Journal Journal

of Applied
Appl Journal of Applied Horticulture, 22(1): 33-37, 2020 Horticulture
DOI: 10.37855/jah.2020.v22i01.07 ISSN: 0972-1045

Rooting of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] hardwood cuttings

as affected by IBA concentration and substrate pH

Ibrahim M. Noori* and Aram A. Muhammad

Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Bakrajo,
46001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. *E-mail: ibrahim.nwri@univsul.edu.iq

Abstract
In order to study the effects of four IBA concentrations (0, 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg L-1) and three substrate pH levels [pH 5, 7 and
9] on rooting of hardwood cuttings of peach cv. Red May, experiment were conducted at the Department of Horticulture, College
of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sulaimani/ Kurdistan,Iraq, . The experiment was laid down in a factorial RCBD with three
replications. Comparison among means was done using Duncan’s multiple range test (P≤0.05). Rooting and callusing percentage, root
number, root length, root fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot length, shoot diameter, leaf number, leaf area, shoot fresh weight and
shoot dry weight were examined. The highest rooting percentage (40 %) was achieved from 2000 mg L-1 IBA. However, effects of IBA
levels were not significant on callusing. Control gave no rooting and other root traits. Effects of the IBA concentration on vegetative
traits were not different with each other except shoot diameter and leaf number. Shoot diameter and leaf number were the highest (1.12
mm and 4.51, respectively) at 2000 mg L-1 IBA. Rooting and other parameters were the best in pH 5 and 7 substrates. Substrate pH 9
gave minimum rooting and other parameters. Effects of interactions between the two factors showed that cuttings treated with 2000
mg L-1 IBA and planted in pH 7 substrate gave the highest (60 %) rooting percentage, and cuttings dipped in 1000 mg L-1 IBA and
planted in pH 7 substrate gave the best other root traits. Interaction effects of the two factors on shoot traits showed that the maximum
shoot traits were observed at interaction between 2000 mg L-1 IBA and pH 5 substrate.
Key words: Prunus persica, hardwood cuttings, IBA, substrate pH, rooting, vegetative traits

Introduction difficult-to-root (Hartmann et al., 2002). However, the reasons

of rooting failure are not clearly understood. Prevention of
The botanical name of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] is rooting by sclerification was reported in stone fruit rootstocks
based on the country of origin i.e. Persia (actual Iran), and by Beakbane (1961), biochemical factors may influence rooting
peach firstly was named by Linne (1758) as Amygdalus persica. of peach cutting as well (Caboni et al., 1997 and Naija et al.,
Finally in 19th century, it was acknowledged that western China 2008). Also, factors such as cultivar, age of tree, collection date,
is the geographical origin of peach (De Candolle, 1883). Peach cuttings length, degree of hardening of the cuttings, wounding,
is a deciduous tree, and attributed to Rosaceae family, included heat treatment and concentration of auxin-like compounds could
under the genus Prunus (Bailey, 1927). According to Foreign influence rooting of the cuttings (Oliveira et al., 2003; Dick and
Agricultural Service/USDA Office of Global Analysis 2015, Leakey, 2006 and Husen et al., 2015).
production of peach in the world was about 20.5 million tons.
Researchers found that rooting of hardwood cutting of peach is
Peach propagation is sometimes conducted through seed, but influenced by applying synthetic auxin, and the most frequently
seed has low germination due to its hard covers and immature used auxin is IBA (Desmond and Daniele, 2008). Moreover,
embryo, and the seedlings may not be true to the type (Parvez substrate pH has its role in rooting of cuttings (Brian, 2000). The
et al., 2007). Also, peach is propagated by grafting scion at top objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different
of the rootstocks with exclusive cultivars, but the drawbacks of IBA concentrations and substrate pH on rooting of peach
this propagation are sometimes death of the seedlings because hardwood cuttings of cultivar, Red May, which is one of the old
of incompatibility, and it is expensive, especially in high density cultivars, freestone, yellow-white flesh, sweet and juicy, and is
patterns. For this reason, growers have considered peach cuttings one of the best early peach cultivars. Also, it is widely cultivated
as a mean of multiplication (Overcash et al., 1983). in Kurdistan region and Iraq, particularly in warm climate zones.
In propagation of peach of peach plants by stem cutting, softwood
(Liu et al., 1989), semi-hardwood (Avery and Beyl, 1991) and
Materials and methods
hardwood (Reighard et al., 1990) cuttings were used. Hardwood This research was conducted to investigate the effect of different
cuttings is better, because they are easy to prepare, are not IBA concentration and substrate pH on rooting of peach hardwood
readily perishable, may be shipped safely over long distances cuttings in a greenhouse at the College of Agricultural Sciences,
if necessary, and require little or no special equipment during University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan region, Iraq. The experiment
rooting. Because of some reasons, rooting of peach cuttings are was laid down in a factorial RCBD with 3 replications. The
Journal of Applied Horticulture (www.horticultureresearch.net)
34 Rooting of peach hardwood cuttings as affected by IBA concentration and substrate pH

