Creation of pakistan
1. Pakistan Movement: The Pakistan Movement or Tehrik-e-Pakistan was a
political movement in the 1940s that aimed for and succeeded in the creation of
Pakistan from the Muslim-majority areas of British India. The movement
progressed within India alongside the Indian independence movement, but the
Pakistan Movement sought to establish a new nation-state that protected the
religious identity and political interests of Muslims in South Asia.
2. Two nation theory: The two-nation theory was a founding principle of the
Pakistan Movement, and the partition of India in 1947. The ideology that
religion is the main factor in defining the nationality of Indian Muslims was used
by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He called it 'the awakening of Muslims for the creation
of Pakistan'.
3. Role of Quaid-E-Azam Jinnah, whose true political career started from when
he joined Muslim League in 1913,became politically a well known figure by the
episode of Lakhnow Pact (1916) when he was coined as an ambassador of Hindu-
Muslim unity but the events ensuing gave a new shape to the drama of politics in
India. The slogan of Hindu-Muslim unity proved short lived. The failure of
khilafat Movement and the Nehru Report classified the Muslims minds from the
illusion of Hindu-Muslim unity. But Jinnah who interposed his person by the dint
of his initiative and courage. He become successful in defending the Muslim cause
so gallantly that evil design of Hindus could not achieve them objectives. His
Fourteen Points (1929) saved the Muslims from the octopus of the Congress.
4. Ideology of Pakistan and Iqbal: Iqbal was strictly against nationalism. He
considered all the Muslims to be a part of One Ummah. For him, a Muslim in any
part of the world was part of a brotherly relation. He considered nationalism to
be a coffin for the Muslim Umma. Thus, highlighting the limitations and
disadvantages of nationalism, Iqbal gave the philosphy of a "Millat-e- Islamia" and
this philosphy became the basis of Pakistan's ideology.
5. Pathway to Pakistan 23 March Resolution : The idea of a separate homeland
for the Muslims of subcontinent took shape through a process of evolution. It
started with the realization of the fact that the Muslims of south Asia are quite
different from the Hindus and their future in a democratic India would be at stake
23rd March is observed as Pakistan Day every year. The Muslim League held its
annual session at Minto Park in Lahore, Punjab, that lasted from 22 March till 24
March 1940. During this event, the Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah
and other Founding Fathers narrated the events regarding the differences
between Hindus and Muslims, and moved the historical resolution that cemented
the formation of a nation-state in South Asia as Pakistan, even though it did not
actually mention Pakistan at all.
6. cont….
7. Aims and objects of creation of Pakistan: Setting up for a free islamic country
The main objective of creation of Pakistan was to establish a free islamic society
having its own identity and government, practicing its own social principles and
religion and inviting the muslim world.
8. Establishment of Islamic democracy: Establishment of Islamic democracy
islam has given an ideal concept off democracy which is distinctively different
from the western concept. In Islam democratic system everyone is equal and no
one enjoys a privileged position on the basis of his social status. One of the main
objectives of the freedom movement was that the Muslims of the sub- continent
wanted a country where the ideal system of Islamic democracy could be installed.
9. Cont… Islam has given an ideal concept off democracy which is distinctively
different from the western concept. In Islam democratic system everyone is equal
and no one enjoys a privileged position on the basis of his social status. One of
the main objectives of the freedom movement was that the Muslims of the sub-
continent wanted a country where the ideal system of Islamic democracy could
be installed
10. Protection of Muslim culture and civilization: The Muslims were always a
separate nation because of their distinctive cultural values and patterns. They
were easily distinguishable from other nations on the basis of their social
behaviours. The Muslim culture, civilization and literature were the living and
proud symbols of the Muslims identity as a separate and distinct nation. Although
the Muslims lived with Hindus and other nations for centuries, yet they proudly
main tend their separate image.
11. Cont 1.Hindus are the people who follow the practices and beliefs of
Hinduism while Muslims are those that follow Islam. 2.Hindus believe in many
gods while Muslims believe in only one God, Allah. 3.Hindus don’t eat cows
while Muslims don’t eat pigs. 4.Hindus believe in rebirth or reincarnation while
Muslims believe in the separation of the soul and body after death. 5.Muslims
observe many religious practices like the namaz, roza, and shahadah.
