Joseph Baring III | Biological Psychology | 0375 2nd Year B.S.

psychology |
Biopsychology Part II.

Each question will have a minimum of 200 words.

1. Why does psychologists are concerned with human biology?

The psychologists within the field of science human behavior are

concerned and alarmed with human biological explanation of behavior
because it's the greater point of cognitive and social factors. Biological
psychology could be a study about the physiological bases of behavior.
Furthermore, biological psychology is additionally concerned and
alarmed mainly with the connection among psychological processes
and also the essential physiological events or, in other words, the
mind-body trend. Concentration is that the role of the brain and also the
remainder of the system in activities identified as a trait of Human and
other animals. Biological psychology has constantly remained engaged
in analyzing the physical basis for the function of internal and external
stimuli by the system nervous, especially the photographic and auditory
structures.

Furthermore, Psychologists functioning from a biological

perspective study the links between biology and behavior. We are
biopsychosocial systems, during which biological, psychological, and
social-cultural factors interact to influence behavior. Biological
psychologists have an interest in measuring biological, physiological, or
genetic variables in a trial to relate them to psychological or behavioral
variables. Because all behavior is controlled by the central system
nervous, biological psychologists seek to know how the brain functions
so as to know behavior. As technical sophistication results in
advancements in research methods, more advanced topics like
language, reasoning, higher cognitive process, and consciousness are
now being studied.
2. What happens in the synapse? How does neurons communicate?

How do neurons talk to one another? Based on what I have

understand the action happens at the synapse, the point of
communication between two neurons or between neuron and a target
cell, like a muscle or a gland. At the synapse, the firing of an action
potential in one neuron the presynaptic or sending neuron. The
presynaptic neuron transmits the signal toward a synapse, whereas a
postsynaptic or receiving neurons making the postsynaptic neuron
either more or less likely to fire its own action potential. In addition, the
postsynaptic neuron transmits the signal away from the synapse. The
transmission of information from one neuron to another takes place at
the synapse, a junction where the terminal part of axons contacts
another neuron.

Neurons or nerves cell communicate with each other via

electrical and chemical signals. The electric signal, or action capability,
passes from the cell body spot to the axon terminals, all through a slim
structure so-called axon. Several of these axons can be extremely long
and nearly all of them are extremely short. Electrical signal that passes
all along the axon is constructed on ion movement. Myelin is a full of fat
layer formed, in the craniate central nervous system, by circular
covering of oligodendrocyte cell procedures all around axons. 

3. How neurotransmitter influence behavior and explain how drugs and other
chemicals affect neurotransmission? Cite a given scenario or evidence
proving the effects.

Each neurotransmitter travels a designated path in the brain and

has a particular effect on behavior and emotions. Acetylcholine affects
muscle action, learning, and memory. Furthermore, the acetylcholine is
an ester of choline and acetic that serves as a transmitter substance of
nerve impulses within the central and peripheral nervous systems, also
 the chief neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system, the
part of the autonomic nervous system that contracts smooth muscles,
and dilates blood vessels, increases bodily secretions, and slow heart
rate. Acetylcholine can stimulates a response or block a response and
thus can have excitatory or inhibitory effects. Endorphins are natural
opiates released in response to pain and exercise.

Drugs and other chemicals that affects the neurotransmission

can alter the way, people think, feel, and behave by disrupting
neurotransmission, the process of communication between neurons in
the brains. Many specific studies conducted over decades have
established that drugs dependence and drug addiction are features of
an organic brain disorder caused by drugs’ cumulative impacts on
neurotransmission. Scientists continue to build in this essential
understanding with experiments to further explain the psychological
factors that make a person prone to using drugs, as well as the full
dimensions and progression of disorder. The findings provide powerful
leads for developing new medications and behavioral treatments.

4. How does LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) discovered?

LSD or lysergic acid diethylamide is an illegal recreational

medication or drug that derived from a parasitic fungus that grows on
rye, also known as ergot. Acid is also known as hallucinogenic drug,
and cause to the prolonged effects of the drug. Based on what I have
read that the experience of carrying or declining acid is known as trip or
acid trip. The lysergic acid diethylamide is best known drug of subtype
hallucinogens, usually refers to as psychedelics. Lysergic acid
diethylamide is by far the most potent psychoactive substances ever
discovered.
 Furthermore, Lysergic acid diethylamide which also known as
hallucinogenic drug was synthesized by a swiss scientist in the year
1930s. based on what I have read that during cold war, the CIA did an
experiments which is called Clandestine experiments with LSD and
other drugs for mind control, evidence and information gathering and
other reasons and purposes. Across period of time, the drug became a
symbol of the 1960s counterculture, and in the long run joining other
hallucinogenic and entertaining drugs at rave parties. The LSD or
lysergic acid diethylamide was discover when Hoffmann created a
twenty four lysergic acid combination then later on he created the
twenty fifth, reacting lysergic acid with diethylamine, a derivative of
ammonia. The compound was shortened as LSD-25 for the purposes
of laboratory testing

