Biochemistry
-
og -
AIDS d HN
Transmission :
About so %
by sexually transmitted disease ( STDs )
°
About blood
by
°
15% -
About 5%
by Mother to
fetus ( of infants to
•
-
n 30% born HIV +
mothers
may get the
infection )
Course :
klindowenod -
When virus enters the
body .
it is
multiplied in the
body cell but it cannot be detected
,
easily .
. The Virus
capsid antigen p 24 can be detected in blood .
Few months later antibodies
Sewposikvestage -
, are seen in circulation
This is sew
positivity .
this period in but carrier
During normal
°
person a .
3rd
•
About to %
g Seropositive individual
progress
to
stage
within 5
years
.
About so t within to
yrs
• .
.
About within not treated )
yrs ( if
°
90% 15
AIDS Disease
Third
stage when the clinical
manifestations
-
-
in
start
By this time immune
system di
.
o Commensal microbes IT
Patients die within after 3rd
2
stage
•
years .
°
Some
infections by -
fungi : Candida
Cryptococcus
&
Virus :
cytomegalovirus Herpes simplex &
Parasites :
Pneumocystis carinii
Bacteria :
Mycobacterium & Salmonella
•
Cancers associated with AIDS an
Kaposi sarcoma and
NHL ( non -
Hodgkin 's lymphoma )
•
Cognitive impairment due to meningitis Neuropathies .
and
Neuropsychiatric manifestations .
Clianifestakons :
lymphadenopathy be 2nd
o and Fever
may
seen
by end
of stage .
related
• AIDS
symptoms ( Ars ) are wide .
. Since
immunity Hi in
,
non -
pathogenic microorganisms enter into
the
body and produce lesions in skin ,
GIT .
lungs .
Urinary tract .
brain etc .
•
Gastroenteritis & Tuberculosis are
predominant in AIDS in India .
Laboratory Analysis :
cis
by ELISA test .
ciii tales fern bolt
-
( confirmatory )
( iii , T -
helper count ( L 300 Camm ) ( Normal -
400 cumin )
( Ivi 24 A
p
cut RTPCK ( real time PCR) -
To detect Hiv
particles in blood .
Value copies 1mL of blood
I 5000 in
good prognosis .
> I lakh 1mi blood in bad
g
prognosis .
His HAT ( Nucleic acid testing )
I,
Involves
amplification and detection of one or more
specific
located
target sequences
in
specific Hiv
genes
.
Detection limit to 400
200
copies 1mL
o =
.
Virus
Human
#
Immunodeficiency #
:
structure :
-
cis Hiv
belongs to the retrovirus groups RNA containing .
viruses that
replicate with the help of transcriptase ( reverse RT ) or RMA
dependent DNA
polymerase .
iii , Virus has
cylindrical
a core ,
containing two copies
of ss RNA .
Protein
ciii ,
components are named after
its molecular wt .
civl Core contains Reverse transcriptase
( p 66 &
p
55 ) ,
endonuclease
(p 32)
Nucleocapsid ( pg )
protease ( p lo )
Major capsid Antigen ( pm) -
About
copies
200
.
Outer shell
Myn 's to ligated Protein
-
(P 17 )
[ About
pies D
p ]
24
Virus
Entry :
l " The
binding of Hiv with
target cell in
through a
receptor mechanism
The
envelope with bind with
ciii
gp
120
of vines
specifically CD4
molecule on the
surface of target cell .
CD4 acts as a
receptor for
tins
present
.
molecules
(
iii , The CD4 are on
surface of T -
helper cells &
therefore helper cells receive the maximum attack of Hiv .
and
entering receptors
HIV chemokines
(im uses CD4 as .
[ Replicating de ]
Immunology of AIDS
ii. The CD4 (T helper) lymphocytes decreased number
leading
-
are in
,
to
immunodeficiency .
unit attach with molecules present
• The
gp
120
surface CD4 on
the
surface of T -
helper cells .
• Hiv
preferentially enters into T -
helper cells and they analysed .
act
ciii
Macrophages and
monocytes as the reservoir
of Hiv
infection .
which disseminate the virus to various
organs .
including CMS .
In turn , macrophage de
1400 blood
ciii , T -
helper ( CD4 ) =
cumin g
.
interleukin
Civ , Lymphokines such as
interferon ,
-
2 etc are lowered .
ANTI -
HIV
Drugs :
inhibitors
- -
① RT
anti Inhibitors
o G - classes og
-
HH
drugs .
② Integrase
[ 4 described
-
③ Protease inhibitors ④
Entry
here
] Inhibitors
④
①
②
( is Reverse transcriptase ( RT ) inhibitors :
cis AZT ( di deoxy thymidine azidothymidine .
,
Zidovudine )
Iiis dd I ( di
deoxy inosine ,
did anosine .
Lida no sine )
ciiis ddc ( di deoxy cytidine Zala ta bine )
'
civ , das ( stave dine )
HI 37C ( Lami vaccine )
Il
Aba caviar
''
(
Inhibitors Raltegrayir
ciis
Integrase : cis
ciis
Elvitegrauir
ciii , Dolce te
gravis
( iii , Protease Inhibitors : cis Iopinaneir
dis Indinaniir
( iii , Mel
financier
( in
Ampnnaneir
( is Rito navis
( vis Darien aviv & Atacama .ir ( first line
choice )
( in
Entry Inhibitors : Ma ravine 4 En
fair tide
- .
Prevention :
• Since there in no cure
for AIDS ,
and vaccines are not present ,
public education to limit
awareness &
only means
.
am
° Use
protections .
Using disposable syringes
•
.
inactivate the
•
Boiling for to mins will virus .
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