12. Protection of Urdu language : This situation provoked the Muslims to come
out in order to protect the importance of the Urdu language. The opposition by
the Hindus towards the Urdu language made it clear to the Muslims of the region
that Hindus were not ready to tolerate the culture and traditions of the Muslims.
Hindus began to demand that Hindi should be made an official language in place
of Urdu, and they started a movement in Banaras in which they demanded the
replacement of Urdu with Hindi.
13. Establishment of a balanced economic system: The economic condition of
the Muslims, before partition was deplorable. The Muslims were not in a position
to enter in the business and trade because of biased policy of government. After
the war of Independence of 1857, the British Government had banned Muslims
entry into government service. The Muslims also lagged behind in the field of
education, the Hindus on the other hand had advanced in modern knowledge and
were in a better position.
14. Protection of Muslim image and identity: In the United India the Muslims
were dominated by the Hindus in every social field. The Muslims were not in a
position to compete with the Hindus because of their backwardness in education
and politics. The Hindus had adopted a prejudicial attitude which blocked all
channels to prosperity and progress for the Muslims. The national image and
identity of the was in great jeopardy because of the Hindu hatred and antagonism
15. Conclusion: Indeed, even as late as June 1946, whatever the political forces
and conditions at work the alternative path of united India was more likely and
more imminent choice, and it was Jinnah alone who made the crucial decisions
that led Muslim India directly to Pakistan within a year that transferred the
possibility of an independent Muslim homeland into actuality. Thus Jinnah’s
person was crucial and actual in the making of Pakistan. The whole world
acknowledged that had there been no Jinnah there would have been no Pakistan.
And the nation rightfully acclaimed him Quaid-i-Azam- The Great Leader.
16. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the
subcontinent's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an
independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of the
Subcontinent where there was a Muslim majority.
A historian and a sociologist, Abn-i-Khuldoon: “If there is an event there is a
cause.” is the methodology he based to acquire knowledge. Thus, the formation
of India and Pakistan is not a natural and abrupt event. There were so many
causes and factors behind creation. Arab came and settled dawb on Mukran
coast, thus, beginning the process of conversion to Islam. The advancement of
Islam in Hind brought the Muslim nation against Hindus, who later arrogated for a
separate state. In 712 AD, Muhammad Bin Qasim entered into Sindh as a
conqueror. He established the Islamic government and declared Alor (Aror) as the
capital of his government. Due to his endeavors Sindh, the Bab-ul-Islam could
become part of Pakistan. Its fate decided on a Muslim majority basis. With the
advancement of Islam, Islamic culture, and cultural conflicts were transforming
Hindu society from polytheism to theism and getting rid of the caste system and
the practice of Sati. Movements, as Bhugti movement, Ariya Samaj, and the
Bharumo Samaj aimed at to crush the influence of Islam. These infested to put
barricades against Muslim Nationalism which were to result in the creation of
separate states. The strength of Saracen increased against Hindus after the arrival
of Sufis. Sir Sayed Ahmad Khan propounded a theory which served as a beacon
light in maintaining difference and rift between two nations. Pakistan was
impossible keeping Two Nation Theory aside. Policies of the British government,
particularly divide and rule, left no chance for Indians to reach a mutual
settlement. The divide resulted in the division of British India, and the rule was
entrusted to individual states to rule their countries following their social and
religious norms. WW-II forced the British, to quit India, and this could only be
possible with the efforts of leadership. 3rd June Plan and the Indian
Independence act introduced for the bifurcation of two equal and opposite
streams. Kashmir is yet to be partitioned but after a long journey. 3 | P a g e II.
BODY/ LITERATURE Creation of Pakistan traced back to its origin. The origin
started with the arrival of Islam in this Continent and Islam produced a diverse
and opponent nation to its inhabitants. The produced rift resulted in Partition.
