Name: DULNUAN, DICK A.

Course: BS CRIMINOLOGY – 1H
Date of submission: November 23, 2020
Submitted to: MA’AM BUY-A
ACTIVITY 7:
FILL IN THE BLANK THE CORRECT WORD/S NEEDED TO COMPETE THE FOLLOWING:

PUBLIC INFORMATION

1. THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY

a. Definition of Terms:

1) Subversion – It is a group conspiracy seeking to alter

an existing system of government through deceit and other unlawful
means, or it is an act of individual or a group who want to topple the
government by all mean.
2) Communism – It is a theory which advocate
elimination of private ownership. It intends to make the world
stateless and the society classless.
3) Agitation – It is a subversive technique to arouse
hatred and anger among the people and to the government.
4) Propaganda – It is a line of persuasion/influence the
belief, emotion, behavior, attitude and opinion of the target audience.
5) Infiltration – deceptive use of legal activities and this
is being used to exert influence and if possible, seize control of the
target group.
6) Politics – it is an art or science concerning the
winning or control over government.

b. Threats to National Security

Threat to national security may be defined as any

expression of intuition to inflict evil, injury or damage to the nation’s
people, territories, vital installations, political, economic and religious
way of life.
 c. Types of Threat

1) General Threat:

a) Politics – caused by person/group of persons

who aspire for power and/or position into the government.
b) Economic – caused by businessmen who mass
large amount of money but do not pay taxes, hoarders, dollar
syndicate, dollar salters, smugglers and big criminals. These groups
tend to drain our national fund and thus results into economic chaos.
c) Psycho-social – caused by activities that would
undermine the morale of the populace which make them easy prey to
insurgents exploitation. These are:

(1) Indulgence to vices

(2) Drug addiction
(3) Prostitution
(4) Other criminal acts

2) External/Internal Threats

External Threat – it is posed primarily by conflict from

other countries that may affect certain country politically,
economically, socially and even militarily. (Iran –Iraq conflict, arms
race among super powers – Indo-China War).

Internal Threat – posed primarily by the different

groups who oppose our present system such as:

a) PKP/HBM (BHB) – officially organized on 07

November 1930, after labor organization leaders arrive from Moscow.
These labor leaders studied on the teaching of Karl Marx and Linen
thoughts. Its objective before was independence from the claws of the
American rulers. Its military arms, the HMB emanated from the
HUKBALAHAP which was a guerilla force who served to fight against
Japanese invaders. After the war, the PKP/HMB continued its armed
resistance against the government with the objective to topple down
the government.
b) CPP/NPA – it was organized on 26 December
1968 by Jose Maria Sison with sixty seven (67) students activist after
he drifted from the PKP/HMB. Its military arm, the New People’s Army
was organized by Bernabe Buscayno, another drifter from PKP/HMB.
It adheres to the teachings of Mao Tse Tung. It aims to wrest state
power and completely dissolve the existing government through
protracted armed struggle which is being done by mobilizing the
peasantry from the country sides.

c) Secessionist – it is an insurgency which aims to

establish an autonomous region over the province of MINSUPALA,
BASILAN and TAWI-TAWI. The first secessionist movement was
organized by the former governor of Cotabato, UDTOG MATALAM in
which he issued a manifesto desiring to establish autonomous
government in the region stated.
The most organized secessionist movement in
the south is the MNLF which was organized by Nuru Ladji Misuari. To
date, the MNLF is divided into three (3) factions namely: Misuari,
Abbas, and Salamat faction. Another secessionist group is the group
under the late Father Balweg, a renegade priest who drifted away from
CPP/NPA. He aimed to establish an autonomous region over the
Cordilleras.

The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) has

the intention of creating a Mindanao Islamic Republic. The objective
of the MILF is to curve out portions of the Philippine territory where it
intends to establish an Islamic state. To attain its objective, the MILF
relies on dawah or Islamic call and jihad or struggle in the way of
Allah. To finance its activities, the MILF conducts “ZACAT” or tax
collection, kidnapping for ransom and extortion activities. It also
solicits political and financial support from local and international
Islamic organization.

The MILF is the exponent of Islamic

fundamentalism in the Philippines. It is headed by Ustadz Hassim
Salamat, a religious scholar, who originally served as the Vice-
Chairman of the Nur Misuari led MNLF. He led the Maguindanaon,
Iranon, and Maranao followers in breaking away from the MNLF main
body due to policy and ideological differences with the MNLF
Chairman.
Unlike the MNLF which is more of a secular
organization, Salamat molded his MILF into an organization which
advocates for the establishment of a genuine Islamic state in
Mindanao governed entirely by the dictates of the QUR’AN. It defines
its ideology as LA ILAHA ILLA ALLAH MUHAMAD AL RASUL ALLAH,
which means that there is God worthy to be worshipped but Allah and
that worship of God must be in accordance with the teaching of
Prophet Muhammad.

