REPORT

ON
SEMINAR: INDIAN HABITAT OF SOUTH EAST DELHI, DELHI

B. Arch 4TH Year

2020-2021

Submitted by
TUSHAR

Guided by

Ar. Iqtedar Alam

Ar . Farha Naz

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS

JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA
NEW DELHI-110025

Faculty of Architecture & Ekistics,

Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi

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 Certificate

In the partial fulfillment of the B. Arch (4 th Year) degree program, this is to certify that
‘TUSHAR’ has worked on the report entitled “SEMINAR: INDIAN HABITAT OF
SOUTH EAST DELHI, DELHI” under our guidance and supervision.

Ar. Iqtedar Alam Ar. Farah Naz

report Guide report Guide

Prof. Hina Zia Prof. S.M. Akhtar

Head of Department Dean

External Examiner 1 External Examiner 2

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 DECLARATION

I, TUSHAR, hereby declare that the report entitled ‘SEMINAR: INDIAN HABITAT OF

SOUTH EAST DELHI, DELHI’ submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for

the award of the degree of Bachelor of Architecture (4th Year) is my original research work

and that the information taken from secondary sources is given due citations and

references.

Name TUSHAR

Date: 21/05/2021 Bachelor of Architecture (4 th Year)

Place: New Delhi

2020-2021

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 TABLE OF CONTENT:
page no:

TABLE OF CONTENT……………………………………………………………............................04

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS:…………………………………………………………………….......05

CHAPTER

1. Shared Resources- A Concept………….….....…………………………………………....06-08

2. Introduction to Neighbourhood………………………………………………………….....09-12

3. Categorization Of Resources …………………....…………………………………...….....13-22

3.1. Water…………………………………………………………………………………..13
3.2. Clothing…………………………………………………………………………….14-15
3.3. Infrastructure………………………………………………………………………..15-16
3.4. Recreation…………………………………………………………………………..16-17
3.5. Electronics………………………………………………………………………….17-18
3.6. Energy consumption………………………………………………………………..18-19
3.7. Furniture…………………………………………………………………………..........19
3.8. Consumers good products………………………………………………………….…..20
3.9. Miscellaneous……………………………………………………………………....20-21
3.10. Workplace………………………………………………………………………..…21-22

4. Calculation: Sustainable Values Of Resources………………………………………..……..23-35

4.1. Evaluation Criteria ……………………………………………………………………..….23-24
4.2. Resource mapping ……………………………………………………………………….25
4.3. Calculation of sustainable value
………………………………………………………………………………………..26-35
4.3.1. First order sustainable value data …………………………………………....26-30
4.3.2. Second order sustainable value data………………….…………….………...31-35

5. Inferences…………………………………………………….………………………………….36
6. Bibliography………………………………………………………………………….……...….37

ANNEXURE………………………………………………………………………….……………....38-50

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 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS:

S. NO FIG NAME PAGE NO

01. Fig : 2.1 shows the location of study and its hierarchy, author 10

02 Fig: 4.1.1 map of south east delhi, data developed by author. 24

03 Fig :4.1.2 first order mapping in city of delhi, author 25

04 Fig : 4.1.3 second order mapping in india, author 25

05 Table :4.3.1.1 26

06 Table:4.3.1.2 27

07 Table:4.3.1.3 28

08 Table:4.3.1.4 29

09 Table:4.3.1.5 30

10 Table : 4.3.2.1 31

11 Table : 4.3.2.2 32

12 Table : 4.3.2.3 33

13 Table : 4.3.2.4 34

14 Table : 4.3.2.5 35

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 1. SHARED RESOURCES- A CONCEPT

“This is a green world, with animals comparatively few and small, and dependent on the leaves. By
leaves we live.”
― Patrick Geddes

A habitat is a place that usually supports all environmental conditions for biological organisms to survive.
Human habitat generally allows a sustainable biological cycle performed by inhabiting animals, which
includes gathering of resources, consuming food for energy, and reproducing and dissolving into the
environment. Same can be said for humans as we are a part of Animalia, But human interaction and its
need from the surrounding habitat is much more complex than the other members of the animal kingdom.
Humankind is habitual of exploring its surrounding environment and that has helped us gain vital
knowledge of our habitat and its features. This knowledge has added significant survival value for homo
sapiens for millennia, and made us the most populous and widespread species of primates on earth.

We as a species have figured out the most efficient way to gather resources while working collectively
towards the common goal of building a sustainable survival environment. Sharing of the resources
available and working in groups have helped us achieve a fraction of it. As all ancient civilization and
settlements stared at the banks of rivers even long before they were introduced to agriculture, water has
been a significant resource for our sustainable habitat. Rivers provided Stable food source and ease of
transportation, it also provided a more protected environment than in the wild. The quench of ecological
resources was not the only need of human settlement, since the introduction to agriculture and rise of
sedentary human civilization, we developed cultural and social resources. As permanent settlers arrived,
settlement got connected through river channels or via landscape and thus we were introduced to
economical resources.

Modern human society centers around these economical, social, cultural and ecological shared resources.