Islam challenged the authorities of other religions besides inviting rest into the
fold. We know, if there is no cause there is no event. Therefore, there was a cause
behind every event. Thus, Islam was the cause and Pakistan the event. We need
to highlight some causes behind this event in a nutshell, Jinnah's presidential
address at the annual session of League at Lahore,1940. Describes: “India is not a
nation, nor a country. It is a sub-continent of nationalities, Hindus and Muslims
being the two major nations. The Hindus and the Mussalmans belong to two
different religions, philosophies, social customs and literature. They neither
intermarry nor inter dine and indeed they belong to two different civilizations
which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspects on life
and of life are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their
inspirations from different sources of history.” (Rabbani 8) the reality of Pakistan
is nothing without Islam. Jinnah had rightly said,” Pakistan had constituted when a
Hindu embraced Islam” religions left indelible influence on both societies that still
cow slighter is prohibited in India. It is interesting to note that India claims for
universal democracy and she abides by Secular Constitution. Why this prohibition
on ritual killing? Indeed it was the impact of Islam on Indian society long before
Partition which resulted in geological formation of Pakistan. Our demand for
Pakistan was instigation from masses to protect Islamic rituals. Recently Indian
Prime Minister Narendar Modi appointed Yogi, who banded on Muslim butcher
shops as well on beef and mutton. In his (Modi) regime as chief minister least
hundred Muslim families reverted to Hinduism. These are not anew attempt, their
predecessors well tried to bring us into their clerical circles. Arya Samaj, Bhugti
Movement, Shudhi and Sanghatham movements were active for their heinous
crimes. Indian National Congress proved protective cover. Wandy Mahtram and
Widya Mandar Scheme produced by Congress government to tarnish our identity,
such attempts not only 4 | P a g e forced Jinnah to avert his mind form Hindu
mindset and unity but also encouraged the spirit of Islamic religious circle to
provide him the path for salvation. Religion served as binding force to mix with
Jinnah political insights. Neither he neither denounced nor deviated from
religious politics. It was not his vision to use religions for Political causes but he
kept the religion on priority. On several occasions he projected Muslim
community by separating them from other religious philosophies and antiquities.
Addressing Islam College Peshawar Jinnah stated on 13 Jan 1946 “we have not
made the demand for Pakistan for a piece of land but we wanted to have such
laboratory where we could test the principles of Islam” (Sahibzada 8) “Pakistan
had come into been the day, the first non-Muslim was converted into a Muslim in
India”( Jinnah) Islam Five Sindhi pagans visited Holy Prophet (PBUH) and
converted to Islam. All Muslim invaders had Islam a backing force behind them.
“A change in relations came about because of the Arab invasion of Sindh and
Multan in AD 712. Even then a complete change in relations seems not to have
taken place. The Labbes a west Indian Muslims tribe, claimed to be the
descendents of the Hashimites who sought refuge from Hijaj bin Yosuf, and it was
Hijaj bin Yosuf who, as the eastern viceroy of the caliph, organized the invasion of
Sindh” (Kazimi 21) Muslim Sultanate was supporting them in their cause as
Mohammad bin Qasin was receiving his backing from Wali bin Malik. Mehmud
Ghuri didn’t invaded Somnath before, when pundits were proclaiming and
attributing Muslims’ General futile before Samonath, this their pronouncement
invited his wrath. Demolition of the temple was result of such annoyance.
Mohammad Ghuri handed kingdom of Raja Chohan to Qutub u Din. Such
attempts and other were the result of Muslims’ arrival in form of scholars, mystics
and invaders. Slave dynasty was to pave way for successors to install and run
governments. Muslims had no presence before accepts those living at the coast of
Malabar. Their no presence replaced with presence and later this presence
converted into minority and after superseding pity castes and kingdoms Muslims
merged into mighty ocean and became parallel with Hindus. Islam was much
benefited with arrival of mystical orders and mystics in the subcontinent, these
orders and descendent of mystics still guide Muslims in 5 | P a g e complicating
issues. Lahore became central seat, it was calling upon non-Muslims to shun their
idle practices and bow before handmade or self-made idols. Muslims were unique
and maintained their unicity against divided and diversified Hindus. They had
faded up from old ritual practices and fabricated rules those being imposed by
rules against the wishes of masses thus Barahemins supported Bin Qasim in his
mission against Dahir. 712 AD Expedition indeed was glory of Islam, this and other
such expeditions first brought Muslims in direct conflict then minority started
ruling majority. Later this rule was snatched by British again regained in the form
of Pakistan first and Bangladesh later. After 712 AD cultural conflict erupted and
immersed into one another Abn-i-Khuldon mentions in his book Mukadimah that
when two nations live together culture conflict and diffusion prevail which results
in the form of mix culture. This is the reason we call our culture Indo-Islamic
culture. ”During the course of a discussion in those days, his friend Mr.