The Al-Harakat’ul Al-Islamiya (Islamic

Movement) or the so-called Abbu Sayyaf Group is the exponent of the
Islamic extremist in the Philippines. It was organized in the early 90s
by the Late Ustadz Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani. A religious scholar
who studied the islamic faith in Saudi Arabia. When the Russo-Afghan
war erupted in the early 80s, Janjalani joined the Third International
Islamic Brigade to help the Afghan Mujahideen repel the Russian
invaders. It was in that country where Janjalani was educated on the
extremist side of Islam and upon his return to Mindanao, he organized
his own group to fight for the Islamic cause patterned after the Shi’ite
guerillas in the Middle East. Originally, it refused to tie up with the
MILF group believing that the latter organization is not true to be its
objective since the MILF allows for a peaceful co-existence between
Christians and Muslims in Mindanao. For Janjalani, Mindanao must be
free from any influence of the Christian faith. Based on this belief, the
Al-Harakat’ul Al-Islamiya initially carried out operations patterned
after the terrorist activities of their counterparts in the Middle East
such as bombing and sabotage operations, kidnap for ransom
activities targeting mostly Christian religious personalities.
Eventually, however, the need for more financial and logistical
resources to sustain its day-to-day operations forced the ASG to
direct its attention to more lucrative undertakings such as kidnap for
ransom activities preying on local wealthy businessmen and their
families, school teachers and foreign tourists who are soft targets for
ASG operations. Because of this, the ASG became notorious as a
terrorist and criminal organization.

d) Religious Radicals – these are members of the

religious sectors who find fault into our system. They claim to be
spokesmen of the oppressed. The fact is that they become radical
when a number of the legitimate religious organizations were
infiltrated by communists elements. These religious organizations
were being used to undermine the government and denounce the
abuses of the military, be they are real or fictitious.

e) Social Democrats – organized in the early part

of 1973 with the aim to seize state power, dissolve the government
and replace it with socialist-democratic form of government. Its
activities were manifested by its involvement on the recent bombing
in urban areas through the “Light a Fire Movement” and the April 6
Liberation Movement.
f) Rightists – these are the disgruntled politicians,
businessmen, clerics, oligarch, intellectual, military men and big time
criminals who work hand in hand to restore the old order to pave their
way into power and position in the government.

g) Political Warlords – these are politicians who

maintained their private armies to secure their vested interest. They
show defiance to an existing system of the government

2. KNOWING THE CPP/NPA

“If you know the enemy and you know yourself, you need not
fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself and not the
enemy, for every victory gained, you will also suffer a defeat. If you
know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every
battle…” Sun Tzu

Though the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) is already

considered a legal entity, its original intention of making the
Philippines a communist convert remains. The collapse of several
communist movements around the world, somehow, did not really
affect the efforts of the local communist movement in the country.
Factors contributory to this such as too much democracy, economic
advantage for the members and greed for power in the disguise of
helping the poor continuously exist. The CPP with its military arm still
poses a potent threat to the security of the nation. It may be
interesting to understand how it came into being, its ideology and
work processes to accomplish its objectives.

The CPP developed its party from top (national) to the bottom
(the village). The Central Committee is the top governing body. It is
composed of the chairman with the secretaries of the territorial
commissions, the chairmen of the functional commissions and key
personalities of various organs as members. The Central Committee
seldom meets – at most is twice a year. Next in line is the Politburo or
the political bureau. It is the policy making body in lieu of the Central
Committee. Below the Politburo is the Executive Committee which
takes charge of the daily affairs of the party. Next are the (territorial)
Commissions. The CPP has five commissions in the Philippines:the
Central Luzon. Southern Luzon, Northern Luzon, Visayas and the
Mindanao Commissions. Next is the Regional Party Committee (RPC).
A Commission is composed of six to seven RPCs. The RPC is
equivalent to the regional office of the government. Every RPC has
five or more Front Party Committee (FPC) or Provincial Party
Committee (PPC), the equivalent of the provincial government. Then,
for every three municipalities of the province is the District Party
Committee (DPC). For every three clustered villages is the Section
Party Committee (SPC), and finally, for each influenced village is the
Village (Barangay) Revolutionary Committee (VRC). The CPP line
units are responsible for all the party, army and united front activities
in their respective areas of responsibility.

