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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
534 views22 pagesResearch Tools
Research
Uploaded by
SANACopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 22
RESEARCH TOOL &
DATA COLLECTION
METHOD INTRODUCTION
oTools are instruments used to collect
information for performance assessments, self-
evaluations, and external evaluations.
o Tools need to be strong enough to support what
the evaluations find during research.
|, oDepending on the nature of the information to
i be gathered, different instruments are used to
conduct the assessment forms for gathering
data. might be unsafe. Click for more details. | Enable Editing
DEFINITION OF TOOL:
olt is a testing device for measuring a given
event, such as , a questionnaire, an
interview or a set of guidelines or checklist
for observation.
olt is an instrument or machine that aids in
accomplishing a task.
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MEANING OF RESEARCH TOOLS:
Research tools are:
~ the Instruments used for the purpose of data
collection,
vare measurable and observable for data
analysis & interpretation
v constructed by researcher according to
objectives. tbe unsafe cick for more detals. [Enable Eating
_ PRINCIPLES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF
RESEARCH TOOL:
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DEFINITION OF DATA
Data collection is a systematic process of collecting
detail information about desire objective from
selected sample under controlled settings.
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DATA COLLECTION:
Primary data
collection
personal
contact
observations is
needed
face to face
contact with the
participants is
required.
Secondary
data
collection
no direct
contact to
gather
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PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION:
- * to gain general answers to basic
In-person one
surveys
Direct . har Ak i are cpr
observation Tar
, * usedto gain more in depth answers
Interviews toc questions.
* certain sample groups are asked their
Focus groups ieetetereen subject or
|
*
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CONTD.....45
© These data collection tools:
v allow for a true measurement of accuracy and let the
| researcher obtain any unspoken observations about
the participants while conducting research.
o E.g. Socio-economic surveys, studies related to rural
or tribal communities, nursing research, hospital
management studies, knowledge awareness practice
studies etc. research tools_date_collection_methods [Protected View] - Microsoft PowerPoint
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SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION:
elteltrelaites
mail
e Web-based
lelephone aT research_tools_data_collection_methods [Protected View] - Microsoft PowerPoint
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METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION:
oMethod refers to the way of gathering data,
a tool is an instrument used for the
method.
(1) observation method
(2) interview method
(3) Questionnaire
(4) physiological measurement research_tools_data_collection_methods [Protected View] - Microsoft PowerPoint
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CIONE OR MORE METHODS HAS/HAVE TO BE
CHOSEN. THE CHOICE OF AMETHOD DEPENDS UPON
THE FOLLOWING FACTORS:
o The nature of the study of the subject-matter.
o The unit of enquiry.
oThe size and spread of the sample.
o Scale of the survey.
o The educational level of respondents.
| oThe type and depth of information to be
collected.
o The availability of skilled and trained manpower. ® research_tools_data_collection_methods [Protected View] - Microsoft PowerPoint
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Q
1) OBSERVATION TECHNIQUE:
Review View
One of the basic method and oldest
method.
Data is obtained by investigator own direct
observation without asking from the
respondent.
If observation is systematically planned
and recorded can be used to checked for
their validity and reliability.
Assessed through senses with or without
mechanical devices.
Commonly used for behavioral studied. Slide Show Review View
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Types of Observation Technique:
STRUCTURED UNSTRUCTURED
¢ Standardized condition * The observation
of observation. does not take place
* Careful definition of as in structured
units to be observed. observation.
* The style of recording + Eg. Explanatory
the observed studies
information
¢ E.g. Descriptive studies
& olnstruments/ Tools for observation
method:
o Field notes
oAnecdotes
oChecklist Advantages & Disadvantages of
Observation Technique:
Advantages Disadvantages
1) Subject bias is 1) An expensive method
eliminated.
2) Relates to what is 2) Information is very
currently happening. limited
3) Independent of 3) Unforeseen factors
respondent. may interfere with the
observational task. 2) INTERVIEW METHOD
o The interview method of collecting of data
involves presentation of oral stimuli and
reply in terms of oral response.
olt can be used through personal interviews
and if possible, through telephone interview 216
gssentials of Nursing Research
om der to be able t effectively use g
—— jin jth its two major sections, y; 1a
seat tt See a
| soul ce materis a device (0 help the use op Wea NN
ai the library. Catalogues may be avai
i
the
i lable 4c, i,
readi mate ok or according to the name of the ny 4
a
tle of ve some knowledge about either autho, the
ot ould ha) Wr
er § ired publication.
