STANFORD PRISON EXPERIMENT

The Stanford prison experiment (SPE) was a social psychology experiment that attempted to

investigate the psychological effects of perceived power, focusing on the struggle
between prisoners and prison officers. It was conducted at Stanford University on the days of August
15–21, 1971, by a research group led by psychology professor Philip Zimbardo using college
students.[1] In the study, volunteers were assigned to be either "guards" or "prisoners" by the flip of a
coin, in a mock prison, with Zimbardo himself serving as the superintendent. Several "prisoners" left
mid-experiment, and the whole experiment was abandoned after six days. Early reports on
experimental results claimed that students quickly embraced their assigned roles, with some guards
enforcing authoritarian measures and ultimately subjecting some prisoners to psychological torture,
while many prisoners passively accepted psychological abuse and, by the officers' request, actively
harassed other prisoners who tried to stop it. The experiment has been described in many
introductory social psychology textbooks,[2] although some have chosen to exclude it because its
methodology is sometimes questioned.[3]
The U.S. Office of Naval Research[4] funded the experiment as an investigation into the causes of
difficulties between guards and prisoners in the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps.
Certain portions of it were filmed, and excerpts of footage are publicly available.
The experiment's findings have been called into question, and the experiment has been criticized for
unscientific methodology.[5] Although Zimbardo interpreted the experiment as having shown that the
"prison guards" instinctively embraced sadistic and authoritarian behaviors, Zimbardo actually
instructed the "guards" to exert psychological control over the "prisoners". Critics also noted that
some of the participants behaved in a way that would help the study, so that, as one "guard" later
put it, "the researchers would have something to work with," which is known as demand
characteristics. Variants of the experiment have been performed by other researchers, but none of
these attempts have replicated the results of the SPE.[

Zimbardo's goals[edit]
The (archived) official website of the Stanford Prison Experiment describes the experiment goal as
follows:
We wanted to see what the psychological effects were of becoming a prisoner or prison guard. To
do this, we decided to set up a simulated prison and then carefully note the effects of this institution
on the behavior of all those within its walls.[7]
A 1997 article from the Stanford News Service described experiment goals in a more detailed way:
Zimbardo's primary reason for conducting the experiment was to focus on the power of roles, rules,
symbols, group identity and situational validation of behavior that generally would repulse ordinary
individuals. "I had been conducting research for some years on deindividuation, vandalism and
dehumanization that illustrated the ease with which ordinary people could be led to engage in anti-
social acts by putting them in situations where they felt anonymous, or they could perceive of others
in ways that made them less than human, as enemies or objects," Zimbardo told the Toronto
symposium in the summer of 1996.[8]

Experimental method[edit]
Male participants were recruited and told they would participate in a two-week prison simulation. The
team selected the 24 applicants whose test results predicted they would be the most psychologically
stable and healthy.[9] These participants were predominantly white[10] and of the middle class.[7] The
group was intentionally selected to exclude those with criminal backgrounds, psychological
impairments, or medical problems. They all agreed to participate in a 7- to 14-day period and
received $15 per day (roughly equivalent to $95 in 2019).[11]
The experiment was conducted in a 35-foot (10.5 m) sections of a basement of Jordan Hall
(Stanford's psychology building). The prison had two fabricated walls, one at the entrance, and one
at the cell wall to block observation. Each cell (6 × 9 feet, or 1.8 × 2.7 m), contained only a cot for the
prisoners.[12] Prisoners were confined 24 hours/day. In contrast, the guards lived in a very different
environment, separated from the prisoners. They were given rest and relaxation areas, and other
comforts.
Twelve of the twenty-four participants were assigned the role of prisoner (nine plus three potential
substitutes), while the other twelve were assigned the role of guard (also nine plus three potential
substitutes). Zimbardo took on the role of the superintendent and an undergraduate research
assistant took on the role of the warden. Zimbardo designed the experiment in order to
induce disorientation, depersonalization, and deindividuation in the participants.
The researchers held an orientation session for the guards the day before the experiment, during
which guards were instructed not to harm the prisoners physically or withhold food or drink. In
the footage of the study, Zimbardo can be seen talking to the guards: "You can create in the
prisoners feelings of boredom, a sense of fear to some degree, you can create a notion of
arbitrariness that their life is totally controlled by us, by the system, you, me, and they'll have no
privacy ... We're going to take away their individuality in various ways. In general what all this leads
to is a sense of powerlessness. That is, in this situation we'll have all the power and they'll have
none."[13]
The researchers provided the guards with wooden batons to establish their status,[14] clothing similar
to that of an actual prison guard (khaki shirt and pants from a local military surplus store),
and mirrored sunglasses to prevent eye contact. Prisoners wore uncomfortable, ill-fitting smocks and
stocking caps, as well as a chain around one ankle. Guards were instructed to call prisoners by their
assigned numbers, sewn on their uniforms, instead of by name.
The prisoners were "arrested" at their homes and "charged" with armed robbery. The local Palo
Alto police department assisted Zimbardo with the simulated arrests and conducted full booking
procedures on the prisoners, which included fingerprinting and taking mug shots. The prisoners were
transported to the mock prison from the police station, where they were strip searched and given
their new identities.
The small mock prison cells were set up to hold three prisoners each. There was a small corridor for
the prison yard, a closet for solitary confinement, and a bigger room across from the prisoners for
the guards and warden. The prisoners were to stay in their cells and the yard all day and night until
the end of the study. The guards worked in teams of three for eight-hour shifts. The guards were not
required to stay on-site after their shift.
Guards had differing responses to their new roles. One, described by Stanford Magazine as "the
most abusive guard" felt his aggressive behavior was helping experimenters to get what they
wanted. Another who had joined the experiment hoping to be selected as a prisoner, instead recalls
"I brought joints with me, and every day I wanted to give them to the prisoners. I looked at their faces
and saw how they were getting dispirited and I felt sorry for them,"[15] "Warden" David Jaffe
intervened to change this guard's behavior, encouraging him to "participate" more and become more
"tough."[16]

