zbamini You were being
3. >> + ēbantur audi-ēbantur They were being)
FUTURE SIMPLE PASSIVE.
Sing. 1. Pres. Stem + ar audi-ar I shall be heard .
2. + ēris audi-ēris Thou wilt be heard .
3. + ētur audi- tur He will be heard .
Plur. 1. + ēmur audi- ēmur We shall be heard .
2. + ēmini audi- ēmini You uill be heard.
3. tentur audi -entur They will be heard.
[ The Second Person Singular of each of the above Tenses has a second
form , viz. Pres. audi-re, Imperf. audi-ebare, Fut. audi-ēre.]
TIME.
RULE . — Time ' when ' is expressed by the Ablative.
Time how long ' is expressed by the Accusative.
Primo anno occisus est = he was killed in the first year (when ).
Multos annos manebit = he will remain many years (how long) .
 I - Verbs. 73

EXERCISE XXXI.

The Latin word e or ex means 'from'or out of,' and takes an Ablative;
as, Ex Italia = out of Italy.
1. Proximo anno omnes urbes a militibus muni-ebantur.
2. A Lentulo, judice sapiente, puni-eris.
3. Naves nostrae fluctibus et vento impedi-untur.
4. Captivi dies multos in oppido mane-bunt.
5. Primo die nuntios ex urbe mis -imus.
6. Verba tua regi et reginae nuntia -buntur.
7. Pueri ignavi a magistro nostro puni-untur.
8. Galli cum exercitu magno ad urbem contend -ent.
9. Libros multos et epistolas manu mea scrips-i.
10. Hastae et sagittae militi forti utiles erunt.
11. Gallorum imperator anno secundo occis -us erat.
12. Carmen puellarum ab omnibus laudat-um erit.

1. We were being instructed by Lentulus, a wise master.

2. You will be hindered by the river and by the walls.
3. The city is being fortified by Caesar, the general.
4. The next day the slaves were sent out of the town.
5. Many captives were being led into Italy by our (men).
6. The son of the general was wounded with a short spear.
7. We have been sent with the swift messenger to the king.
8. The words of the wise are praised by all good (men).
9. We do not fear the armies of the Gauls, our enemies.
10. The voice of the general will be heard by all the soldiers.
11. The gate of the city will be guarded by a brave man.
12. The citizens remained many hours in the temple of Diana.
 74
I - Verbs.

FOURTH CONJUGATION : I-VERBS - continued.

Example- AUDI-RE, to hear.
Pres. Stem , audi. Perf. Stem , audiv. Sup. Stem , audit..
PASSIVE VOICE.
TENSES FORMED FROM THE SUPINE STEM AUDIT-.
The Supine Stem of a Regular Verb of the Fourth Con
jugation is found by adding t to the Present Stem.
PERFECT AND AORIST PASSIVE.
FORMATION . EXAMPLE . ENGLISH ,

Perfect. Aorist.

heard.
Sing. 1. Sup. Stem + us sum audit- us sum I have been I was

heard.
2. + us es audit -us es Thou hast been Thou wast
3. + us est audit -us est He has been He was
Plur. 1 . + i sumus audit -i sumus We have been We were
2. + i estis audit-i estis You have been You were
3. ‫وو‬ + i sunt audit-i sunt They have been They were

PLUPERFECT PASSIVE.
Sing. 1. Sup. Stem + us eram audit-us eram I had been heard.
2. tus eras audit -us eras Thou hadst been heard .
3. tus erat audit -us erat He had been heard .
Plur. 1 . + i eramus audit-i eramus We had been heard .
2. + i eratis audit-i eratis You had been heard.
3. + i erant audit -i erant They had been heard.

FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE.

Sing. 1. Sup. Stem + us ero audit -us ero I shall have been heard .
2. tus eris audit -us eris Thou wilt have been heard .
3. + us erit audit-us erit He will have been heard .
Plur. 1 . + i erimus audit-i erimus We shall have been heard .
2. + i eritis audit-i eritis You will have been heard .
3. + i erunt audit -i erunt They will have been heard.
A Sentence ontaining an ransitive Verb with an Object can be
turned into a Sentence containing a Passive Verb with an Ablative of Agent
(or Instrument), or vice versa, without altering the sense. See page 77
 I - Verbs. 75

EXERCISE XXX11.

1. Proximo die omnes naves nostrae fluctibus fractae sunt.

2. Onus magnum et grave multas horas porta-bamus.
3. Urbis portae ab imperatore primā horā claud -entur.
4. Judicum filii cum nostris filiis erudit -i sunt.
5. Multos dies in Italia cum amicis mans -imus.
6. Secundā horā nuntium velocem ex urbe mitt-emus.
7. Proximo anno magnum exercitum in Italiam dux -i.
8. Voces puellarum in vestris templis audit-ae erunt.
9. Multos dies in nave cum militibus mane-bis.
10. Anno secundo Galli omnes a nostris victi sunt.
11. Cara est civibus omnibus Italia patria nostra.
12. Exercitus nostri ab imperatore forti duc-ebantur.

1. On the next day a voice was heard in the temples.

2. For many days the captives remained in the city.
3. All the cities of Italy had been fortified by our men .
4. The messenger was sent out of the city at the first hour.
5. The next year many brave (men) were slain by the enemies.
6. The great rivers will hinder the armies of the Gauls.
7. On the second day the town will be attacked by the king.
8. The messengers had declared your words to the judge.
9. You were seen by Caius our slave and by many citizens.
10. We feared the darts of the enemy and the waves of the sea.
11. For many hours we sat with the captives in the temple.
12. At the first hour the ships were seen by our messengers.
 76 The Four Conjugations.

TABLE OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.

PASSIVE VOICE. For Table of Active Voice, see p. 40.
Present

SINGULAR . PLURAL
1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 8.
Åma
.

ör1 r ^s tŭr mŭr mini ntúr

Mõne. or ris tŭr můr mini ntūr
Rěg . or ěrys xtúr imŭr imỉni untur
luperfect
mperfect

Audi. or ris túr mŭr mỉni untur

.erfect
imp

Åmā
erf
.Fut
SIPand

Mõnē.
băr bāris bātúr bāmŭr bămîni bantůr
Rěg ēbăr ēbāris ēbātŭr ēbāmŭr ēbāmîni ēbantur
Audi
Xma běrys bitur bỉmăr bimîni buntur
Mõnē . bor
Rěg år ērts ētŭr ēmŭr ēmini entur
Audī.
Aorist

Åmāt
Mónit ŭs ůs ŭs i i i
.

