Gec 6 - Art Appreciation

Lesson 1. Art: Introduction and Assumptions

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. Understand the role of humanities and arts in man’s attempt at fully realizing his end
2. Engage better with personal experiences and in art

Introduction

Art is something that is perennial around us. Some people may deny having to with the arts but it is
indisputable that like presents us with many forms and opportunities for communion with the arts.

The humanities constitute one of the oldest and most important means of expression developed by man.
Human history has witnessed how man evolved not just physically but also culturally from cave painters
to men of exquisite paint brush users of the present. Even if one goes back to the time before written
records of man’s civilization has appeared, he can find cases of man’s attempts of not just crafting tools
to live and survive but also expressing his feelings and thoughts.

History of Art

Art - comes from the ancient Latin, “ars” which means a craft or specialized form of skill.

Ars - I Medieval latin came to mean something different.

- it meant “any special form of book learning such as grammar or logic

The Seven Major Arts

Visual - painting
Sculpture
Architecture

Performing - Music
Dance
Drama Linguistic -
Literature

 Painting - Art of the beauty of color

 Sculpture - Art of the beauty of shape
 Architecture - Art of the beauty of space

 Music - art of the beauty of sound

 Dance - Art of the beauty of motion
 Drama - Art of the beauty of performance Literature - Art of the beauty of writing
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Lecture 2 - The Humanities as Field of Learning

Humanities constitute one of the oldest and most important means of expression developed by man.
Human history has witnessed how man evolved not just physically but also culturally.

See video : video 2.1, video 4.1

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The Two General Fields of Learning

Humanities - came from Latin word “humanus” which means “quality of being human”

Human - a person, people, woman/man

The historical root of humanistic studies is the philosophy of humanism which had its root on the ancient
belief that , as Protagoras said “Man is the measure of all things.”

During Renaissance, people as part of humanity (anthropocentric), not as part of nature (cosmocentric)
nor a part of divine authority (theocentric).

The Three Human Faculty

1. Mind (will) - Senses such eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin and imagination
2. Reason (Emotion) - perception such sensation
3. Thinking (Feeling) - sensing such as seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, touching and imagining

Components of Art based on Three Human Faculty

1. Perceptual Elements
Sense Data : Lines, color, shapes, etc. , Representation of things
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2. Emotional suggestions : happy, sad, Afraid etc.

3. Intellectual meaning : ideas, concepts, symbolism

Perceptual or Visual Elements

- Yous see colors such as red, yellow and blue. You see rectilinear shapes, and straight lines.

Representation
- You see things, nature, people, and objects such as woman, tree, sky, rice field and others.

Art and Aesthetics

Aesthetics - from the Greek word “aethesis”

- the Philosophy of beauty and art
- the word “aesthetics” was first employed by Baumgarten to mean “the science of sensory
perception.”

Division of Aesthetics

Theory of beauty - nature of beautiful things

1. Aesthetic Idealism - theory of beauty which asserts that real beauty is an idea that exist in the world
of being. Things in this world are beautiful as appearances of the idea of beauty. Art is beautiful as
imitation of things in this world.

A. Relative Beauty. Consideration of beauty is subjective and depends on the person looking at the
thing. In this way it is said that “Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.”

B. Absolutely Beauty. It considers the view that a thing is beautiful by virtue of itself.
Beauty is objective, and resides in the thing regardless of the people looking at it.

Plato - an Ancient Greek philosopher (348-267 BC) who formulated an idealist and metaphysical theory
of beauty.
- Plato’s theory of beauty is metaphysical. The existence of beauty is like the existence of
number, truth or justice. Since the individual beautiful things in this world change and pass away, they
are not in reality, beautiful; they are beautiful only as appearances of the universal form of beauty, like
the reflection in a mirror. Plato would like to expel the mimetic artists from the state because they make
people ignorant by bringing them two times farther away from reality.
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Aesthetics Idealism - Art is beautiful as imitations of things in this world.

- Art is the imitation of the appearance of reality
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Aesthetic Functionalism - theory which views that a thing is beautiful if it is functional, efficient and
useful for its intended purpose, and a thing is ugly if is malfunctional, defective, useless.

Function - capacity of an object to achieve its intended use or purpose for the user.

