Three-Dimensional Media

- Solid shapes, volume and the interesting use of space. (elements that challenges three-
dimensional artists to express their own style).

SCULPTURE

• Carving material such as wood or stone, and modeling forms by adding pieces of material such
as clay. (Guillermo Tolentino with his famous Bonifacio Monument)

Kinds of Sculpture

1. Constructed Sculpture – this is a product of assemblage. (An assortment of materials like wood,
metal, wire, plastic and found objects are attached together through various methods)

2. Kinetic Sculpture – a constructed sculpture that shows motion or movement. (The actual
movement in kinetic sculptures may be caused by wind, magnetic fields, jet water, electronic
motors)

Sculpting Materials

Chisels, hammers, torches, saws, grinders and polishers.

Techniques use in Sculpture

• SUBTRACTION

- This is the method in which sculptors cut away or remove pieces or parts of the material (glyptic
material).

• ADDITION

- Involves putting together materials through the use of welding torches and soldering guns.

- It is also known as assembling technique.

• MANIPULATION

- This process is also known as modeling

- This technique is classified as a direct method of creating the form of the image

- Most pliable materials are not durable thus the sculptor further subjects this media to other
processes for it to undergo technical changes to make them durable.
 • SUBSTITUTION (This is to duplicate the form or image in a more permanent material).

- This is known as casting that involves the reproduction of an original 3D image in a new material
by using a mold (Ovirck, 2013)

Kinds of Substitution

- Sand Casting – a metal casting process characterized by using sand as the mold material.

- Plastic Casting – similar process to sand casting but the material used is plaster.

- Lost-wax Casting – it involves pouring molten metal into the mold that is made of wax.

LOCAL MATERIALS FOR SCULPTURE

1. WOOD (the alternative is to use kiln-dried wood that are cut into boards).

- The type of wood used for the sculpture usually depends on the availability of the material

- A newly cut log is not ideal for sculpture, it still has a mount of moisture.

- Molave, Acacia, Langka, Ipil, Kamagong (iron wood, locally known as mabolo tree), Palm Wood,
Bamboo

2. METAL

- The use of metal in creating permanent art statements is done through a substitution in which
the metal is melted and poured into a mold

- STEEL is an alloy of iron and 1% carbon. Stainless steel or inox steel does not rust corrode or
stain in water.

- BRONZE is a tin-copper alloy with any other metal except zinc. It has the characteristic of
forming a patina (green color) that protects the metal. Its color is reddish brown.

- BRASS is a yellow alloy of copper and zinc. Brass is not as hard as steel and tends to crack when
exposed to ammonia.

3. STONE

- This is naturally hard, non-metallic mineral. Rich deposits of stone will provide artists with a
permanent medium that will last for many years.

Kinds of Stone

- MARBLE is a hard, crystalline, metamorphic form of limestone with color that is capable of being
polished.
 • ALABASTER is a fine-grained, translucent form of gypsum.

White and delicately shaded translucent alabaster of 1-2 inch thickness allows light to pass
through.

4. CLAY

- Adobe as used in sculpture is a natural mixture of clay-rich earth, sand and straw.

5. PLASTER OF PARIS

- This is a white substance that is made by adding water to powdered and partly white mineral.

- Mold

- 30 minutes

- Acrylic paint

6. CEMENT

- This is a powdery substance made with calcite lime and clay

7. PLASTIC

- This is a synthetic material made from a wide range of organic polymers that can be molded into
shape while soft and then set into a slightly elastic form

8. GLASS

- This is a hard brittle substance that is transparent or translucent

- GLASS BLOWING has the combination of melted materials to form molten glass, and blown into
pipe before it cools. It will be placed inside the annealing oven for the molten glass to be stable.

- HOT SCULPTING is the technique in which a solid metal rod gathers the molten glass from the
furnace and shapes it with the use of a tool.

- COLD WORKING is working with glass when it is cold. Special glues are also use to bind glass
together.

*Anneal - make something stronger through heating: to subject an alloy, metal, or glass to a
process of heating and slow cooling to make it tougher and less brittle

*Epoxy glue- for broken glasses.

- These sculptures are carved from blocks of ice.

10. SAND

- This involves modeling sand into an art form.

11. FOOD ART

- Fruits, vegetables, chocolates, and cakes are only some of the materials food artist use. In food
preparation, smell and taste should not only attract a person but also the dramatically awesome
visual appeal of the food

12. INSTALLATION ART

- This is a three-dimensional art that involves any arrangement of objects in an exhibition space

Drawing

• The process of moving an instrument over a smooth surface to leave a mark called a line.

• Drawings can be created using dry media or wet media (Dry media – graphite pencils, charcoal,
crayons, pastels and chalks)

• All drawing media have their own characteristics: rough lines and smooth lines. (rough lines for
example are produced by crayons and chalk while pen and graphite pencils produced smooth
lines)

Drawing Materials

1. Sketchbook (9 x 12 or smaller depending on the artist’s preference)

2. Graphite Pencils (2H, HB, 2B, 4B and 6B or mechanical pencils .5mm and .3mm

3. Erasers (vinyl and kneaded)

4. Pencil/Sharpener

5. Ruler

6. Charcoal (vine and compressed)

7. Spray Fixative (Spray Fix)

8. Portfolio (to keep finished work)

1. Life Drawing

- A drawing that is based directly on the observation of the artist of his subject.

2. Emotive Drawing

- Emphasizes the expression of different emotions, feelings and mood.

3. Perspective Drawing

- The artist creates 3D images on a 2D picture plane.

4. Sketching (usually a rough, freehand, loose drawing that is not considered as finished work)

- Drawings done at the “spur of the moment”.

Shading Techniques

• Hatching is accomplished by drawing thin lines that runs in the same direction.

• Cross-Hatching is accomplished by criss-crossing lines.

• Blending is accomplished by changing the value little by little (from dark to medium/light)

• Stippling is accomplished by using dot patterns to create dark values.

Drawing with Graphite Pencils

• Pencils are capable of making different kinds of lines and tones depending on three factors:

a. Sharpness of the point

b. How much pressured is applied

c. The angle of how the pencil is held

Drawing with Charcoal

• The best way to hold a stick of vine charcoal is between the first three fingers and the thumb
with the end not used in pointing downward.

• A kneaded eraser can add character to the charcoal drawing.

• Paper stumps (torchons) are pressed papers that are used for blending.