$0 ire 5 .
rere teat da and periodicals, indices, eneye acs
Reference a other literature. Researcher ShOUId be ating
pilogsapies get the required information, ea
how to local
ees of Data Collection
‘Sout al information systematically collecteq na
vay. Th ae a researcher should tap for collection ¢ <™*y
study. They vary with his interests and the type of sti
reser be classified as documentary sources, fieig a
historical sources.
: ources: Which provide data gathered at first hang
vomiilty and promulgation remaining under the same autor
orginaly gathered ther data from primary sources may be gateryt
participant observation, personal interview, conferences, CorTespondens.
questionnaire and other devices.
Secondary sources: Which provide data that has been transite
compiled from original sources and of which the promulgating aud
is different from that which controlled the collection of data at firt hand,
For example, the census of India is generally cited as the primary sare
whereas the health statistics on India based on census of India
Whether primary or secondary may be gathered by privat of pale
authority. Usually, the secondary sources must be scrutinised catty
by the scientific workers,
‘heir reliability for research work can be determined only by fees
10 the primary source which should be cited in notes or bibliogapty®
a any one who desires to make himself responsible for the facts -
dite original source, At times, discrepancies which app
The pat Sources can be settled from the original source:
Primary oma ‘sports of official bodies refer for the ae ee 4
"Epo alwaye : ae but it should not be taken for Cea xan
these data should en, Primary sources materials. The perso!
Auire into the sources of such data. Essentials of Nursing Resear +
report scales: In relation t0 data collection, 4
eau that consists of a series of items designeg * ep,
attributes being investigated. The subject is Tesenteg wets
and responds to each item on the scale Provided, Seif ‘th a ne
usually designed to be summated, i.e. each Tesponse ca Sea
value and the responses for the entire scale can then be jit be gf,
2 single score. Four types of self-report scales. wit lg
cae. Likert scales, semantic differential scales, ang Vinay %
scales :
i. A rating seale is a type of data-collection instrumen, tt
respondents to place their responses, such as feelings or Ph
scale that has a range of potential Tesponses, For example: Me
+ How would you rate the nursing care in th
Very Good 1,2,3,4,5 Very Poor
(Please check the appropriate blank)
The number of response options on Fating scaj :
considerably. Although five options occur most Frequent"
appears to be the minimum acceptable number, SIX, seven, of cre tt
options can also be presented. hat
cone,
iS hospital :
ii. The Likert scale is a commonly used self-report m,
designed primarily to measure attitudes. A Likert Scale consists of
of statements, each of which has a number Of possible Tesponses «
as strongly agree, agree, uncertain, disagree, Strongly disagree, 4, %
five responses is typical, up to seven responses may be provides
There is a definite advantage in using scales that have an even ny
of responses; these are called forced-choice scales. When given ay dt
number of choices, subjects may respond to the middle choice and hg,
appear to be neutral, choosing neither high nor low ratings, If a Scale ha
an even number of options, however, the subject must Tespond with »
i it ing. the previous question, the ee.
numbered forced-choice rating scale compels the Tespondent to either
like or dislike the nursing care:
* The nursing care in this hospital is:
Good -. Very poor
CaSUTe th
'Y agree, strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagrt,
Very strongly disagree, ,
In this instance, the Tespondent would probably be asked to cick
@PPropriate respon:
se,
Often, adequate statist i done if the sample
218 isnt aod tical analysis cannot be don
choice scales allow for the collapsing of cells (caegt"® vO
(or dichotomization, of for bringing cells together in statistically
ao if fesponses might otherwise have to be discarded or
jving an unclear picture of the respondents’ feeling or atistude
a
a tic differential scale is uscd most often to elicit J. at. ode
getty Wr, of respondents. The scale consists of a listing of bipolar
| ‘ »« with a five-to seven point scale between them that may describe
ive
ing, object, profession, oF any other variable of interest. For example.
“ cher who wanted to determine how people from different cultural
‘atnic backgrounds perceive hospitals might construct the following
Methods of Data Collection
oe is a checklist of words that describe a hospital. Please place a
eck mark in the space that best shows how you feel about hospitals
“ore to place a check mark on each line.
