modal verbs for rules Complete the desctiption of anisther competition with these modal verbs. Useeach:mexial verbsonly MODAL VERBS FOR RULES once. Each team must have five people and a shopping cart. They can’t change the wheels. All the teams have to start and finish at the same place. They don’t have to run on the same roads Players can pick up the ball and run with it must haveto don'thaveto can't can For mote information and practice, see page 158. Look at the sentences in the grammar box, Complete the explanations (2d) with the modal verbs in bold in the grammar box. a Weuse__ or___when the rales say is necessary. b Weuse___ when it's allowed by the rales. ¢ Weuse__ when something isn’t necessary but is allowed by the rules. d Weuse___ when itisn’tallowed by the rules. Circle the correct options to complete the sentences about different sports. 1 Do you have to / must wear a helmét when you play ice hockey? 2. Intennis, players don’ have to /can use video replay technology if they want to see where the ball landed. This technology has transformed the game of tennis, 3. Inbowling, you can bring your own ball, but you Every tivo years, people from all over the globe enter the Jame to / don’ hrc to if you don’t want to. 4 Secer ples mat dorset theres, Moti ear and Moustache Championships Theis ae cor the referee willsend them afftheficld. They | Simple: ou*_= ls! __be over eighteen veers old, and you*_____ have 3 moustache or a beard, or both. Also, you” put on false hair! In total, there are eighteen different categories, but competitors «only enter one category. There are ‘categories for short beards and different moustaches, so you? hhave the longest moustache or the biggest beard to win a prize, eave to /can’t argue with the rience. ng Work in pairs. You are going to explain the rules of a sport or competition. Choose one of the following. Make a list of six to seven rules. Then explain your rules to another pair. +a popular sport in yenir country + a popular TV quiz show or TV competition + an annual national or international competition a popular sport in my country. Yt too tems, a bal, zed a ba have to Competitions (23A Bre eeu 24 Winning and losing suffixes Ate any of the athletes in the photos famous in your country? Match the people (A~C) with these words. ‘tennis player soccer player — runner — WORDBUILDING suffixes You can add -er to some sports to describe the pperson wiho plays the sport: ski>> skier, golf» golfer You can add player to some sports: tennis tennis player, baseball > baseball player Some sports don't use the suffix -er or player: athletics» athlete, cycle cyclist For more practice, see Workbook page 19. Workin pairs, Look at the wordbuilding box. ‘What is the word for a person who: 1 boxes? beer 5, plays chess? 2 motorcycles? 6 drives racing car? 3. playsbasketball? 7 does gymnastics? 4 swims? 8 goes surfing? Bee ta Pee en ec Work in pairs, Who are the most famous athletes in your country? What type of athlete are they? (eg, scoimmer, «golfer, a skateboarder) Lionel Messt is very famous in my country, He's a soccer player. Read the quotes withthe photos. Do you think ‘witining is always important in sports? Why or why nof? Discuss with a partner Listen to three people talking about competitive sports in schools. Match the speakers (1-3) with their opinions (a-e) a Speaker ____ thinks'rton-competitive sports are a good idea. b Speaker thinks competitive sports area good idea in schools. © Speaker thinks sports in schools are a good idea, but there can be problems. a: eee pee eed eee ea6 Look at these opinions for and against 10 Work in pairs. Put the words in the correct order to make competitive sports in schools. Which are the quotes by famous athletes. Then match the ~ing forms opinions for (F) and which are the opinions with the uses (a-c) in Exercise 9. against (A)? 1 never / thought / losing / of / 1 1 Winning and losing teaches ®a (Muhammad Ali, boxer) students about life. 2. love / Ijust / winning 2 Alotof successful schools don’t F A (Ayrton Senna, race car driver) have competitive sports. 3 a champion / afraid / losing / isn’t / of 3 Children get more exercise when FA. (Billie Jean tennis player) they try to win. 4 hate /1/ losing 4 Winning isn’t importantas long FA (Sachin Tendulkar, cricket player) as you do your best. 5 'm/ more worried about / a good person / being / 5. Children learn to work wellin =F A. than being the best soccer player teamo when they play agit (Lionel Messi, soccer player) other teams. 6 Students lear toworkhard FA 114 EXEED Circle the correct options to complete this by doing competitive sports. conversation. Then listen and check. 7 Some parents don'tlike losing FA ‘A: What's on TV? and get angry with their children. B: 'Cyele / Cycling. It’s the Tour de Prance. [love *wateht / 8 Allchildren are different, and = FA. ‘watching it. some aren’t good at sports. A: Oh, no! I think / thinking it’s boring! 