CHAPTER#1
Ideological Basis of Pakistan
Q No 1: Answer each question in 3-5 lines.
Q#1. Give definition of ideology.
Ans: Ideology is the set of ideas and beliefs shared by a large group of people. Ideology forms
the basis of a political, social or economic system. People of the world identify a nation as a
distinct entity on the basis of its ideology.
Q#2. Describe sources of ideology?
Ans: Ideology is not formed in a day; it is shaped after a long process of development and
evolution. It can neither be implemented through an executive order nor imposed as law. It has
its root in a nation’s history, traditions, customs and religions; these are the major source of
ideology.
Q#3. Describe and explain Pakistan’s ideology?
Ans: The course of actions adopted by the Muslims of India independent for the achievement of
an Muslim state, is called “Pakistan Movement” and the philosophy guiding this movement is
known as “Pakistan Ideology”.
Q#4. Explain fundamental principle of Pakistan Ideology.
Ans: Ideology of Pakistan is devised from Islam. Islamic faith is based on two fundamental
principles. Touheed means (Oness of Allah) and Risalat (finality of Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W).
Q#5. Write a short note on the economic basis of Pakistan Movement.
Ans: Majority of Muslims were dreaming of reviving the glorious Muslim past and ignored Sir
Sayyids’ appeals to join modern educational institution. The early initiative of Hindus left
Muslim far behind. With the passage of time Muslims were utterly deprived of their share in
agriculture, industry and commerce. Leaders like Quaid, Iqbal believed the Muslims could not
progress economically unless they were emancipated from the Hindu exploitation.
Q#6. State briefly Sir Sayyid role regarding the two-nation theory.
Ans: Sir Sayyid argued that the two major nations of India the Hindus and the Muslims had
different religious and cultural backgrounds. He warned Muslims not to let their identity lost into
a multi-national Indian identity. His idea of separate nationhood, developed into two nation
theory.
Q#7: Explain role of Sir Sayyid with reference to two nation theory.
Ans: Sir Sayyid was the first person who warned the British rulers that their System of
democracy was not suitable for Indian condition. He argued that the two major nations of India
the Hindu and the Muslims had different religious and cultural backgrounds. He wanted the
Muslims to assert themselves as a separate and distinct nation. He was the real originator of two-
nation theory.
Q#8: Give statement of Quaid-e-Azam in relation to non-Muslim minorities in Pakistan.
Ans: Addressing the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan he pronounced the guiding principle
of the state policy. He emphasized that the rights of the non-Muslim minorities in the state of
Pakistan will be equal to those of the Muslim Majority. He said, “You are free; free to go to your
temples, free to go to your Mosques or to any places of worship in this state of Pakistan”.
LONG QUESTIONS
Q#1: What is meant by “Two-Nation Theory”? Define and explain.
Ans:
Ideology is a set of ideas and beliefs shared by a large group of people. Ideology forms the basis
of a political, cultural, social or economic system. People of the world identify a nation as a
distinct entity on the basis of its ideology.
Two Nation Theory
Two-Nation Theory means that there are two nations living in the subcontinent which are hindus
and Muslims. These two nations are totally different from each other’s on the basis of their
customs, religions and social moral values.
Historical Background
Two Nation Theory began with the arrival of the Muslims and the conquest of Sindh by
Muhammad Bin Qasim in 712 defeated Raja Dahir of Sindh. His kindness, tolerance and justice
impressed the locals so much that they considered him deity. This influence impressed so much
that these people entered in to the fold of Islam. After that, Ghaznavid period started in 1003-
1206 and the Persian language was introduced. Later on Qutn-ud-din Aibek, Mamluks, Khiljis,
Tughlaq, Syyid and lodhi dynasty ruled till 1526. The magnificent Mughal empire emerged in
1526 and remained till 1857 and ended in the hands of British.