Ecological resources being the most important of all has been a part of human habitat since inception of
its existence, forests and fields are used for growing food and animals, they are the primary source of
energy consumed by the human body. Fresh water resources such as lake, rivers have been considered
vital for human survival. Recently we have acknowledged that these non renewable resources are being
used extensively due to the rise in demand for their industrial uses. There have been adverse
environmental impacts in the last decade and it has greatly affected every human colony equally
irrespective of the boundaries. There are increasing concerns about these environmental impacts globally
and nations have recognized the immediate need of a global action. This has led to formulation of a range
of instruments to govern the use of shared resources, which can overcome jurisdiction, policy and
practical challenges.

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We as humans are now habitual of mingling socially, living in a society that bounds us with the resources
we share and some of these resources are of social importance. The class and occupation have divided
humans into various groups even with a defined territory following the same jurisdiction but these
resources of social value give opportunity to form a social bond within different sects, class and gender.
Resources such as parks, gym, playground have no restriction on human interaction and this has eased
the exchange of opinions and ideas. Similarly clubs, restaurants, hotels and famous landmarks within the
city also have social significance.

Since the cradle of civilization we have always lived in groups, there has always been a substantial need
for collective identity in a group which was created by common beliefs or practices. Humans being the
most widespread species on earth still have managed to appreciate cultural and religious shared
resources. Infrastructure which houses: church, temples, mosque, cultural centers and cultural programs
are some of them and must be cherished but in recent time separation of identity among humans through
these common shared resources have created more conflict around the world and I am quite spective of
what inferences we can deduce.

Human habitats in the 21st century have been focusing on tera forming the urban landscape in order to
have economical gains as the modern society has predefined economy. Every non-renewable modern
resource of energy is governed by prices and subjected to the area of jurisdiction it has been extracted
from, most of the energy generated comes from non-renewable resources such as coal, natural gas, oil,
and nuclear energy, they are shared within the nation all around the world on heavy cost. This is an
example of shared economical resources. State property, such as hospitals, educational institutions, tourist
places is also an example of economical shared resources as we citizens share taxes in the economy to
maintain and develop these necessary infrastructure.

Since the industrial revolution in the late 19th century, the work life imbalance and resource management
has been the center of conversation among urban planners. The Sanitary movement in the early 19th
century argued for central organized, top-down solutions to the problems of industrializing cities. The
garden city movement in the late 19th century was proposed as a method of urban planning in which
self-contained communities will be surrounded by "greenbelts", containing proportionate areas of
residences, industry, and agriculture. The idea was initiated in 1898 by Ebenezer Howard as he aimed to
capture all the primary benefits of a countryside and share benefits with the city resources while avoiding
their disadvantages. According to Patrick Geddes, a well known town planner from the 20th century
"primary human needs'' in every intervention of city planning, engaging in "constructive and conservative
surgery" are key to planning the city, a/c to his theory the main components of society are ("Place, Work,
Folk").and then balance between the three can be a key to well functioning society. City Planners only in
the late 20th century have realized resource management as a main concern. As more than 50% of the
world’s population now live in urban areas and with half of the world still under the process of
urbanization, the research shows that urban population may rise by 70% till 2050. There have been
concerns that urbanization has been a key driver of increase in unsustainable resource demands. A/c to

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Princeton university reports of 2016 on Urbanization it appears that urban population contributes to a
large percentage of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

My conclusion that I have deduced from my understanding of shared resources and its current interaction
by humans are we human have been sharing cultural, social, economical and ecological resources
because of the bond they create for creating sustainable and livable environment for future generations,
but the excessive use of some finite resources have not only depleted the environment but also have
created the divide in our collective identity. Global warming, melting glaciers, rise in sea level and
increase in pollution are the results of mismanagement of the shared resources.
We as species have realized that ecological renewable resources, such as solar, wind, hydro, are much
better for extraction of energy and building a sustainable environment. There are issues with them
including storage capacity and energy output, but we are on the cusp of developing the technologies to
perfect these problems. As fossil fuels and coal will not last forever. They are a finite resource, and are
projected to run out soon.

“Anyone who believes in indefinite growth on a finite planet is either mad, or an economist.” David
Attenborough.

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 2. INTRODUCTION TO NEIGHBOURHOOD

My current residence is near the locality of Masihgarh, Sukhdev Vihar of South Delhi. Sukhdev vihar
comprises pocket localities and Gated communities with Lush green and demarcated open spaces with
gyms, clinics and residences prominently scattered along their premis, planned in the semi grid patterns
these residencial pockets has secluded recreational areas exclusively used by residents of the society on
the contrast exists the area of masihgarh which has unregularised colonies of housing and unplanned
streets which does not have defined periphery. The area houses a major working population and has
higher dwelling density than the residential pockets of sukhdev vihar.

History of the area incepts with the arrival of first french christian migrants in delhi, the population
mingled with the local population and the demographic changed majorly only with the auction of
government owned land and planning of dda’s and societies.Masihgarh, the lone Christian-majority
locality of the City, this tiny Vatican City of Delhi. A quaint locality nestled in the far South-east area of
Sukhdev Vihar, near Okhla, Masihgarh (meaning the Messiah’s place), houses about 200 Christian
families. There is also a beautiful church here named ‘Church of Our Lady of Health’ dedicated to
Mother Mary.

Now the social division and seclusion based on class is evidently visible within and around the area.
People residing in the bunglows of sukhdev vihar have variable income with high class living standards.
The single flat owners are those working in mncs and top government employees. On the other hand
masihgarh generally people of lower income groups with lower living standards.