9 Competitive sports are fun. BOA B I disagre. really enjoy ‘watch / watching the cyclists 5 ‘the mountains., ? ERIN which opinion 1-9) rom Exerc 6 2: t/t in fentof he TV all day sexing’ speaker tired of Sdo /doing nothing: Are you any good at tennis? check, ‘We could “play / playing this afternoon. Speaker 1__L.__ B: But want to "watch /watching this. Seeker? ‘A: What's wrong? Are you afraid of lose /losing? 8 ovinpooms becuse epi ‘12 Pronunciation /o/ Exercise 6. Answer these questions. :@ EREEI Listen to six words. Circle the word you hear. 1 Which opinions do you agree with? 1. thin think thing 2. Which do you disagree with? 2 win wink wing 3. Are there any other reasons for or 3. ban bank bang against competitive sports in schools? 4 sin sink sing. 5 ran rank rang Grammar -ing form 6 pin Pink ping b [REEL Listen again to the conversation from Exercise 11. Notice the pronunciation of the -ing forms. Then work in pairs and practice the conversation. Speaking EES 13 Work in pairs. Ask questions to find out what sports or activities your partner likes. Then complete the sentences. , ‘A: Whet sports do you love watching? 9 Look at the grammar box. The verbs in the ing form are in bold, Match these verbs 3B: Tennis. What about you? (1-3) with the uses ofthe «ing form (@-c)- 1 Tove watching but my partner doesn : : think is boring, but my partner loves it! 4 Itis the subject ofthe sentence, . tn Itcomes after a verb (e.., like), 3. Weboth enjoy ————., but we hate ¢ Ttcomes after a peeposition (e.g. 9). 4 Ym good at ___, but my partner isn’t. Unit2 Competitions2c Bolivian wrestlers Reading 1 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. 1 Domany people watch boxing or wrestling in your country? 2. Why do some people dislike these types of sports? 3. What do you think about these sports? 2 Read the article about wrestling in Bolivia. Which paragraph (1-5) describes: a the two wrestlers before the fight? _ the popularity of male and female wrestling in Bolivia? ¢ Yolanda’s family life? — a tne reason wity iit wanes 16! fe the fight between the two wrestlers? 3 Find words in the article for these definitions, 1 something people watch for pleasure entertainment 2. alarge group of people 3. the person who describes the action ina sport c 4 get very excited, shout, and jump up and down ae ee 5. people who like « famous athlete 6 the money you eam for work done Critical thinking reading between the lines 4 Anarticle doesn’t always tell us about how people feel, but we can often guess. Match the people from the article (1-3) with the sentences (ac). 1 Yolanda 2. Yolanda’s daughter 3. Esperanza a “Idon’t understand why wrestling is so popular.” b. “Lfeel wonderfui every time I step into the ring.” “Life is very hard for people like me.” — 5 Work in pairs. Discuss these questions. 1 How do you feel about the women wrestlers? 2 Would you like to see this sport? Why or why not? Word focus like 6 The word like has a number of meanings and uses. Match the sentences (1-4) with the uses (2-4). a We use like + noun to talk cbout things we enjoy. b_ We use like + -ing to talk atout activities we enjoy doing. © We use be/look like to talk ebout similarities between people/ things actions. We use would like to + base form of a verb to talk about future plans or ambitions. 1 Most people like soccer. — 2 Yolanda and Claudina are like famous pop stars. — oF Wiad Your adagatecrufilase becoroe wrestlers one day? 4 Esperanza likes watching wrestling. — 7 Match the questions with like (1-5) with their answers (a-e). What do you like doing on the weekend? What kind of music do you like? Are you like anyone in your family? Where would you like to go on your next vacation? What does your dad look Eke? Yeah, I'm really similar to my mom, — Spain. Or Portugal, maybe — Anything. Rock, classical—I don’t mind. — Going to the movies. — He's tall and has brown hair, — 8 Workin pairs. Take turns asking the questions from Exercise 7 and giving your own answers. Speaking 9 Work in groups. Can you name ten sports in the Olympic Games? 10 These six sports are not in the Olympic Games. Discuss the questions in your group and give reasons for your answers. ‘American football bowling cricket mixed martial arts darts squash 1 Which of the six sports do you think is the most popular? 2. Which three sports would your group like to have at the next Olympics?2 In Bolivia, soccer is the national sport, but the country is also famous for another sport—wrestling, Local people like watching wresting, and its popular with tourists, too. It’s an exciting mixture of sport, drama, and entertainment. When modern wrestling started in Bolivia in the 1950s, the competitors were all men, but nowadays women are also competing in the ring. The city of EI Alto is a good place to watch wrestling, Hundreds of spectators go to the fights in the evening. This evening, the crowd is sitting around a huge wrestling ring and shouting, “Bring them on! Bring them on!” Suddenly, the commentator is speaking into a microphone, “Ladies and gentlemen. It's time for Yolanda and Claudina!” The crowd is screaming with excitement as two women in