cuttings were taken from an orchard at Sirwan sub-district which diameter and 27 cm depth. All pots were placed in a greenhouse
belongs to Halabja Governorate. and arranged in 3 blocks. The temperature of the greenhouse
was partially controlled by split air conditioner. Temperature and
Preparation of cuttings: The cuttings were prepared from
humidity inside the greenhouse are shown in Table 2.
8-year old trees of peach cultivar (Red May). The weekly average
temperatures of the orchard position are shown in (Table 1). 180 Table 2. Average weekly temperature and humidity inside the greenhouse
during the study period
hardwood cuttings were taken on February 19, 2015. One year
old branches were cut, wrapped with plastic sheets, and brought Date Avgerage Temperature Humidity
to the laboratory, where the cuttings taken from middle part of (°C) (%)
March 10-16 Week 1 19.5 39
branches with 20 cm length (Tsipouridis et al., 2006), with 0.5-1
March 17-23 Week 2 16.2 59
cm diameter (Zencirkiran and Erken, 2012). The base of cuttings
March 24-30 Week 3 17.7 59
were cut 0.5 cm below the lowest node (Sándor et al., 2008), and March 31-April 6 Week 4 22.6 35
the cuttings were soaked in water for 12 hours (Ling and Zhong, April 7-13 Week 5 20.9 38
2012) and then exposed to air until surface was dry. Then two April 14-20 Week 6 22.2 36
tangential cuts of 0.5 cm depth were made on opposite sides of April 21-27 Week 7 22.3 29
base of the cuttings (Tworkoski and Takeda, 2007). April 28-May 4 Week 8 26.9 23
Table 1. Weekly average temperature in of the orchard from December May 6-12 Week 9 22 41
1, 2014 to March 10, 2015
Planting of cuttings: The cuttings were removed from the cold
Date Temperature (°C)
Maximum Minimum Mean
storage on March 10 and directly stuck in the pots. Cuttings
2014 December Week 1 15.4 6.5 10.8 treated with 4 IBA concentrations were planted in 3 substrate
Week 3 11.8 5.6 8.9 pH each pot containing 5 cuttings and replicated 3 times in the 3
Week 4 13.1 3.7 8.3 blocks. After six weeks, 120 mL of tap water was added to each
2015 January Week 1 11.9 3.7 8.3 pot. Finally, after 9 weeks, the experiment was terminated and
Week 2 8.4 0.6 4.1 the cuttings were lift to study the effect of studied treatments.
Week 3 13.9 1.8 7.7
Week 4 14.4 5.1 9.7 Results and discussion
Feruary. Week 1 15.6 3.9 9.8
Week 2 15.5 8.3 11.9 As shown in Table 3, rooting percentage was significantly affected
Week 3 11.6 3.8 7.7 by IBA concentrations. The highest rooting percentage (40 %)
Week 4 15.2 3.4 9.3 was achieved from 2000 mg L-1 IBA, besides rooting was reduced
March 1-10 16.8 5.5 11.3 at 3000 mg L-1 IBA. However, effects of IBA levels were not
Preparation of chemical solutions: IBA solution was prepared significant on callusing and root number, length, fresh weight
by dissolving IBA in 50 % ethanol (with a purity of 96 %) (Evert and dry weight. No rooting was observd in control. Loach (1988)
observed that inducing adventitious root formation in cuttings
and Smittle, 1990) with different concentrations (0, 1000, 2000
was affected by concentration of the applied auxin. Tsipourdis
and 3000 mg L-1). The cuttings were randomly divided in four
et al. (2003) found that 2000 mg L-1 IBA was the best for rooting
lots, each lot included 45 cuttings, then every lot separately
of peach hardwood and semi-hardwood cuttings depending on
dipped in control (ethanol and distilled water without IBA) and
cultivars. In addition, the adverse influence of IBA was found
different IBA concentrations for 10 seconds (Sebastiani and
when higher concentrations were applied (Erez and Yablowitz,
Tognetti, 2004). The cuttings were left until surface dry, after 1981). Another research found that application of 3000 mg L-1 of
that the base of cuttings were treated with Captan 75, 1:9 in talc IBA by quick dipping method caused toxic effect on rooting of
powder (Tsipouridis et al., 2003). The treated cuttings were kept hardwood cuttings in GF766 peach (Karimi and Yadollahi, 2012).
in plastic bags then sealed and stored at 3±1°C (Xu and Chen, Also, da Costa et al. (2013) reported that the comparatively higher
1989) for 20 days. auxin concentration is required for adventitious root induction,
Preparation of rooting substrate: Rooting substrate was but its formation was adversely supraoptimal auxin concentration.
prepared from perlite (Tsipouridis et al., 2005), 7.5 L perlite was Table 4 showed that the effect of IBA concentrations on vegetative
put in polyethylene bags and 1.5 L of H2O2 3 % (in tap water) was traits were not different with each other significantly except in
added instead of water with different pH (5, 7 and 9), to reach shoot diameter and leaf number. Shoot diameter and leaf number
20 % moisture (Tsipouridis and Thomidis, 2004). The pH was were the highest (1.12 mm and 4.51, respectively) at 2000 mg
adjusted by HCl and NaOH. The polyethylene bags were sealed L-1 IBA, but, control and 3000 mg L-1 IBA gave no or the lowest
to prevent moisture loss and inserted in a plastic pot with 24 cm results. This may be due to 2000 mg L-1 exhibited early rooting,
Table 3. Effect of IBA concentrations on rooting percentage, callusing percentage and other root traits of peach cv. Red May
IBA concentrations Rooting Callusing Root Root length Root fresh weight Root dry weight
(mg L-1 ) (%) (%) number (cm) (g) (g)
0 0c 22.22 a 0b 0b 0b 0b
1000 22.22 b 15.55 a 6.33 a 9.74 a 0.39 a 0.059 a
2000 40 a 8.88 a 6.38 a 7.77 a 0.317 a 0.041 a
3000 17.77 b 17.77 a 6.5 a 5.35 a 0.314 a 0.04 a
* The treatment means in each column with the same letter do not differ significantly (P≤0.05) according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Journal of Applied Horticulture (www.horticultureresearch.net)
 Rooting of peach hardwood cuttings as affected by IBA concentration and substrate pH 35