Rect sum ěs ěst sămús estis sunt

Audit

Åmāt
Mõnit ŭs ŭs ŭs i i i
Rect ēram ērās ērăt ěrāmŭs ērātis erant
Audīt
Åmāt
Monit ůs ŭs ůs ī i i
Rect ěro ěrîs ērịt ěrîmŭs ērītis ērunt
Audit

ENGLISH.
Present-I am being loved , or am loved , etc.
Imperfect- I was being loved, etc.
Future Simple -- I shall or will be loved , etc.
Perfect - I have been loved , etc.
{ I ,
Pluperfect— I had been loved, etc.
Future Perfect - 1 shall or will have been loved , etc.

1 The First Person Singular Present is amor for amaor.

 The Four Conjugations. 77

RECAPITULATORY.
Active and Passive Voices, Four Conjugations.
1. Vide-bar. 10. Vocat- a erit. 19. Puni-entur.
2. Culpa -beris. 11. Sede-bas. 20. Mane-bunt.
3. Duc-ěris. 12. Muni-emus. 21. Duc-imini.
4. Puni-untur. 13. Custodi-tis. 22. Doce -tis.
5. Vinc- ētur. 14. Voca -bimur. 23. Vinc - ebaris.
6. Terre- tur. 15. Doct -i erant. 24. Monstrav- isti.
7. Move -mur. 16. Terrē - ris. 25. Vocat-us es .
8. Monstra -ntur. 17. Aedifica - tis. 26. Puni- emini.
9. Vinc-ar. 18. Miss-a est. 27. Movē-ris.

1. We are conquering. 9. Thou wilt be blamed.

2. Ye were seen. 10. We are instructed .
3. She has been taught. 11. He is being praised.
4. We are being led. 12. They are building.
5. Thou wilt write. 13. They did not fear.
6. We shall be sent. 14. Thou art not seen.
7. They were punished . 15. She had been sent.
8. I was being called. 16. I shall have written .

FORMULA FOR INVERSION OF SENTENCES.

The Subject of the Active Sentence becomes the Ablative of Agent (or
Instrument) in the Passive Sentence. The Object of the Active
Sentence becomes the Subject of the Passive Sentence.
S. V. T. 0.
Magister laudat puerum .

S. V. P. AB. A.
Puer laudatur a magistro.
It will be found useful to practise this inversion by turning sentences
from Active to Passive and from Passive to Active in any Exercise from
No. VIII.
78 Adjectives.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
Adjectives have three degrees of Comparison, viz. :
Positive, Comparative, Superlative.
Shardest.
Dur-us, hard , dur-ior, harder, dur-issimus, very hard .

RULE FOR FORMING DEGREES OF COMPARISON.

The Comparative is formed from the Genitive Singular
of the Positive by taking away the Genitive Ending -i or
-is, and adding -ior in its place ; thus, durus, Genitive
dur -i, Comparative dur- ior.
The Superlative is formed by taking away the Genitive
Ending and adding -issimus in its place ; thus, durus,
Genitive dur -i, Superlative dur -issimus.

DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE DEGREES.

All Comparatives are declined like melior, melius, p. 56 .
All Superlatives > bonus, bona, bonum .
>

EXAMPLES .

Positive. Comparative. Superlative.

Car -us, dear, car -ior, -ius, car -issimus, -a, -um ,
Long-us, long, long -ior, -ius, long -issimus, -a, -um .
Trist- is, sad, trist-ior, -ius, trist-issimus, -a, -um .
Dulc-is, sweet, dulc- ior, -ius , dulc -issimus, -a, -um .
Felix , happy, felic -ior , -ius, felic- issimus, -a, -um .
Ingens, vast, ingent-ior, -ius, ingent- issimus, -a , -um .
RULE . — Two Nouns joined by ' quam ' (than ) must be in the
same Case ; thus, Servus est felicior quam rex = the slave is happier than
the king. Here both slave and king are in the Nominative.
 Adjectives. 79

EXERCISE XXX111.

1. Amicus meus est omnium judicum sapientissimus.

2. Sagittae nostrae breviores sunt quam hasta tua.
3. Proximo die nuntium velocissimum ex urbe mis-i.
4. Carmina dulcissima puellarum non audiv -istis.
5. Servi miseri onus gravissimum portav-erant.
6. Fortissimi militum nostrorum a Gallis occis -i erant.
7. Lentuli judicis sapientissimi verba lauda-bamus.
8. Templum Dianae altius est quam murus noster.
9. Multos annos in urbe jucundissima mans-imus,
10. Nostri libri utiliores sunt quam vestri (libri).
11. Caium occidisti , omnium civium fortissimum .
12. Audaciorem imperatorem quam Caesarem non vidi.

1. A sweeter song. 7. By a very bold man.

2. The heaviest burden. 8. By a heavier stone.
3. Very brave (men). 9. With dearest friends.
4. More beautiful girls. 10. Sweeter songs.
5. Of a shorter letter. 11. A wiser word .
6. Of longer spears. 12. Of heavier darts.
13. The spears of the Gauls are longer than ours (i.e. our spears).
14. We will send Caius the boldest of all the citizens.
15. The songs of little birds are sweeter than your voice.
16. I hear the voice of Lentulus, a very brave soldier.
17. To a wise man books are more useful than spears.
18. We have not seen a more beautiful land than Italy.
80 Adjectives.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES .

ADJECTIVES ENDING IN -ER .

Adjectives in -er (like niger and tener) form their Com

parative according to the rule already given (p. 78), but
their Superlative is formed by adding -rimus to the Mas
culine Nominative Singular.
Positive. Comparative. Superlative.
Niger, black, nigr -ior, -ius, niger-rimus, -a, -um .
Tener, tender, tener-ior, -ius, tener-rimus , -a, -um .
Pulcher, beautiful, pulchr-ior, -ius, pulcher -rimus, -a, -um .

Six ADJECTIVES FORM SUPERLATIVE IN LIMUS.

Positive. Comparative. Superlative.
Facil -is , easy, facil- ior, -ius, facil - limus , -a, -um .
Difficil- is, difficult, difficil- ior, -ius, difficil-limus, -a, -um .
Simil-is , like, simil -ior , -ius, simil-limus, -a, -um .
Dissimil-is, unlike, dissimil- ior, -ius, dissimil- limus, -a, -um .
Gracil-is , slender, gracil-ior, -ius, gracil-limus, -a, -um .
Humil.is , low , humil -ior, -ius, humil -limus , -a, -um .