Membership to the party is highly selective. Quality is given

more importance rather than quantity of members. They believe that
too many members will only pose problems especially on discipline
and security whereas limited membership of professional ideologues
- highly motivated, well trained and disciplined – is assured to stir the
nation into a bloody revolution and seize political power. Following
the lesson from Lenin, the membership of the CPP is few. Before one
becomes a member, he has to undergo the rigorous life of an activist;
first from legal activities, thence to semi legal and finally to illegal
ones while the knowledge of communism is slowly given him. As he
progresses, heavier tasks are assigned him depending on his specific
skills. Once he proves his worth, he is recommended as candidate
member until he becomes a party member.

The Army of the CPP is the New Peoples Army (NPA). Its highest
governing body is the Red Area Commission (RAC). The CPP Military
Commission oversees and provides ideological-political guidance to
the NPA. The highest combat unit of the NPA is the Main Guerilla Unit
(MRGU) which is the armed component of the RPC. Below the MRGU
is the Front Guerilla Unit (FGU), the armed component of the FPC or
PPC. Next is the District Guerilla Unit (DGU), the army of the DPC.
Then the Sandatahang Yunit Pangpropaganda (Armed Propaganda
Unit) or SYP, the armed propaganda of the SPC and finally, the Militia
of the VRC. The MRGU, FGU and DGU are the combatants while the
SYP merely conduct the propaganda work and the Militia serves as
the village police force, to impose party policies in the village.
Hypothetically, the CPP is the body; the NPA is the right hand, the
arm that holds the weapon. While the army under the leadership of
the party committee uses psychological approaches in its political
and organizational tasks, the people are naturally cowed into
submission because of the presence of arms. The revolutionary term
used is “armed propaganda”. The NPA, however, knowing fully well
that it has to totally win the sympathy and support of the people, it
continuously engaged in ideological, political and organizational
work.

The CPP united front is the National Democratic Front (NDF). Its
highest governing body is the White Area Commission (WAC). It is
not a separate and autonomous organization with a life of its own. It is
a façade which the CPP seeks to mobilize the people to accomplish
its ends. It has two main tasks. First, as the left hand which holds the
shield. Whenever the body, the CPP and/or the right hand, the NPA
and/or any of their important personnel is attacked or arrested, the
function of the shield is done thru the conduct of propaganda by
usually denouncing the attack or arrest as a violation of human rights.
The NDF has human right groups, the active core which comes from
the different NDF organizations – the League of Filipino Students
(LFS), Kabataan para sa Demokrasya at Nasyonalismo (KADENA),
Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU), Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas (KMP)
and many others. Second, as the political arm which aims to politicize
the sectors of the society. To carry out this mission, the NDF has an
umbrella front organization in every sector. The LFS, Student
Christian Movement (SCM), College Editor’s Guild of the Philippines
(CEGF) and the National Union of Students in the Philippines (NUSP)
for the student; KADENA for the out-of-school youths; KMU for the
workers and PISTON for the drivers; KMP and AMIHAN for the
farmers; PAMALAKAYA for the fishermen; CNL for the church;
NAJFD for the professionals with ACT for the public school teachers;
GABRIELA for women; KMPL for the urban poor; and PnB for the
politicians. Every sectoral umbrella organization has many affiliate
organizations. This is intended to deter detection by the military and
the people. The party handles the NDF with utmost care and in covert
manner since most of those in the NDF ranks are non-communist
intellectuals and who are merely motivated by their own interpretation
of nationalism, some of whom are of national stature. While the party
commands and disciplines its members in the NDF, the latter is extra
careful not to unnecessarily antagonize the non-members.
Democratic space is given but the leadership of the NDF is always
manipulated so that the party in a subtle manner can always provide
the directions. As part of its mission to subvert the people, the NDF
has to bring to its fold people’s nationalist organizations, a few of
which are organized by the party members themselves.