Results[edit]
After a relatively uneventful first day, on the second day the prisoners in Cell 1 blockaded their cell
door with their beds and took off their stocking caps, refusing to come out or follow the guards'
instructions. Guards from other shifts volunteered to work extra hours, to assist in subduing the
revolt, and subsequently attacked the prisoners with fire extinguishers without being supervised by
the research staff. Finding that handling nine cell mates with only three guards per shift was
challenging, one of the guards suggested they use psychological tactics to control them. They set up
a "privilege cell" in which prisoners who were not involved in the riot were treated with special
rewards, such as higher quality meals. The "privileged" inmates chose not to eat the meal in
commiseration with their fellow prisoners.
After only 35 hours, one prisoner began to act "crazy", as Zimbardo described: "#8612 then began to
act crazy, to scream, to curse, to go into a rage that seemed out of control. It took quite a while
before we became convinced that he was really suffering and that we had to release him." Guards
forced the prisoners to repeat their assigned numbers [17] to reinforce the idea that this was their new
identity. Guards soon used these prisoner counts to harass the prisoners, using physical punishment
such as protracted exercise for errors in the prisoner count. Sanitary conditions declined rapidly,
exacerbated by the guards' refusal to allow some prisoners to urinate or defecate anywhere but in a
bucket placed in their cell. As punishment, the guards would not let the prisoners empty the
sanitation bucket. Mattresses were a valued item in the prison, so the guards would punish prisoners
by removing their mattresses, leaving them to sleep on concrete. Some prisoners were forced to be
naked as a method of degradation. Several guards became increasingly cruel as the experiment
continued; experimenters reported that approximately one-third of the guards exhibited genuine
sadistic tendencies. Most of the guards were upset when the experiment was halted after only six
days.
Zimbardo mentions his own absorption in the experiment. On the fourth day, some of the guards
stated they heard a rumor that the released prisoner was going to come back with his friends and
free the remaining inmates. Zimbardo and the guards disassembled the prison and moved it onto a
different floor of the building. Zimbardo himself waited in the basement, in case the released prisoner
showed up, and planned to tell him that the experiment had been terminated. The released prisoner
never returned, and the prison was rebuilt in the basement.
Zimbardo argued that the prisoners had internalized their roles, since some had stated they would
accept "parole" even if it would mean forfeiting their pay, despite the fact that quitting would have
achieved the same result without the delay involved in waiting for their parole requests to be granted
or denied.[18] Zimbardo argued they had no reason for continued participation in the experiment after
having lost all monetary compensation, yet they did, because they had internalized the prisoner
identity.
Prisoner No. 416, a newly admitted stand-by prisoner, expressed concern about the treatment of the
other prisoners. The guards responded with more abuse. When he refused to eat his sausages,
saying he was on a hunger strike, guards confined him to "solitary confinement", a dark closet: "the
guards then instructed the other prisoners to repeatedly punch on the door while shouting at
416."[19] The guards said he would be released from solitary confinement only if the prisoners gave up
their blankets and slept on their bare mattresses, which all but one refused to do.
Zimbardo aborted the experiment early when Christina Maslach, a graduate student in psychology
whom he was dating (and later married), [20] objected to the conditions of the prison after she was
introduced to the experiment to conduct interviews. Zimbardo noted that, of more than 50 people
who had observed the experiment, Maslach was the only one who questioned its morality. After only
six days of a planned two weeks duration, the experiment was discontinued.[18]