Socrates - Ancient Greek philosopher (469-399 BC) theory of beauty may be interpreted to be following
the principle of aesthetic functionalism.
Frank Lloyd Wright - American architect (1857 - 1959) whose designs of houses and buildings are based
on the principle of aesthetic functionalism.
He also believes in organic architecture which asserts building have to be designed in relation to their
natural environment.

Le Corbousier. French architect (1887 - 1965) whose many building designs may be interpreted as
functionalist, particularly those in the urban areas, for providing the city residents with better living
conditions.

saying, “Eat,, drink and

be merry for
tomorrow you die.”

A person is only
a body; there is no
human soul and no after
life. We live only
once; death is our
ultimate end. The
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purpose of life, according to Aristippus is to experience the maximum amount of pleasure and to get rid
of all pain.

For Epicurus, pleasure is acquired by means of moderation. The more pleasurable an object is to a
person’s body, the more beautiful it is to the sense, like food as the object of hunger or a sexy woman as
the object of gratification. Beauty is to be experienced in joy and entertainment. A movie is beautiful if it
is enjoyed, ugly if boring.

Aristippus - Philosopher (435 -365 BC) who formulated extreme hedonism and lived his life based on
Aesthetic
this belief.
Hedonism -
theory which
Epicurus - Philosopher (341-356 BC) who theorized about moderate hedonism. According to him, real
pleasure is an abiding peace of mind. asserts that a
thing is beautiful
if it gives
pleasure to the
person
Pleasure - experiencing
bodily, sensual,it
and ugly ifrelative,
personal, subjective, it
gives pain.
temporal, momentary, limited,As a
gratifyingphilosophy
experience ofofa
person. human life, it
adheres to the

Aesthetic Conventionalism
Theory which contends that the
perception and conception of
beauty and
ugliness is due to the agreement
of people in the society.

- People from different times and places have different social values, hence have different perception
and concept of beauty and ugliness. For the ancient Greeks, the beauty of a woman’s body is determined
by her bulging stomach which symbolizes fertility. A long necked woman is beautiful for the Padaung
people in Burma. The Negritos perceived a beautiful woman with dark teeth. The modern standard is the
vital statistic of 36-24-36. Aestheitic Conventionalism is applied to the fashion of clothing or hair-do.

Thomas Hobbes - Philosopher (1588-1679) who theorized about the creation and evolution of society,
morality, and civil laws, as well as the formulation of social contract. This philosophy may be
interpreted as the theory of beauty based on
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convention.

Psychoanalytic Theory of Beauty which

asserts that the perception and conception
of beauty is conditioned by the
subconscious mind.

Sigmund Freud -Psychologist considered

to be the Father of psychoanalysis. He
formulated the theory of the subconscious
mind.

Carl Jung - Psychologist who formulated

the theory of collective consciousness and
the archtype

Trauma - terrifying experience of a

child whose memory lies in the
subconscious mind and which conditions
the perception and conception of ugly things.

Aesthetic Formalism
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 Theory of Art -
essence of art

 Theory of art Criticism

- evaluation of the
merit or demerit of
works of art

Lecture 4 - The Process of

Art Appreciation

Art appreciation

Positive - wow!
Perceptual - Sense data
and representation Emotional -
feelings
Intellectual - meaning
Response - communication and reaction Beauty
- value that delights Artworks - painting, musics
etc.

Art is reality
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Art is talent, skill, passion, emotion, idea, truth, reality, goodness, beauty, form, expression,
representation, power

Assumption of Art

1. Art is universal. Literature has provided key works of art. Art has always been timeless and
universal, spanning generations and continents through and through. In every country and in every
generation, there is always art.

2. Art is not nature. One important characteristic of art is that it is not nature. Art is man’s
expression of his reception of nature. Art is a man’s way of interpreting nature. Art is not nature. Art is
made by man, whereas nature is given around us. It is in this juncture that they can be considered
opposites. What we find in nature should not be expected to be present in art too.

3. Art involves experience. Getting this far without a satisfactory definition of art can be quite
weird for some. For most people, art does not require full definition. Art is just experience. By
experience, we mean the “actual doing of something, he often means that he knows what that something
is about.

