Southen Mindanao Institute of Technology Inc.

National Highway, Brgy. Buenaflor,

City of Tacurong
A.Y 2020-2021

MODULE
IN
COMPARATIVE
MODELS IN
POLICING
prepared by :

JEAN MAE M. PILASPILAS

INSTRUCTOR

PREFACE

Ideally , students in a course of comparative models in policing have

finished the course on police organization and administration. Their

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knowledge on such course will be their basis in making comparisons with
other police systems of other countries.

The entire course gives an introduction to globalization since crimes at

present are globalized. In response to global crimes, innovative policing is
necessary to combat crimes before they become global. It also covers the
local and global responses of law enforcement officers in crime

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FRONT PAGE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1

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PREFACE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2

TABLE OF CONTENTS----------------------------------------------------------------------------3

LESSON 1

COMPARATIVE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4

POLICE------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4

SYSTEM ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM------------------------------------------------------------4

TWO METHODS OF COMPARATIVE RESEARCH--------------------------------------4

SEVEN THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE POLICING -------------------------------------5

FOUR KINDS OF SOCIETY AND POLICE SYSTEM IN THE WORLD---------------5

LESSON 2

COMPARATIVE COURT SYSTEM------------------------------------------------------------6

TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEM-------------------------------------------------------------------6

TWO MODEL OF POLICE SYSTEM-----------------------------------------------------------7

THE NEED FOR INNOVATIVE POLICING---------------------------------------------------7

LESSON 3

GLOBALIZATION------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION-----------------------------------------------------------------8-9

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ------------------------------------------------10

POSITIVE ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION-------------------------------------------------11

THE FUTURE-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11

CYBERCRIME----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11

REFERENCES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12

CHAPTER 1

LESSON 1

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At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to :

A) Identify what is comparative models in policing

B) Know the different the methods of comparative research, theories of
comparative policing and kinds of society and police system

Comparative

Denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or entity has a property or
qual;ity greater or less in extent than that of another.

Police

Police typically are responsible for maintaining public order and safety. enforcing
the law, and preventing, detecting, and investigating criminal activities. These functions
are known as policing.

The study of comparative police system, criminal justice and law is a fairly new
field and has corresponded with rising interest in a more established field, comparative
criminology. However, in this chapter, we will present some issues which will bring you
to discover ideas useful in the conceptualization of successful crime control policies.

System

Combination of parts in a whole;. orderly arrangement according to some

common law; collection of rules and principles in science or art; method of transacting
business. (Webster)

Comparative Police System

Process of outlining the similarities and differences of one police system to

another in order to discover insights in the field of international policing;

It is the theories and practice in law enforcement has been compared in

several studies under diverse circumstances.

Two Methods of Comparative Research

 Safari Method – research visits and learns policing system of different country.
 Collaborative Methods – the researcher communicates with a foreign
researcher to learn different policing system of the country.

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SEVEN Theories of Comparative Policing

1. Alertness Crime Theory – people report more crime to police and demand the
police to become more effective in solving crime problem.

2. Economic or Migration Theory – that crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained

migration and overpopulation in urban areas such as ghettos and slums.

3. Opportunity Theory – which along standards of living, victims become more

careless of their belonging, and opportunities for commiting crime multiply.

4. Demographic Theory - based on the event when a greater number of children are
being born. as these baby blooms grow up, delinquet subscultures develop out of the
adolescent identity crisis.

5. Deprivation Theory – holds that progress comes along with rising expectation.
People at the bottom develop unrealistic expectations whie people at the top don’t see
themselves rising fast enough.

6. Modernization Theory - sees the problem as society becoming too complex.

7. Anomie and Synomie Theory - thes so called “social cohesion values”. Suggest
that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the disintegration of older norms that once
held people together.

Four Kinds of Society and Police Systen in th World

1. Folk-Community Society

 little codification of law

 no specificication among police
 a system of punishment that just let things go for a while without attention intil
things become too much.
 and harsh, barbaric punishment is resorted to.
 applied in earlyy Roman gentiles, Africa and Puritan settlement in North America.