Shakespeare remarked in amazement that he(Syed) was talking about education
for the Muslims in particular for the first time,…. He stated “Iam now convinced
that those Two Nations will never participate in anything together form their
heart. This enmity and conflict, though less emphatic at present, will gain in
intensity with the passage of time due to the educated people, He who lives, will
see” (Saeed 30) Ideology beside Two Nation Theory was also imparting us Islamic
ethics, not to mix identity and culture into Hindu alien society. Pakistan means the
land of pure, was to be proved in coming years, Jinnah rightly said. Our mother
land has been founded what Jinnah had to do, he had just to give a practical
shape. Here too Jinnah mentioned the religion, the cause behind the event of
Pakistan. “I would like to see Punjab, KPK, Sindh and Baluchistan amalgamated
into a single state as self-government within, or without the British Empire, the
formation of a consolidated North west Indian Muslim state appears to me to be
the final destiny of Indian Muslims, at least of North India” (Kazimi.115) When I go
through this statement or jot it down, I analysis that it is not mere a claim or
statement but Iqbal had some visions 6 | P a g e to achieve through. If I’m not
wrong the adage has deep purports i.e. Partition proposal, Two Nation Theory,
Self-Government, Prediction and name of Muslim state. Iqbal was not the first to
propound separate state for Muslims indeed Sir John Bright after 1857 war
suggested that Muslims are a separate nation so they should have as separate
state. Iqbal was presenting a partition formula at Allahabad on 30 Dec 1930. He
was convincing the British authorities through his formula of one and separate
state which could be set up by joining above four mentioned provinces into one
state for Muslims. This proposal remained not futile to the Redcliff award
commission and Mountbatten. It convinced the viceroy to amalgamate these
Northern and North Western province into single entity, further more a question
arises that why he didn’t mentioned Bengal and Assam but Cabinet Mission plan
on 25 March 1946 did. I deem it fit for response on the above question that the
two majority provinces were far from us. The distance between Bangladesh and
Pakistan is of 1600 km and proved fatal for Pakistan in the days of insurgencies in
East Pakistan. The burning plan “Ganga” brought a tip for India to blockade
Pakistan’s air route over India. This al done on Two Nation Theory basis, I
examined that his address to the nation is the last and final stage of Two Nation
Theory. The first stage propounded by Sir Sayed Ahmad Khan in 1968 after the
controversial movement against Urdu took place in Banaras. His motive behind
this move was to distribute Hindu Muslim Society on communal lines. Hindus and
Muslims are separate nation. The second stage circulated in the meeting with the
viceroy Lord Minto, who was celebrating his vacations at Simla resort, this time
the group didn’t separated on national and communal basis but used the theory
on two separate political systems each to be headed Muslim and Hindus. The
demand for separate state was the last proclaimed by Iqbal himself. “Pakistan is
both a Persian and an Urdu word. It is composed of letters taken from the names
of all our homelands ‘Indian’ and ‘Asian’ that is Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Iran,
Sindh, Turkistan, Afhganistan and BaluchistaN. It means the lands of the Paks- the
spiritually pure and clean. It symbolizes the religious beliefs and the ethnical
stocks of our people; and 7 | P a g e it stands for all the territorial constituents of
our original fatherland. It has no other origin and no other meaning; and it does
not admit of any other interpretation” (Chaudri 225) On 28 January 1933 he
wrote ‘Now or Never’ where he not only propounded the name of Pakistan for
the North West Indian Muslims Provinces but also for North East and South East
Muslims majority province. Pakistan name was constituted for province in North
West (PKP, Sindh, Punjab and Baluchistan), Bang-e-Islam for North East province
(Bengal and Assam) and Usmanistan for South East Muslim majority province
(Hyderabad). He like Allam Iqbal not only proposed the formula for division but
also envisaged the names of Muslims States. His demand of Pakistan became
reality but Usmanistan and Bang-e-Islam could not. After this pamphlet Lahore
Resolution 23 March 1947 was termed as Pakistan Resolution in Indian
newspapers. His demand for Muslims states repeated in this resolution where
leaders demanded no constitution but separate independent Muslims states from
North East and North West majority provinces. Hume Rule League of Anni Basant
with the manifesto of self-government for Indians set up in 1917 and All India