Lesson 2. Art Appreciation: Creativity, Imagination and Expression

The Role of Creativity in Art Making

Creativity requires thinking outside the box. It is often used to solve problems that have never occurred
before, conflate function and style, and simply make life a more unique and enjoyable experience.

Creativity sets apart one artwork from

another.

1. Art as a product of Imagination,

imagination as a product of art.
- “Imagination is more important than
knowledge. For knowledge is limited to all
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we know and understand, while imagination embraces the entire world, and all there ever be to know
and understand.”

2. Art as expression
- There may have been many times when you felt something is going on with you, you try to
explain it but you do not know how. You may only be conscious about feeling this sort of
excitement, fear, or agitation but you know that just one word is not enough to describe the nature
of what you truly feel.

There are countless ways of expressing oneself through art. The following list includes but is not
limited to popular art expression.

Visual Art - creations that fall under this category are those that appeal to the sense of sight and are
mainly visual in nature.

Film - film refers to the art of putting together successions of still images in order to create an illusion
of movement.

Performance art - performance art is a live art and the artist’s medium is mainly the human body
which he or she uses to perform, but also employs other kind of art such as visual art, props, or sound. It
consists of four important elements: time, where performance took place, the performer’s or performer’s
body, and relationship between the audience and the performer(s).

Poetry Performance - poetry is an art form where the artist expresses his emotions not by using paint,
charcoal, or camera but expresses them through words. These words are carefully selected to exhibit
clarity and beauty and beauty and to stimulate strong emotions of joy, anger, love, sorrow, and the list
goes on.

Architecture - art is the pursuit and creation of beautiful things while architecture is the making of
beautiful buildings. However, not all buildings are beautiful. Some buildings only embody the
functionality they need, but the structure, lines, forms and color are not beautifully expressed.

Dance - dance is a series of movements that follows the rhythm of the music accompaniment. It has
been an age-old debate whether dance can really be considered an art form but here we primarily
describe dance as a form of expression.

Literary Art - artists who practice literary arts use words not paint, musical instruments, or chisels to
express themselves and communicate emotions to the readers. Literary art goes beyond the usual
professional, academic, journalistic and other technical forms of writing.

Theater - theater uses live performers to present accounts or imaginary events before a live audience.
Theater art performances usually follow a script, though they should not be confused with literary arts.
Much like in film-making, the theater also considers several elements such as acting, gesture, lighting,
sound effects, musical score, scenery, and props.

Function of Art - different art forms come with distinctive functions. There is no one to one
correspondence between an art and its function. Some art forms are more functional than others. The
functions of art are classified into three: personal (public or expression), social (celebration to affect
collective behavior) and physical (utilitarian).

Personal Functions of Art - the personal functions of art are varied and highly subjective. These means
that the functions depend on the person - the artist who created the art. An artist may create an art out of
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the need for self expression. This is the case for an artist who needs to communicate an idea to his
audience. An art may also be therapeutic.

Social Functions of Art - art is considered to have a social function if and when it addresses a particular
collective interest as opposed to personal interest. Art may convey message of protest, contestation, or
whatever message the art intends his work to carry. Often, art can depict social conditions.

Physical Function of Art - the physical functions of art are the easiest to spot and understand. The
physical functions of art can be found in artworks that are crafted in order to serve some physical
purpose.

Lesson 3. Element and Principle of Art and Principles of Design

Introduction

The elements of art are generally produced when something is done to the medium after a technique
is carried out. Some art forms also necessitate some of the elements as they are inherent in the very
nature of them.
For example, in sculptures automatically have the following elements with or

without the decision of the artist to include them: shape, form and space. Without these elements, there
is no sculpture to begin with. Elements are necessary preconditions for the creation of art.

1. Line - refers to a point moving at an identifiable path - it has length and direction. It also has width. It
is one dimensional, however it has the capacity to either define the perimeters of the artwork (edges)
and/or become a substantial component of the composition.

A. Horizontal and vertical lines - refers to the orientation of the line. Horizontal lines are
normally associated with rest or calm. Landscapes often contain these elements as work like these often
connote a visual sense of being parallel to the ground.

B. Diagonal and crooked lines - diagonal lines convey movement and instability, although the
progression can be seen. Crooked or jagged lines and on the other hand, are remiscent of violence,
violence, conflict or struggles.

