PREFIXES
Prefixes are letters which we add to the beginning of a word to make a
new word with a different meaning. Prefixes can, for example, create a
new word opposite in meaning to the word the prefix is attached to.
They can also make a word negative or express relations of time, place or
manner. Here are some examples:
BASE WORD PREFIXED WORD TYPE OF MEANING
possible impossible opposite
able unable opposite/negation
payment non-payment negation
war pre-war time (before)
terrestrial extraterrestrial place (outside of/beyond)
cook overcook manner (too much)
Examples:
I’m sorry I was unable to attend the meeting.
Non-payment of fees could result in a student being asked to leave the
course.
Has anyone ever really met an extraterrestrial being? (meaning a being
from another planet)
The meat was overcooked and quite tasteless.
Common prefixes:
PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES
anti-government, anti-racist, anti-
anti- against/opposed to
war
auto- self autobiography, automobile
de-classify, decontaminate,
de- reverse or change
demotivate
dis- reverse or remove disagree, displeasure, disqualify
down- reduce or lower downgrade, downhearted
extra- beyond extraordinary, extraterrestrial
hyper- extreme hyperactive, hypertension
il-, im-, in-,
not illegal, impossible, insecure, irregular
ir-
inter- between interactive, international
mega- very big, important megabyte, mega-deal, megaton
mid- middle midday, midnight, mid-October
mis- incorrectly, badly misaligned, mislead, misspelt
non- not non-payment, non-smoking
PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES
over- too much overcook, overcharge, overrate
out- go beyond outdo, out-perform, outrun
post- after post-election, post-war
pre- before prehistoric, pre-war
pro- in favour of pro-communist, pro-democracy
re- again reconsider, redo, rewrite
semi- half semicircle, semi-retired
sub- under, below submarine, sub-Saharan
super- above, beyond super-hero, supermodel
tele- at a distance television, telepathic
trans- across transatlantic, transfer
ultra- extremely ultra-compact, ultrasound
un- remove, reverse, not undo, unpack, unhappy
under- less than, beneath undercook, underestimate
make or move
up- upgrade, uphill
higher
SUFFIXES
A suffix is a letter or group of letters added at the end of a word which
makes a new word.
WORDS SUFFIX NEW WORDS
forget, use -ful forgetful, useful
state, govern -ment statement, government
complicate, create -ion complication, creation
The new word is most often a different word class from the original
word. In the table above, the suffix -ful has changed verbs to adjectives,
-ment, and -ion have changed verbs to nouns. If you see a word ending in
-ment, for example, it is likely to be a noun (e.g. commitment,
contentment).
Spelling:
Often, the suffix causes a spelling change to the original word. In the
table above, the -e ending of complicate and create disappears when the
-ion suffix is added. Other examples of spelling changes include:
1. beauty, duty + -ful → beautiful, dutiful (-y changes to i)
2. heavy, ready + -ness → heaviness, readiness (-y changes to i)
3. able, possible + -ity → ability, possibility (-le changes to il)
4. permit, omit + -ion → permission, omission (-t changes to ss)
A good learner’s dictionary will give you information on the correct
spelling of words with suffixes.
Common suffixes and examples
Noun suffixe
SUFFIX EXAMPLES OF NOUNS
-age baggage, village, postage
-al arrival, burial, deferral
-ance/-ence reliance, defence, insistence
-dom boredom, freedom, kingdom
-ee employee, payee, trainee
-er/-or driver, writer, director
-hood brotherhood, childhood, neighbourhood
-ism capitalism, Marxism, socialism (philosophies)
-ist capitalist, Marxist, socialist (followers of philosophies)
-ity/-ty brutality, equality, cruelty
-ment amazement, disappointment, parliament
-ness happiness, kindness, usefulness
-ry entry, ministry, robbery
SUFFIX EXAMPLES OF NOUNS
-ship friendship, membership, workmanship
-sion/-tion/-xion expression, population, complexion
Adjective suffixes
SUFFIX EXAMPLES OF ADJECTIVES
-able/-ible drinkable, portable, flexible
-al brutal, formal, postal
-en broken, golden, wooden
-ese Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese
-ful forgetful, helpful, useful
-i Iraqi, Pakistani, Yemeni
-ic classic, Islamic, poetic
-ish British, childish, Spanish
-ive active, passive, productive
-ian Canadian, Malaysian, Peruvian
-less homeless, hopeless, useless
SUFFIX EXAMPLES OF ADJECTIVES
-ly daily, monthly, yearly
-ous cautious, famous, nervous
-y cloudy, rainy, windy
Verb suffixes
SUFFIX EXAMPLES OF VERBS
-ate complicate, dominate, irritate
-en harden, soften, shorten
-ify beautify, clarify, identify
-ise/- economise, realise, industrialize (-ise is most common in British
ize English; -ize is most common in American English)
Adverb suffixes
SUFFIX EXAMPLES OF ADVERBS
-ly calmly, easily, quickly
-ward(s) downwards, homeward(s), upwards
-wise anti-clockwise, clockwise, edgewise