Conclusions[edit]
On August 20, 1971, Zimbardo announced the end of the experiment to the participants.
According to Zimbardo's interpretation of the SPE, it demonstrated that the simulated-prison
situation, rather than individual personality traits, caused the participants' behavior. Using
this situational attribution, the results are compatible with those of the Milgram experiment, where
random participants complied with orders to administer seemingly dangerous and potentially
lethal electric shocks to a shill.[21]
The experiment has also been used to illustrate cognitive dissonance theory and the power
of authority.
Participants' behavior may have been shaped by knowing that they were watched (Hawthorne
effect).[22] Instead of being restrained by fear of an observer, guards may have behaved more
aggressively when supervisors observing them did not step in to restrain them.[21]
Zimbardo instructed the guards before the experiment to disrespect the prisoners in various ways.
For example, they had to refer to prisoners by number rather than by name. This, according to
Zimbardo, was intended to diminish the prisoners' individuality.[23] With no control, prisoners learned
they had little effect on what happened to them, ultimately causing them to stop responding, and
give up.[12] Quick to realize that the guards were the highest in the hierarchy, prisoners began to
accept their roles as less important human beings.
One positive result of the study is that it has altered the way US prisons are run. For example,
juveniles accused of federal crimes are no longer housed before trial with adult prisoners, due to the
risk of violence against them.[22]
Shortly after the study was completed, there were bloody revolts at both the San
Quentin and Attica prison facilities, and Zimbardo reported his findings on the experiment to the U.S.
House Committee on the Judiciary.

Criticism and response[edit]

There has been controversy over both the ethics and scientific rigor of the Stanford prison
experiment since nearly the beginning, and it has never been successfully replicated. [6] French
academic and filmmaker Thibault Le Texier, in a 2018 book about the experiment, Histoire d'un
mensonge ("Story of a lie"), wrote that it could not be meaningfully described as an experiment and
that there were no real results to speak of.[24] In response to criticism of his methodology, Zimbardo
himself has agreed that the SPE was more of a "demonstration" than a scientific "experiment":
From the beginning, I have always said it's a demonstration. The only thing that makes it an
experiment is the random assignment to prisoners and guards, that's the independent variable.
There is no control group. There's no comparison group. So it doesn't fit the standards of what it
means to be "an experiment." It's a very powerful demonstration of a psychological phenomenon,
and it has had relevance.[25]
In 2018, in response to criticism by Le Texier and others, Philip Zimbardo wrote a detailed rebuttal
on his website. In his summary, he wrote:
I hereby assert that none of these criticisms present any substantial evidence that alters the SPE's
main conclusion concerning the importance of understanding how systemic and situational forces
can operate to influence individual behavior in negative or positive directions, often without our
personal awareness. The SPE's core message is not that a psychological simulation of prison life is
the same as the real thing, or that prisoners and guards always or even usually behave the way that
they did in the SPE. Rather, the SPE serves as a cautionary tale of what might happen to any of us if
we underestimate the extent to which the power of social roles and external pressures can influence
our actions.[26]
In turn, Le Texier published a peer-reviewed article which used videos, recordings, and notes from
the experiment in Stanford University Archives to argue that "The guards knew what results the
experiment was supposed to produce ... far from reacting spontaneously to this pathogenic social
environment, the guards were given clear instructions for how to create it ... the experimenters
intervened directly in the experiment, either to give precise instructions, to recall the purposes of the
experiment, or to set a general direction ... in order to get their full participation, Zimbardo intended
to make the guards believe that they were his research assistants." [27] Since this English-language
publication, the debate has returned to the media in the United States.[28]