The behavioral pattern among the residents have drastically changed after the pandemic and emergency
lockdown especially in the gated community of sukhdev vihar, the social division has now extended its
arms to the immediate social neighbourhood. Isolation is now more common than ever. Online marketing
and services are the new norm among these pockets. Whereas the masihgarh is now returning to the
previous state of its business with some difficulties and restrictions. Plenty of businesses are still trying to
cope up with the major loss, few looking forward to the future opportunities available.

The only phenomenon which unites these two different zones is Delhi's pollution and their
interdependencies. The long towering structure of okhla’s waste to energy plant still fumes day and night,
adding to the layers of smog and pungent unbreathable gases near sukhdev vihar. which further adds to
the thick winter cloud. Air pollution and hygiene are also one of the major concerns of masihgarh.
Coming to the carbon footprint, the area of sukhdev vihar despite being well organised and planned with
less density spaces seems to generate more CO2 than the entirety of masihgarh residential area, the
conclusion of it is backed by the factual understanding that there are more cars per person in these well
planned residential pockets than in the organic sprawl of the masihgarh locality.

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Fig : 2.1 shows the location of study and its hierarchy, author

10
Some of the major resource channels that are reachable to my residential area are
Electricity supply
Gas supply
Water supply
Sewer
Garbage disposal services
Home delivery services
In house services like repairmen, carpenter etc.
Broadband data provider

The types of spaces may have limitations over these areas.

Some of the key areas which remains exclusive to the sukhdev vihar’s gated locality are

● Children Parks (pocket green spaces)

● gardens
● Temples
● Grocery store
● Internal streets
● Gymnism
● Private bungalows and Residences.
● Apartment building
● health care centers/ clinics.

I have a family of 4 members. My Father , mother and younger sister. My Father is 56 years of age, a
Bank manager who works in a nationalised bank near south Delhi. He is the only earning member in our
family whose work gives us financial independence. My mom is a homemaker and she's 53 years old ,
and my younger sister, 22.5 years is a final year medical student studying in pgims, rohtak. The main
dependency to my family during the pandemic were local grocery shops, online delivery services, online
apps like grofers, big basket, amazon etc adding to that local fruit and vegetable venders are also major
dependencies to us. Car as being the only Private vehicle within our reach has been majorly used to
commute to work or to market. Prior to that public transport vehicles such as metro and rickshaws were
the major mode of communication.

The areas provided are quite alive and functional, especially children parks and public gardens. Although
Internal streets had less vehicular traffic because of the narrow road and nature of locality, despite being
surrounded by organic colonies of houses, these public areas maintained by sukhdev vihar society
workers and swipers are commendable.and taking user analysis and understanding their behavioural
pattern some of the important conclusions are. The major transportation use and the prominent points of
accumulation are jamia metro at the front is, intersection of MP marg and CV ranman marg and it's

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majorly were used for commutes by students and daily commuters/ employees.several bus stands which
were also majorly used for the same as major public daily commute.

The delhi being a large metropolitan town and south of it being a mostly residential part provides ample
of resource availability and it also has a large sphere of dependencies. Although increasing
industrialization and transfer of small and medium scale industry to the remote areas of ncr have
increased the carbon footprint of the general population here, the resource availability have not been
affected much as with the increase in the population and the GDP ppp the demand supply curve remains
constant with the growth.

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3. CATEGORIZATION OF RESOURCES

3.1. WATER

Water is a universal solvent that defines earth as the only planet to support life. It is a nonrenewable
resource so despite of its vast abundance its very much limited
In our personal lives, water is the foundation of our existence. The human body needs water for survival.
Moreover our body comprises 70% water. This transparent chemical is also used in our day today basis
like brushing, cooking food, domestic use and also industrial use. Water is used exhaustively in
agriculture, it is the main occupation of people in India. River as one of its sources also has been a vital
part of every flourishing civilization. Routes through them have been connecting societies and their
economical interaction for centuries.

The city of Delhi, lies on the floodplains of the Yamuna River, it is essentially a landlocked city, it
requires 3,324 million liters of water a day (MLD) while it receives closer to 2,030 MLD. Average water
consumption of Delhi has been estimated to be near 240 liters per capita per day, This has been regarded
as highest in the country. The Surface Water source in the city accounts for 86% of Delhi's total water
supply, the Yamuna River, which passes through south east district of Delhi equates to around 4.6% of
the source through interstate agreements. Subsurface water also has depleted rapidly in recent years
around the district. This is due to dense populations and the demand and supply gap of essential needs,
including clean water. This problem is aggravated by incompitatant bureaucratic setup and reluctant
governance.

I can deduce from above is that the constant use of water in industries, agriculture and technology has led
to the world catastrophe, which has led to pollution of water and increased consumption. We humans are
obligated to save water for our future generations, also water is not only a necessity to humans but also to
the world community therefore its preservation is of utmost importance. We have only a limited amount
of water available which is safe for drinking. Also there are certain places in our country where water is
so scarce that people hardly get water for their domestic use and agriculture. Consequently water
conservation takes an important place among other environmental issues as its a global mission to keep
the planet safe for living. Apart from conserving water, its pollution takes a significant place in this
diverse world ,as huge amounts of water have now become unacceptable for drinking and survival of
other life forms. Therefore to prevent this certain measures should be taken by large factories and plants
should take appropriate measures to control their harmful emissions. Other techniques which help to
conserve water are low water shower heads and toilets and automatic faucets.

