Technical Note TN-106

Revised 08/2010

Correction Factors, Ionization Energies*, And Calibration Characteristics

Correction Factors and Ionization Energies Example 2:

RAE Systems PIDs can be used for the detection of With the unit calibrated to read isobutylene
a wide variety of gases that exhibit different equivalents, the reading is 100 ppm with a 10.6 eV
responses. In general, any compound with lamp. The gas measured is m-xylene (CF = 0.43).
ionization energy (IE) lower than that of the lamp After downloading this factor, the unit should read
photons can be measured.* The best way to about 43 ppm when exposed to the same gas, and
calibrate a PID to different compounds is to use a thus read directly in m-xylene values.
standard of the gas of interest. However, correction Example 3:
factors have been determined that enable the user to The desired gas to measure is ethylene dichloride
quantify a large number of chemicals using only a (EDC). The CF is 0.6 with an 11.7 eV lamp.
single calibration gas, typically isobutylene. In our During calibration with 100 ppm isobutylene, insert
PIDs, correction factors can be used in one of three 0.6 times 100, or 60 at the prompt for the calibration
ways: gas concentration. The unit then reads directly in
1) Calibrate the monitor with isobutylene in the EDC values.
usual fashion to read in isobutylene equivalents.
Manually multiply the reading by the correction Conversion to mg/m3
factor (CF) to obtain the concentration of the gas To convert from ppm to mg/m3, use the following
being measured. formula:
2) Calibrate the unit with isobutylene in the usual Conc. (mg/m3) = [Conc.(ppmv) x mol. wt. (g/mole)]
molar gas volume (L)
fashion to read in isobutylene equivalents. Call
up the correction factor from the instrument For air at 25 °C (77 °F), the molar gas volume is
memory or download it from a personal 24.4 L/mole and the formula reduces to:
computer and then call it up. The monitor will Conc.(mg/m3) = Conc.(ppmv) x mol. wt. (g/mole) x 0.041
then read directly in units of the gas of interest.
For example, if the instrument is calibrated with a
3) Calibrate the unit with isobutylene, but input an gas standard in ppmv, such as 100 ppm isobutylene,
equivalent, "corrected" span gas concentration and the user wants the display to read in mg/m3 of
when prompted for this value. The unit will then hexane, whose m.w. is 86 and CF is 4.3, the overall
read directly in units of the gas of interest. correction factor would be 4.3 x 86 x 0.041 equals
* The term “ionization energy” is more scientifically correct and 15.2.
replaces the old term “ionization potential.” High-boiling (“heavy”)
compounds may not vaporize enough to give a response even when Correction Factors for Mixtures
their ionization energies are below the lamp photon energy. Some The correction factor for a mixture is calculated
inorganic compounds like H2O2 and NO2 give weak response even from the sum of the mole fractions Xi of each
when their ionization energies are well below the lamp photon energy.
component divided by their respective correction
Example 1: factors CFi:
With the unit calibrated to read isobutylene CFmix = 1 / (X1/CF1 + X2/CF2 + X3/CF3 + ... Xi/CFi)
equivalents, the reading is 10 ppm with a 10.6 eV
Thus, for example, a vapor phase mixture of 5%
lamp. The gas being measured is butyl acetate,
benzene and 95% n-hexane would have a CFmix of
which has a correction factor of 2.6. Multiplying 10
CFmix = 1 / (0.05/0.53 + 0.95/4.3) = 3.2. A
by 2.6 gives an adjusted butyl acetate value of 26
reading of 100 would then correspond to 320 ppm
ppm. Similarly, if the gas being measured were
of the total mixture, comprised of 16 ppm benzene
trichloroethylene (CF = 0.54), the adjusted value
and 304 ppm hexane.
with a 10 ppm reading would be 5.4 ppm.

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 Technical Note TN-106
Revised 08/2010
For a spreadsheet to compute the correction factor 4) T (or open tube) method: The T method uses
and TLV of a mixture see the appendix at the end of a T-junction with gas flow higher than the pump
the CF table. draw. The gas supply is connected to one end
of the T, the instrument inlet is connected to a
TLVs and Alarm Limits for Mixtures
second end of the T, and excess gas flow
The correction factor for mixtures can be used to set
escapes through the third, open end of the T.
alarm limits for mixtures. To do this one first needs
To prevent ambient air mixing, a long tube
to calculate the exposure limit for the mixture. The
should be connected to the open end, or a high
Threshold Limit Value (TLV) often defines
excess rate should be used. Alternatively, the
exposure limits. The TLV for the mixture is
instrument probe can be inserted into an open
calculated in a manner similar to the CF calculation:
tube slightly wider than the probe. Excess gas
TLV mix = 1 / (X1/TLV1 + X2/TLV2 + flows out around the probe.
X3/TLV3 + ... Xi/TLVi)
The first two cylinder methods are the most
In the above example, the 8-h TLV for benzene is efficient in terms of gas usage, while the bag and
0.5 ppm and for n-hexane 50 ppm. Therefore the T methods give slightly more accurate results
TLV of the mixture is TLVmix = 1 / (0.05/0.5 + because they match the pump flow better.
0.95/50) = 8.4 ppm, corresponding to 8.0 ppm
hexane and 0.4 ppm benzene. For an instrument b) Pressure. Pressures deviating from atmospheric
calibrated on isobutylene, the reading corrsponding pressure affect the readings by altering gas
to the TLV is: concentration and pump characteristics. It is best
Alarm Reading = TLVmix / CFmix = 8.4 / 3.2 = 2.6 ppm
to calibrate with the instrument and calibration
gas at the same pressure as each other and the
A common practice is to set the lower alarm limit to sample gas. (Note that the cylinder pressure is not
half the TLV, and the higher limit to the TLV. relevant because the regulator reduces the
Thus, one would set the alarms to 1.3 and 2.6 ppm, pressure to ambient.) If the instrument is
respectively. calibrated at atmospheric pressure in one of the
Calibration Characteristics flow configurations described above, then 1)
a) Flow Configuration. PID response is essentially pressures slightly above ambient are acceptable
independent of gas flow rate as long as it is but high pressures can damage the pump and 2)
sufficient to satisfy the pump demand. Four main samples under vacuum may give low readings if
flow configurations are used for calibrating a PID: air leaks into the sample train.
1) Pressurized gas cylinder (Fixed-flow c) Temperature. Because temperature effects gas
regulator): The flow rate of the regulator density and concentration, the temperature of the
should match the flow demand of the calibration gas and instrument should be as close
instrument pump or be slightly higher. as possible to the ambient temperature where the
2) Pressurized gas cylinder (Demand-flow unit will be used. We recommend that the
regulator): A demand-flow regulator better temperature of the calibration gas be within the
matches pump speed differences, but results in instrument's temperature specification (typically
a slight vacuum during calibration and thus 14° to 113° F or -10° to 45° C). Also, during
slightly high readings. actual measurements, the instrument should be
3) Collapsible gas bag: The instrument will kept at the same or higher temperature than the
draw the calibration gas from the bag at its sample temperature to avoid condensation in the
normal flow rate, as long as the bag valve is unit.
large enough. The bag should be filled with d) Matrix. The matrix gas of the calibration
enough gas to allow at least one minute of flow compound and VOC sample is significant. Some
(~ 0.6 L for a MiniRAE, ~0.3 L for common matrix components, such as methane and
MultiRAE). water vapor can affect the VOC signal. PIDs are