C. Curved lines - these are lines that bend or coil. They allude to softness, grace, flexibility or even
sensuality.

2. Shape - refers to two dimensions: height and width, while form refers to the three dimensions: height,
width, and depth. Even if shapes are part of a bigger picture, each can be identified by breaking the
visual components apart and making distinctions based on what we know and what we have seen.

A. Geometric - these shapes find origin in mathematical propositions. As such, its translation and
use are often man made. These include shapes such as squares, triangles, cubes, circles, spheres and
corners among others.

B. Organic - organic shapes are those readily occurring in nature, often irregular and
asymmetrical.
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3. Space - it is usually inferred from a sense of depth, whether it is real stimulated. Real space is
three-dimensional.

4. Color - is one of the elements that enhances the appeal of an artwork. Its effect has range,
allowing the viewer to make responses bases on memory, emotion, and instinct, among others. This
element of light as it is reflected off the object. Color is not intrinsic to an object and without light, one
cannot perceive color.

The color wheel corresponds to the first property of color, hue.

A. Hue - this dimension of color gives its name. It can be subdivided into:

Primary colors - red, yellow, and blue

Secondary colors - green, orange and violet

Tertiary colors - six in total, these hues are achieved when primary and secondary colors are
mixed.

B. Value - this refers to the brightness or darkness of color. Often, this is used by artists to create the
illusion of depth and solidity, a particular mood, communicate a feeling, or in establishing scene
(e.g. dark and night)

Light colors - taken as the source of light in the composition.

Dark colors - the lack or even absence of light.
Tint - this a lighter color than the normal value (e.g pink and red)
Shade - this is a dark color than the normal value (e. g. maroon for red)
Intensity - the color’s brightness and dullness. It is identified as the strength of color, whether it is vivid
or muted.

Bright or warm color - positive energy

Dull or cool colors - sedate/soothing, seriousness or calm

Texture - Like space, texture can either be real or implied. This element in an artwork is experienced
through the sense of touch and sight. This element renders the art object tactile.

Chiaroscuro - technique for applying values in painting. The word is from Italian that means light and
dark.

Sfumato - smokey effect in painting that creates blurry image and conveys a sense of mystery.

Saturation - concerned with intensity or brightness and dullness of color. Intensity ranges from black
which is the dullest and yellow which is brightest. Dull colors tend to advance while bright colors tends
to recede
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Artistic Form, Organization or Design -
about answering the question, “How
are the elements put together? ”

Balance - the equality in attention or

attraction of visual elements in the picture
plane.
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Dominance - It is a way of emphasizing a particular element over the others.

Three Ways of Producing Dominance

Music - Greek term from which the word music was derived.
 It refers to the Goddesses of Art Inspiration in Ancient Greek Mythology.

 - Art of Beauty of sound Sound - Sense data of hearing.

 Noise - ugly sound.

 Muses - Goddesses of Art Inspiration

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Elements of Sound

 Source - the object of instrument where the sound is coming from Medium - the means where
the sound vibration travels Receiver - the ear or sense organ which hears the sound.

 Mechanisms of Sound

 Vibrator - creates the sound

 Resonator - Amplifies the volume of sound

Articulator - Pronounces sound as a words

Theories of Music
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Activity

What to do:

Answer the following questions.

1. What are the elements of art?

2. Why do art needs harmony and balance?

3. In an art, do you considered color a very important element? Why?

4. Create a poster for your favorite movie/film.

a. Using the elements and principles of art as guide, redesign the poster of your favorite
film.
b. The poster must clearly reflect the use of the elements and principles of art.
c. Write a brief explanation of the poster that you have made.

Lesson 4. Functions and Philosophical perspective on Art

Greek philosopher Aristotle claimed that every particular substance in the world has an end, or telos in
Greek which translates into “purpose”. Every substance defined as a formed matter, moves according to
a fixed path toward its aim. A seed is bound to become a full grown plant. A baby will eventually turn
into a grown man or a woman.

This telos, according to Aristotle, is intricately linked with function. For a thing to reach its purpose, it
also has to fulfill its function. Man, Aristotle’s view of reality, is bound to achieve a life of fulfillment
and happiness. However, happiness, the supposed end of man, is linked with his function, which is being
rational. One can only be happy when he is rational. This means that to Aristotle, plants can never be
happy because they are not rational as well as tables and chairs. Man’s natural end, telos, is connected
with his function, which is his rationality.