IRREGULAR .
Positive. Comparative. Superlative.
Bonus, good , meli-or, -us , optimus, -a, -um .
Malus, bad , pej-or, -us, pessimus, -a, -um .
Magnus, great, maj-or , -us, maximus, -a, -um.
Parvus, small, min - or , -us , minimus, -a, -um .
Multus, {mu ch, } plus (neut.),
many,
plurimus, -a, -um .
 Adjectives. 81

EXERCISE XXXIV . -

1. Patres nostri urbem pulcherrimam aedificav -erunt.

2. Optimum donum a Lentulo amico meo miss-um est.
3. Virgines pulcherrimae carmen melius canta -bant.
4. Roma, urbs maxima, a Gallis oppugnat-a erit.
5. Naves minores fluctibus et vento frang-entur.
6. Caium , civem pessimum , ex Italia mis -eramus.
7. Verba judicis optimi ab omnibus lauda -buntur.
8. Imperatoris filius est omnium puerorum minimus.
9. Verba amici tui pejora fu -erunt quam facta.
10. Servi miserrimi opus difficillimum time-bant.
11. Maxima opera militibus nostris sunt facillima.
12. Plurimi captivi ab hostibus nostris occid -ebantur.

1. We have seen Rome, the largest city of Italy.

2. Very many brave (men) were slain by the Gauls.
3. We will show the best books to Julia, your sister.
4. Caesar, with a very large army, is marching into Italy.
5. The boldest soldiers feared the chariots of the enemy.
6. You have never seen a larger river than the Rhine.
7. The books were written by Caius, a very bad judge.
8. A very great forest will hinder Caesar's army.
9. The best citizens are praised by Romulus, the king.
10. The deeds of many (men) are better than (their) words.
11. We will remain many days in a very beautiful city.
12. The worst citizens will be punished by the judges.
F
R.F.S.L. )
82 Exercises.

EXERCISE XXXV .

1. Dona multa a Julia sorore tua mitt -entur.

2. Rex noster cum filio suo ab hostibus occis-us est.
3. Urbis portae lapide ingenti frang-ebantur.
4. Nuntii veloces in urbem reginae miss-i erant.
5. Hostium naves imperatori nostro utiles erunt.
6. A Caio, magistro sapientissimo, non culpa -beris.
7. Lentulo, amico tuo, libros nostros monstra-bimus.
8. Imperatoris verba militibus omnibus nuntia-ntur.
9. Non vid -imus puellam pulchriorem quam Juliam .
10. Proximo anno multi a Gallis occis-i sunt.
11. Multos dies in Italia cum Lentulo mans -imus.
12. Exercitus nostri silvis maximis impedit-i sunt.

1. Our walls are higher than the temple of Diana.

2. On the next day many very brave (men) were slain.
3. The words of the wise are praised by all good (men).
4. The gates of the city were shut at the second hour.
5. The Gauls, our enemies, were marching into Italy.
6. We will announce your words to Caesar, the general.
7. All these books were written by a very wise (man ).
8. We will march with your soldiers into Italy.
9. The boys and the girls will have been praised by all.
10. The king and the queen are dear to all the citizens.
11. Many ships will be sent by the brave general.
12. You have heard the very sweet song of the girls.
 Exercises. 83

EXERCISE XXXVI.

1. Roma, urbs pulcherrima, a Gallis oppugnat -a erat.

2. Dulcis est vox tua : dulcius est avium carmen .
3. Hostium naves majores erant quam nostrae (naves).
4. Optimi milites ab imperatore forti lauda-bantur.
5. Caius amicus tuus plurimos libros scrips-it.
6. Lentuli filius omnium judicum est sapientissimus.
7. Servos et cives pessimos ex urbe mis-eramus.
8. Hastas et sagittas plurimas manibus freg-imus.
9. Urbes omnes ab imperatoribus nostris muni-untur,
10. Servi miseri onus gravissimum porta-bant.
11. Cives omnes judicis sapientis verba lauda -nt.
12. Currus et naves hostium non time-bimus.

1. The wall is high : the temple of Diana is higher.

2. We will send a swifter messenger than your slave.
3. The armies of the Gauls are larger than our (armies).
4. The name of the queen is dear to many brave (men).
5. Your words are wise : your books will be very useful.
6. She was wounded with a heavy spear by the slave.
7. We will not march with your general into Italy.
8. On the next day we sent a swift messenger to the city.
9. Many captives are being led by Caesar into the town.
10. A slave was sitting in the general's chariot.
11. The judge's sons were blamed by all wise men.
12. The captives will remain many years in the town
}
 APPENDIX.

NOUNS.
FIRST DECLENSION . GEN. SING. -ae.
SINGULAR . PLURAL.
Nom . Mens-ă, a table ( f.) Mens-ae, tables
Voc. Mens-ă, o table Mens-ae, O tables
Acc. Mens-am, a table Mens-as, tables
Gen. Mens-ae, of a table Mens-ārum , of tables
Dat. Mens-ae, to or for a table, Mens-is, to or for tables
Abl. Mens-ā, by, with , or from atable Mens-is, by, with, orfrom tables

SECOND DECLENSION . GEN. SING. - ;.

a. MASCULINE.
SINGULAR . PLURAL
Nom . Dómin -ús, a lord (m. ) Nom . Dómin -i, lords
Voc. Dómịu - ě Voc. Dómin - 1
Acc. Dómin -um Acc. Domîn-Ōs
Gen. Dómîn - i Gen. Domỉn -Ōrum
Dat. Dómin-Ō Dat. Dómỉn-is
Abl. Domin - Ō Abl. Dómin-is

Nom . Măgistěr, a master (m .) Nom . Măgistr-ī, masters

Voc. Măgistěr Voc. Măgistr-1
Acc. Măgistr-um Acc. Măgistr-os
Gen. Măgistr-i Gen. Măgistr-orum
Dat. Măgistr- o Dat. Măgistr- īs
Abl. Măgistr- o Abl. Măgistr -is
Nom . Pŭěr, a boy (m. ) Nom . Pŭěr -ī, boys
Voc. Půěr Voc. Pŭěr-1
Acc. Půěr -um Acc. Pŭěr-os
Gen. Pŭěr-i Gen. Pŭěr -orum
Dat. Pŭěr- o Dat. Půěr-is
Abl. Půěr-7 Abl. Pŭěr - is

6. NEUTER.
SINGULAR . PLURAL .

Nom. Voc. Acc. Bell -um , war (n. ) Nom . Voc. Acc. Bell-ă, wars
Gen. Bell-i Gen. Bell -orum
Dat. Abl. Bell- o Dat. Abl. Bell.is
86 Third Declension,

THIRD DECLENSION. GEN. SING. -is.