Table 4. Effect of IBA concentrations on vegetative traits of peach cv. Red May hardwood cuttings
IBA concentrations Shoot length Shoot diameter Leaf number Leaf area Shoot fresh weight Shoot dry weight
(mg L-1 ) (cm) (mm) (cm2) (g) (g)
0 0b 0c 0b 0b 0b 0b
1000 0.5 ab 0.66 ab 1.55 b 22.77 a 0.170 a 0.054 ab
2000 0.67 a 1.12 a 4.51 a 28.2 a 0.240 a 0.070 a
3000 0.37 ab 0.507 bc 1.88 b 15.95 ab 0.119 ab 0.050 ab
* The values in each column with the same letter do not differ significantly (P≤0.05) according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.

hence absorption is increased (Parvez et al., 2007), hence shoot Table 7 show the interaction effects between IBA treatments
diameter and leaf number increased. and substrate pH on rooting and callusing percentage and other
root traits. Cuttings treated with 2000 mg L-1 IBA and planted
Substrate pH 5 and 7 were not significantly different in rooting
in pH 7 substrate gave the highest (60 %) rooting percentage.
percentage, callusing percentage and other root traits except root
Generally, cuttings treated with IBA and planted in low substrate
number but they were different with pH 9 (Table 5). Rooting
pH (pH 5 and 7) exhibited the best rooting percentage. Interaction
and other parameters were the best in pH 5 and 7 substrates. effects between the two factors on callusing percentage were not
Substrate of pH 9 gave minimum rooting percentage (5 %), significant. Moreover, cuttings dipped in 1000 mg L-1 IBA and
callusing percentage (1.66 %) and other root traits. Holt et al. planted in pH 7 substrate gave the highest root number (15.33),
(1998) reported that rooting of stem cutting of rhododendron root length (15.43 cm), root fresh weight (0.78 g) and root dry
was enhanced by low substrate pH, additionally peach GF677 weight (0.114 g).
hardwood cuttings demonstrated the best rooting at substrate pH
3 to 5 (Tsipourdis and Thomidis, 2004). Rooting could not take place in IBA-untreated cuttings planted
in the three substrate pH levels. Also, cuttings dipped in 3000 mg
Effect of substrate pH on vegetative traits was similar to root traits L-1 IBA and planted in pH 9 substrate gave no rooting. At low
(Table 6). Vegetative traits were the best in pH 5 and 7 substrates, pH level, the highest IBA uptake, and rooting percentage were
and they were not significantly different, but they were different observed in apple (Harbage et al., 1998) and smoke tree (Ilczuk
with pH 9. These results indicate that, at high substrate pH, and Jacygrad, 2016). Also the effect of IBA and substrate pH
nutrients become less available to be absorbed by the roots, and on adventitious root formation in cuttings may be due to their
this lead to inferior shoot growth (Cavins et al., 2000). Medium effects on expansin protein in the cell wall. During adventitious
pH affected the uptake of rooting medium ingredients, and also root induction, an increase in expansin mRNA levels were
affected on chemical reactions, particularly those catalyzed by observed in conifers hypocotyls after application of exogenous
enzymes (Thorpe et al., 2008). auxin (Hutchison et al., 1999), and expansin considered to be
Table 5. Effect of substrate pH on rooting percentage, callusing percentage and other root traits of peach cv. Red May hardwood cuttings
Substrate pH Rooting (%) Callusing (%) Root number Root length (cm) Root fresh weight (g) Root dry weight (g)
pH 5 28.33 a 26.66 a 5.6 b 7.85 a 0.42 a 0.056 a
pH 7 26.66 a 20 a 8.55 a 8.59 a 0.33 a 0.048 a
pH 9 5b 1.66 b 0.25 c 0.71 b 0.009 b 0.001 b
* The values in each column with the same letter do not differ significantly (P≤0.05) according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Table 6. Effect of substrate pH on vegetative traits of peach cv. Red May hardwood cuttings
Substrate pH Shoot length (cm) Shoot diameter (mm) Leaf number Leaf area (cm2) Shoot fresh weight (g) Shoot dry weight (g)
pH 5 0.76 a 0.71 a 2.88 a 24.92 a 0.210 a 0.073 a
pH 7 0.35 ab 0.9 a 2.58 a 23.28 a 0.167 a 0.051 ab
pH 9 0.05 b 0.108 b 0.5 b 1.99 b 0.020 b 0.007 b