If the table does not have a surface on which we can put on our books or our plates and glasses, then it
ceases to be able. The same goes with man.

Roughly and broadly, the functions of art are classified into three: personal (public display or
expression), social (celebration or to affect collective behavior) and physical
(utilitarian).
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Personal function

The personal functions of art are varied and highly subjective. This means that its functions depend on
the person- the artist who created the art. An artist may create an art out of the needs to communicate an
idea to his audience. Often, the artist may not even intend to mean anything with his work.

An art may also be therapeutic. In some orphanages and home for abandoned elders, art is used to help
residents process their emotions or while away their time. Recently, the use of adult coloring books to
de-stress has been apparent too, now with a lot of designs being sold in bookstores nationwide. These all
fall under personal functions of art.

Social functions of Art

Art is considered to have a social function if and when it addresses a particular collective interest as
opposed to a personal interest. Political art is very common example of an art
With social function. Art may convey message of protest, contestation, or whatever message the artist
intends his work to carry. Often, art can also depict social conditions. Photography, as an art form,
delivers this kind of function by taking photos of subjects in conditions that people do not normally take
a look at or give attention to. Pictures of poverty may carry emotional overtones that may solicit action
or awareness from their audience. Moreover, performance art like plays and satires can also rouse
emotions and rally people toward a particular end. In these and more, the social function of art is
apparent.

Physical functions of Art

The physical functions of art are the easiest to spot and understand. The physical functions of art can be
found in artworks that are crafted in order to serve some physical purpose. An example would be the
Japanese raku bowl that serves a physical function in a tea ceremony. Architecture, jewelry making and
even interior design are all forms of arts that have physical function.

Other Functions of Art

Music as art is also interesting to talk about relation to function. Music in its original form was
principally functional. Music was used for dance and religion. Music was also essential to dance because
music assures synchronicity among dancers. Moreover, music also guarantees that marches, in the case
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of warriors, were simultaneous. Today, music has expanded its function and coverage. Music is listened
to and made by people for reasons that were foreign to civilizations.

Sculpture on the other hand, is another functional art form that has long existed for various purposes.
Just like music, from the early days of humanity, sculptures have been made by man most particularly
for religion. In the Roman Catholic world, the employment of sculptures for religious purposes has
remained vital, relevant and symbolic. Sculpture were also made in order to commemorate important
figures in history.

Another art form readily lends itself to multiple functions is Architecture. In fact, architecture might be
the most prominent functional art form. Buildings are huge, expensive, and are not easily constructed
and replaced. Unlike other forms of art like pots, furniture, poetry, or even paintings, buildings take so
much time to erect and destroy. It is also where you can find the intimate connection of function and
form.

Activity:

What to do:

Look around your house and identify a product of art in your household. Trace the beginnings of
this item and identify what functions it has played in history (e.g. a painting of the Last Supper in
your dining room or a spoon.

Lesson 5. Subject and Content

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Differentiate representational art and non representational art

2. Discuss the difference between an artwork’s subject and content

Introduction

One of the major hurdles that spoils an individual’s engagement with an artwork is the notion that in
order to appreciate it, one must be able to extract a specific image, isolate the artist or maker’s intention,
and unearth a particular meaning.

The primary stage of engaging with art is its perception. Looking at art is much like any instance of
taking information or stimulus that originates from the world around us. For most art forms, the
beginning of engagement is through looking at the artwork. The eyes play a big role in mechanically
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making a vision possible. However, like any tool, it is but one component. What makes the difference is
the awareness in the process of looking where subjectivity is essential in navigating through the artwork.
Subjectivity is illustrated in the way that selective perception renders one or two details more prominent
than others, prompting the viewer to focus on some details as essential or as standouts. Even the
disposition or mood of the viewer, his education, his background, and his exposure to varying contexts
contribute to what information is taken in and how they are interpreted.

Subject refers to the visual focus or the image that may be extracted from the examining the artwork,
while content is the meaning that is communicated by the artist of the artwork. How the elements and
the medium or material are put together is the form. In simpler terms, the subject is seen as the “what”;
the content is the “why” and the form is the “how”.