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 Technical Note TN-106
Revised 08/2010
most commonly used for monitoring VOCs in air, quantitative reading. The ppbRAE and MiniRAE
in which case the preferred calibration gas matrix series instruments have inert sample trains and
is air. For a MiniRAE, methane, methanol, and therefore do not exhibit significant loss;
water vapor reduce the response by about 20% nevertheless, response may be slow for the very
when their concentration is 15,000 ppm and by heavy compounds and additional sampling time
about 40% at 30,000 ppm. Despite earlier reports up to a minute or more should be allowed to get a
of oxygen effects, RAE PID responses with 10.6 stable reading.
eV lamps are independent of oxygen Table Abbreviations:
concentration, and calibration gases in a pure CF = Correction Factor (multiply by reading to get
nitrogen matrix can be used. H2 and CO2 up to 5 corrected value for the compound when
volume % also have no effect. calibrated to isobutylene)
e) Concentration. Although RAE Systems PIDs NR = No Response
have electronically linearized output, it is best to IE = Ionization Energy (values in parentheses are
calibrate in a concentration range close to the not well established)
actual measurement range. For example, 100 C = Confirmed Value indicated by “+” in this
ppm standard gas for anticipated vapors of 0 to column; all others are preliminary or
250 ppm, and 500 ppm standard for expected estimated values and are subject to change
concentrations of 250 to 1000 ppm. The ne = Not Established ACGIH 8-hr. TWA
correction factors in this table were typically C## = Ceiling value, given where 8-hr.TWA is not
measured at 50 to 100 ppm and apply from the available
ppb range up to about 1000 ppm. Above 1000 Disclaimer:
ppm the CF may vary and it is best to calibrate Actual readings may vary with age and cleanliness
with the gas of interest near the concentration of of lamp, relative humidity, and other factors. For
interest. accurate work, the instrument should be calibrated
f) Filters. Filters affect flow and pressure regularly under the operating conditions used. The
conditions and therefore all filters to be used factors in this table were measured in dry air at
during sampling should also be in place during room temperature, typically at 50-100 ppm. CF
calibration. Using a water trap (hydrophobic values may vary above about 1000 ppm.
filter) greatly reduces the chances of drawing Updates:
water aerosols or dirt particles into the instrument. The values in this table are subject to change as
Regular filter replacements are recommended more or better data become available. Watch for
because dirty filters can adsorb VOCs and cause updates of this table on the Internet at
slower response time and shifts in calibration. http://www.raesystems.com
g) Instrument Design. High-boiling (“heavy”) or IE data are taken from the CRC Handbook of
very reactive compounds can be lost by reaction Chemistry and Physics, 73rd Edition, D.R. Lide
or adsorption onto materials in the gas sample (Ed.), CRC Press (1993) and NIST Standard Ref.
train, such as filters, pumps and other sensors. Database 19A, NIST Positive Ion Energetics, Vers.
Multi-gas meters, including EntryRAE, 2.0, Lias, et.al., U.S. Dept. Commerce (1993).
MultiRAE and AreaRAE have the pump and other Exposure limits (8-h TWA and Ceiling Values) are
sensors upstream of the PID and are prone to from the 2005 ACGIH Guide to Occupational
these losses. Compounds possibly affected by Exposure Values, ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH 2005.
such losses are shown in green in the table, and Equations for exposure limits for mixtures of
may give slow response, or in extreme cases, no chemicals were taken from the 1997 TLVs and
response at all. In many cases the multi-gas BEIs handbook published by the ACGIH (1997).
meters can still give a rough indication of the
relative concentration, without giving an accurate,

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 Technical Note TN-106
Revised 08/2010

Compound Name Synonym/Abbreviation CAS No. Formula 9.8 C 10.6 C 11.7 C IE (eV) TWA
Acetaldehyde 75-07-0 C2H4O NR + 6 + 3.3 + 10.23 C25
Acetic acid Ethanoic Acid 64-19-7 C2H4O2 NR + 22 + 2.6 + 10.66 10
Acetic anhydride Ethanoic Acid Anhydride 108-24-7 C4H6O3 NR + 6.1 + 2.0 + 10.14 5
Acetone 2-Propanone 67-64-1 C3H6O 1.2 + 1.1 + 1.4 + 9.71 500
Acetone cyanohydrin 2-Hydroxyisobutyronitrile 75-86-5 C4H7NO 4 + 11.1 C5
Acetonitrile Methyl cyanide, Cyanomethane 75-05-8 C2H3N 100 12.19 40
Acetylene Ethyne 74-86-2 C2H2 2.1 + 11.40 ne
Acrolein Propenal 107-02-8 C3H4O 42 + 3.9 + 1.4 + 10.10 0.1
Acrylic acid Propenoic Acid 79-10-7 C3H4O2 12 + 2.0 + 10.60 2
Acrylonitrile Propenenitrile 107-13-1 C3H3N NR + 1.2 + 10.91 2
Allyl alcohol 107-18-6 C3H6O 4.5 + 2.4 + 1.6 + 9.67 2
Allyl chloride 3-Chloropropene 107-05-1 C3H5Cl 4.3 0.7 9.9 1
Ammonia 7664-41-7 H3 N NR + 9.7 + 5.7 + 10.16 25
Amyl acetate mix of n-Pentyl acetate & 628-63-7 C7H14O2 11 + 2.3 + 0.95 + <9.9 100
2-Methylbutyl acetate
Amyl alcohol 1-Pentanol 75-85-4 C5H12O 5 1.6 10.00 ne
Aniline Aminobenzene 62-53-3 C7H7N 0.50 + 0.48 + 0.47 + 7.72 2
Anisole Methoxybenzene 100-66-3 C7H8O 0.89 + 0.58 + 0.56 + 8.21 ne
Arsine Arsenic trihydride 7784-42-1 AsH3 1.9 + 9.89 0.05
Benzaldehyde 100-52-7 C7H6O 1 9.49 ne
Benzenamine, N-methyl- N-Methylphenylamine 100-61-8 C7H9N 0.7 7.53
Benzene 71-43-2 C6H6 0.55 + 0.53 + 0.6 + 9.25 0.5
Benzonitrile Cyanobenzene 100-47-0 C7H5N 1.6 9.62 ne
Benzyl alcohol α-Hydroxytoluene, 100-51-6 C7H8O 1.4 + 1.1 + 0.9 + 8.26 ne
Hydroxymethylbenzene,
Benzenemethanol
Benzyl chloride α-Chlorotoluene, 100-44-7 C7H7Cl 0.7 + 0.6 + 0.5 + 9.14 1
Chloromethylbenzene
Benzyl formate Formic acid benzyl ester 104-57-4 C8H8O2 0.9 + 0.73 + 0.66 + ne
Boron trifluoride 7637-07-2 BF3 NR NR NR 15.5 C1
Bromine 7726-95-6 Br2 NR + 1.30 + 0.74 + 10.51 0.1
Bromobenzene 108-86-1 C6H5Br 0.6 0.5 8.98 ne
2-Bromoethyl methyl ether 6482-24-2 C3H7OBr 0.84 + ~10 ne
Bromoform Tribromomethane 75-25-2 CHBr3 NR + 2.5 + 0.5 + 10.48 0.5
Bromopropane,1- n-Propyl bromide 106-94-5 C3H7Br 150 + 1.5 + 0.6 + 10.18 ne
Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene, Vinyl ethylene 106-99-0 C4H6 0.8 0.85 + 1.1 9.07 2
Butadiene diepoxide, 1,3- 1,2,3,4-Diepoxybutane 298-18-0 C4H6O2 25 + 3.5 + 1.2 ~10 ne
Butanal 1-Butanal 123-72-8 C4H8O 1.8 9.84
Butane 106-97-8 C4H10 67 + 1.2 10.53 800
Butanol, 1- Butyl alcohol, n-Butanol 71-36-3 C4H10O 70 + 4.7 + 1.4 + 9.99 20
Butanol, t- tert-Butanol, t-Butyl alcohol 75-65-0 C4H10O 6.9 + 2.9 + 9.90 100
Butene, 1- 1-Butylene 106-98-9 C4H8 0.9 9.58 ne
Butoxyethanol, 2- Butyl Cellosolve, Ethylene glycol 111-76-2 C6H14O2 1.8 + 1.2 + 0.6 + <10 25
monobutyl ether
Butoxyethanol acetate Ethanol, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)-, 124-17-4 C10H20O4 5.6 ≤10.6
acetate
Butoxyethoxyethanol 2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethanol 112-34-5 C8H18O3 4.6 ≤10.6
Butyl acetate, n- 123-86-4 C6H12O2 2.6 + 10 150
Butyl acrylate, n- Butyl 2-propenoate, 141-32-2 C7H12O2 1.6 + 0.6 + 10
Acrylic acid butyl ester
Butylamine, n- 109-73-9 C4H11N 1.1 + 1.1 + 0.7 + 8.71 C5
Butyl cellosolve see 2-Butoxyethanol 111-76-2
Butyl hydroperoxide, t- 75-91-2 C4H10O2 2.0 + 1.6 + <10 1
Butyl mercaptan 1-Butanethiol 109-79-5 C4H10S 0.55 + 0.52 + 9.14 0.5
Carbon disulfide 75-15-0 CS2 4 + 1.2 + 0.44 10.07 10
Carbon tetrachloride Tetrachloromethane 56-23-5 CCl4 NR + NR + 1.7 + 11.47 5
Carbonyl sulfide Carbon oxysulfide 463-58-1 COS 11.18
Cellosolve see 2-Ethoxyethanol
CFC-14 see Tetrafluoromethane
CFC-113 see 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane

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 Technical Note TN-106
Revised 08/2010

Compound Name Synonym/Abbreviation CAS No. Formula 9.8 C 10.6 C 11.7 C IE (eV) TWA
Chlorine 7782-50-5 Cl2 1.0 + 11.48 0.5
Chlorine dioxide 10049-04-4 ClO2 NR + NR + NR + 10.57 0.1
Chlorobenzene Monochlorobenzene 108-90-7 C6H5Cl 0.44 + 0.40 + 0.39 + 9.06 10
Chlorobenzotrifluoride, 4- PCBTF, OXSOL 100 98-56-6 C7H4ClF3 0.74 + 0.63 + 0.55 + <9.6 25
p-Chlorobenzotrifluoride
Chloro-1,3-butadiene, 2- Chloroprene 126-99-8 C4H5Cl 3 10
Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, 1- HCFC-142B, R-142B 75-68-3 C2H3ClF2 NR NR NR 12.0 ne
Chlorodifluoromethane HCFC-22, R-22 75-45-6 CHClF2 NR NR NR 12.2 1000
Chloroethane Ethyl chloride 75-00-3 C2H5Cl NR + NR + 1.1 + 10.97 100
Chloroethanol Ethylene chlrohydrin 107-07-3 C2H5ClO 2.9 10.52 C1
Chloroethyl ether, 2- bis(2-chloroethyl) ether 111-44-4 C4H8Cl2O 8.6 + 3.0 + 5
Chloroethyl methyl ether, 2- Methyl 2-chloroethyl ether 627-42-9 C3H7ClO 3 ne
Chloroform Trichloromethane 67-66-3 CHCl3 NR + NR + 3.5 + 11.37 10
Chloro-2-methylpropene, 3- Methallyl chloride, Isobutenyl 563-47-3 C4H7Cl 1.4 + 1.2 + 0.63 + 9.76 ne
chloride
Chloropicrin 76-06-2 CCl3NO2 NR + ~400 + 7 + ? 0.1
Chlorotoluene, o- o-Chloromethylbenzene 95-49-8 C7H7Cl 0.5 0.6 8.83 50
Chlorotoluene, p- p-Chloromethylbenzene 106-43-4 C7H7Cl 0.6 8.69 ne
Chlorotrifluoroethene CTFE, Chlorotrifluoroethylene 79-38-9 C2ClF3 6.7 + 3.9 + 1.2 + 9.76 5
Genetron 1113
Chlorotrimethylsilane 75-77-4 C3H9ClSi NR NR 0.82 + 10.83 ne
Cresol, m- m-Hydroxytoluene 108-39-4 C7H8O 0.57 + 0.50 + 0.57 + 8.29 5
Cresol, o- o-Hydroxytoluene 95-48-7 C7H8O 1.0 8.50
Cresol, p- p-Hydroxytoluene 106-44-5 C7H8O 1.4 8.35
Crotonaldehyde trans-2-Butenal 123-73-9 C4H6O 1.5 + 1.1 + 1.0 + 9.73 2
4170-30-3
Cumene Isopropylbenzene 98-82-8 C9H12 0.58 + 0.54 + 0.4 + 8.73 50
Cyanogen bromide 506-68-3 CNBr NR NR NR 11.84 ne
Cyanogen chloride 506-77-4 CNCl NR NR NR 12.34 C0.3
Cyclohexane 110-82-7 C6H12 3.3 + 1.4 + 0.64 + 9.86 300
Cyclohexanol Cyclohexyl alcohol 108-93-0 C6H12O 1.5 + 0.9 + 1.1 + 9.75 50
Cyclohexanone 108-94-1 C6H10O 1.0 + 0.9 + 0.7 + 9.14 25
Cyclohexene 110-83-8 C6H10 0.8 + 8.95 300
Cyclohexylamine 108-91-8 C6H13N 1.2 8.62 10
Cyclopentane 85% 287-92-3 C5H10 NR + 15 + 1.1 10.33 600
2,2-dimethylbutane 15%
Cyclopropylamine Aminocyclpropane 765-30-0 C3H7N 1.1 + 0.9 + 0.9 + ne
Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane 541-02-6 C10H30O5Si5 0.16 + 0.13 + 0.12 + ne
Decamethyltetrasiloxane 141-62-8 C10H30O3Si4 0.17 + 0.13 + 0.12 + <10.2 ne
Decane 124-18-5 C10H22 4.0 + 1.4 + 0.35 + 9.65 ne
Diacetone alcohol 4-Methyl-4-hydroxy-2-pentanone 123-42-2 C6H12O2 0.7 50
Dibromochloromethane Chlorodibromomethane 124-48-1 CHBr2Cl NR + 5.3 + 0.7 + 10.59 ne
Dibromo-3-chloropropane, 1,2- DBCP 96-12-8 C3H5Br2Cl NR + 1.7 + 0.43 + 0.001