Table 7. Interaction effect between IBA concentrations and substrate pH on rooting percentage, callusing percentage and other root traits of peach
cv. Red May hardwood cuttings
IBA concentrations Substrate Rooting Callusing Root number Root length Root fresh weight Root dry weight
(mg L-1 ) pH (%) (%) (cm) (g) (g)
0 5 0e 26.66 a 0d 0c 0d 0c
0 7 0e 40 a 0d 0c 0d 0c
0 9 0e 0a 0d 0c 0d 0c
1000 5 40 abc 26.66 a 3.33 cd 11.2 a 0.36 bcd 0.061 abc
1000 7 20 cde 13.33 a 15.33 a 15.43 a 0.78 a 0.114 a
1000 9 6.66 de 6.66 a 0.33 d 2.6 bc 0.034 d 0.003 c
2000 5 46.66 ab 26.66 a 7.1 bc 13.4 a 0.7 ab 0.093 ab
2000 7 60 a 0a 11.4 ab 9.66 abc 0.24 cd 0.03 bc
2000 9 13.33 de 0a 0.66 d 0.26 c 0.003 d 0.0004 c
3000 5 26.66 bcd 26.66 a 12 a 6.8 abc 0.62 abc 0.072 abc
3000 7 26.66 bcd 26.66 a 7.5 bc 9.26 abc 0.32 bcd 0.047 abc
3000 9 0e 0a 0d 0c 0d 0c
* The values in each column with the same letter do not differ significantly (P≤0.05) according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.

Journal of Applied Horticulture (www.horticultureresearch.net)

36 Rooting of peach hardwood cuttings as affected by IBA concentration and substrate pH

Table 8. Interaction effect between IBA concentrations and substrate pH on vegetative traits of peach cv. Red May hardwood cuttings.
IBA concentrations Substrate pH Shoot length Shoot diameter Leaf Leaf area Shoot fresh weight Shoot dry weight
(mg L-1 ) (cm) (mm) number (cm2) (g) (g)
0 5 0b 0c 0b 0c 0b 0b
7 0b 0c 0b 0c 0b 0b
9 0b 0c 0b 0c 0b 0b
1000 5 0.71 ab 0.91 ab 1.33 b 33.59 ab 0.222 ab 0.065 ab
7 0.8 ab 1.09 ab 3.33 b 34.72 ab 0.289 ab 0.096 ab
9 0b 0c 0b 0c 0b 0b
2000 5 1.52 a 1.55 a 7.55 a 47.24 a 0.447 a 0.126 a
7 0.3 b 1.38 ab 4 ab 29.39 abc 0.195 ab 0.057 ab
9 0.2 b 0.43 bc 2b 7.96 bc 0.079 b 0.029 ab
3000 5 0.81 ab 0.39 bc 2.66 b 18.84 abc 0.172 ab 0.1 ab
7 0.3 b 1.13 ab 3b 29.02 abc 0.185 ab 0.051 ab
9 0b 0c 0b 0c 0b 0b
* The values in each column with the same letter do not differ significantly (P≤0.05) according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
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Dick, J. McP. and R.R.B. Leakey, 2006. Differentiation of the dynamic
Table 8 shows the interaction effects between the two factors on variables affecting rooting ability in juvenile and mature cuttings of
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Received: November, 2019; Revised: December, 2019;

Accepted: December, 2019

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