5. What are the LSD effects when use according to:

a. Psychological

Taking hallucinogenic drugs can affect the users to see

photographic reflections, overhearing noises and sounds , and the
users will able to feel sensations that look as if real but those he or she
feels and experience are do not exist. The experiences of the users are
frequently unpredictable and may be different with the quantity
ingested and the user’s personality, mood expectations, and
surroundings. the users might feel the hallucination within twenty to
ninety minutes of taking and can long last as twelve hours. The effects
of hallucinogens like lysergic acid diethylamide will be described as
drug-caused psychosis distortion or can also be described as
disorganization of person’s capacity to recognized reality, think
rationally, or communicate with others.
 As what I have read that the users refer to lysergic acid
diethylamide and other hallucinogenic experience as “trips” and to
acute adverse as unpleasant experiences as “bad trips”. On the other
side trips users also experiencing sensations that are pleasurable and
mentally energizing and that generate a feeling of increased
understanding. Bad trips, on the other hand, involves horrifying ideas
and thoughts and dreadful feelings of anxiety and hopelessness that
involves fear of failing or losing self-control, mental illness, or death.

b. Sensory effect

LSD or lysergic acid diethylamide is a type of psychedelic drug

that can lead to hallucination. Lysergic acid diethylamide shifts a
person’s capacity to think thoughts and feel. It can also cause in
changes in his or her sensation and emotions. On the other hand,
lysergic acid diethylamide is a color white powder and odorless. Its is
usually be bought in liquid form and it also be sold in tablets or
capsules. It is regularly placed on absorbent stuff. In addition lysergic
acid diethylamide is very power drug. Even though small amounts of
this drug can cause strong effects to the users of this drug. These
effects are hard to foresee. They might feel the strong effects of drug in
just thirty minutes to ninety minutes after taking a drug. They are
strongest from three to five hours later and can long last up to twelve
hours. The usual effects of lysergic acid diethylamide includes the
intense sensory experiences, they can see images of brighter colors
and hear sharper sounds, the users can able to mix the sense like
colors are heard or sharper sounds seen, distorted sense of time and
space that can long last for minutes or for an hour, and lastly distorted
body image, he or she may feel like floating in the air or being pulled
down by gravity.

c. Physical effect
 Lysergic acid diethylamide does have some health risks and
side effects. Lysergic acid diethylamide produces short term effects
and if that effects will be more aggressive there will be a tendency that
the user of that drug could lead into coma. The side effects of lysergic
acid diethylamide in human body includes suddenly increased blood
pressure and heart rate of the user, elevated blood temperature, and
the user of that drug will also experiencing insomnia, dizziness, loss of
appetite and their mouth will be dry, excessive sweating, and lastly
they will experiencing tremors. Based on what I have read that the
lysergic acid diethylamide dose ranges between seventy-five to one
hundred fifty micrograms. This means that the lysergic acid
diethylamide or hallucinogenic drug is about three thousand times less
than the amount of the aspirin tablet in a usual strength because the
Lysergic acid diethylamide is made for illegality. The greatest danger of
taking lots of this drug will lead to bad trip or the worst is psychological
trauma. Even Though psychological risk caused by lysergic acid
diethylamide overdo, this drug has low toxicity and the amount needed
to produce a dangerous physical reaction is very large. Lysergic acid
diethylamide symptoms included elevated body temperature, vomiting,
gastric bleeding, difficulty breathing, and the worst is coma.

6. What is your standpoint on psychedelic drugs such as hallucinogen as a

therapeutic intervention?

Based on what I have understand on what I have researched

about psychedelic therapy is that refers to therapeutic procedures and
practices involving psychedelics drugs. In psychedelic therapy, contrast
to conformist psychiatric medication engaged by patient frequently or
as required, patients usually continue in an extended psychotherapy
meeting throughout the severe psychedelic movement with further
meetings both before and after in turn to help participate involvements
with the drug. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is part of a group of
 drugs identified as psychedelics. It also considered to be an
empathogen, which is a drug that enriches feeling of empathy and
connectedness. It is a artificial substance developed from fungus that
normally affects rye.

In addition lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is also called as a

psychedelic which is brain manifesting drug for the reason of changes
experienced to perception, the mood and the thought. Once the person
who are taking this kind of drug in high doses it allegedly falsifies
experiences of the time and space and if that will happen the person
who are taking this drug will also experience photographic or visual
hallucinations. The entertaining use consumption of Lysergic acid
diethylamide (LSD) might result in an individual having an enormously
harmful experience, or “bad trip”.