Dibromoethane, 1,2- EDB, Ethylene dibromide, 106-93-4 C2H4Br2 NR + 1.7 + 0.6 + 10.37 ne
Ethylene bromide
Dichlorobenzene, o- 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 95-50-1 C6H4Cl2 0.54 + 0.47 + 0.38 + 9.08 25
Dichlorodifluoromethane CFC-12 75-71-8 CCl2F2 NR + NR + 11.75 1000
Dichlorodimethylsilane 75-78-5 C2H6Cl2Si NR NR 1.1 + >10.7 ne
Dichloroethane, 1,2- EDC, 1,2-DCA, Ethylene 107-06-2 C2H4Cl2 NR + 0.6 + 11.04 10
dichloride
Dichloroethene, 1,1- 1,1-DCE, Vinylidene chloride 75-35-4 C2H2Cl2 0.82 + 0.8 + 9.79 5
Dichloroethene, c-1,2- c-1,2-DCE, 156-59-2 C2H2Cl2 0.8 9.66 200
cis-Dichloroethylene
Dichloroethene, t-1,2- t-1,2-DCE, 156-60-5 C2H2Cl2 0.45 + 0.34 + 9.65 200
trans-Dichloroethylene
Dichloro-1-fluoroethane, 1,1- R-141B 1717-00-6 C2H3Cl2F NR + NR + 2.0 + ne
Dichloromethane see Methylene chloride

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 Technical Note TN-106
Revised 08/2010

Compound Name Synonym/Abbreviation CAS No. Formula 9.8 C 10.6 C 11.7 C IE (eV) TWA
Dichloropentafluoropropane AK-225, mix of ~45% 3,3- 442-56-0 C3HCl2F5 NR + NR + 25 + ne
dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoro- 507-55-1
propane (HCFC-225ca) & ~55%
1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3-
pentafluoropropane (HCFC-
225cb)
Dichloropropane, 1,2- 78-87-5 C3H6Cl2 0.7 10.87 75
Dichloro-1-propene, 1,3- 542-75-6 C3H4C12 1.3 + 0.96 + <10 1
Dichloro-1-propene, 2,3- 78-88-6 C3H4Cl2 1.9 + 1.3 + 0.7 + <10 ne
Dichloro-1,1,1- R-123 306-83-2 C2HCl2F3 NR + NR + 10.1 + 11.5 ne
trifluoroethane, 2,2-
Dichloro-2,4,6- DCTFP 1737-93-5 C5Cl2F3N 1.1 + 0.9 + 0.8 + ne
trifluoropyridine, 3,5-
Dichlorvos * Vapona; O,O-dimethyl O- 62-73-7 C4H7Cl2O4P 0.9 + <9.4 0.1
dichlorovinyl phosphate
Dicyclopentadiene DCPD, Cyclopentadiene dimer 77-73-6 C10H12 0.57 + 0.48 + 0.43 + 8.8 5
Diesel Fuel 68334-30-5 m.w. 226 0.9 + 11
Diesel Fuel #2 (Automotive) 68334-30-5 m.w. 216 1.3 0.7 + 0.4 + 11
Diethylamine 109-89-7 C4H11N 1 + 8.01 5
Diethylaminopropylamine, 3- 104-78-9 C7H18N2 1.3 ne
Diethylbenzene See Dowtherm J
Diethylmaleate 141-05-9 C8H12O4 4 ne
Diethyl sulfide see Ethyl sulfide
Diglyme See Methoxyethyl ether 111-96-6 C6H14O3
Diisobutyl ketone DIBK, 2,2-dimethyl-4-heptanone 108-83-8 C9H18O 0.71 + 0.61 + 0.35 + 9.04 25
Diisopropylamine 108-18-9 C6H15N 0.84 + 0.74 + 0.5 + 7.73 5
Diketene Ketene dimer 674-82-8 C4H4O2 2.6 + 2.0 + 1.4 + 9.6 0.5
Dimethylacetamide, N,N- DMA 127-19-5 C4H9NO 0.87 + 0.8 + 0.8 + 8.81 10
Dimethylamine 124-40-3 C2H7N 1.5 8.23 5
Dimethyl carbonate Carbonic acid dimethyl ester 616-38-6 C3H6O3 NR + ~70 + 1.7 + ~10.5 ne
Dimethyl disulfide DMDS 624-92-0 C2H6S2 0.2 + 0.20 + 0.21 + 7.4 ne
Dimethyl ether see Methyl ether
Dimethylethylamine DMEA 598-56-1 C4H11N 1.1 + 1.0 + 0.9 + 7.74 ~3
Dimethylformamide, N,N- DMF 68-12-2 C3H7NO 0.7 + 0.7 + 0.8 + 9.13 10
Dimethylhydrazine, 1,1- UDMH 57-14-7 C2H8N2 0.8 + 0.8 + 7.28 0.01
Dimethyl methylphosphonate DMMP, methyl phosphonic acid 756-79-6 C3H9O3P NR + 4.3 + 0.74 + 10.0 ne
dimethyl ester
Dimethyl sulfate 77-78-1 C2H6O4S ~23 ~20 + 2.3 + 0.1
Dimethyl sulfide see Methyl sulfide
Dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO, Methyl sulfoxide 67-68-5 C2H6OS 1.4 + 9.10 ne
Dioxane, 1,4- 123-91-1 C4H8O2 1.3 9.19 25
Dioxolane, 1,3- Ethylene glycol formal 646-06-0 C3H6O2 4.0 + 2.3 + 1.6 + 9.9 20
Dowtherm A see Therminol® *
Dowtherm J (97% Diethylbenzene) * 25340-17-4 C10H14 0.5
DS-108F Wipe Solvent Ethyl lactate/Isopar H/ 97-64-3 m.w. 118 3.3 + 1.6 + 0.7 + ne
Propoxypropanol ~7:2:1 64742-48-9
1569-01-3
Epichlorohydrin ECH Chloromethyloxirane, 106-89-8 C2H5ClO ~200 + 8.5 + 1.4 + 10.2 0.5
1-chloro2,3-epoxypropane
Ethane 74-84-0 C2H6 NR + 15 + 11.52 ne
Ethanol Ethyl alcohol 64-17-5 C2H6O 10 + 3.1 + 10.47 1000
Ethanolamine * MEA, Monoethanolamine 141-43-5 C2H7NO 5.6 + 1.6 + 8.96 3
Ethene Ethylene 74-85-1 C2H4 9 + 4.5 + 10.51 ne
Ethoxyethanol, 2- Ethyl cellosolve 110-80-5 C4H10O2 1.3 9.6 5

Ethyl acetate 141-78-6 C4H8O2 4.6 + 3.5 10.01 400

Ethyl acetoacetate 141-97-9 C6H10O3 1.4 + 1.2 + 1.0 + <10 ne
Ethyl acrylate 140-88-5 C5H8O2 2.4 + 1.0 + <10.3 5
Ethylamine 75-04-7 C2H7N 0.8 8.86 5

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 Technical Note TN-106
Revised 08/2010