INCREASING NOUNS. GEN . PLUR. -UM .
a. MASCULINE AND FEMININE.
SINGULAR . PLURAL
Nom . Voc . Jūdex, judge (m .) Nom . Voc. Jūdịc -ēs, judges
Acc. Judic -em Acc. Jūdịc -ēs
Gen. Jūdic - is Gen. Jūdic -um
Dat. Jūdịc - i Dat. Jūdịc - ibús
Abl. Jūdịc - ě Abl. Jūdịc - ibús

Nom . Voc. Virgo, virgin ( f.) Nom . Voc. Virgỉn -ēs virgins
Acc. Virgữn -em Acc . Virgin - ēs
Gen. Virgin -is Gen. Virgin -um
Dat. Virgin -i Dat. Virgỉn - ibús
Abl.. Virgin - ě Abl. Virgữn -ibús

b. NEUTER.
SINGULAR . PLURAL .
Nom. Voc. Acc. Nõmăn, name (n. ) Nom. Voc. Acc. Nõmin- , names
Gen. Nõmîn - is Gen. Nõmỉn -um
Dat. Nõmîn-i Dat. Nõmỉn-ibús
Abl. Nõmỉn-ě Abl.. Nõmîn -ibús

Nom . Voc. Acc. Öpůs, work (n .) Nom . Voc. Acc. Õpěr-ă, works
Gen. Opěr.is Gen. Opěr -um
Dat. Opěr -1 Dat . Opěr-ibús
Abl. Opěr-ě Abl. Opěr-ibús
NOT - INCREASING NOUNS. GEN. PLUR. -ium .
a. MASCULINE AND FEMININE.
SINGULAR . PLURAL
Nom . Voc. Ov-is, sheep ( f.) Nom . Voc. Ov-ēs, sheep
Acc. Ov-em Acc. Ov-ēs, or Öv -īs
Gen. Öv-is Gen. Ov -ſum
Dat. Ov -i Dat. Ov- ïbūs
Abl. Ov-ě Abl. Ov-ibús

b . NEUTER.
SINGULAR . PLURAL .
Nom . Voc. Acc. Măr-ě, sea ( n .) Nom . Voc. Acc. Măr- 1ă
Gen. Măr - is Gen. Măr- ſum
Dat. Abl. Măr-ī Dat . Abl. Măr-ibús
 Adjectives. 87

FOURTH DECLENSION . GEN. SING. -ūs.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

Nom . Voc. Grăd -ús, step (m. ) Nom . Voc. Grăd - ūs, steps
Acc. Grăd -um Acc. Grăd -ūs
Gen. Grăd-ūs Gen. Grăd -ŭum
Dat. Grăd -ui Dat. Grăd - ībús (úbús)
Abl. Grăd-ū Abl. Grăd -ibús (úbės)

Nom . Voc. Acc. Gěn-ū, knee (n. ) Nom. Voc. Acc. Gen-Xã, knees
Gen. Gěn- ūs Gen. Gěn-úum
Dat. Abl. Gěn-ū Dat. Abl. Gěn -ibús (úbús)
FIFTH DECLENSION. GEN. SING. -ei.
SINGULAR . PLURAL .

Nom . Voc. Di-ēs, day (m. f .) Nom . Voc. Dicēs, days

Acc. Di-em Acc. Di-ēs
Gen. Di- ēī Gen. Di-ērum
Dat. Di-zi Dat. Di-ēbės
Abl. Di-ē Abl. Di-ēbės

ADJECTIVES OF FIRST AND SECOND

DECLENSIONS .
SINGULAR . PLURAL .

Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc . Fem. Neut.

Nom . Bỏn -ús bon-ă bon-um Bon -i bon -ae băn -5

Voc . Bỗn-ẽ băn- 5 bon-um Bon-i bon-ae bon
Acc. Bỗn-um băn-am bỏn -um Bon - Ōs băn - ās băn -5
Gen. Bon-i bon - ae bon -i Bon -orum bon -ārum bon -Ōrum
Dat . Bỗn-õ bon-ae bon- Ō Bón - is bỏn -is bằnis
Ab . Bỗn - 5 băn-ã bon- Bon - is bon - is bănis

Nom . Niger nigr-ě nigr-um Nigr-i nigr-ae nigr- ě

Voc. Niger nigr-ă nigr-um Nigr-i nigr-ae nigr-ă
Acc. Nigr-um nigr -am nigr-um Nigr-os nigr -ās nigr-ă
Gen. Nigr-i nigr-ae nigr-i Nigr-õrum nigr-ārum nigr-orum
Dat. Nigr -o nigr-ae nigr-o Nigr-is nigr-is nigr-is
Abl. Nigr-6 nigr- ā nigr- o Nigr -is nigr-is nigr -is
Nom . Těněr těněr-ă těněr -um Těněr- i tenbr-ae těněr - ă
Voc. Těněr těněr-ě těněr -um Těněr- tenbr-ae těněr
Acc . Těněr -um těněr -am těněr-um Těněr-os těněr -ās těněr-ă
Gen. Těněr-i těněr-ae těněr-i Těněr -ōrum těněr- ārum těněr -orum
Dat. Těněr-7 těněr -ae těněr-o Těněr - is těněr - is těněr-is
Abl. Těněr-o těněr-ā těněr-7 Těněr-is těněr-is těněr - is
88 Numerals .

ADJECTIVES OF THIRD DECLENSION.

SINGULAR . SINGULAR .

Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem . Neut.

Nom . Voc. Mělior měliūs, better Nom . Voc. Trist-is trist- ě, sad
Acc. Mělior-em mělſús Acc. Trist -em trist- ě
Gen. Mělior-is Gen. Trist - is
Dat. Mělior-i Dat. Trist - i
Abl. Mělior - ě or -1 Abl. Trist- i

PLURAL. PLURAL.

Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc, Fem . Neut.

Nom . Voc. Acc . Mělior- ēs mělior - ă Nom . Voc. Acc. Trist -ēs trist- iă
Gen. Mělior-um Gen. Trist-ium
Dat. Abl. Mělior-ibús Dat. Abl. Trist -ibús

SINGULAR. SINGULAR .

Masc . Fem . Neut. Masc . Fem. Neut.

Nom . Voc. Fēlix, happy Nom . Voc. Ingens, huge
Acc. Fēlic - em felix Acc. Ingent.em ingens
Gen. Fēlic-is Gen. Ingent-is
Dat. Fēlic- i Dat. Ingent-i
Abl. Fēlic-i or - Abl.. Ingent-i or -ě

PLURAL. PLURAL .

Masc. Fem . Neut. Masc. Fem . Neut.

Nom . Voc. Acc. Fēlic- ēs fēlic - iă Nom . Voc. Acc. Ingent-ēs ingent-ia
Gen. Fēlic - ium Gen. Ingent-ium
Dat. Abl. Fēlic-¡bės Gen. Abl. Ingent- ibús

NUMERALS (up to 20).

1. 1. unus . 11 . XI. undecim .
II . duo. 12 . XII . duodecim.
III. tres. 13. XIII. tredecim.
4. IV. quattuor. 14 . XIV . quattuordecim .
5. V. quinque. 15. XV. quindecim .
6. VI . sex. 16 . XVI. sedecim .
7. VII. septem. 17. XVII. septemdecim.
8. VIII . octo. 18. XVIII. duodeviginti.
9. IX. novem. 19. XIX. undeviginti.
10. X. decem. 20 . XX. viginti .
 Verbs. 89

THE VERB SUM, ' I Am .'

PRESENT STEM Es ..

PRESENT. IMPERFECT . FUTURE SIMPLE .

I am . I was. I shall be.

Sing. 1 . Sum ěram ěro
2. és eras eris
3. es -t ěrat èrit
Plur, 1 . sėmus èrāmus èrìmus
2. es -tis ērātis ěrītis
3. sunt erant èrunt

PERFECT STEM FU ..

PERFECT AND AORIST. PLUPERFECT. FUTURE PERFECT.

I have been I was. I had been. I shall have been.

Sing. 1 . Fu-i fu - ěram fu - ěro
2. fu - isti fu -ěras fu - ěris
3. fu - it fu - ěrat fu -ěrit
Plur. 1 . fu - imus fu - ěrāmus fu - ěrěmus
2 fu - istis fu -ěrātis fu -ěrītis
3. fu - ērunt or -ēre fu -ěrant fu - ěrint
 90 Verbs.

ACTIVE

PRESENT STEM TENSES.

.Conjugation

PRESENT. IMPERFECT. FUTURE SIMPLE ,

I love, am loving,
First

do love. I was loving. I shall love.

Sing. 1. , mo ămā -bam åmā-bo
2. Vămā-s ămā -bās ămā -bis
3. Tămă-t ima - bắt ămā -bit
Plur. 1. [ ămā-mús åmā-bāmŭs ăma- bimms
2. ămā -tis ămā -bātis ămã - bitis
.Conjugation

3. åmā -nt ămā -bānt ămā -būnt

Second

I advise, am advis
ing, do advise. I was advising. I shall advise .
Sing. 1. Mõně-o monē-bam monē-bo
2. mõnē -8 mõnē -bās monē -bỉs
3. mõně-t monē-băt monē-bit
Plur. 1. mõnē-mús mõnē-bāmús monē-bỉmús
2. mõnē-tis mõnē - bātis mānā - bitis
3. monē -nt mõnē-bānt mõnē-būnt
Conjugati
Third on

I rule , am ruling, I was ruling. I shall rule .

do rule.
.

Sing. 1. Rég - rēg - ēbam règ-am

2. règ -is rég -ēbās rég -ēs
3. règ -it règ -ēbăt rég - ět
Plur. 1 . rég -imės règ -ēbāmės rég -ēmŭs
2. rég -itis rég -ēbātis rég -ētis
on

3. rég-ūnt rėg -ēbānt règ.ēnt

Conjugati
Fourth

I hear, am hearing, I was hearing. I shall hear.

do hear.
.

Sing. 1. Audi-7 audi - ēbam audi-am

2. audi-s audi- ēbās audi -ēs
3. audi-t audì-ēbăt audi- ět
Plur. 1. audi-mús audi- ēbāmús audịcēmús
2. audi -tỉs audi-ēbātís audi- ētis
3. audï-unt audï- ēbānt audi -ēnt
 Verbs. 91

VOICE.

PERFECT STEM TENSES.

PERFECT AND AORIST, PLUPERFECT. FUTURE PERFECT.

\ I have loved . I loved . I had loved . I shall have loved .

Sing. 1. ămāv -i ămāv - ěram ămãi-rõ
2. \ ămāv -isti ămāy -ěrās ămãY -ễrls
3. åmāv -it ămāy - ămắt ămāy -ěrīt
Plur. 1. | ămāv-imės ămāv - ěrāmús ămāv -ěrſmus
2. ămāv-istis ămāv -ěrātis ămāv - ěritis
3. Lămāv -ērūnt or -ērē ămāv -ěrānt amāv - ěrint

I have advised .
I advised . I had advised . I shall have advised .
Sing. 1. mõnŭ-1 mõnŭ-ěram monŭ-ěrõ
2. mõnŭ -isti mõnŭ - ěrās mõnŭ - črts
3. mõnŭ -it mỏnu - ămắt mõnŭ - ěrīt
Plur. 1. mõnŭ-ìmús mõnŭ -ěrāmús mõnŭ-ěrňmús
2. mõnŭ - istỉs monŭ - ěrātis mõnŭ - ěrſtis
3. | mõnŭ -ērūnt or -ērē mõnŭ - ěrānt mõnŭ - ěrint

I have ruled . I ruled . I had ruled . I shall have ruled .

Sing. 1. rēx-i rēx - ěram rēx - ěrõ
2. rēx -isti rēx -ěrās rēx -ěrňs
3. rēx - it rõx - erắt rēx - ěrit
Plur. 1. rēx - imŭs rēx - ěrāmŭs rõx - brămus
2. rēx - istis rēx - ěrātis rēx -ěrītis
3. rēx-ērūnt or -ērē rēx-ěrānt rēx - ěrint

I have heard. I heard. I had heard . I shall have heard .