2. Urban-Commercial Society

 has civil law (customs and standards are written down)

 specialized police forces for religious offices and enforcing King’s Law
 punishment inconsistent, sometimes harsh, sometimes lenient
 applied in continental Europe

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3. Urban- industrial Society

 has codified laws but laws that prescribe good behavior

 police has become specialized in how to handle property
 system of punishment is run on market principles of creating incentive and
disincentives
 England and Us

4. Bureaucraticv Society

 has a system of laws

 police tend to keep busy in handling political crime and terrorism
 system of punishment is characterized by over criminalization and overcrowding
 undeveloped countires tend ti be lumped into the first two, the folk-communal and
urban-commercial
 developed countires tend to be lumped to the last two Urban-Industrial and
Bureaucratic Society.

LESSON 2

At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to :

a) Know the two comparative court system, types and models of police system.
b) Understand why there is a need to innovate policing.

Comparative Court System

1. Advesarial Court System

 accused is innocent until proven guilty

 emphasis upon determination of factual guilt in courtroom as the US does.

2. Inquisitorial Court System

 accused is guilty ubtil proven innocent or mitigated and have more secret
procedures
 trials are concerned with the legal guilt where everyone knows the offender did it
 the purpose is to get the offender to apoligized
 adnit ti their responsibility argue for mercy or suggest an appropriate sentence for
themselves

Types of Police System

1. Common Law System

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  known as “Anglo-American Justice”
 found in US England, Australia and New Zealand
 distinguished by a strong Advesarial System
 primarily rely on oral system of evidence in which the public trial is a main focal
point

2. Civil Law System

 known as ”Continental or Romano-Germanic Justice”

 found in Europe, Sweden, Germany, France and Japan
 distinguished by strong inquisitorial system where less right id granted to the
aacused

3. Socialist System

 known as Marxist-Leninist Justice

 exist in Africa and Asia, where there a Communist Revolution
 distinguised by procedures designed to rehabilitate
 retain people into fulfilling their responsibilites to the state
 ultimate expression of positive law
 primary characterized by administrative law, where non-legal officials make most
of the decisions
 designed to move the state forward the perfectibility of the state and mankind
For example, in a socialist state, neither judges nor lawyers are allowed to make
Law. Law is the same as policy, and an orthodox Marxist view is that eventually,
the law may not be necessary.

4. Islamic System

 known as “Muslim or Arabic Justice”

 derives all their procedures and practices from interpretation of the Koran
 exceptions, various tribes are decendents of the ancient Greeks and practice
UFFF Law rather than the harsher Sharia punishment
 characterized by the absence of the positive law and are based more on the
concept of natural justice.

Two Model of Police System

1. Continental Police System – police effectiveness in crime control is based on

the number of arrest and people put into the jail for punishment.

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2. Modern Police System – uses measurement of crime control efficiency and
effectiveness based on the absence of crime or low crime rate to include citizens
satisfaction in terms of peace and order that propels progress.

THE NEED FOR INNOVATIVE POLICING

Theories and practices in law enforcement have been compared in several

studies under various circumstances, the goal is to test whether the theory and practice
in policing needs modernization to meet the demand of the present trends in crime
fighting. Comparative research is usually carried out by the “safari” method (a
researcher visits another country) or “collaborative” method (the researcher
communicates with foreign researchers)

LESSON 3

At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to :

a) Identify and understand what is Globalization and its effects; positive and
Negative
b) Know the future of globalization nd define what is cybercrime.

Globalization

is the the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order to
develoip the global economy. Globalization refers to the intergration of economics and
societies all over the world. Globalization involves technological, economic, political,
and cultural exchanges made possible largely by advances in communication,
transportation and infrastructure.

Effects of Globalization
(http:/spcyberty.com/society/effects-of-globalization/)

If you visit several countries, you can easily feel the effect of globalization has on
our daily lives. The following are some of the most significant effects of globalization.

Industry: The world has become a huge market where you can buy and sell things
produced in any part of the world. There are a lot of international brands operating
worldwide. These include;

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Culture: Globalization means a decrease in the cultural diversity that used to exist in
the world earlier. You can find people in several countries dressing up like Websters.
Food is another good example. Young people especially are eating more of American or
Chinese foods then their own cultural dishes. The way people speak is also changing.
For example teeneager in the Middle East are much influenced by the way the black
Americans speak. They think it’s “cool”.

Legislation: There has been an increase in the establishments of International courts

of justice where someone accused could be dealt with any part of the world. Interpol is
another example of International law enforcement ageny.