Treatment of "prisoners"[edit]
Some of the guards' behavior allegedly led to dangerous and psychologically damaging situations.
According to Zimbardo's report, one third of the guards were judged to have exhibited "genuine
sadistic tendencies", while many prisoners were emotionally traumatized, and three of them had to
be removed from the experiment early. Zimbardo concluded that both prisoners and guards had
become deeply absorbed in their roles and realized that he had likewise become as deeply
absorbed in his own, and he terminated the experiment.[29]
Ethical concerns surrounding the experiment often draw comparisons to the similarly
controversial experiment by Stanley Milgram, conducted ten years earlier in 1961 at Yale University,
which studied obedience to authority.[21]
With the treatment that the guards were giving to the prisoners, the guards would become so deeply
absorbed into their role as a guard that they would emotionally, physically and mentally humiliate the
prisoners:
"Each prisoner was systematically searched and stripped naked. He was then deloused with a
spray, to convey our belief that he may have germs or lice[...] Real male prisoners don't wear
dresses, but real male prisoners do feel humiliated and do feel emasculated. Our goal was to
produce similar effects quickly by putting men in a dress without any underclothes. Indeed, as soon
as some of our prisoners were put in these uniforms they began to walk and to sit differently, and to
hold themselves differently – more like a woman than like a man."[30]
These guards had taken their role seriously when Zimbardo had assigned them their role. The
prisoners were stripped from their identity of who they are from the outside world, were given ID
numbers and were only referred to by their numbers rather than their names. The paper reports a
quote from a prisoner suggesting that this was effective: "I began to feel I was losing my identity."

Reliance on anecdotal evidence[edit]

Because of the nature of the experiment, Zimbardo found it impossible to keep traditional scientific
controls in place. He was unable to remain a neutral observer, since he influenced the direction of
the experiment as the prison's superintendent. Conclusions and observations drawn by the
experimenters were largely subjective and anecdotal, and the experiment is practically impossible
for other researchers to accurately reproduce. Erich Fromm claimed to see generalizations in the
experiment's results and argued that the personality of an individual does affect behavior when
imprisoned. This ran counter to the study's conclusion that the prison situation itself controls the
individual's behavior. Fromm also argued that the amount of sadism in the "normal" subjects could
not be determined with the methods employed to screen them.[31][32][33]

Coaching of "guards"[edit]
Carlo Prescott, who was Zimbardo's "prison consultant" during the experiment by virtue of having
served 17 years in San Quentin for attempted murder, spoke out against the experiment publicly in a
2005 article he contributed to the Stanford Daily, after he had read about the various ways in which
Zimbardo and others used the experiment to explain atrocities that had taken place in real prisons.
In that article, entitled "The Lie of the Stanford Prison Experiment",[34] Prescott wrote:
[...] ideas such as bags being placed over the heads of prisoners, inmates being bound together with
chains and buckets being used in place of toilets in their cells were all experiences of mine at the old
"Spanish Jail" section of San Quentin and which I dutifully shared with the Stanford Prison
Experiment braintrust months before the experiment started. To allege that all these carefully tested,
psychologically solid, upper-middle-class Caucasian "guards" dreamed this up on their own is
absurd. How can Zimbardo and, by proxy, Maverick Entertainment express horror at the behavior of
the "guards" when they were merely doing what Zimbardo and others, myself included, encouraged
them to do at the outset or frankly established as ground rules?
Like Zimbardo, Prescott has spoken before Congress on issues of prison reform.
(Zimbardo, in his 2018 response, wrote that, though Prescott attached his name to the article, it was
in fact written by Hollywood writer/producer Michael Lazarou, who had unsuccessfully tried to get
film rights to the Stanford prison experiment story, and when he was turned down began to publicly
criticize it.[26])
In 2018, digitized recordings available on the official SPE website were widely discussed, particularly
one where "prison warden" David Jaffe tried to influence the behavior of one of the "guards" by
encouraging him to "participate" more and be more "tough" for the benefit of the experiment. [35][16] In
his 2018 response, Zimbardo wrote that the instructions they gave to the guards were "mild
compared to the pressure exerted by actual wardens and superior officers in real-life prison and
military settings, where guards failing to participate fully can face disciplinary hearings, demotion, or
dismissal."[26]

Implied demands by Zimbardo[edit]

