2.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Biosurfactants have unique property like biodegradability, low toxicity, and more

ecofriendly, large flexibility in operation etc. But production on huge industry level

is still challenge reason is low economical than chemical surfactant, because of

using synthetic nutrient media is expensive than natural media. To overcome with

this problem associated with biosurfactant production, researchers mainly focus on

uses of industrial waste for fermentation process like using of agro waste; molasses

etc. and using of optimize bioprocess like optimum temperature, pH, and other

parameters. Every year tons of hazards and nonhazards wastes are generated that

needs to proper utilization to prevent the world from pollution and other hazards

impact. Residues obtain from agriculture such as peels, hull, sugar beet, sweet

potato, residue from coffee processing unit, residue from oil industries such as oil

cake; can be used as substrate for biosurfactant production (1).

Table.3 Substrate for microbial surface agent (1)

Source Substrate End product

Cassava Flour Biosurfactant

Soybean oil Seeds Rhamnolipid

Sugar beet Peels Biosurfactant

Sweet Potato Peels Biosurfactant

Sweet Sorghum Peels Biosurfactant

Rice and wheat bran Stem Husk Biosurfactant

Sugarcane Bagasse Stem Husk Biosurfactant

Cashew Apple juice Pomace Biosurfactant

Dairy Whey Whey Biosurfactant

Ghayyomi Jazeh, M et. al (2012) isolated biosurfactant producing bacteria from

petroleum contaminated soil and they observed that 160 strains were able to

producing biosurfactant, in which 59 strains showed positive blood hemolysis test,

45 strains showed positive oil spreading technique. They found that emulsion and

foaming activity was maximum at 7 pH and 37°C temperature. For the isolation

culture media was synthesized in lab by Banat method (Rahman et al., 2002a;

Rasooli et al., 2008) (11).

In 2008, Kevin B. Cheng et.al has studied the emulsion properties of bacterial

biosurfactant, they isolated three unknown biosurfactant producing bacteria and

their emulsification activity was compared with the two artificial surfactant, SDS

and Triton X-100. They were used Lee et al (2008) to measured the emulsification

activity and stability.4ml of each biosurfactant was dissolved in 1ml of diesel oil

or hexadecane and mixture was vigorously shaken in vortex mixer for 2 min. And

mixture was stand for 10 min and then reading was noted down. And it was found

that two biosurfactant (L1 and L2) had batter emulsion activity in hexadecane as

compare to the synthetic surfactant, whereas in diesel the EA of artificial surfactant

was better than all extracted biosurfactant (L1, L2 and L3) (13) .

In another research in which P. aeruginosa, was isolated from oil contaminated sea

water and it was seen that it was able to break down the hydrocarbon such as

hexadecane, heptadecane, octadecane and nonadecane in sea water up to 47, 53,

73, and 60 % respectively (14).

Eduardo J. Gudi˜na et.al (2011), in particular research i.e production of

biosurfactant from lactobacilli, they were found that the production of

biosurfactant not only depends on the type of microorganism but also depend on

the composition of mineral salt media. It was noted that lactobacilli produce lower

amounts of biosurfactants as compare with other microorganisms, such as Bacillus

subtilis or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and also they consume many nutritional, they
constitute a promising source of biosurfactant, because these microorganisms are

usually considered GRAS and are already used in many food manufacturing and

industrial process. Furthermore, it was noted that the yield of biosurfactant

production can be increased through the optimization of culture condition.

In this research it was reported that yeast extract is an essential component for the

bacterial growth, whereas the peptone is for the biosurfactant production. And the

combination of yeast and meat extract resulting in higher yield of biosurfactant

(15).

Wen-Jie Xia et, al (2011), in that research they were isolated three biosurfactant

producing bacteria from reservoir formation water, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, and

R. erythropolis, by using these three bacteria three biosurfactant was extracted and

studied using crude oil as a carbon source. P. aeruginosa was noted that the overall

biosurfactant production rate, resistance and stability are extremely well than rest

two bacteria. This also attained emulsion index 80% for crude oil and also reduce

the surface tension of medium from 71.2 to 22.6 mN/m. P. aeruginosa

showed14.3% oil recovery after water flooding, in results of biosurfactant flooding

experiment (16).

Biosurfactants were used in large scale site by Kosaric, In Canada and the Middle

East, many contaminated sites were bioremediated with biosurfactant, and these
sites were contaminated with heavy hydrocarbons. Biorememediation was

accelerated by addition of glycolipid biosurfactant.

2.1 REMARKS:

From the literature review, it can be concluded that biosurfactant can be produced

from verities of microorganisms. Such type of bacterial strain has been isolated

from various industrial wastes like agrowaste, textile industries, coffee processing

waste, petrochemical waste etc and it was found that the production of

biosurfactant depends on bacterial growth. It was noted that the production of

biosurfactant is still challenge on industry level because of high cost of bacterial

nutrient, to overcome this problem, many of researcher isolated bacteria from

industrial waste as mentioned above. It was also studied that the production rate of

biosurfactant depends on bacterial growth, so the bacterial growth should be in

optimal conditions like optimum temperature, and media pH.

2.2 Aim & Objectives:

My study was based on the isolation of biosurfactant producing bacteria from oil

contaminated soil and studied of their growth kinetics for found out the effect of

temperature and pH on their growth that was carried by following consideration:

1. Isolation of Biosurfactant Producing Bacteria from Contaminated oil soil.

2. Screening of isolated bacteria.

 3. Characterization of bacterial strain.

4. Study of their growth kinetics.

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