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3.2. CLOTHING

Clothes are the basic need of every individual who lives in this world. As we all acknowledge that clothes
are very important in human life as It protects the skin from infections and also serves as a mechanical
barrier to prevent any damage. Slowly when civilization advanced humans learnt the art of wearing
natural fibers, animal skin and other thik sheets, there has been a slow and progressive advancement in
the art of wearing clothes. Human beings wear clothes in order to gain social prestige and modesty. But
eventually clothes have become a defining factor of personality. The way a person dresses represents his
quality and features in today's time. Clothing also affects a person’s physical, mental, emotional and
social abilities. clothes are a part of one's external personality. The domestic use of clothes are foremost
covering the body, towel, curtain, bed lining , cushion covers, doormats etc. clothes also serve the
purpose of social pleasure. As we all Know that if we attend any social gathering we all wear nice
dresses, It gives us a feeling of euphoria. Human cultures are diverse and vast. It is said the way people
wear their clothes represents their region. In today's generation clothing is one of most top and trending
topics . however for the rich it has become a showcase of their fashion and for the poor it serves just as
the basic purpose of protection against barriers. There is this giant industry of fashion which depends on
the styles of clothes and in this era people are blindly following such fashions in order to gain respect in
society.

South east Delhi has been a center of fashion and glamour. It is famous for flamboyant taste in clothing,
colours and weddings. This metropolitan mega city district attracts immigrants from all the nearby states.
Which results in a mixed ethanic background of the city demographics and cultures, this is evident in the
varied preferences in terms of clothing product and price, among the consumers. Because of this varied
mix of consumers, the choices of shopping centers and other market destinations available in the district
are massive, which makes south east Delhi the perfect shopping destination. The city of Delhi has always
provided shopping opportunities to all customer segments irrespective of age, gender, budget, preference
of brand, and retail experience. Although the abundance of this particular resource is only possible
because of the well connected and communicated trade networks operating in delhi. Many clothing goods
are manufactured in NTC which facilitates the needs of the city populus. The clothing also is imported
from other states and territories of India and international brands, which allows a diversified market in
the city. It also increases the product carbon footprint.

Thus I can infer that clothes affect every aspect of life. Clothes beautify the physical appearance of a
person, since man is a social animal thus clothes adds to social development of a person and helps him
attract and socialize with other people. In the hominin timeline , with the advent of civilization clothing
and textiles reflects the material and technology. The textile industry poses a bad environmental effect
during the development process which needs to be checked. With the advanced textile treatment and use
of dyes it has a negative impact on human health and also textile contact dermatitis can occur among
textile workers. Nowadays with globalization the clothing industry has also flourished so fabrics could be

14
shipped from Japan, Italy, china or any number of places so distance is not a barrier in today’s time but it
certainly impacts the native social affluence and cultural identity. I would like to conclude from the above
statements that not only clothes act as a hygienic barrier but also unifies socio culture of the region and as
a resident of south east delhi from 6 years i have seen clothing market flourish and every year a new trend
transpire on fashion list of young generation, some old traditional cloths have still kept their identity
intact as the shear size of the market still permits that.

3.3. INFRASTRUCTURE

Infrastructure can be defined as any man made structure which is constructed

to make human life easier. There are two types of infrastructure: economic and
social infrastructure. Economic infrastructure includes Transport systems,
communications, energy, science and technology & banking and finance while social infrastructure
includes Health , education , water supply, sanitation , housing etc. According to the world bank
infrastructure is directly proportional to production. So one percent increase in infrastructure leads to one
percent increase in production. Infrastructure helps in the development of other sectors of the economy
and regions socio-economic growth. Growth refers not only to the industrial and agricultural growth of a
society but also its cultural and social growth. In the absence of proper infrastructural facilities like
education and health care it is impossible for a society to develop. Hence it's a vital component for human
habitats. Infrastructure as we know is a shared resource in any human habitat, it is generally funded
through taxes or is expected to be the responsibility of the concerned governing authority of the area.

Talking about my locality which lies near the floodplains of the south east, Delhi. It has a well developed
infrastructure for Health care, education, telecommunications, socio- cultural commemoration. Parks,
banks and offices are in close proximity to the society. The well connected roads and metros with
national highways within less than a kilometer reach, It makes the trade circulation easier and allows
areas within it to constantly thrive. However these urban areas need to be developed at a faster pace. One
of the setbacks of urban areas around south east Delhi is the vast amount of waste land. These waste
lands often transform into garbage pits, or a hub of illegal occupation. Okhla bird century has been seeing
a dip in migratory birds as the building regulations are being violated. The rapid growth also requires
pre-eminent management as this is the major problem which should be looked into.

My conclusion from the above understanding of resources gives me an idea of how the infrastructure
should be developed in three ways, First way is through the government so that the private sector can be
casted out and profit is also not much marked. Second way is through private funded In which profit is
evident. And the third way is through a public private partnership, this is a little complex way where
management for funding is done via a contract or an agreement. This is also the most recent model of
development which has opened our economy to globalisation and liberalisation. To match the world class

15
infrastructure. Revamping the current infrastructure is essential and new ideas should be conceived by the
government so that it comes up with more projects to develop the infrastructure and also its
implementation should be executed in a timely manner to witness an inexplicable change.