The study was criticized in 2013 for demand characteristics by psychologist Peter Gray, who argued
that participants in psychological experiments are more likely to do what they believe the
researchers want them to do, and specifically in the case of the Stanford prison experiment, "to act
out their stereotyped views of what prisoners and guards do." [36] Gray stated that he did not include
the experiment in his introductory textbook, Psychology, because he thought it lacked scientific rigor.
"John Wayne" (the real-life Dave Eshelman), one of the guards in the experiment, said that he
caused the escalation of events between guards and prisoners after he began to emulate a
character from the 1967 film Cool Hand Luke. He further intensified his actions because he was
nicknamed "John Wayne" by the other participants, even though he was trying to mimic
actor Strother Martin, who had played the role of the sadistic prison Captain in the movie. [37] As he
described it:
What came over me was not an accident. It was planned. I set out with a definite plan in mind, to try
to force the action, force something to happen, so that the researchers would have something to
work with. After all, what could they possibly learn from guys sitting around like it was a country
club? So I consciously created this persona. I was in all kinds of drama productions in high school
and college. It was something I was very familiar with: to take on another personality before you step
out on the stage. I was kind of running my own experiment in there, by saying, "How far can I push
these things and how much abuse will these people take before they say, 'knock it off?'" But the
other guards didn't stop me. They seemed to join in. They were taking my lead. Not a single guard
said, "I don't think we should do this."[15]
In his 2018 rebuttal, Zimbardo wrote that Eshelman's actions had gone "far beyond simply playing
the role of a tough guard", and that his and the other guards' acts, given "their striking parallels with
real-world prison atrocities", "tell us something important about human nature".[26]

Reporting and interpretation of outcome[edit]

Two students from the "prisoners" group left the experiment before it was terminated on the sixth
day. Douglas Korpi was the first to leave, after 36 hours; he had a seeming mental breakdown in
which he yelled "Jesus Christ, I'm burning up inside!" and "I can't stand another night! I just can't
take it anymore!" His outburst was captured by a camera, and has become, in one commentator's
words, "a defining moment" of the study. [6] In a 2017 interview, Korpi stated that his breakdown had
been fake, and that he did it only so that he could leave and return to studying. (He had originally
thought that he could study while "imprisoned", but the "prison staff" would not allow him.)
[6]
 Zimbardo later stated that participants only had to state the phrase "I quit the experiment" in order
to leave,[6] but transcripts from a taped conversation between Zimbardo and his staff show him
stating "There are only two conditions under which you can leave, medical help or psychiatric."[24] In
the 2017 interview, Korpi expressed regret that he had not filed a false imprisonment charge at the
time.[6]
In his 2018 rebuttal, Zimbardo noted that Korpi's description of his actions had changed several
times before the 2017 interview, and that in Zimbardo's 1992 documentary Quiet Rage Korpi had
stated that the experiment "was the most upsetting experience of his life".[26]

Small and unrepresentative sample[edit]

Critics contend that not only was the sample size too small for extrapolation, but also having all of
the experimental subjects be US male students gravely undercut the experiment's validity. In other
words, it is conceivable that replicating the experiment using a diverse group of people (with different
objectives and views in life)[22] would have produced radically distinct results.
Researchers from Western Kentucky University argued that selection bias may have played a role in
the results. The researchers recruited students for a study using an advertisement similar to the one
used in the Stanford Prison Experiment, with some ads saying "a psychological study" (the control
group), and some with the words "prison life" as originally worded in Dr. Zimbardo's experiment. It
was found that students who responded to the classified advertisement for the "prison life" were
higher in traits such as social dominance, aggression, authoritarianism, etc. and were lower in traits
related to empathy and altruism when compared to the control group participants.[38]
Ethical issues[edit]
The experiment was perceived by many to involve questionable ethics, the most serious concern
being that it was continued even after participants expressed their desire to withdraw. Despite the
fact that participants were told they had the right to leave at any time, Zimbardo did not allow this.[22]
Since the time of the Stanford Prison Experiment, ethical guidelines have been established
for experiments involving human subjects.[39][40][41] The Stanford Prison Experiment led to the
implementation of rules to preclude any harmful treatment of participants. Before they are
implemented, human studies must now be reviewed and found by an institutional review board (US)
or ethics committee (UK) to be in accordance with ethical guidelines set by the American
Psychological Association.[22] These guidelines involve the consideration of whether the potential
benefit to science outweighs the possible risk for physical and psychological harm.
A post-experimental debriefing is now considered an important ethical consideration to ensure that
participants are not harmed in any way by their experience in an experiment. Though Zimbardo did
conduct debriefing sessions, they were several years after the Stanford prison experiment. By that
time numerous details were forgotten; nonetheless, many participants reported that they
experienced no lasting negative effects.[22] Current standards specify that the debriefing process
should occur as soon as possible to assess what psychological harm, if any, may have been done
and to rehabilitate participants, if necessary. If there is an unavoidable delay in debriefing, the
researcher is obligated to take steps to minimize harm.[42]
With how the results of this experiment had ended, there have been some stir in ethical
consequences involving this experiment. This study received much criticism with the lack of full
consent from the participants with the knowledge from Zimbardo that he himself could not have
predicted how the experiment would have turned out to be. With the participants playing the roles of
prisoners and guards, there was no certain fact that they would get the help that they need in
process of this study.[43] Zimbardo has come out to explain that he himself never thought his
experiment would conclude how it did.