Good Bad
Quiet
Cold
‘lean . Dirty
\nalytical techniques specifically designed for semantic differential
es would then be applied to the data to determine whether different
cts perceive the hospital setting in different ways. Walker and Sofaer
198) developed a 12-item, 5-point semantic differential scale in their
uy of psychological distress in patients attending pain clinics. The
¢ was validated by factor analysis and its reliability was obtained by
test-retest method. They asked subjects to mark the box that
resents how you feel Most Often these days”. For example:
Or} ee eferreryre por Irritable
HEDPY...c-csesacsseoses Sad
‘he visual analog scale (VAS) is a self-report paper and pencil scale
consists of a straight line that has the extreme limits of the variable
'# measured at each end of the line. The straight line may be either
‘sal or horizontal. The scale is designed to have the respondent
“ae 4 point on the line that indicates where his or her pain is most like
coe to) the intensity of the specific attribute being measured. The
2 MS proven to be a useful research tool to measure such subjective
eee 5 pain and anxiety reported by subjects in a clinical setting,
_jollowing is an example of a horizontal VAS that could be used to
“Sure fatigue
No fatigue |.
1 Fatigue as bad as it
could possibly become po techniques of Data
14 Collection
int
data” is a plural of “datum” which means ‘information:
it “dat ected inthe course ofa study. Here data iq
tically ‘4 measurable phenomenon. Phenomena is =
nce or experience that is apparent to the Senses and that
| scientifically described or appraised.
vilection techniques are described as being both objective ang
Data oo Here ‘Objective’ means that data must not influenced by
anyone who collects data. Whereas systematic means that the data must
be collected in the same way by everyone who is involved in the collection
procedure. The data collection methods of a study provide the operational
vpnitions of the relevant variable. Variable is a phenomenon or attribue
that needs to be measured. It is something which varies e.g., height,
weight, body temperature, educational attainment. Most phenomena,
characteristics, concepts or things have in common a capacity to vary or
in other words, to have more than one number that describes them.
Operationalisation is the process of translating the concepts that are of
interest to a researcher into observable and measurable phenomena.
Operational definition translates the conceptual definition into behaviours
or verbalisations that can be measured for the study.
‘As stated atl
that is system
fact, circumsta
can be sy tematically
systematic.
TYPES OF TOOLS
The various techniques of data gathering involve the use of appropriate
tonne forms. These are called tools or instruments of data collection.
ey consist of:
Observation sc} vati re
schedule or observationnai
* Intervie
i : ionnair«
* Interview schedule
Mailed questionnaire
Rating scale
Check list
Opinionnaire
z Techniques of Data Collection
gchedule/data sheet
ose ft institutions
+ cope
‘ a 0107 ave tools is used for a specific method of
' he schedule for observation method, pivaniter lena,
pl ride for interviewing, questionnaire and opioni refer
ey ad 80
pl oo0!8 of data collection translate the research objectives into
the westions/items, the responses to which will Provide the data
fe na achieve the research objectives. In order to achieve this
rea cach question/item must convey to the respondent the idea or
pry ideas required by the research objectives, and each item must
bw response which can be analyzed for fulfilling the research
ionnaire for
tives.
on ‘tion gathered through the tools provide descriptions of
prxterstis of individuals, institutions or other phenomena under
ne characteristics may help to explain differences in behavioural
=. and performance of objects under study.
Mionnation gathered through the tools serve another purpose also. It
suf for measuring the various variables pertaining tothe study. The
variables and their interrelationships are analysed for testing the
hypothesis oF for exploring the content areas set by the research
abjectives. 2
‘A brief description of the various tools of data collection is given
telow.
MEASUREMENT AS A TECHNIQUE OF DATA COLLECTION
Measurement is central to the process of obtaining data. How and how
well, the measurement in research project are made as critical in determining
whether the project will be success.
‘The term ‘measure’ means to ascertain the dimensions, quantity or
capacity of, to mark off, usually with reference to some units of
‘Measurement. Measurement is the assignment of numbers to object or
tvenls according to rules. Measurement consists of a set of rules for
‘signing numerical values to objects to represent varying degrees of
some attributes being measured. The purpose is to measure these
‘tributes quantitatively,
A
proaches Measurement
h