Evolution of Two Nation Theory in India
In the subcontinent Two Nation Theory is as old as the history of the Muslims. The two
nation theory had formed in India when first Hindu Raja Samri accepted Islam. Hindus and
Muslims of India were living in the geographically connected areas. They were the citizens of
one country. But they could not intermingle with each other. Many personalities highlighted the
difference in different time period.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Two Nation Theory
Sir Sayyid argued that the two major nations of India the Hindus and the Muslims had different
religious and cultural backgrounds. He warned Muslims not to let their identity lost into a multi-
national Indian identity. His idea of separate nationhood, developed into two nation theory. He
deserves the merit of being the real originator of the two-nation theory and the founder which
subsequently developed into Pakistan movement.
Allama Iqbal and the Two Nation Theory
Allama Iqbal Struggle for the cause of the Muslim Nation in India, his revolutionary poetry and
his philosophy of actions and sustained efforts, made him beloved leader of the Indian Muslims.
He always rejected the congress notion of secular nationalism. Iqbal believed that if nation of
India remain constantly at war with each other, they will destroy their entire cultural heritage.
Moreover, In his famous address at Allahabad he said, “The formation of a consolidated
Muslims North-west Indian state appear to be final destiny of the Muslims at least of North-West
India”.
Ch. Rehmat Ali and Two Nation Theory
He was the well-known student of Islamia College Lahore. Later he entered in to Cambridge
College and founded National Movement in London in 1931. On January 28, 1933 He released a
four pager Pamphlet entitled “Now and Never”. It was also distributed among Indian politicians.
In his Pamphlet the name of separate state for Muslim was proposed as “Pakistan”. He argued
that despite living together with each other they are entirely different and the concept of a
common nationality could not develop between them.
Quaid-e-Azam and Two Nation Theory
Quaid-e-Azam did not look at the Indian problem as communal; rather he believed that the
problem was of international character. His demand for Pakistan was not based on the sentiment
of Hindu hatred. He said, “Muslims are a nation according to any definition of a nation and they
must have their homeland.” He was the one who changed the destiny of Muslims of
subcontinent.
Lahore Resolution 1940
The Lahore resolution was passed on 23rd March, 1940 and in his presidential address Quaid
said, “Hindu and Muslims belong to two different religions based on totally different ideologies.
They have different heroes, different epics, and different episodes. To tie together must lead to
growing discontent and final destruction. It would be better for British government to partition
the subcontinent keeping in view the interest of two nations.
Moreover, He proclaimed that “The Muslims of India will never accede to a constitutional
scheme which results in the establishment of the Hindu domination in India”.
Conclusion
The entire freedom movement revolves around Two Nation Theory which became the basis of
demand for Pakistan. It means that the Muslim of the sub-continent were a separate nation with
their distinct culture, civilization, literature, history, religion and social values. Islam, the religion
of the Muslims was based on the concept of Tauheed and therefore could not be merged in any
other system of religion.
Q#2: Explain pronouncements of Allama Iqbal on Ideology of Pakistan.
Ans: Pakistan Ideology: Iqbal’s Pronouncements
Iqbal’s struggle cause of the Muslims nations in India, his revolutionary poetry and his
philosophy of action and sustained effort, made him the beloved leader of the Indian Muslims.
Following are the salient points of Iqbal’s philosophy of Muslim nationhood.
Muslim Nationhood is Based on Islam: Iqbal said that the force that binds Muslims nation into
a unity was not based on colour, race, or geography; it was based on faith and Iman, He said:
“Islam is something more than a creed; it is also a community, a nation. The membership of
Islam as a community is not determined by birth.”
Patriotism is an Islamic Trait: Iqbal had always rejected the congress notion of secular
nationalism; on this some critics blamed Iqbal being unpatriotic; repudiating this he said:
“Nationalism in the sense of love of one’s country and even to die for its honor is a part of the
Muslim’s faith. It comes into conflict with Islam only when it begins to play the role of political
concepts and aims to be a principle of human solidarity.”