Compound Name Synonym/Abbreviation CAS No. Formula 9.8 C 10.6 C 11.7 C IE (Ev) TWA
Ethylbenzene 100-41-4 C8H10 0.52 + 0.52 + 0.51 + 8.77 100
Ethyl caprylate Ethyl octanoate 106-32-1 C10H20O2 + 0.52 + 0.51 +
Ethylenediamine 1,2-Ethanediamine; 107-15-3 C2H8N2 0.9 + 0.8 + 1.0 + 8.6 10
1,2-Diaminoethane
Ethylene glycol * 1,2-Ethanediol 107-21-1 C2H6O2 16 + 6 + 10.16 C100
Ethylene glycol, Acrylate 2-hydroxyethyl Acrylate 818-61-1 C5H8O3 8.2 ≤10.6
Ethylene glycol dimethyl 1,2-Dimethoxyethane, 110-71-4 C4H10O2 1.1 0.86 0.7 9.2 ne
ether Monoglyme
Ethylene glycol monobutyl 2-Butoxyethyl acetate 112-07-2 C8H16O3 1.3 ≤10.6
ether acetate
Ethylene glycol, monothio mercapto-2-ethanol 60-24-2 C2H6OS 1.5 9.65
Ethylene oxide Oxirane, Epoxyethane 75-21-8 C2H4O 13 + 3.5 + 10.57 1
Ethyl ether Diethyl ether 60-29-7 C4H10O 1.1 + 1.7 9.51 400
Ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate EEP 763-69-9 C7H14O3 1.2 + 0.75 + ne
Ethyl formate 109-94-4 C3H6O2 1.9 10.61 100
Ethylhexyl acrylate, 2- Acrylic acid 2-ethylhexyl ester 103-11-7 C11H20O2 1.1 + 0.5 + ne
Ethylhexanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 104-76-7 C8H18O 1.9 ≤10.6
Ethylidenenorbornene 5-Ethylidene bicyclo(2,2,1)hept-2- 16219-75-3 C9H12 0.4 + 0.39 + 0.34 + ≤8.8 ne
ene
Ethyl (S)-(-)-lactate Ethyl lactate, Ethyl (S)-(-)- 687-47-8 C5H10O3 13 + 3.2 + 1.6 + ~10 ne
see also DS-108F hydroxypropionate 97-64-3
Ethyl mercaptan Ethanethiol 75-08-1 C2H6S 0.60 + 0.56 + 9.29 0.5
Ethyl sulfide Diethyl sulfide 352-93-2 C4H10S 0.5 + 8.43 ne
Formaldehyde Formalin 50-00-0 CH2O NR + NR + 1.6 + 10.87 C0.3
Formamide 75-12-7 CH3NO 6.9 + 4 10.16 10
Formic acid 64-18-6 CH2O2 NR + NR + 9 + 11.33 5
Furfural 2-Furaldehyde 98-01-1 C5H4O2 0.92 + 0.8 + 9.21 2
Furfuryl alcohol 98-00-0 C5H6O2 0.80 + <9.5 10
Gasoline #1 8006-61-9 m.w. 72 0.9 + 300
Gasoline #2, 92 octane 8006-61-9 m.w. 93 1.3 + 1.0 + 0.5 + 300
Glutaraldehyde 1,5-Pentanedial, Glutaric dialdehyde 111-30-8 C5H8O2 1.1 + 0.8 + 0.6 + C0.05
Glycidyl methacrylate 2,3-Epoxypropyl methacrylate 106-91-2 C7H10O3 2.6 + 1.2 + 0.9 + 0.5
Halothane 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1- 151-67-7 C2HBrClF3 0.6 11.0 50
trifluoroethane
HCFC-22 see Chlorodifluoromethane
HCFC-123 see 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane
HCFC-141B see 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane
HCFC-142B see 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
HCFC-134A see 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane
HCFC-225 see Dichloropentafluoropropane
Heptane, n- 142-82-5 C7H16 45 + 2.8 + 0.60 + 9.92 400
Heptanol, 4- Dipropylcarbinol 589-55-9 C7H16O 1.8 + 1.3 + 0.5 + 9.61 ne
Hexamethyldisilazane, HMDS 999-97-3 C6H19NSi2 0.2 + 0.2 + ~8.6 ne
1,1,1,3,3,3- *
Hexamethyldisiloxane HMDSx 107-46-0 C6H18OSi2 0.33 + 0.27 + 0.25 + 9.64 ne
Hexane, n- 110-54-3 C6H14 350 + 4.3 + 0.54 + 10.13 50
Hexanol, 1- Hexyl alcohol 111-27-3 C6H14O 9 + 2.5 + 0.55 + 9.89 ne
Hexene, 1- 592-41-6 C6H12 0.8 9.44 30
HFE-7100 see Methyl nonafluorobutyl ether
Histoclear (Histo-Clear) Limonene/corn oil reagent m.w. ~136 0.5 + 0.4 + 0.3 + ne
Hydrazine * 302-01-2 H4N2 >8 + 2.6 + 2.1 + 8.1 0.01
Hydrazoic acid Hydrogen azide HN3 10.7
Hydrogen Synthesis gas 1333-74-0 H2 NR + NR + NR + 15.43 ne
Hydrogen cyanide Hydrocyanic acid 74-90-8 HCN NR + NR + NR + 13.6 C4.7
Hydrogen iodide * Hydriodic acid 10034-85-2 HI ~0.6* 10.39
Hydrogen peroxide 7722-84-1 H 2 O2 NR + NR + NR + 10.54 1
Hydrogen sulfide 7783-06-4 H2 S NR + 3.3 + 1.5 + 10.45 10
Hydroxypropyl methacrylate 27813-02-1 C7H12O3 9.9 + 2.3 + 1.1 + ne
923-26-2
Iodine * 7553-56-2 I2 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 9.40 C0.1

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 Technical Note TN-106
Revised 08/2010