The basic strategy of the CPP/NPA is to ride on sensitive issues

and conflicts. According to the law of contradiction, matter, man and
society are beset with built-in contradictions which create conflict. In
reference to man and society, there are three main contradictions –
personal, interpersonal and societal. The personal contradiction is
within man himself. He is confronted with what decision to take,
vocations, specific jobs, whom to marry and many others. The
interpersonal contradiction is between persons. The societal
contradiction is between countries, political parties, classes of people
and many others. The last is termed by Karl Marx as class conflict.
These contradictions are the products of various social forces at play
such as economic needs, political philosophies and ideologies,
religions, values, beliefs and idiosyncrasies among others. “The basic
contradiction in the Philippine society according to the CPP are: 1.
between the Filipino nation and imperialism; 2. between the great
masses of the people and feudalism; 3. the suppression of the people
by the present government on behalf of the US imperialism and feudal
landlords” A good communist is adept not only in exploiting these
various contradictions especially the class conflict to his advantage
but also in heightening the conflict to a revolutionary level by creating
and inducing a revolutionary situation. The victory of the communists
depends mainly on how it manipulates people based on this
contradictions and class conflicts. That is why a communist is
especially taught how to conduct social investigation and class
analysis, that being the bases of his actions as it must be based on
concrete analysis of a concrete condition.
 The communist follows a system in infiltrating a target group or
a village. He is indoctrinated in the art of infiltration. He must master
the art of infiltration to a point that wherever he is, he will look, act
and talk as the majority of the people do. Communist infiltrators hide
under different names, under the different target sectors. In a farming
village where the communist does not have its army yet, or the latter
has no ready access to the village, a member of the semi-legal team
(SLT) does and stays in the village with the pretext that he is a farmer.
Usually, his entry is pre-arranged with the actual village resident with
whom he has befriended and whom he would claim as relative.
Thence, covertly, he does social investigation (SI), class analysis (CA)
and counter-intelligence (CI). Guided by his SICACI, he selects one
resident whom he classifies as his basic ally and based on the Sl, he
discusses with him the social problems of the community, linking the
same to the macro problems and ends with an emphatic conclusion
that the social problems are caused by the structure of the society;
the very rich few suppress and extremely oppress the poor majority.
The military in this regard, is seen as an institutional partner of the
rich to oppress the people. The CI guides him in identifying the local
residents who work with the police/military intelligence network , and
he avoids them. When his initial convert is prepared, he task him to
convince two others; each of the other two convinces another two,
and each of the next four convinces two others making the initial
converts into a total of fifteen. After this is reached, the communist
infiltrator, who operates covertly from the beginning, manipulates the
initial converts thru his first convert who is now regarded as the
leader of the group. They grouped themselves into farmers’
cooperative. Teach-ins are regularly held until the Village Committee
are established with the leader as the chairman and each of the
members heads the education/propaganda, finance, defense and
organizing committees. Then the activities are intensified to convince
and convert the rest of the residents after which the VRC is formed.
The VRC branches into three groups namely; the male adults, the
women’s group and the youth’s group, each with its own
education/propaganda, finance, defense and organizing committees.
When all the residents are converted and/or cowed, (the unwilling
ones are forced to transfer residences) the Barangay or VRC is
consolidated with the inclusion of other committees namely;
economic, intelligence, mass action, supply and medical committees.
The male adults has one additional committee, the militia. The
position of vice chairman of each of the three groups is created. The
system is modified as applicable in urban areas and school settings.

To further hasten discontentment of the people, the communist

pursues a propaganda of agitation to agitate the people into hating,
thus fighting the government. This is done by exploiting the class
conflict. The propaganda of agitation uses the issue-oriented
approach. The local issue of the day is discussed, say, fuel price
increase and in the process of elaborating and deepening the issue,
the communist cites the three basic evils namely; US imperialism,
bureaucrat capitalism and feudalism as the roots of the problem. The
issue which is legitimate and relevant to the lives of the people
naturally touches them without being aware that the issue is just a
mere tool to bring them under the influence of communism. The issue
merely serves as the boat and those who are agitated ride on the
vehicle and the communist being the skipper brings the boat to the
realm of a bloody revolution to grab political power.

Out of the various vocations, the most deceptive is communism.

Aside from having no qualms in his deception, a communist is proud
of being smart in his deceit. It is being nameless, hiding his real
identity by using many aliases that renders him shameless. He tells
the Christians that he is a Christian, even using the name of /Christ in
vain branding him as the first communist, yet, he is godless and anti-
Christ. He tells the workers that his is a dictatorship of the proletariat
– the working class, yet, his is a dictatorship of the communist elite
and under his leadership, the workers are extremely oppressed and
suppressed. He promises that the peasants that the land will be
distributed and titled in their names, yet, his is a communal farming
where the land is owned by the state and the farmers are only given
share of the produce enough for their consumption. He tells the
politicians that his political system is people’s democracy without
elaborating, yet, his political system is totalitarianism. He commits
anything and everything to the people just so he can grab political
power. While we cannot blame him because he is indoctrinated to be
such, at least, we must always be aware that the ignorance of one
makes him and easy prey to the communist deceptive propaganda
and manipulation, the worst kind is subtly done.
 At present, the local communists also considered as local
terrorist, are still capable of conducting mass actions and selective
armed attacks to unprepared military and police detachments and
vital installations. These activities can affect economic activities in
the area giving much burden to the local populace. Communism is a
menace and has no place to a democratic way of life.