Muslim League both joined by Jinnah and ML adopted the manifesto for Muslim
League in 1913. In 1916 Jinnah convinced Congress and League to agree for self-
government. Iqbal however repeated the same as second option in his speech, in
case British government does not agree with the partition proposal. Indian
Muslim State statement could use as name of Muslims’ state but later on 28 Jan
1933 form London Chaudri Rehmat Ali with his friends, Inayatulla, Mohammad
Sadiq and Mohammad Aslam introduced the name Pakistan, particularly for
Muslim majority areas confined in North and Northwest of British India. Congress
League Attitude Congress champion of politics proclaiming for universal
democracy and secular politics adverse to league, League was influencing Muslim
politics and non-secular approach to preserve Islamic identity and rights for
Saracens. Both nations united to fight against British foe but later consequences
faced by Muslims only. Hindus were gaining benefits while we were being
deprived. Congress made the mind to crush our image before masters; it had only
two Muslims 8 | P a g e initially. Bengal partition urged us to ponder over future
political, social and economic rights. These rights could only be projected by
seceding from congress and setting up our political agency. Annulment of Bengal
intensified us to divert to politics and electoral separation. Minto received the
Muslims at Simla to concede their demands. Formation and consolidation of such
body resulted in the political rifts and challenging authorities couldn’t lie behind
in tag of war against opposition. Jinnah tried to unite but all efforts went in vain,
when congress rejected Lukhnow pact 1916 first and Delhi proposals later. Nehru
report got published in 1928 to override our unique status under separate
Electorate and weight age. We turned down offers being offered in this
commission, rejection of separate electorate had meant to disassociate Muslims
form Muslims and declare congress only party capable enough to represent both
Muslims and Hindus. The report had objectives of political, constitutional and
communal segregation. Thus Jinnah to disdain these separated motives of
Congress articulated 14 points. Round Table Conferences summoned up to
resolve communal and constitutional issues eroding roots of British Indian
Empire. RTCs failed to resolve. Gandhi set his mind to prove Congress only
capable to handle Sub-Continent but rejected by father of nation on the ground of
two nation concept, how could Muslims be mingled up with Hindus. These anti
mingling sentiments resulted in the constitution of two states later. “A Shocking
example of Hindu intolerance was given by Sir Michael O’Dwayer, when he
quoted a directive issued by the congress chairman of a local board in the Central
Provinces to headmasters of all Urdu Schools, which were attended by Muslims
boys, to order the students to worship(the words Puja ki Jawe) Gandhi’s portrait”
(Aziz 51) Role of British Sir Thomas Roe came as ambassador to acquire
permission for East India Company (EIC) from Jahangir. In response EIC was set up
to promote European economy and trade with Indian subcontinent. “The Great
Uprising of 1857 is one of the important chapters of the struggle for freedom of
Indians form foreign domination. For a hundred years the East India Company
ruled over parts of subcontinent which had come completely under its control
after the annexation of Punjab (1849), 9 | P a g e Awadh (1856) by Lord
Dalhousie” (Sarwar 25) however their direct rule was imposed on 1 April 1858
after defeating Hindu Muslims coalition forces in war of independence 1857. It
showed the strength of sub-continental public, to stop such type of surge and
collective strength, British started diving into Indian affairs first and ruling on
them later. Lord Minto by conceding the demand of separate electorate of
Muslims paved the way for Political, economic and territorial separation. It forged
Two Nation Theory, Muslims religious thoughts and need for economy. Christian
missionary was working to avert from one’s own beliefs those Indians working for
British government received warning letters if they don’t accept Christianity.
William Bentinck abolished the practice of Sati. Muharam procession were band,
restrictions were imposed on masses in clubs. Hindus were more inducted into
forces and government jobs then Muslims. Muslims victimized, humiliated and
truncated. Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled in Rangoon, Red Fort was captured and
rulers were living on pensions form government. British many a time in their
history lured public to get their support for their nefarious designs. In 1913
District government took a decision to demolish a part of Kanpur Mosque on
excuse of building road adjoining the mosque, this episode resulted in bloodbath.