3.4. RECREATION

Recreation is the art of spending time productively which leads to learning exciting things and a buildup
of positive behaviour. It is something that is essential in everyone's life. In this short life span this is the
time which one can use for the benefit of body , soul and mind as in today's world people work tirelessly
like a machine therefore to take time for recreational activity is definitely a breakaway from everyday
routine. This also helps to improve the mental health which is being ignored and also creates family
bonds which makes a work life balance.It is witnessed that in today's world children’s hardly get time to
spend with parents as either both of them are engaged in work or it is also very common to witness
childrens in park with either one of their parents due to work commitments of the other one, therefore this
leisure time can be utilized in strengthening the bond between parents and children which helps in their
all round development.

Recreation ideas can differ according to a person's interest. The recreational activity space in the south
east district of Delhi has been in abundance. Physical activity like walking ,running or swimming can
also be done through joining nearby health clubs for recreation. Recreation such as cinema, theater,
standup can easily be availed by residents, the locality has an adequate number of parks and green spaces
in the pockets of gated societies, it makes us more positive towards living and hence increases its
longevity, but the disparity in power and capital difference between the sects of societies are evident by
their behavioural pattern and interaction with various recreational facilities. South Delhi being a cultural
and historical centre of the county, it has been accommodated by various options of recreational centers
like old monuments, museum, exhibitions, markets, restaurants, malls etc most of these have enough
alternatives which can be enjoyed irrespective of class, cast, creed and gender. Some target the tourists
ranging from medical tourism to educational tourism.

In Conclusion, I would like to infer that in this generation where people live in small nuclear families ,
recreation helps children to socialize and establish their identity. I think that the best place for it in
children’s life is their educational place, this makes childrens less dependent on parents and also
decreases social anxiety. In order to lead a healthier and peaceful life, leisure time is important. It helps
us discover ourselves, we come to know the true meaning of life , the universe and its infancy.
Recreational activities make me feel like my childhood wonder seeing the tiny dot through the vast space
it makes me discover new things. However for everyone it holds a different meaning , as some endorse
relaxing in free time after work while some engage in outdoor activities. Though resting makes us stress
go away while physical activity has its own benefits.However there are also disadvantages associated

16
with some recreational activities like watching movies or playing computer games as we can feel more
stressful when our mind is engaged hence outdoor events are more suggestive for better health in general.
Summarising doing recreational things in leisure time improves our ability to think but makes us more
stressed. On the other hand resting in leisure time can make us feel graver.

3.5. ELECTRONICS

In today's era electronics have made our life easier and faster. Almost everyone uses electronic devices
which also has a negative impact on society. So younger generations should be checked frequently.
Parents should monitor their child to avoid misuse of these electronic gadgets. As there are certain
contents and games which are inappropriate for children which contain fighting , killing and can have
deep psychological impact on their brain and may give them a wrong msg of violence being
acceptable.so electronic devices need to be used very appropriately for children if required parental
settings and locks should be used. Nowadays People Spend most of their time in front of a screen rather
than doing any recreational activities. However, apart from the negative impacts electronics also have
proved to be a boon in today's era, it acts as a catalyst for economic development of a country as it
enhances productivity.It plays a role in growth of infrastructure and communications processing
sections.electronic field can be classified as: industrial ,consumer, defence and communication ,
information processing , power and transport.

Increasing electronic devices and their uses have created markets like never before.This industry has
expanded remarkably post the discovery of satellite television reception, nehru place of south east delhi is
a IT hub which also happens to be the biggest Indian IT market especially for computer hardware,
desktop, printers, laptops, hard disks, monitors. Apart from this communication electronics is growing at
a faster rate. Most of the houses in our society have air conditioners, fiber cable networks are provided
for faster and reliable conversation online. The medical field is also indebted to the electronic industry as
ECG and NMK scanners have been made possible in a couple of hospitals. This industry can transform
the lives in developing countries as it can be used in outcasting illiteracy in rural areas. It is widely used
in Advertisement purposes to create awareness among people for sanitation and hygiene.

Therefore the electronic industry is important for national development and can significantly contribute
to the improvement of the lives of people. I came to the conclusion that electronics affect modern society.
As we can only imagine the past when there was no mobile, no internet , no transport and no
refrigerators, what would life be back then. Thus this can be clearly inferred that electronics made man's
life comfortable.There of thousands of electronic devices that made everyday life easier , these are
products that range from transportation to gadgets and nevertheless electronic devices which are used in
healthcare for not only Treatment purposes like pacemakers placed in heart but also diagnostic purposes
like radiographs like CAT , MRI etc . Nowadays the test for diabetes , cholesterol is much easier due to

17
electronic devices . On the negative side people should avoid misuse of electronic devices, other than
that we shall be forever indebted to the electronic industry which gave us access to the internet ,
surveillance security cameras.