Comparisons to Abu Ghraib[edit]

When acts of prisoner torture and abuse at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq were publicized in March
2004, Zimbardo himself, who paid close attention to the details of the story, was struck by the
similarity with his own experiment. He was dismayed by official military and government
representatives' shifting the blame for the torture and abuses in the Abu Ghraib American military
prison onto "a few bad apples" rather than acknowledging the possibly systemic problems of a
formally established military incarceration system.
Eventually, Zimbardo became involved with the defense team of lawyers representing one of the
Abu Ghraib prison guards, Staff Sergeant Ivan "Chip" Frederick. He was granted full access to all
investigation and background reports, and testified as an expert witness in SSG Frederick's court
martial, which resulted in an eight-year prison sentence for Frederick in October 2004.
Zimbardo drew from his participation in the Frederick case to write the book The Lucifer Effect:
Understanding How Good People Turn Evil, published by Random House in 2007, which deals with
the similarities between his own Stanford Prison Experiment and the Abu Ghraib abuses.[19]

Similar studies[edit]
BBC prison study[edit]
Psychologists Alex Haslam and Steve Reicher conducted the BBC Prison Study in 2002 and
published the results in 2006.[44] This was a partial replication of the Stanford prison experiment
conducted with the assistance of the BBC, which broadcast events in the study in a documentary
series called The Experiment. Their results and conclusions differed from Zimbardo's and led to a
number of publications on tyranny, stress, and leadership. The results were published in leading
academic journals such as British Journal of Social Psychology, Journal of Applied
Psychology, Social Psychology Quarterly, and Personality and Social Psychology Review. The BBC
Prison Study is now taught as a core study on the UK A-level Psychology OCR syllabus.
While Haslam and Reicher's procedure was not a direct replication of Zimbardo's, their study casts
further doubt on the generality of his conclusions. Specifically, it questions the notion that people slip
mindlessly into roles and the idea that the dynamics of evil are in any way banal. Their research also
points to the importance of leadership in the emergence of tyranny of the form displayed by
Zimbardo when briefing guards in the Stanford experiment.[45][46]

Experiments in the United States[edit]

The Stanford prison experiment was in part a response to the Milgram experiment at Yale beginning
in 1961 and published in 1963.[47]
The Third Wave experiment involved the use of authoritarian dynamics similar to Nazi
Party methods of mass control in a classroom setting by high school teacher Ron Jones in Palo Alto,
California, in 1967 with the goal of demonstrating to the class in a vivid way how the German public
in World War II could have acted in the way it did.[48] Although the veracity of Jones' accounts has
been questioned, several participants in the study have gone on record to confirm the events.[49]
In both experiments, participants found it difficult to leave the study due to the roles they were
assigned. Both studies examine human nature and the effects of authority. Personalities of the
subjects had little influence on both experiments despite the test prior to the prison experiment.[50]
In the Milgram and the Zimbardo studies, participants conform to social pressures. Conformity is
strengthened by allowing some participants to feel more or less powerful than others. In both
experiments, behavior is altered to match the group stereotype.

In popular culture[edit]
The 2001 film Das Experiment starring Moritz Bleibtreu is based on the experiment. It was remade in
2010 as The Experiment
The 2015 film The Stanford Prison Experiment is based on the experiment.[51]
The YouTube series Mind Field (hosted by Michael Stevens) features an episode discussing the
experiment.
Season 3, episode 2 of the television series Veronica Mars entitled "My Big Fat Greek Rush Week"
features a similar experiment.
In The Overstory by Richard Powers, the fictional character Douglas Pavlicek is a prisoner in the
experiment, an experience which shapes later decisions.
In episode 7 of television show Battleground, Political Machine, one of the characters divides a
group of elementary school children into prisoners and guards.
In Season 15, Episode 10 of television show American Dad, American Data, Roger recruits Steve,
Toshi, Snot and Barry into a similar experiment.