Ijtihad is the pre-requisite of progress: Iqbal believe that scholars of a Muslim society should,
on the basis of their enlightened judgments, solve the problems arising in the modern age in the
light of the Quran and Sunnah. Iqbal suggests that:
“The only course open to us it’s to approach modern knowledge with a respect but independent
attitude and to appreciate the teaching of Islam in the light of knowledge, even though we may
be led to differ with those who have gone before us.”
Islamic System is based on Democracy and Equality: Iqbal outlined two basic principle of an
Islamic constitution in the following words:
(a) “The law of Allah is absolutely supreme. Authority (state authority) except an interpreter of
the law has no place in the social structure of Islam.”
(b) All the members of the community have a right of being dealt with on the basis of absolute
equality.
Muslim independence is the only solution of India’s problems: Iqbal believe that if the
nations of India remain constantly at war with each other, they will destroy their entire cultural
heritage. Economic conditions of their people will deteriorate to an unimaginable extent and they
will not be able to find an honorable place in the comity of nations. Later developments testified
that Iqbal’s apprehension were right. In his famous presidential address delivered in 1930 at the
Muslim league session held at Allahabad, Iqbal said:
“The famous of consolidated Muslim North-West Indian state appears to be the final destiny of
the Muslims at least of North-West India.”
Solution of the Muslims’ Economic Problem lies in the implementation of Islamic Law: In a
letter written to the Quaid-e-Azam on May 28, 1937, Iqbal showed great concern over the
economic hardship of the Muslim of India. He said that the problem Muslims’ economic distress
can be solved by the implementation of the Islamic economic system in a practicable form. The
political, economic and social system of Islam, he believed, can flourish in an independent
Muslim state.
Q#3: Explain pronouncements of Quaid-e-Azam on Ideology of Pakistan.
Ans: Pakistan Ideology: Quaid-e-Azam’s Pronouncements: The Quaid-e-Azam’s vision of
Pakistan and his ideas on Muslim nationhood can be understood in the light of the following
abstract taken from his speechless and statement.
The Muslim will not accede to Hindu Domination: Addressing the historical 23rd March 1940
Muslim league session the Quaid-e-Azam it clear:
“The Muslim of India will never accede to constitutional scheme which results in the
establishment of the Hindu domination in India.”
Muslim is a separate Nation: The Quaid-e-Azam said:
“Islam and Hinduism are not religion in the strict sense of the word but are in fact different and
distinct social order and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslim can ever evolve a common
nationality. The Hindu and Muslim belong to two different religions, philosophies, and social
customs and religion. They belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on
conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspects on life and of life are different. To yoke
together two such nations under a single state must lead to destruction. Muslim is a nation
Independent state; a Pre-requisite of the Muslim Progress: The Quaid-e-Azam said:
“Muslims are a nation according to any definition of a nation, and they must have their
homelands, their territory, and their state. We wish to live in peace and harmony with our
neighbors as free and independent people. We wish our people to develop to the fullest our
spiritual, cultural, economic, social and political life, in a way that we think best and in
consonance with our own ideals and according to the genius of our people”.
Islam is the Basis of our National Unity: After the creation of Pakistan the Quaid-e-Azam gave
a call to the nation to unite on the basis of Muslim brotherhood he said:
“Islam has taught us this, and I think you will agree with me. “Whatever you maybe and
wherever you are, you are a Muslim. You belong to a nation now. You have carved out a
territory, vast territory, it is all yours; it does not belong to a Punjabi or a Sindhi or a Pathan or a
Bengali, it is yours.”
Democracy, Equality and Justice: Foundation of Islamic Constitution: “The constitution of
Pakistan has yet to be framed by the constituent Assembly of Pakistan. I do not know what the
ultimate shape of the constitution is going to be, but I am sure that it will be of a democratic type,
embodying the essential principle of Islam. Today they are as applicable in actual life as these
were 1330 years ago. Islam and its idealism have taught us equality of man, justice and fair play
to everybody. We are the inheritors of the glorious traditions and are fully alive to our
responsible and obligation as framers of the future constitution of Pakistan.