3.6. ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Energy has always been the prime resource for a human habitat to flourish. The Fire was used as a
primary source of energy in all major human settlements for thousands of years. Cooking, lighting, and
protection were the main concerns for these settlements which were fulfilled by coal or other flammable
elements. Energy consumption all over the world has rapidly increased since the 1850s. Industrialization,
automation, economic development, and the global rise in population were the cause of a surge in energy
consumption. Energy in the modern world is primarily generated through processing fossil fuels such as
oil, coal, and natural gas. Nuclear fission-generated energy is being used as an alternative to
nonrenewable energy sources. Renewable sources like wind, solar, geothermal, and hydro power are also
being used but account for less than 5% of the total energy production. The energy generated is mostly
used for heat and transportation globally which counts for 82% of global production.

Delhi produces about 20% of the electricity it consumes in a year and barely 2 % of its energy
requirement is met by renewable. 80% of Delhi’s power comes from coal-fired plants. Similar to most
mega cities there has been a surge in energy demand in past years, most of the energy is consumed in
maintaining thermal comfort because of Delhi's composite climate. Southeast Delhi has an average
household consumption of 260 kiloWatt-hour (kWh) of electricity monthly which is almost three times
the national average of 90 kWh. People in my locality mostly having more than 1 personal vehicle rarely
avail public transportation. Due to the expansion of Delhi's market in recent years, transportation also has
accounted for a major share in fuel consumption. The exponential rise in the air pollutants and air quality
in Delhi is the result of high vehicular traffic and the increase of industrial areas in NCT. With increasing
power demand in the city and its major dependency on non-renewable resources of energy Delhi suffers
from smog and life-threatening air quality every winter.

I would like to conclude this with a reminder that as a progressing civilization we humans have a
responsibility to create a sustainable environment which can only be achieved by innovation supporting
green and clean production of energy. Currently, 80% of world energy comes from fossil fuels, 10% from
biofuels, 5% from nuclear, and 5% from renewable. There is an urgent need to reduce energy
consumption with controls of energy pricing. The growth of population and energy demand is imposing
enormous environmental and economic costs on the world and only 18% of that total world energy
produced was in the form of electricity. As the rate of urbanization has increased in developing countries,
an efficient connection between these urban islands has been a challenge, Thus the major increase in
transportation has contributed to global warming. The advancement of technology with a rise in its

18
interaction with daily human life has majorly impacted our lifestyle So we need to be focused on
achieving a sustainable settlement Perhaps now more than ever.

3.7. FURNITURES

Furniture are objects that can be displaced or placed in intention to sustain various human activities while
also providing needs of comfort. chairs, stools, and sofas, tables , beds and decors come under this
category. They are also used to store objects designed in accordance with human anthropometric data.
furniture in human habitat has significance for functional, symbolic or religious purpose. Modern
furniture can be made from materials, such as metal, plastic, and wood. Natural materials such as wood,
bamboo, or agricultural waste were used to produce furniture before the Industrial revolution. Increased
automation not only allowed plastic furniture to flourish in modern time but it also has erased an identity
attached to the furniture as most furniture made in factories does not have uniqueness in their design.
Although this has made them accessible to all sects of the society.

Delhi being one of the oldest settlements in the region also has many unique furnishing designs, it has a
plethora of options for consumers to choose. Large markets like khan market or The Panchkuian
Furniture Market are prominently known. These various shopping destinations lie within variable
distance and can easily be reached. Almost all typology of furniture are available, Woods like teak wood,
rose wood, mahogany, mulberry, deodar are all transported from different states. The furniture available
locally are rich in craftsmanship, as craftsmen from different states reside here. Furnishing and furniture
is an important part of Delhi's lifestyle. The disproportionate distribution of wealth in the district also
shows how people spend their money on furnishing and interiors differently in accordance to their
income.

However, these furniture markets are dominated by unbranded and second hand sellers. And oftentimes
it's hard for a new buyer like us to find a trustworthy store. Our furniture is mostly bought at online stores
for branded products. And local carpenters are often given projects if we need custom furniture. Shaheen
bagh within 5km of our locality also has various furniture shops which mostly sell second hand good
quality products at reasonable prices. They also do custom furniture within the variable cost limits.

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3.8. CONSUMER GOOD PRODUCTS

Since the inception of trade between the human settlements consumer goods has been the major trade
entity. Consumer goods are essentials that are bought for daily consumption in any human habitat.
Consumer goods are the final product of manufacturing These can also be referred to as final goods and
food, and jewelry, cleaning utensils and other beauty products are all examples of consumer goods.
Materials which are raw and need to be processed are not included in this category, the capital and energy
used in the production of these goods however is directly proportional to the distance of the raw material
available for their manufacturing. Most of the monthly consumable products come under this category.

The south eastern part of Delhi having well connected infrastructure receives most of the consumer
products from nearby states, states with highest produce or multinational companies. The district of south
Delhi is mostly urbanised, that lacks farming space and thus has increased in import dependency of
agrarian goods by 64% in the last decade.
Although the options available of malls and stores have also increased exponentially, delhi serves its
demand while storing significant residue to food reserves. Most of the essential items which come under
this category are within reach from our society. As the society is gated in nature the street vendors aren't
easily allowed in close proximity of 50m. This has been the main reason for our major dependencies on
online sources this pandemic.