Compound Name Synonym/Abbreviation CAS No. Formula 9.8 C 10.6 C 11.7 C IE (eV) TWA
Iodomethane Methyl iodide 74-88-4 CH3I 0.21 + 0.22 + 0.26 + 9.54 2
Isoamyl acetate Isopentyl acetate 123-92-2 C7H14O2 10.1 2.1 1.0 <10 100
Isobutane 2-Methylpropane 75-28-5 C4H10 100 + 1.2 + 10.57 ne
Isobutanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 78-83-1 C4H10O 19 + 3.8 + 1.5 10.02 50
Isobutene Isobutylene, Methyl butene 115-11-7 C4H8 1.00 + 1.00 + 1.00 + 9.24 Ne
Isobutyl acrylate Isobutyl 2-propenoate 106-63-8 C7H12O2 1.5 + 0.60 + Ne
Isoflurane 1-Chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl 26675-46-7 C3H2ClF5O NR + NR + 48 + ~11.7 Ne
difluoromethyl ether, forane
Isooctane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 540-84-1 C8H18 1.2 9.86 ne
Isopar E Solvent Isoparaffinic hydrocarbons 64741-66-8 m.w. 121 1.7 + 0.8 + Ne
Isopar G Solvent Photocopier diluent 64742-48-9 m.w. 148 0.8 + Ne
Isopar K Solvent Isoparaffinic hydrocarbons 64742-48-9 m.w. 156 0.9 + 0.5 + 0.27 + Ne
Isopar L Solvent Isoparaffinic hydrocarbons 64742-48-9 m.w. 163 0.9 + 0.5 + 0.28 + Ne
Isopar M Solvent Isoparaffinic hydrocarbons 64742-47-8 m.w. 191 0.7 + 0.4 + Ne
Isopentane 2-Methylbutane 78-78-4 C5H12 8.2 Ne
Isophorone 78-59-1 C9H14O 3 9.07 C5
Isoprene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 78-79-5 C5H8 0.69 + 0.63 + 0.60 + 8.85 Ne
Isopropanol Isopropyl alcohol, 2-propanol, IPA 67-63-0 C3H8O 500 + 6.0 + 2.7 10.12 200
Isopropyl acetate 108-21-4 C5H10O2 2.6 9.99 100
Isopropyl ether Diisopropyl ether 108-20-3 C6H14O 0.8 9.20 250
Jet fuel JP-4 Jet B, Turbo B, F-40 8008-20-6 + m.w. 115 1.0 + 0.4 + Ne
Wide cut type aviation fuel 64741-42-0
Jet fuel JP-5 Jet 5, F-44, Kerosene type 8008-20-6 + m.w. 167 0.6 + 0.5 + 29
aviation fuel 64747-77-1
Jet fuel JP-8 Jet A-1, F-34, Kerosene type 8008-20-6 + m.w. 165 0.6 + 0.3 + 30
aviation fuel 64741-77-1
Jet fuel A-1 (JP-8) F-34, Kerosene type aviation 8008-20-6 + m.w. 145 0.67 34
fuel 64741-77-1
Jet Fuel TS Thermally Stable Jet Fuel, 8008-20-6 + m.w. 165 0.9 + 0.6 + 0.3 + 30
Hydrotreated kerosene fuel 64742-47-8
Limonene, D- (R)-(+)-Limonene 5989-27-5 C10H16 0.33 + ~8.2 Ne
Kerosene C10-C16 petro.distillate – see Jet Fuels 8008-20-6
MDI – see 4,4'-Methylenebis(phenylisocyanate)
Maleic anhydride 2,5-Furandione 108-31-6 C4H2O3 ~10.8 0.1
Mesitylene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 108-67-8 C9H12 0.36 + 0.35 + 0.3 + 8.41 25
Methallyl chloride – see 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene
Methane Natural gas 74-82-8 CH4 NR + NR + NR + 12.61 Ne
Methanol Methyl alcohol, carbinol 67-56-1 CH4O NR + NR + 2.5 + 10.85 200
Methoxyethanol, 2- Methyl cellosolve, Ethylene 109-86-4 C3H8O2 4.8 + 2.4 + 1.4 + 10.1 5
glycol monomethyl ether
Methoxyethoxyethanol, 2- 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol 111-77-3 C7H16O 2.3 + 1.2 + 0.9 + <10 Ne
Diethylene glycol monomethyl
ether
Methoxyethyl ether, 2- bis(2-Methoxyethyl) ether, 111-96-6 C6H14O3 0.64 + 0.54 + 0.44 + <9.8 Ne
Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether,
Diglyme
Methyl acetate 79-20-9 C3H6O2 NR + 6.6 + 1.4 + 10.27 200
Methyl acrylate Methyl 2-propenoate, Acrylic 96-33-3 C4H6O2 3.7 + 1.2 + (9.9) 2
acid methyl ester
Methylamine Aminomethane 74-89-5 CH5N 1.2 8.97 5
Methyl amyl ketone MAK, 2-Heptanone, Methyl 110-43-0 C7H14O 0.9 + 0.85 + 0.5 + 9.30 50
pentyl ketone
Methyl bromide Bromomethane 74-83-9 CH3Br 110 + 1.7 + 1.3 + 10.54 1
Methyl t-butyl ether MTBE, tert-Butyl methyl ether 1634-04-4 C5H12O 0.9 + 9.24 40
Methyl cellosolve see 2-Methoxyethanol
Methyl chloride Chloromethane 74-87-3 CH3Cl NR + NR + 0.74 + 11.22 50
Methylcyclohexane 107-87-2 C7H14 1.6 + 0.97 + 0.53 + 9.64 400
Methylene bis(phenyl- MDI, Mondur M C15H10N2O2 Very slow ppb level response 0.005
isocyanate), 4,4'- *

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 Technical Note TN-106
Revised 08/2010

Compound Name Synonym/Abbreviation CAS No. Formula 9.8 C 10.6 C 11.7 C IE (eV) TWA
Methylene chloride Dichloromethane 75-09-2 CH2Cl2 NR + NR + 0.89 + 11.32 25
Methyl ether Dimethyl ether 115-10-6 C2H6O 4.8 + 3.1 + 2.5 + 10.03 Ne
Methyl ethyl ketone MEK, 2-Butanone 78-93-3 C4H8O 0.86 + 0.9 + 1.1 + 9.51 200
Methylhydrazine Monomethylhydrazine, 60-34-4 C2H6N2 1.4 + 1.2 + 1.3 + 7.7 0.01
Hydrazomethane
Methyl isoamyl ketone MIAK, 5-Methyl-2-hexanone 110-12-3 C7H14O 0.8 + 0.76 + 0.5 + 9.28 50
Methyl isobutyl ketone MIBK, 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 108-10-1 C6H12O 0.9 + 0.8 + 0.6 + 9.30 50
Methyl isocyanate CH3NCO 624-83-9 C2H3NO NR + 4.6 + 1.5 10.67 0.02
Methyl isothiocyanate CH3NCS 551-61-6 C2H3NS 0.5 + 0.45 + 0.4 + 9.25 ne
Methyl mercaptan Methanethiol 74-93-1 CH4S 0.65 0.54 0.66 9.44 0.5
Methyl methacrylate 80-62-6 C5H8O2 2.7 + 1.5 + 1.2 + 9.7 100
Methyl nonafluorobutyl ether HFE-7100DL 163702-08-7, C5H3F9O NR + ~35 + ne
163702-07-6
Methyl-1,5-pentanediamine, 2- Dytek-A amine, 2-Methyl 15520-10-2 C6H16N2 ~0.6 + <9.0 ne
(coats lamp) * pentamethylenediamine
Methyl propyl ketone MPK, 2-Pentanone 107-87-9 C5H12O 0.93 + 0.79 + 9.38 200
Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, N- NMP, N-Methylpyrrolidone, 872-50-4 C5H9NO 1.0 + 0.8 + 0.9 + 9.17 ne
1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone,
1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone
Methyl salicylate Methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate 119-36-8 C8H8O3 1.3 +
0.9 + 0.9 + ~9 ne
Methylstyrene, α- 2-Propenylbenzene 98-83-9 C9H10 0.5 8.18 50
Methyl sulfide DMS, Dimethyl sulfide 75-18-3 C2H6S 0.49 + 0.44 + 0.46 + 8.69 ne
Mineral spirits Stoddard Solvent, Varsol 1, 8020-83-5 m.w. 144 1.0 0.69 + 0.38 + 100
White Spirits 8052-41-3
68551-17-7
Mineral Spirits - Viscor 120B Calibration Fluid, b.p. 156-207°C 8052-41-3 m.w. 142 1.0 + 0.7 + 0.3 + 100
Monoethanolamine - see Ethanolamine
Mustard * HD, Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide 505-60-2 C4H8Cl2S 0.6 0.0005
39472-40-7
68157-62-0
Naphtha - see VM & P Naptha
Naphthalene Mothballs 91-20-3 C10H8 0.45 + 0.42 + 0.40 + 8.13 10
Nickel carbonyl (in CO) Nickel tetracarbonyl 13463-39-3 C4NiO4 0.18 <8.8 0.001
Nicotine 54-11-5 C10H14N2 2.0 ≤10.6
Nitric oxide 10102-43-9 NO ~6 5.2 + 2.8 + 9.26 25
Nitrobenzene 98-95-3 C6H5NO2 2.6 + 1.9 + 1.6 + 9.81 1
Nitroethane 79-24-3 C2H5NO2 3 10.88 100
Nitrogen dioxide 10102-44-0 NO2 23 + 16 + 6 + 9.75 3
Nitrogen trifluoride 7783-54-2 NF3 NR NR NR 13.0 10
Nitromethane 75-52-5 CH3NO2 4 11.02 20
Nitropropane, 2- 79-46-9 C3H7NO2 2.6 10.71 10
Nonane 111-84-2 C9H20 1.4 9.72 200
Norpar 12 n-Paraffins, mostly C10-C13 64771-72-8 m.w. 161 3.2 + 1.1 + 0.28 + ne
Norpar 13 n-Paraffins, mostly C13-C14 64771-72-8 m.w. 189 2.7 + 1.0 + 0.3 + ne
Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane 556-67-2 C8H24O4Si4 0.21 + 0.17 + 0.14 + ne
Octamethyltrisiloxane 107-51-7 C8H24O2Si3 0.23 + 0.18 + 0.17 + <10.0 ne
Octane, n- 111-65-9 C8H18 13 + 1.8 + 9.82 300
Octene, 1- 111-66-0 C8H16 0.9 + 0.75 + 0.4 + 9.43 75
Pentane 109-66-0 C5H12 80 + 8.4 + 0.7 + 10.35 600
Peracetic acid * Peroxyacetic acid, Acetyl 79-21-0 C2H4O3 NR + NR + 2.3 + ne
hydroperoxide
Peracetic/Acetic acid mix * Peroxyacetic acid, Acetyl 79-21-0 C2H4O3 50 + 2.5 + ne
hydroperoxide
Perchloroethene PCE, Perchloroethylene, 127-18-4 C2Cl4 0.69 + 0.57 + 0.31 + 9.32 25
Tetrachloroethylene
PGME Propylene glycol methyl ether, 1- 107-98-2 C6H12O3 2.4 + 1.5 + 1.1 + 100
Methoxy-2-propanol