Language: With increased globalization, people tend to forget their mother tongue and
use English insteads as there is an idea that ut makes them superior in some way. This
might also help them in job searches etc.

Information: With the wide use of Internet and other kinds of information technology, it
has become much easier and faster to share information worldwide. Live TV channels
are another good example of quick information sharing.

Finance: Globalization has made it easier to raise finace through individuals and firms
outside the country. The International Monetary Fund is a good example of an
Internation Institute which lends money to countires in need for finance.

Politics: Powerful countriess and individuals nowadays have political control over the
whole world, not only their country. The United States is an example of a country that
influences the whole of the world politics.

It is believed that globalization is a positive development generating more trade and

hence welfare of the whole world. Nevertheless it also has some significant
disadvantages which should not be forgotten.

These include:

 Increasing trends in migration of labor to developing countries as large firms their

production to developing countries.
 Some powerful people and countries control the whole world
 Loss of jobs in countries that cannot compete with large firms
 Increased dependency on each other. The recent financial crisis is a good
example of that.

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The Negative Effects of Globalization
hyyp://www.buzzle.com/articles/negative-effects-of-globalization.html

Opponents of globalization point out to its negative effects. some of them are
listed below.

 Developed nations have outsourced manufacturing and white collar jobs. That
means less-jobs for their people. This has happened because manufacturing
work is outsourced to developing nations like China where the cost of
manufacturing goods and wages are lower. Programmers editors, scientist and
accountants have losts their jobs due to outsourcing to cheaper locations like
India.
 Globalization has led to exploitation of labor. Prisoners and child workers are
used to work in inhumanr conditions. Safety standards are ignored to producve
cheap goods.
 Job insecurity. Earlier people had stable, permanent jobs. Now people live in
constant dread of losing their jobs to competititon. Increased job competition has
led to reduction in wages and consequently lower standard of living.
 Terrorist have accesss to sophisticated weapons enhancing their ability to inflict
damage. Terrorist use the Internet for communicating among themselves.
 Companies have set up industries causing pollution in countires with poor
regulation of pollution.
 Fast food chains like McDonalds and KFC are spreading in the developing world.
People are consuming more junk foods from these joints which has an adverse
impact on their health.
 The benefits of globalization are not universal. The rich are getting richer and the
poor are becoming poorer.
 Bad aspects of foreign cultures are affecting the local cultures through TV and th
Internet,
 Enemy nations can spread propaganda through the Internet.
 Deadly diseasers like HIV/AIDS are being spread by travelets to the remotest
corners of the globe.
 Local industires are being taken over by foreign multinations
 The increase in prices has reduced the government’s ability to sustain social
welfare schemes in developed countries.
 There is increase in human trafficking.
 Multi-National Companies and corporations which were previously restricted to
commercial activities are increasingly influencing political decisions.

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The Positive Aspects of Globalization

Globalization has a positive side as well. Supporters of globalization argue that it

is good anf beneficial. Some of their arguments are listed below.

 Globalization has created the concept of outsourcing. Work such as software

development, costumer support, marketing, accounting and insurance is
outsourced to developing countrieslike India. The company that outsourced the
work enjoys the benefits of lower cost because wages in developing countries
ger employed. Developing countried get access to the latest technology.
 Increased competition forces companies to lower prices. This benefits the end
consumers.
 Increased media coverage draws the attention of the world to human right
violators. This leads to improvement in human rights.

The Future

Globalization is a tool that should benefits all section of mankind. One cannot
ignore its negative effects. These must be addressed for the world’s peace and
prosperity.

Cyber Crime

The term “cyber crime” covers many types of activities but essentially can be
used to describe violations of law that are commited and/or facilitated through the use of
electronic media.

In comparison with ordinary crime, cyber crime requires few resources relative to
the damage that can be caused, it can be committed in a jurisdiction without the
offender being physically present in it and, in many countries, offences are inadequately
defined or not defined at all; hence, personal risk and likelihood of detection are low.

REFERENCES

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BOOK:

Dr. Veneranda Poschor-Depasyo (2017) Comparative Police Systems ( Global

Responses of Law Enforcement Officers to Crimes)

ONLINE:

(http:/spcyberty.com/society/effects-of-globalization/)
hyyp://www.buzzle.com/articles/negative-effects-of-globalization.html

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