With increase in the number of food processing industries around the globe and other consumer products
being more accessible to a larger customer base. The carbon footprint of goods supplied in urban areas
has increased exponentially. However, according to various planning theorists and recent researchers, the
carbon footprint generated by the low density area was higher than the higher density. The ease of
transportation and communication in denser habitats can be one of the reasons. As the population grows
the demand of these goods and several products will increase. We will need to create new design or
planning solutions for denser urban cities to make the habitat sustainable. Lack of farming space can be
resolved by introducing hydroponic farming in urban societies. Multi-story greenhouse can also be used
to grow several vegetations in densely packed cities.

3.9. MISCELLANEOUS

Miscellaneous includes various resources which can not be grouped under a single category but are
equally important for the functioning of sustainable society. Mechanical tools, religious items, musical or
art instruments, other daily use instruments, art collections etc. Tools, Music and art have been an
indispensable part of society since the foundation of human civilizations, music and art gives us euphoria,

20
satisfaction and enthusiasm. Creating a new art also gives us similar emotions. Thus the tools to create
these art can be counted as resources as we humans in a closed habitat tend to create art and music
through imagination in order to either tell a story or to maintain a record of the immediate occurrence so
that the information can be passed through generation in a precise and viable manner. We homo sapiens
have achieved cognitive Evolution 70,000 years ago and the smooth transfer of information due to
invention of organised language began. Music and art have been evolving since then. We also have
Improved on its tools and instruments. These miscellaneous resources are often a part of religious or
cultural identity.

The district of south delhi being a cultural and social hub attracts tourists from all over india, with a
mixed migrant population its increasing population adds new identity every year to its integrated society.
The city offers various institutions which have been widely available to the general forMusic and art.
These miscellaneous resources are one of the centers of attraction in the city. Some of these institutions,
convention centers are Triveni Kala Sangam, the India Habitat Centre etc. Art in Delhi is unique and
represents various cultures at once.

In conclusion to the above understanding, intersection of these miscellaneous resources and their
interaction to human habitat plays pivotal role in today's society, the world is becoming busier and in the
rise of problems these bestow mental peace and help us to keep calmness in order to function for the
betterment of future. Art also inspires us for innovations and has been used in the modern medical field
for severely ill patients. Modernisation of Tools have helped us achieve various scientific discoveries.
And help millions of people world wide. The ease and luxury of enjoying these resources aren't available
to all of mankind and thus entertainment and decorations are not widely available and to keep this world
progressing at constant pace we have to remove this unfortunate barrier. Afterall it’s truly said

"Art opens the closets, airs out the cellars and attics. It brings healing."-Julia Cameron

3.10. WORK PLACE

A workplace is a specified space where one can work for their employer or themselves, a designated
place for employment. These spaces can be designed as home offices to a large office building or factory.
The range of distances that an employee has to travel to get to the workplace are important in calculation
of a company's business carbon footprint. As the rise in vehicular traffic and the increase in distance of
offices from residential areas have been prominent from the last decade in most megapolis, the efficiency
of the city has reduced, not only resulting in depleting economy but immensely escalating the pollution
level. This has been the major concern of city planning for decades.

21
Delhi being among the world largest megapolis, deals with similar problems mentioned above but has
been affected the most. Pollution level has been on rise from last two decades the decentralisation of
delhi have not been proven to be a feasible plan and while the air quality index have adverse effects on its
populus, the pollutants are majorly caused by the vehicular traffic and its increasing density on the road
as the districts of delhi have minimally served the offices or work place infrastructure. The distance of
work from the residential area has increased. This can be one of the reasons for the increase in the
vehicular traffic adding to pollution/ smog every year. In light of this, there’s something that Delhi’s
public and private establishments could explore to address the city’s deadly air quality and to balance the
work life of its inhabitants.The recent work from home can be one of the many solutions, which can be
practiced.

Since the industrial revolution in late 19th century, the work life imbalance has been the center of
conversation in city planning we still follows some of the old city planning principles as they have been
proven to be crucial in the well functioning of the society According to patrick Geddes, a well known
town planner from 20th century "primary human needs" in every intervention, engaging in "constructive
and conservative surgery" are key to planning the city. Spencer's theory of the 19th century also suggests
that the concept of biological evolution could be applied to explain the evolution of society. According to
Le Play's analysis, the main components of society being ("Place, Work, Family"), circular theory of le
play also suggests that geographical locations present environmental limitations and opportunities
available are major factors that determine the nature of work. So the work life imbalance can not generate
a society with high morals and brilliancy. As it is rightly said,

“it is from "stable, healthy homes" providing the necessary conditions for mental and moral development
that come from beautiful and healthy children who are able "to fully participate in life" - Sir Patrick
Geddes.

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4. CALCULATION: SUSTAINABLE VALUES OF RESOURCES

4.1 EVALUATION CRITERIA

On the basis of importance and necessity, resources can be graded or evaluated.

As water and Consumer Good Products are most important for any survival of habitat
so these two categories will be evaluated out of 20points

Energy Consumption, Clothing, Infrastructure, Workplaces are 2nd most important so these can be
evaluated out of 10 points

Furniture & Furnishings, Recreation, Electronics and Miscellaneous can be evaluated

on 5 points scale.

Points will be awarded on the basis of how much distance it travels to reach the end consumer. Since
more the traveling distance of goods to the destination the more will be its carbon footprint.