Sing. 1. audiv-i audiv - ěram audīv - ěro
2. audiv-isti audīv - ěrās audīv - ěrīs
3. audiv -it audiv - ěrăt audīv -ěrit
Plur. 1. audiv - imŭs audiv - ěrāmús audiv - ěrěmús
2. ) audiv - istis audiv - ěrātis audīv - ěrītis
3. audīv - ērūnt or -ērē audiy - ěrānt audīv -ěrint
 92 Verbs.

PASSIVE

PRESENT STEM TENSES.

on

PRESENT. IMPERFECT. FUTURE SIMPLE ,

Conjugati
First

I am being loved . I was being loved. I shall be loved .

.

Sing. 1. Ămò-r ămā-băr ămā-bór

2. ămā-ris or -rē åmā -bāris or -bārě ămā-běrňs or -běrě
3. ămā-túr ămā -bătăr ămā-bitŭr
Plur. 1. ămā -mŭr ămā-bāmŭr ămā -bỉmăr
2. ămā-mini ămā - bāmỉni ămā-bỉmini
dation

3. ămā-ntúr ămā-bāntúr ămā-būntúr

Conjug
Secon

I am being advised . I was being advised. I shall be advised.

.

Sing. 1. Mõně-or mõnē-băr monē-bor

2. mõnē-rìs or -re mõnē-bāris or -bārě monē -běrňs or -běrě
3. mõnē -túr monē -bātŭr mõnē-bỉtúr
Plur. 1. mõnē -măr mõnē-bāmŭr monē -bỉmŭr
2. mõnē-mini monē-bāmîni mõnē -bỉmini
3. monē-ntúr monē-bāntúr monē-büntūr
Conjug
Third ation

I am being ruled . I was being ruled . I shall be ruled.

.

Sing. 1. Rēg - or rég -ēbăr rég -ăr

2. rég-ěrňs or -ěrě rėg-ēbārisor -ebārēj règ-ēris or -ērē
3. rég -ſtır rėg - ēbātúr règ-ētăr
Plur. 1. reg -imŭr règ -ēbāmŭr règ -ēmŭr
2. rēg -imini rég-ēbāmìnī rég -ēmini
on

3. rĕg -untŭr rég -ēbāntŭr rég -éntúr

Conjugati
Fourth

I am being heard. I was beiag heard . I shall be heard .

.

Sing. 1. Audi-ör audi-ēbăr [-ēbārě audi-ăr

2. audī-ris or -rē audï-ēbāris or audi- ēris or -ērē
3. audi-túr audịcēbātúr audi-ētúr
Plur. 1 . audi-mŭr audi-ēbāmŭr audi- ēmŭr
2. audi-mini audi-ēbārnini audi-ēmîni
3. audi-ūntúr audi-ēbāntúr audi-ēntúr
 Verbs. 93

VOICE.

SUPINE STEM TENSES.

PERFECT AND AORIST. PLUPERFECT. FUTURE PERFECT.

I have been , I was, I shall have been

loved . I had been loved . loved .
Sing. 1. ămāt-ús sum ămāt -ús ēram ămāt - ús ērē
2. ămāt-ús ēs ămāt-ús ērās ămāt-ús ēris
3. ămāt-ús ēst ămāt -ús ěrăt ămāt -ús ērit
Plur. 1. ămāt- i súmús ămāt-i ěrāmús ămāt-ī ērìmŭs
2. ămāt- i ēstis ămāt-i ērātis ămāt - i ěrìtìs
3. ămāt-i sünt ămāt-ī ērānt ămāt-i ěrūnt

I have been , I was, I shall have been

advised . I had been advised . advised .
Sing. 1. mõnit -ŭs sum mõnit -ús ēram monit - ús ēro
2. mõnit-ús és mõnit -ús ērās monit -ús ěrňs
3. mõnit-ús ēst mõnit -ús ěrăt monit -ŭs ērit
Plur. 1. mõnit- i sămús mõnit-i ērāmús mõnit -i ěrîmŭs
2. mõnit- i ēstỉs monit- i ērātis mõnit-ī ērịtis
3. mõnit- i sunt mõnit-i ērānt mõnỉt-i ērünt

I have been, I was, I shall have been

ruled . I had been ruled . ruled .
Sing. 1. rectus sum rect-ús ēram rect-ŭs ěro
2. rect-ús és rect -ús ērās rect -ús ērs
3. rect-ús ēst rect - ús ěrăt rect -ūs ērịt
Plur. 1. rect-i sămús rect - i ērāmús rect-i ērìmús
2. rect- i estis rect - ī ērātis rect-i erìtìs
3. rect - ī sūnt rect - i ērānt rect-i ērúnt

I have been , I was, I shall have been

heard. I had been heard . heard .
Sing. 1. audīt-ús sum audīt-ús ēram audīt-ús ěro
2. audit-ús és audit -ūs ērās audīt-ŭs ěrys
3. audīt -ús ēst audīt -ūs ērăt audīt -ús ērīt
Plur. 1. audit -i sėmės audīt-i ěrāmús audit- i ērìmŭs
2. audit-i ēstis audit-i ērātis audit- i ēritis
3. / audit-i sūnt audit -i ērānt audit- i ěrūnt
 VOCABULARY ..
Nouns . - The Nominative Singular, the Genitive Singular, and
the Gender are given. The Declension is known from the ending of
the Genitive.
Declensions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Genitives -ae -i -is -ūs -ei.

Adjectives . — Adjectives like bonus, niger, or tener have the three

terminations of Nominative Singular given. Other Adjectives are
referred to their types.
Verbs.— The First Person Singular of the Present and the
Conjugation of all Verbs are given. The Perfect and Supine are
also given when they are not regular, and the Present Stem of the
First Conjugation is given ( in parentheses). The Stem is marked off
from the termination by a hyphen , thus :
PRESENT. PERFECT. SUPINE.
Mitt-o , misi, miss -um .