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 Technical Note TN-106
Revised 08/2010

Compound Name Synonym/Abbreviation CAS No. Formula 9.8 C 10.6 C 11.7 C IE (eV) TWA
PGMEA Propylene glycol methyl ether 108-65-6 C6H12O3 1.65 + 1.0 + 0.8 + ne
acetate, 1-Methoxy-2-
acetoxypropane, 1-Methoxy-2-
propanol acetate
Phenol Hydroxybenzene 108-95-2 C6H6O 1.0 + 1.0 + 0.9 + 8.51 5
Phosgene Dichlorocarbonyl 75-44-5 CCl2O NR + NR + 8.5 + 11.2 0.1
Phosgene in Nitrogen Dichlorocarbonyl 75-44-5 CCl2O NR + NR + 6.8 + 11.2 0.1
Phosphine (coats lamp) 7803-51-2 PH3 28 3.9 + 1.1 + 9.87 0.3
Photocopier Toner Isoparaffin mix 0.5 + 0.3 + ne
Picoline, 3- 3-Methylpyridine 108-99-6 C6H7N 0.9 9.04 ne
Pinene, α- 2437-95-8 C10H16 0.31 + 0.47 8.07 ne
Pinene, β- 18172-67-3 C10H16 0.38 + 0.37 + 0.37 + ~8 100
Piperylene, isomer mix 1,3-Pentadiene 504-60-9 C5H8 0.76 + 0.69 + 0.64 + 8.6 100
Propane 74-98-6 C3H8 NR + 1.8 + 10.95 2500
Propanol, n- Propyl alcohol 71-23-8 C3H8O 5 1.7 10.22 200
Propene Propylene 115-07-1 C3H6 1.5 + 1.4 + 1.6 + 9.73 ne
Propionaldehyde Propanal 123-38-6 C3H6O 1.9 9.95 ne
Propyl acetate, n- 109-60-4 C5H10O2 3.5 2.3 10.04 200
Propylamine, n- 1-Propylamine, 107-10-8 C3H9N 1.1 + 1.1 + 0.9 + 8.78 ne
1-Aminopropane
Propylene carbonate * 108-32-7 C4H6O3 62 + 1 + 10.5 ne
Propylene glycol 1,2-Propanediol 57-55-6 C3H8O2 18 5.5 + 1.6 + <10.2 ne
Propylene glycol propyl ether 1-Propoxy-2-propanol 1569-01-3 C6H14O2 1.3 + 1.0 + 1.6 + ne
Propylene oxide Methyloxirane 75-56-9 C3H6O ~240 6.6 + 2.9 + 10.22 20
16088-62-3
15448-47-2
Propyleneimine 2-Methylaziridine 75-55-8 C3H7N 1.5 + 1.3 + 1.0 + 9.0 2
Propyl mercaptan, 2- 2-Propanethiol, Isopropyl 75-33-2 C3H8S 0.64 + 0.66 + 9.15 ne
mercaptan
Pyridine 110-86-1 C5H5N 0.78 + 0.7 + 0.7 + 9.25 5
Pyrrolidine (coats lamp) Azacyclohexane 123-75-1 C4H9N 2.1 + 1.3 + 1.6 + ~8.0 ne
RR7300 (PGME/PGMEA) 70:30 PGME:PGMEA (1- 107-98-2 C4H10O2 / 1.4 + 1.0 + ne
Methoxy-2-propanol:1-Methoxy- C6H12O3
2-acetoxypropane)
Sarin GB, Isopropyl 107-44-8 C4H10FO2P ~3
methylphosphonofluoridate 50642-23-4
Stoddard Solvent - see Mineral Spirits 8020-83-5
Styrene 100-42-5 C8H8 0.45 + 0.40 + 0.4 + 8.43 20
Sulfur dioxide 7446-09-5 SO2 NR NR + NR + 12.32 2
Sulfur hexafluoride 2551-62-4 SF6 NR NR NR 15.3 1000
Sulfuryl fluoride Vikane 2699-79-8 SO2F2 NR NR NR 13.0 5
Tabun * Ethyl N, N- 77-81-6 C5H11N2O2P 0.8 15ppt
dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate
Tetrachloroethane, 1,1,1,2- 630-20-6 C2H2Cl4 1.3 ~11.1 ne
Tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2- 79-34-5 C2H2Cl4 NR + NR + 0.60 + ~11.1 1
Tetrachlorosilane 10023-04-7 SiCl4 NR NR 15 + 11.79 ne
Tetraethyl lead TEL 78-00-2 C8H20Pb 0.4 0.3 0.2 ~11.1 0.008
Tetraethyl orthosilicate Ethyl silicate, TEOS 78-10-4 C8H20O4Si 0.7 + 0.2 + ~9.8 10
Tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,1,2- HFC-134A 811-97-2 C2H2F4 NR NR ne
Tetrafluoroethene TFE, Tetrafluoroethylene, 116-14-3 C2F4 ~15 10.12 ne
Perfluoroethylene
Tetrafluoromethane CFC-14, Carbon tetrafluoride 75-73-0 CF4 NR + NR + >15.3 ne
Tetrahydrofuran THF 109-99-9 C4H8O 1.9 + 1.7 + 1.0 + 9.41 200
Tetramethyl orthosilicate Methyl silicate, TMOS 681-84-5 C4H12O4Si 10 + 1.9 + ~10 1
Therminol® D-12 * Hydrotreated heavy naphtha 64742-48-9 m.w. 160 0.8 + 0.51 + 0.33 + ne
Therminol® VP-1 * Dowtherm A, 3:1 Diphenyl oxide: 101-84-8 C12H10O 0.4 + 1
Biphenyl 92-52-4 C12H10
Toluene Methylbenzene 108-88-3 C7H8 0.54 + 0.50 + 0.51 + 8.82 50