**For resources which has online dependency a generalise value of 5 is awarded

For first order resources

If a product is available within walkable distance, it will award 100 percent

If product is available in a range of 0.5 km to 2 km, it will award 90 percent

If a product is available in a range of 2 km to 5 km, it will award 80 percent

If a product is available in a range of 5 km to 10 km, it will award 70 percent

If product is available in range of 10 km to 20 km, it will award 60 percent

If product is available in range of 20 km to 30 km, it will award 50 percent

If product is available in range of 30 km to 40 km, it will award 40 percent

If product is available in range of 40 km to 50 km, it will award 30 percent

23
If a product is available beyond 50 km, it will be award 20 percent

For second order resources

If a product is available within 100 km, it will award 50 percent

If product is available in range of 100 km to 200 km, it will award 40 percent

If product is available in range of 200m to 500 km, it will award 30 percent

If a product is available by beyond 500 km, it will award 20 percent

Fig: 4.1.1 map of south east delhi, data developed by author.

The first map shows a map of Delhi and the lines show the connection between the point of location and
the point of dependencies.

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4.2. RESOURCE MAPPING

Fig :4.1.2 first order mapping in city of delhi, author Fig : 4.1.3 second order mapping in
india, author

This map shows us the area sphere dependencies.

** The dotted line represents the online shopping sphere radii.

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4.3 CALCULATIONS OF SUSTAINABLE VALUE

4.3.1. First order sustainable value data.

Table :4.3.1.1

The collective sustainable value of this category is 7.7/20

** This is due to the main source of the groceries for my family is from online shopping
Which makes the overall score low, however this score does not represent the area overview or the score
of the locality.

26
Table:4.3.1.2

27
Table:4.3.1.3

Sustainable
value

28
Table:4.3.1.4

29
Table : 4.2.1.5

Overall sustainable value of 1st order resource is 85.8

The value seems to denote that the habitat is sustainable for a long time and has lower carbon footprint
for local shopping.

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4.3.2. Second order sustainable value data

Sustainable
value

Table : 4.3.2.1

31
Table : 4.3.2.2

32
Table :4.3.2.3

33
Table : 4.3.2.4

34
Table : 4.3.2.5

Overall sustainable value of 2 nd order resource is 34.7

The value seems to denote that the habitat is not sustainable for online resources and has to lower the
resource carbon footprint for online shopping.

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5. Inferences

Sustainable development was an ideal combination of two, fulfilling the current needs without
compromising the needs of the future generations and its resources. For urban sprawls and megapolises,
their needs and requirements are to meet the ever growing demand of their residents. Needs like having
infrastructure for health care, education, efficiently connecting networks, safe recreational areas, and
having a livival legible environment are necessities of modern city life. Governing bodies can only
intervene in this resource depletion by ensuring that they draw off their popullus demand and
consumption of enterprises’ by localizing production and processing of regional and global resources
and this is within the limitations of their finite capacities. Climate change, global warming also adds to
this urgency of second goal and that requires lowering the GHG emission in and around these megacities.
It also requires urban populations to adapt in achieving the resilience required for the upcoming hazards
and increased risk level that changing climate will bestow.

As for the concerns of global warming, the data for understanding the global impacts of nations. Its
subsets, including states and cities, are to be focused for generating matrices. This will lead us to the
main cause of global increase in resource demand and would help us crub the pollutants produced by
increasing population. The need for collective action by city planners, policy makers and scientists
have never been this important as they have now.

The data in the above report obtained by vigorous research had also led me to the conclusion that the
localization of resources and manufacturing directly proportional to energy consumed by transportation
needs for the habitat, as consumption of unlocalized resources for sustainable habitats is not often the
better solution.

Also increasing city density can help us to reduce the carbon footprint by implementing the balance
between the work place and folk. Offices and workplace communication in a city contributes to a lot of
carbon emission. And to have a better and safe public transport network is a modern day necessity for
any healthy city.

36
6. Bibliography

1 Grimmond, S. 2007 Urbanization and global environmental change: local effects of urban warming.
Geogr. J.

2 Grimm, N. B., Faeth, S. H., Golubiewski, N. E., Redman, C. L., Wu, J., Bai, X. & Briggs, J. M. 2008
Global change and the ecology of cities. Science 319, 756–760.

3 Bairoch, P. 1988 Cities and economic development: from the dawn of history to the present. London,
UK: Mansell.

4 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2010 World
urbanization prospects: the 2009 revision.

5 Patel, S. & Arputham, J. 2008 Plans for Dharavi: negotiating a reconciliation between a state-driven
market redevelopment and residents’ aspirations. Environ. Urb. 20, 243–254

6 http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/index_files/about_delhi.htm

7
https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/Delhi/DATA_SHEET_P
CA_DISTRICTS_NCT_OF_DELHI.pdf

8 https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsta.2010.0350

9 https://censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/MFTableSeries.aspx

10.
https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/why-is-delhi-s-electricity-demand-rising-so-rapidly--
Delhi.

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ANNEXURE

MAPS USED IN REPORT

38
39
40
MATRIX AND DATA USED IN REPORT

Table :4.3.1.1

41
Table:4.3.1.2

42
Table:4.3.1.3

43
 Sustainable
value

Table:4.3.1.4

44
Table : 4.2.1.5

45
 Sustainable
value

Table : 4.3.2.1

46
Table : 4.3.2.2

47
Table :4.3.2.3

48
Table : 4.3.2.4

49
Table : 4.3.2.5

50