Latin - English .
aedxfico (aedifica-), ( 1), to build. cīv -is, -is, m. a citizen .
ae -ger, -gra , -grum , sick. claud -o, claus-i, claus-um , (3), to shut.
alt-us, -a , -um , high, deep. contend -o , contend -i, (3), to march.
amic -us, -i, m. a friend . culp -o (culpa-), (1), to blame.
ann - us, -i, m. a year. curr -us, mūs, m . achariot.
& qu -a , -ae, f. water. custodi-o, (4), to guard.
arc-us, -ūs, m . a bow.
au -da , -dacis, bold (like felix ). Liān -d, -ae, f. Diana (a goddess).
åv -is, is, f. a bird. doce-o, docu -i, doct-um , (2 ), to teach.
đô -am, -1, n a gift.
brěv- is, -e, short. dūc-o, dux -i, duct-um , (3), to lead .
dūr-us, -a , -um, hard .
dulc-is, -e, sweet.
Caes -ar, -aris, m . Caesar (a name).
Cai-us, -i, m. Caius (a name). epistol-a, -ae, f. a letter.
cant-o( canta-) , (1 ), to sing. ērūdi-o, erudiv -i, erudit-um , ( 4 ), to
captivus, -i, m. a captive. instruct.
carmen, carmin -is, n . a song. ět, and.
căr -us, -a , -um , dear. exercit -us, -ūs, m. an army.
96 Vocabulary - Latin - English .

fact-um , -í, n. a deed. nunti-us, i, m . a messenger .

fīli-us, -1, m. a son. occīd -o, occid -i, occis-um , (3), to kill,
flūmen , fluměn -is, n. a river. slay.
fluct-us, -ūs, m . a wave . Önus, oner-is, n. a burden.
fort-is, brave ( like tristis), omn -is, all (like tristis).
frang-o, frēg -i, fract-um , (3),to break . oppid -um , -;, n. a town.
oppugn -o (oppugna-), (1), to attack,
Gall-us, i, m. a Gaul. assault.
ger-o, gess-i, gest-um , (3) , to carry on. opus, oper-is, n. a work.
grăv -is, heavy (like tristis).
parv -us, -a, -um , small, little.
hast-a, -ae, f. a spear. påter, patr -is, m. father.
host- is, -is, m. an enemy. patri-ā, -ae, f. country, fatherland .
hör -a, -ae, f. an hour. port-a , -ae, f. a gate.
port-o (porta-), (1), to carry.
ignav -us, -a , -um , idle. prām -us, -a, -um, first.
impedi-o, (4), to hinder. proxim -us, -a, -um , next.
imperā -tor, -tõris, m. a general. puell-a , -ae, f. a girl.
ārā , -ae, f. anger. pugn -o (pugna-),(1 ), to fight.
Itáli-a, -ae, f .Italy. pul-cher , -chra ,-chrum , beautiful.
pūni-o, (4), to punish .
jūcund -us, -a ,-um , pleasant.
Jūlia , -ae, f. Julia . rēgin - a, -ae, f. a queen.
rex, rēg -is, m . a king.
ldpis, l & prd -is, m . a stone. rog -o (roga-), ( 1), to ask .
laud - o (lauda-), ( 1), to praise. Rom -a , -ae, f. Rome.
Lentul-us, -i, Lentulus (a name). rot - a, -ae, f. a wheel.
leo, leon.is, m. a lion.
lex , lēg -is, f. a law. săgitt-a, -ae, f. an arrow .
iber, libr-i, m. a book . salt-o (salta-), (1), to dance.
long-us, -a , -um , long. săpi-ens, -entis ( like ingens), wise.
scrīb -o, scrips-i, script-um , (3 ), to write.
magn -us, -a, -um , great. sécund -us, -a, -um , second.
măne-o,
remain .
mans-i, mans-um , (2), to sēde-o, sēd -i, sess-um , (2), to sit.
serv -us, i, m . a slave.
mån -us, -ūs, f: hand. silv -a, -ae, f. a wood, forest.
měli-or , -oris, better (compar. of bonus). sor -or, -ōris, f. a sister.
mens - a , -ae, f. a table .
me-us, -a , -um , my, mine. tël-um , -i, n. a dart, weapon,
miles, millt-is, m . a soldier. templ-um , -i, n. atemple.
mis -er, -ěra, -ěrum , wretched. těne-o, ( 2), to hold.
mitt-o, mis-i, miss-um , (3), to send . terre-o, ( 2 ), to frighten .
monstr-o, (monstra- ), (1), to show. time- o, (2 ), to fear.
move -o, mõv -i, mõt-um , ( 2) , to move. timid -us, -a, -um , timid.
mult-us, -a, -um, much, many. trist- is, sad, sorrowful.
mūni-o , (4 ), to fortify. turr -is, -is, f. a tower.
mūr -us, -i, m . a wall. tu -us, -a , -um , thy, thine, your, yours.
năv -is, -is, f. a ship. urbs, urb-is, f.a city.
nos -ter, -trum , our, ours. ūtil- is, useful ( like tristis).
nunquam , never (adv .). vēlox , veloc -is, swift (like felix ).
nunti-o (nuntia-), ( 1), to announce, vent-us, -i, n. wind .
declare . verb-um , -2, n. a word .
senger