6.1. How does this be aided in the therapy?

Based on my understanding about on what I have researched that

the psychedelic drugs can influence the function and the structure of the
brain and stimulate neuron growth. Precisely just how lysergic acid
diethylamide affects the mind is complicated, but look as if to interact with
multiple receptors, such as serotonin and dopamine. Research is
exploring the potential of lysergic acid diethylamide to encourage new
ways of thinking and reset the brain’s habitual patterns of thought.
Furthermore, the resurgent interest in lysergic acid diethylamide is
building on studies conducted forty years ago: primarily focusing on
treating depression, post traumatic stress disorder, drug dependency,
and reducing anxiety in patients with a life-threatening disease.

Moreover, the role of lysergic in improving mental health seems to

be related to diminishing or termination of the ego, helping individuals see
the bigger image ahead of their own problems. The psychologist or
 medical professional delivers guidance and encouragement as the patient
encounters the impacts of the drug, and with any luck addresses the
problem that carried them to seek therapy. Although the patient’s
consciousness is dramatically changed, they retain a clear memory of
their experience. There are a lot of articles similarly implying that
individuals can have convincingly challenging experiences under the
control of the drug, which is why controlling it in a controlled environment
where the participant is educated, supported and supervised, is essential.

6.2. What are some recent researches about its usage?

Scientists are rediscovering what several see as the materials’

surprising therapeutic possibility for a huge scale of problems, from
depression to drug obsession and tolerance of mortality. A rush of
curiosity has attracted a new age group of researchers, enthusiasts and
stockholders, generating some reasonable caution over assurances that
may sound a slightly too good quality to be true. But late last year the
highly respected foundation Johns Hopkins University which is the
country U.S.’s oldest research university had launched a devoted center
ground facility for psychedelic researches, the first of its kind in the state
and possibly the world’s biggest. With work currently ongoing, the center
ground facility is seeking to implement the strictest requirements of
scientific thoroughness on a field that several senses have turned
awkwardly close to spirituality and that has depended a lot on subjective
statements. Initial results have been promising and seem like prepared to
continue the study on a move.

Psilocin which is a psychoactive compound found in certain

mushrooms and Lysergic acid diethylamide or LSD were extensively
studied in the year 1950s and 1960s as therapies for intoxication and
other diseases. Later on they gained a reputation in the mass media and
the publicity as hazardous or dangerous and turn out to be strongly
correlated with the counterculture.
7. Dementia is not just a cognitive decline condition but also a behavioral.
Now, what are the behavioral and psychotic symptoms of dementia?

Dementia is the loss of intellectual functioning such as thinking,

recollecting, and rational thinking and behavioral capabilities to such an
amount that it affects with a individual's everyday life and events. These
functions include memory, grammatical or language skills, graphic sensitivity,
problem solving, self-management, and the capability to concentrate and pay
attention. Certain people with dementia cannot manage their feelings, and
their personalities traits may change over. Dementia varies in seriousness
from the mildest phase, when it is just starting to affect a body's functioning, to
the most serious phase, when the person who has dementia must depend
totally on others for basic events of living.

Warning signs and symptoms of dementia end result when as soon as

healthy neurons or nerve cells in the brain stop off working, suffer the loss of
connections along with another brain cells, and die. Though everyone loses a
few neurons as they age, persons with dementia suffer far greater loss. Once
looking at particular signs and symptoms in dementia patients, the very
common BPSD or behavioral and psychological symptoms are apathy,
depression, irritability, tension and anxiety, while the fewest are euphoria,
hallucinations or delusional activities, and disinhibition. The most clinically
major signs and symptoms of BPSD or behavioral and psychological
symptoms are depression, apathy, and anxiety.

7.1. What are the behavioral manifestations of the dementia compared to

Alzheimer or Parkinson’s?

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8. Compare and contrast Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s?

 The Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is the extremely common type of
dementia including older adults, it is an permanent degeneration of the brain
that reasons interruptions in memory, cognition, personality, and other
function that sooner or later this will lead to death from complete brain failure.
Inherited and environmental factors including diet, activity, smoking, painful
brain injury, diabetes, and other health diseases that cause to the risk of
forming this form of the disease. Meanwhile, Parkinson’s disease (PD) is
diagnosed when a person exposes a least two of these three signs or
symptoms including: slowed movements or bradykinesia, muscle severity,
and tremor at rest. Distinguished many other related signs of Parkinson’s
Disease, including expressionless face, quiet speech, cramped handwriting,
shuffling step, difficulty in getting out of chair, and problem ingesting. In
addition, many of the symptoms of idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease end result
once specific nerve cells that generate dopamine in the brain starts to failure
and die.

The similarities of both Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease is

that they are two common neurodegenerative diseases of the elderly people
that have dreadful effects in terms of disease and death. The main form of
both disease is that in either case is infrequent with doubtful etiology. The
scientific aspects of Parkinson’s disease are primarily motor deficits, while the
person who has Alzheimer’s disease is present with dementia and cognitive
deficiency.