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Practice Exam Question

Introductory Biology: Life's Machinery (University of Melbourne)

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BIO10008 PRACTICE EXAM

1. Phosphodiester bonds are important in the formation of polynucleotides. These bonds connect the

phosphate group of one nucleotide with the pentose sugar of a neighbouring nucleotide.

2. DNA replication is semiconservative because each new molecule incorporates half of the original

molecule. …in eukaryotes has multiple points of origin along the linear chromosome.

3. A large, charged molecules moving down its concentration gradient will most likely cross the cell

membrane via facilitated diffusion, proteins in the phospholipid bilayer.

A small, charged molecules moving againsts its concentration gradient will most likely cross the

cell membrane via active transport.

4. The main difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells is eukaryotic cells have

membrane-bound subcellular compartments, called organelles, and prokaryotic cells do not.

5. The Golgi apparatus carries out sorting and packaging proteins.

6. During the process of translation, the anti-codon of a tRNA molecule binds to a complementary

mRNA codon to deliver a specific amino acid to the ribosome.

During the process of transcription, mRNA that is complementary to the DNA template is

synthesised by RNA polymerase.

7. The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

8. Enzymes as catalysts in cells do not alter the concentrations in the final equilibrium.

9. The Calvin Benson cycle occurs in the matrix of the chloroplast (stroma).

10.

‘A’ – Palisade Mesophyll: Responsible for the majority of

photosynthetic output.

‘B’ – Epidermis: Secrete waxy layer that helps prevent water

loss.

‘C’ – Spongy Mesophyll:

‘D’ – Vascular Tissue/ Bundle: Tissue responsible for the transport water, nutrients and sugars

around the plant. Tissue with intercellular spaces that facilitate gas exchange.

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11. Transport of energy and carbon compounds around a plant take place mainly via sucrose in sieve

tubes.

12. The movement of water through plants is along a water potential gradient maintained in the xylem

by negative hydrostatic pressure.

13. A decrease in the pH of human blood caused by exercise would decrease the affinity of

haemoglobin for oxygen and shift curve to the right.

14. When the oxygen dissociation curve for haemoglobin shifts to the left, more oxygen remains

bound to the haemoglobin at low O2 partial pressures.

15. Countercurrent flow in gas exchange is more efficient mechanism than concurrent flow. It is

when water and circulatory fluid flow in opposite directions across the respiratory surface.

16. The control centre that regulates productive hormones in human female is the hypothalamus.

17. In vertebrate animals, transplanting cells from one part of the embryo to another part results in

abnormal development of the embryo.

18. In an animal with a closed circulatory system, pressure in the arteries is significantly higher than

in the veins. In an open circulatory system, circulating fluid mixes freely with extracellular fluid.

19. Animal were able to evolve to become larger because of the development of mechanisms for

efficient internal transport and gas exchange.

20. A non-sense mutation introduces a premature stop codon into the mRNA.

21.

The DNA content of a cell at N is half that of cell at Q

22. A biochemical pathway determining flower colour is shown below.

White > Yellow > Green > Blue > Purple , where > represents Enzyme 1,2,3,4 respectively.

It can be concluded that Yy; gg; Bb; PP will produce yellow flowers.

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23. “Secretors” (genotypes SeSe and Sese) secrete their ABO blood group antigens into their saliva

and other body fluids while “non secretors” (sese) do not. The secretor locus is on chromosome

17 in humans and the ABO locus on chromosome 9. From parents IBio; Sese and IAio; sese, the

chance of a child who secretes only antigen B in their saliva is 1/8.

24. An X linked recessive mutation in mice results in dwarfism. A second autosomal gene determines

coat colour. The two phenotypes for coat colour are yellow and agouti (wild type). Yellow coat is

the dominant phenotype but lethal when homozygous. If a yellow female, purebreeding for

normal height is crossed to a yellow, dwarf male. All of the female offspring that have yellow

coat and normal height are heterozygous at both loci.

25. Most fatal cancerous tumours are allowed to grow because the cells are not immunogenic as they

are recognised as self.

26. In photosynthesis by C4 plants, malate is transported into bundle sheath cells.

27. At a specific area of a chromosome, the sequence of nucleotides below is present where the DNA

opens to form a replication fork: 3’ C C T A G G C T G C A A T C C 5’. An RNA primer is

formed starting at the underlined T of this template strand. The primer sequence is 5’ A C G U U

A G G 3’.

28. Cyanobacteria are important in the evolution of life on earth because the chloroplasts in land

plants derived from cyanobacteria.

29. Structures enclosed by a single membrane: Vacuole, Lysosome, Golgi apparatus, ER

Double membrane: Mitochondria and Chloroplast

30. Glycolysis starts outside the outer mitochondrial membrane.

31. Enzymes are generally substrate specific.

32. Xylem cells in flowering plants include vessels and tracheids.

33. Luteinising Hormone in males stimulates Leydig cells and in females it triggers ovulation.

34. Follicle Stimulating Hormone in males stimulates Sertoli cells while in females it stimulates

follicles.

35. Guanine makes up 38% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. The

approximate percentage of the nucleotides in this sample that will be thymine is 12

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36. Two true-breeding stocks of pea plants are crossed. One parent had red, axillary flowers and the

other had white, terminal flowers; all F1 individuals have red, axillary flowers. The genes for

flower colour assort independently. If 1200 F2 offspring resulted from the cross, approximately

how many of them would you expect to have red, terminal flowers? 225

37. The dominant oncogene, ras is the gene for a protein which is part of a signal transduction

pathway.

38. CAM plants differ from C4 plants by having stomata open during the night. C4 have two kinds of

cell involved in photosynthesis.

39. The enzyme Rubisco can interact with O2 but has a greater affinity for CO2.

40. In animals, development involves differentiation, growth, morphogenesis, and determination.

41. Cells in a multicellular organism need to communicate because cells often need to coordinate

their activity.

42. Lipids and energy storage matches a macromolecule to an appropriate cellular component or

function.

43. Life is divided into three domains: Eukarya, Archaea and Bacteria. Eukarya are more closely

related to Archaea than they are to Bacteria.

44. All animal tissues are composed of specialized and differentiated cells that function in a

coordinated manner.

45. Sister chromatids are separated from each other during mitosis and meiosis II.

46. Cancer is not an inherited disease, but the predisposition to cancer is genetic. The majority of

cancers are sporadic (i.e. there is no family history).

47. A difference between plant cells and animal cells is that plants cells commonly have a large,

central vacuole.

48. Chloroplasts and mitochondria share the following feature. They both produce ATP.

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