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 Technical Note TN-106
Revised 08/2010

Compound Name Synonym/Abbreviation CAS No. Formula 9.8 C 10.6 C 11.7 C IE (eV) TWA
Tolylene-2,4-diisocyanate TDI, 4-Methyl-1,3-phenylene-2,4- 584-84-9 C9H6N2O2 1.4 + 1.4 + 2.0 + 0.002
diisocyanate
Trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4- 1,2,4-TCB 120-82-1 C6H3Cl3 0.7 + 0.46 + 9.04 C5
Trichloroethane, 1,1,1- 1,1,1-TCA, Methyl chloroform 71-55-6 C2H3Cl3 NR + 1 + 11 350
Trichloroethane, 1,1,2- 1,1,2-TCA 79-00-5 C2H3Cl3 NR + NR + 0.9 + 11.0 10
Trichloroethene TCE, Trichoroethylene 79-01-6 C2HCl3 0.62 + 0.54 + 0.43 + 9.47 50
Trichloromethylsilane Methyltrichlorosilane 75-79-6 CH3Cl3Si NR NR 1.8 + 11.36 ne
Trichlorotrifluoroethane, 1,1,2- CFC-113 76-13-1 C2Cl3F3 NR NR 11.99 1000
Triethylamine TEA 121-44-8 C6H15N 0.95 + 0.9 + 0.65 + 7.3 1
Triethyl borate TEB; Boric acid triethyl ester 150-46-9 C6H15O3B 2.2 + 1.1 + ~10 ne
Triethyl phosphate Ethyl phosphate 78-40-0 C6H15O4P ~50 + 3.1 + 0.60 + 9.79 ne
Trifluoroethane, 1,1,2- 430-66-0 C2H3F3 34 12.9 ne
Trimethylamine 75-50-3 C3H9N 0.9 7.82 5
Trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5- - see Mesitylene 108-67-8 25
Trimethyl borate TMB; Boric acid trimethyl ester, 121-43-7 C3H9O3B 5.1 + 1.2 + 10.1 ne
Boron methoxide
Trimethyl phosphate Methyl phosphate 512-56-1 C3H9O4P 8.0 + 1.3 + 9.99 ne
Trimethyl phosphite Methyl phosphite 121-45-9 C3H9O3P 1.1 + + 8.5 2
Turpentine Pinenes (85%) + other 8006-64-2 C10H16 0.37 + 0.30 + 0.29 + ~8 20
diisoprenes
Undecane 1120-21-4 C11H24 2 9.56 ne
Varsol – see Mineral Spirits
Vinyl actetate 108-05-4 C4H6O2 1.5 + 1.2 + 1.0 + 9.19 10
Vinyl bromide Bromoethylene 593-60-2 C2H3Br 0.4 9.80 5
Vinyl chloride Chloroethylene, VCM 75-01-4 C2H3Cl 2.0 + 0.6 + 9.99 5
Vinyl-1-cyclohexene, 4- Butadiene dimer, 100-40-3 C8H12 0.6 + 0.56 + 9.83 0.1
4-Ethenylcyclohexene
Vinylidene chloride - see 1,1-Dichloroethene
Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone, 1- NVP, N-vinylpyrrolidone, 1- 88-12-0 C6H9NO 1.0 + 0.8 + 0.9 + ne
ethenyl-2-pyrrolidinone
Viscor 120B - see Mineral Spirits - Viscor 120B Calibration Fluid
V. M. & P. Naphtha Ligroin; Solvent naphtha; Varnish 64742-89-8 m.w. 111 1.7 + 0.97 + 300
maker's & painter's naptha (C8-C9)
Xylene, m- 1,3-Dimethylbenzene 108-38-3 C8H10 0.50 + 0.44 + 0.40 + 8.56 100
Xylene, o- 1,2-Dimethylbenzene 95-47-6 C8H10 0.56 + 0.46 + 0.43 8.56 100
Xylene, p- 1,4-Dimethylbenzene 106-42-3 C8H10 0.48 + 0.39 + 0.38 + 8.44 100
None 1 1 1
Undetectable 1E+6 1E+6 1E+6
* Compounds indicated in green can be detected using a MiniRAE 2000 or ppbRAE/+ with slow response, but may be lost by
adsorption on a MultiRAE or EntryRAE. Response on multi-gas meters can give an indication of relative concentrations, but may not
be quantitative and for some chemicals no response is observed.
Therminol® is a registered Trademark of Solutia, Inc.

RAE Systems Inc.

11 3775 N. First St., San Jose, CA 95134-1708 USA
Phone: +1.888.723.8823
Email: raesales@raesystems.com
Web Site: www.raesystems.com
 Technical Note TN-106
Revised 08/2010

Appendix I:
Example of Automatic Calculation of Correction Factors, TLVs and Alarm Limits for Mixtures
(Calculations performed using Excel version of this database, available on request)
CF CF CF Mol. Conc TLV STEL
Compound 9.8 eV 10.6 eV 11.7eV Frac ppm ppm Ppm

Benzene 0.55 0.53 0.6 0.01 1 0.5 2.5

Toluene 0.54 0.5 0.51 0.06 10 50 150
Hexane, n- 300 4.3 0.54 0.06 10 50 150
Heptane, n- 45 2.8 0.6 0.28 50 400 500
Styrene 0.45 0.4 0.42 0.06 10 20 40
Acetone 1.2 1.1 1.4 0.28 50 750 1000
Isopropanol 500 6 2.7 0.28 50 400 500
None 1 1 1 0.00 0 1

Mixture Value: 2.1 1.5 0.89 1.00 181 56 172

TLV Alarm Setpoint when ppm ppm ppm
Calibrated to Isobutylene: 26 37 62
ppm ppm ppm
STEL Alarm Setpoint, same Calibration 86 115 193
ppm ppm ppm

RAE Systems Inc.

12 3775 N. First St., San Jose, CA 95134-1708 USA
Phone: +1.888.723.8823
Email: raesales@raesystems.com
Web Site: www.raesystems.com