Sovereignty Belongs to Allah Almighty; Quran is the source of Ultimate Guidance:
Enlisting the guiding principle of an Islamic state the Quaid-e-Azam said:
“Fundamentally, in an Islamic state all authority rests with Almighty Allah. The working of an
Islamic government is conducted according to the Quranic principles and injunctions. In an
Islamic state, neither its head nor any parliament or an institution or an individual can act
absolutely in any matter. Only the Quranic injunctions control our behavior in the society and in
the politics.
Fighting Poverty and Exploitation; Our National Objective: Addressing the first constituent
Assembly of Pakistan the Quaid-e-Azam observed:
“Now, if we want to make this great state of Pakistan happy and prosperous we should wholly
and solely concentrate on the well-being of the people and especially of the Muslim masses and
the poor.”
Non-Muslim Citizen will be treated on the Basis of Equality: Addressing with the a session
Quaid-e-Azam pronounced the guiding principles of state policy he said emphasized that the
rights of the non-Muslim minorities in the state of Pakistan will be equal to those of Muslim
majority. The Quaid said:
“You are free; you are free to go to your temples. You are free to go to your mosques or to any
other places of worship in this state of Pakistan. You may belong to any region or cast or creed
that has nothing to do with the business of the state. We are starting with this fundamental
principle that we are all citizen and equal citizens of one state”.
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CHAPTER NO 2
THE MAKING OF PAKISTAN
Q No 1: Answer each question in 3-5 lines.
Q#1. What was Sir Syed attitude towards the Indian National Congress?
Ans: He criticized the Indian National Congress and advised the Muslims to abstain from
joining the congress, he clearly said that the congress represent only the Hindu community and
was by no means a representation of the entire Indian population.
Q#2. Write a short note on Simla Deputation.
Ans: After the partition of Bengal, a deputation consisting of thirty five eminent Muslim leaders
had a meeting with Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla on Oct 1, 1906. The deputation briefed the
viceroy about the demands of the Muslims community in India. Viceroy’s attitude was very
encouraging. Muslim demand of joint electorate was granted in the Act of 1909. This marked the
political beginning of Two-Nation Theory.
Q#3. What were the primary objectives of the Muslim League at the time of its formation?
Ans: All India Muslim league was founded in Dhaka on December 30, 1906 with the prime
objective of safeguarding and protecting the interest of the Indian Muslims and to convey their
demands to the British government in a peaceful manner and through constitutional means. The
second objective was to foster feeling of goodwill and understanding between the Muslim and
other Indian communities.
Q#4. Write a short note on Delhi proposal.
Ans: In order to break the ice between league and congress so that they could present common
demands before the British for the legislation of the new Act, a group of prominent Muslims met
at Delhi on March 20, 1927. Quaid-e-Azam presided over the session.
Q#5. Write a short note on Delhi convention/Resolution.
Ans: On 19th April 1946, after the election Quaid-e-Azam called a convention at Delhi of all the
newly elected league members in the central and provincial legislatures. The convention adopted
a resolution which demanded that the Muslim majority provinces be integrated into a completely
sovereign state.
Q#6. Write a short note on Jinnah Gandhi talk.
Ans: After releasing from the Jail, Gandhi requested Quaid-e-Azam to hold talks with him on
the question of Muslim demands and the future political system which was to be established in
Indian after the impending British departure. Gandhi insisted to join hands with congress for
independence of India whereas Quaid wanted to decide about Muslim state before Indian
independence. Unfortunately, these negotiations ended without agreement.
Q#6. Why Quaid-e-Azam was given title of Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity and who
gave him the title?
Ans: As a member of India’s two most influential political parties Muhammad Ali Jinnah
started to work for his long cherished objective of Hindu-Muslim Unity, and consequently the
independence of India. Due to Luck now pact 1916, for the first time, congress agreed to accept
Muslim demand for separate electorate. On this occasion Indian leader Mrs. Sarojini gave the
title the “Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity”.