English- Latin.
all, omn -is ( like tristis). fear (to ), time-o, (2).
little and, et. fight (to), pugn -o ( pugna-), ( 1).
anger, ir -a , -ae, f. first, prim -us, -a , -um.
announce (to ), nunti-o (nuntia-), (1). Ay (to), vol-o (vola-), (1 ).
army, exercit-us, -ūs, m . forest, silv -a , -ae, f.
17. arrow , sagitt- a, -ae, f. fortify (to ), mūni-o, (4).
ask (to), rog -o ( roga-), (1 ). friend, amic-us, -e, m .
attack (to), oppugn-o, (oppugna-), (1). frighten (to), terre-o, (2).
beautiful, pul-cher,-chra, -chrum . gate, port-a, -ae, f.
better, mělior, melior -is. Gaul ( a), Gall-us, -i, m.
bird, dv-is, -is, f. general, imperator, imperator - is, m.
blame ( to ), culp -o (culpa-), ( 1). gift, don -um , -i, n .
bold, audax, audāc-is (like félix ). girl, puell-a , -ae, f.
book, Uber , libr -i. great, magn -us, -a, -um .
bow, arc- us, -ūs. guard, custodi-o, (4).
brave, fort-is ( like tristis).
break (to), frang-o, frēg-i, fract-um ,(3) . hand, mån -us, -üs, f.
build (to ), aedific-o (aedifica-), (1). hard , dūr-us, -a , -um .
burden, ônus, oner-is, n. heavy, gråv-is (like tristis).
high , alt-us, -a , -um.
spise Caesar, Caesar, Caesar-is, m. hinder (to ), impedi-o, (4).
Caius, Cai-us, -i, m . hold (to ), těne-o, ( 2 ).
call (to ), vợc-o (voca-), (1). hour, hör-a , -ae, f.
captive, captiv -us, -í, m.
carry (to ), port-o ( porta-), ( 1). idle, ignav -us, -a , -um .
carry on (to), gěr -o, gºss-i, gest-um , (3). instruct (to ), érūdi-o, (4).
chariot, curr -us-ūs, m. Italy, Itåli -a , -ae, f.
citizen, civ -is, -is, m.
city, urbs, urb -is, f. Julia, Juli- a, -ae.
conquer (to ) vinc-o, vic-i, vict-um .
country, patri-a, -ae, f. -kill (to) , occid -o, occid -i, occis-um , (3).
king, rex , rēg -is, m.
dance ( to), salt-o, ( salta-), ( 1).
dart, tēlum , -i, n. law , lex, lēg-is, f.
dear, car-us, -a, -um. lead (to ), dūc-o, dux-i, duct-um , (3).
declare ( to ), nunti-o (nuntia-), (1). Lentulus, Lentůl-us, - , m.
TUN deed, fact-um , -i, n. letter, epistol-a, -ae, f.
deep, alt-us, -a , -um . lion, leo, leon -is, m.
Diana, Diān -a , -ae, f. little, parv -us, -a , -um .
long, long-us, -a, -um.
enemy, host-is, -is, m.
many, mult-us, -a, -um .
father, pater, patr-is, m. march (to), contend -o, contend -i, (3) .
G
98 Vocabulary - English - Latin .
messenger, nunti-us, -i, m. song, carmen , carmin -is, n .
move (to ), move-o, mõv -i, mot-um , (2). sorrowful, tristis.
my, mine, me-us, -a, -um . spear, hast -a , -ae, f.
stone, lăpis, lapid -is, m .
never, nunquam . sweet, dulc - is (like tristis).
next, proxim -us, -a, -um . swift, vēloc, veloc-is (like felix ).
our, noster, nostra, nostrum . table, mens-a , -ae, f.
teach (to), doce-o, docu -i, doct-um , (2) .
pleasant, jūcund -us, -a , -um . temple, templ-um , -i, n.
praise (to ), laud -o ( lauda-), (1 ). tender , tener, -a, -um .
punish (to ), pūni-o, (4). thy, thine, tu -us, -a, -um .
timid, timid -us, -a, -um.
queen, rēgin -a , -ae, f. tower, turr -is, -is, f.
town, oppid -um , -i, n.
remain (to), măne-o, mans-i, (2).
Rhine, Rhenus, -i. useful, ūtil- is (like tristis ).
river, flumen , flumin -is, n.
Rome, Rom- a, -ae, f . voice, vox , võc- is, f.
sad , tristis. wall, mūr -us, -i, m .
sea, mar - e, -is, n . water, & qu -d, -ae, f.
second, sècund -us, -a, -um . wave, fluct-us, -üs, m .
see ( to ), video, vid -i, vis-um , (2). wheel, rot -a, -ae, f.
send (to), mitt-o, mis-i, miss -um , (3) . wind , vent-us, -i, m.
ship, năv -is, -is, f. wise, sapiens, sapient-is ( like ingens).
short, brèvis (like tristis). wood (a ), silv -a, -ae, f.
show (to), monstr- o (monstra-), (1 ). word, verb-um , -i, n .
shut (to), claud -o, claus-i, claus-um , (3) work , opus, opěr - is, n.
sick , aeger, aegra , aegrum . wound (to), vulnér-o ( vulnera-) (1 ).
sing ( to ), cant- o ( canta-), ( 1 ). wretched , miser, misera , miserum .
sister, sõror, soror - is, f. write (to ), scrib -o, scrips-i, script-um .
sit (to), sěde-o, sēd -i, sess -um (2).
slave, serv -us, -i, m. year, ann -us, -i, m.
slay (to ), occăd -o, occid -i, occis-um , (3). your, tu -us, -a , -um (speaking to one
small , parv-us, -a , -um. person ) ; vester, vestra, vestrum
soldier, miles, milit-is, m. (speaking to more than one).
son, fibi-us, -i, m.
 SUMMARY OF RULES .

1. The Verb must agree in Person with its Subject

(p. 16).
2. The Subject of the Sentence is in the Noininative
Case, and the Verb must agree in Number with its Sub
ject ( p. 18).
3. The Object of a Transitive Verb is in the Accusative
Case (p. 20).
4. When the Subject consists of more than one Noun
joined by ' and,' the Verb must be plural : when the
Object consists of more than one Noun joined by and ,
both must be in the Accusative (p. 30 ).
5. An Adjective must be of the same Gender, Case,
and Number as the Noun which it describes (p. 32).
6. The Genitive Case shows to whom a thing belongs
( p. 38 ) .

7. The Complement (of a Copulative Verb) agrees

with the Subject (p. 48).
8. • By ' (or “ with ') a Thing - Ablative only .
• By ' a Person or Animal - Ablative with
.a ' or ' ab ' (p. 54 ).
100 Summary of Rules.

9. A Noun is sometimes described by another Noun

which agrees with it in Case, and is said to be in Ap
position (p. 58).
10. When an Adjective describes two or more Nouns of
different Genders, the Adjective agrees with the Masculine
rather than with the Feminine (p. 62).
11. When an Adjective describes the words ' man,'
' woman,' or ' thing,' the Noun is often omitted in Latin,
and the Adjective shows by its Gender whether 'man ,'
woman ,' or ' thing ' is meant (p. 64).
12. With ,' when it means ' together with ,' or ' in
company with,' is translated by ' cum,' followed by the
Ablative (p. 66 ).
13. To ,' without motion towards — Dative
only.
• To,' with motion towards — ' in ' or ' ad '
with Accusative (p. 68 ).
14. Time when
• ' is expressed by the
Ablative.
Time how long ' is expressed by the
Accusative ( p. 72).

15. Two Nouns joined by ' quam ' (than) must be in

the same case (p. 78).
ri
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ARTHUR H. D. ACLAND and CYRI
6s. RANSOME.
A First History of Eng- A SKELETON OUTLINE of the above
land . By LOUISE CREIGHTON . 2s.6d . IS , 6d .

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