After six years, when public was demonstrating against the illegal arrest of leaders
in response to Rowlett Act 1919. General Dyer ordered to fire on helpless public,
this massacre showed the attitude of British government towards public. During
the First World War 1914-1918 Indian were inducted to fights for British. Muslims
were fighting against their Muslims brethren in Turkey. Turkey was to be
dismembered; Muslims and Hindus once again after 1857 gathered to for
common survival and cause but failed do to some mistakes and negligence.
Bewilderedness situation of the fate of Ottoman Empire baffled the Muslims. To
support Turkey, Muslims migrated to neighbor country but produced the anarchy
and chaos among Indians. To retrieve form setbacks Muslims find the away of
progress through education. Aligarh School produced leaders able enough to
demand separate state for the nation. 10 | P a g e “No constitutional plan would
be workable in this country or acceptable to Muslims unless it is designed on the
following basic principles name, that geographical contiguous units are
demarcated into regions which should be so constituted, with such territorial
readjustments as may necessary, that the areas in which the Muslims are
numerically in a majority, as in the North- Western and Eastern zones of India,
should be grouped to constitute ‘Independent States’ in which the constituent
units shall be autonomous and sovereign”. (Bolitho 119) After this pivotal speech
Muslims never looked back again. They had set their final destiny as Iqbal had
vision of separate state for Muslims. They rejected Constitution; with this
rejection indeed they were demanding separate Constituent Assembly with
separate Legislation. Iqbal had only demanded North Western Zone but Lahore
Resolution moved ahead with Eastern zone as well. Word independent states in
plural form indicated to later statesmen to bifurcate Pakistan to set up
Bangladesh. Indeed resolution should have demanded two separate states. Great
leaders had only one vision that was separation. They neither demanded
Bangladesh nor had struggled for it, as Sikh leaders were struggling for Khalistan.
Maulana Bahshani and Mujeeb ur Rehman interpreted Pakistan Resolution in
Their own way that resolution had demanded two separate states not one
Pakistan. Before paying any heed to them we must first look into the presenter
i.e. Sher Bangal and Chief Minister of Bengal Nawab Faz lul Haq a Bengali. Who
did not demanded Bangladesh while a Punjabi Chaudri Rehmat Ali in his “Now or
Never” had demanded “Bang-e-Islam” by joining Bengal and Assam together.
“The Cabinet Mission consisted of AV Alexander, Pethick Lawrence and Stafford
Cripps. In a statement the Quaidi-Azam said that he would try to convince the
members of Mission that the partition of India was the only and the best solution
to the whole problems”. (Saeed 254) against the wishes of Muslims. Jinnah first
had agreed to the grouping but later on due to the attitude of Nehru against the
grouping and his own interpretation of grouping forced Jinnah to call for direct
action day. The day was observed on 16 August 1946. Hindu masses turned this
peaceful observation into bloodbath and great massacre, which force the British
Prime Minister Clement Attlee to announce partition on 20 Feb and had to send
last 11 | P a g e Governor General for this demarcation. After his arrival
Mountbatten endorsed the Clement by announcing 3rd June plan, later on British
Government passed on Indian Independence Bill to legalize partition. This act
ended the long lasting problems and brought the Muslims’ demanded dream into
reality. Indian leaders could not impasse Muslims National from separation
Conclusion Islamic ocean (culture) dived into Indian River (culture) to change the
very structure of Indian society and leave its durable impacts till Independence.
“The longest journey starts with very small step” (Chinese proverb),
independence was the longest journey for the Muslims and Nationalism was the
small step, taken to attain it. It had been almost impossible for Muslims to
demand anything without claiming separate entity or nation. Hence it is true that
creation of Pakistan was not an abrupt event but Islam and Muslims National
served as Cause. Conclusion The causes led to separate were instigated by INC,
and Hinduvta ideologies, their forced result was the creation of Pakistan. It was
impossible to live side by side with Hindus, the ideology of Modi government has
revealed the dire need of freedom and independence of Pakistan.