Types of Subject

Portraits such as “Mona Lisa” are good examples of what is called representational art. These types of
art have subjects that refer to objects or events occurring in the real world. Often, it is also termed
figurative art because as the name suggests, the figures depicted are easy to make out and decipher.
Despite not knowing who Mona Lisa is, it is clear that the painting is of a woman that is realistically-
proportioned; only the upper torso is shown; a beguiling and mysterious smile is flashed.; and that the
background is a landscape-probably a view from a window.

Non representational art does not make a reference to the real world, whether it is person, place, thing
or even a particular event. It is stripped down to visual elements such as shapes, lines, and colors, that
are employed to translate a particular feeling, emotion, and even concept.

It is in this light that representational works are often favored because they are easier to recognize.
Viewers find a greater degree of comfort when what they see registers as something familiar. They then
continue to process this understanding, sometimes even becoming confident enough to share their
insights to others.

It can be argued then that an artist is faced with strong persuasion of creating works that veers toward
representation art. However, it is not simply an issue assumed preference; rather, it cuts across matters
relating to prevailing themes, norms and practices of specific historical moments. One source of
confusion is the notion that representational art is the same as abstract art. Abstract art is in itself a
departure from reality, but the extent of that departure determines whether it has reached the end of the
spectrum, which is non representational - a complete severance from the world.
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Content in Art

To take on the challenge of understanding the content of art, it must be reiterated that there are various
levels of meaning. Perhaps the most common is what we call factual meaning. This pertains to the most
rudimentary level of meaning for it may be extracted from the identifiable or recognizable forms in an
artwork and understanding how these elements relate to one another. Conventional meaning, on the
other hand pertains to the acknowledged interpretation of the artwork using motifs, signs, symbols and
other cyphers as bases of its meaning. When looking at a particular work of art is read. These meanings
stem from the viewer’s or audience’s circumstances that come into play when engaging with art. When
looking at a particular painting for example, perception and meaning are always informed (and even
colored) by a manifold of contexts: what we learned; what we experienced; and the values we stand for.
It is therefore expected that meaning may not be singular; rather, a painting may communicate multiple
meanings to its many viewers. This is what we call subjective meaning of art.

Activity

What to do

1. Watch the documentary about Van Gogh art. Write a reflection paper of the said
documentary.

See Video 5.2 - Van Gogh

2. Look at the painting below by artist David Baily entitled “Selbstbildnismit

Vanitassymbolen” (Self portrait with vanitas Symbols).
a. List down everything that you see within the four corners of the work. List as many as you
can. Discuss and compare the items you listed.
b. Based on your answers, write an assumption about what the items in the painting means.
c. Write your answer on a short bond paper.
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Lesson 6. Artists and Artisans

1) Outline the history of the emergence of artists and artisans

2) Identify and define the different individuals and groups who take on varied roles in the world of art
and culture

Introduction

The art is one of the most significant ways in which we try to grapple with how the present unfolds. In
Robert Henri’s The Art Spirit (1923), he stated that “Art when really understood is the province of every
human being. It is simply a question of doing things, anything as well. It is not outside, extra thing.
When the artist is alive in any person, whatever his kind of work may be, he becomes an inventive,
searching, daring, self expressing creature. He becomes interesting to other people. Where those who are
not artists are trying to close the book he opens it, shows there are more pages possible. There is a gap
when one continues to persist with the idea that art is something that is detached from every day.

One of the avenues that makes this both possible and exciting is the engagement with art and culture.

The evolution of the artist throughout history is one of the most interesting progressions in the affairs of
man. From the banalities of the works he created to assist and inform the everyday, he was caught in the
midst of prevailing and shifting ideologies, and utilized the power of the creativity and imagination in
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attempt to grapple with the world around him. There is much responsibility and expectation ascribed to
artists.

Activity
What to do:
Answer the following questions.
1. What art form can you most relate to and appreciate? It may be architecture, sculpture,
painting, music, literature, film, dance, performance/theater, and living traditions.
2.
3. Name an artist works you really like.
4. Is there a particular work of art created by him or her that you relate to and appreciate?
What is it and why?