colorful clothes enter the ring, Yolanda and Claudina are like famous pop stars, They smile and wave to their fans. The music stops, and the referee starts the fight. Claudina jumps on Yolanda. Fs 30 Then Yolanda throws Claudina on the floor. As Claudina ies on the floar, Yolanda smiles and waves to the crowd. Then Claudina gets up and pushes Yolanda onto the ground. One minute, Yolanda is winning. The next minute, Claudina is winning, The spectators go crazy! ‘Away from the ring, many wrestlers are women with LE families. At home, Yolanda has a normal, quiet family life. She has two daughters, and she makes clothes for a living. Her father was also a wrestler, sc tradition. in answer to the question daughters like to become wrestlers one day?”, Yolanda says they wouldn't. She answers, “My daughters ask me why | do this. Its dangerous, and they complain that sa family wrestling doesn't bring any money into the house.” So why does she do it? Yolanda loves wrestling because of her fans—and she Ek has lots isis named Esperanza Cancina. Esperanza pays $1.50 (a large part of her salary) to sit near the ring, She likes watching wresting because, she’says, “We laugh and we forget our problems for three or four hours.” Competitions (272d Joining a group Speaking 41 Work as a class or in groups. Interview different people. Find someone who: 1 isamember of a team or club, 2 has to go to regular meetings (e.g., every week), 3. competes with their team or club, Real life talking about interests 2. Work in pairs. Look at the ads below. Would you like to join one of these clubs? Why or why not? Join our running groups for beginners and for more experienced runners. It’s non-competitive and fun. 7 p.m. every Wednesday. tay friends? ‘The Barton Photography Club welcomes re enter our summer photography competition. Call Mike for details at 415-555-2671 BO rR Mae new members. We are a busy club with regular speakers Join before March tst and Fist prize i a new XPBii cameral The entry fe is $15 (including membership). Visit www.bartonphotoclub.com to join. OLR ALY, COUT AGL, Have fun with a local eee enter} pees cous ais pee) er ek Sees neers a Write to Mandy Giles at mandy76@gmail.com 3 PEED Wo people are looking at the ads (from Exercise 2) in ther local newspaper. Listen to their conversation. Number the ads (A-C) in the order they are discussed (1-3). A B__ = 4. [RB Listen again and complete these sentences with the words you hear You're really ________ taking photos. 1 2 Wall, joining something else? 3. Are you acting? 4. standing up in front of people. 5 'm_______good at singing. 6 Youshould _.. Ithink you'd enjoy it 7 think I'd — join this one on ‘Wednesday evenings. 8 It like fun, you come, 00? 5 Workin pairs. Match the sentences in Exercise 4 With the three categories in the box below. Talking about interests and abiliti Do you like taking photos? 'm good at acting. I'm (not) interested in photography. Talking about plans I'd like/prefer to join a running club. | wouldn't like to do it. Recommending and encouraging It looks interesting. Goon. I think you'd enjoy You should do it with me. 6 Pronunciation silent letters [RE Some letters in English words are not pronounced. Listen to these words from the conversation and cross out the silent letters. Then listen again and repeat. 1. interested 4 could 2 should 5 what 3. friends 6 whole 7 Work in pairs. What other clubs would you like to join? Why would you like to join them?2e Advertising for members Writing an ad 11 Work in small groups. What makes a good ad and a bad ad? Think about ads you like and don’t like in magazines, on TV, or online. 2 Read the advice about how to write effective ads, Then look at the ads on page 28. Discuss these questions as a group. 1. Which ad follows most of the advice? 2. How could you improve the ads? (Cow to WRITE EFFECTIVE ADS © Start with a good headline. You could ask a question or solve a problem. + The ad should explain the reasons for buying something or joining a club * If possible, offer something for free or a prize. * Include any other important information (dates, times, location, contact information, etc) * Photos, pictures, or images always help. 3 Work in pairs. You are going to plan a new club, Discuss these questions What type of club is it? Who is the club for? Are there any rules for members? Is there a membership fee? How much is it? Where and how often will it meet? 4 Plan and write an ad for your club. 5 Writing skill checking your writing It is important to check your writing for mistakes before people read it. Read these sentences (1-8) from ads and find one mistake in each sentence. Circle the mistake and write the correct symbol from the correction key. Each key is used once. 1. Would you like to lean a music inst Enter our exciteing competition! Are yeu geed at play tennis? It's fun way to get fit. #_ 6 Join this club new! Get healthy and play yoga 8 Call peter at 077 237 5980, ___ Writing correction key Sp = spelling mistake Mot missing word ' punctuation mistake Prep reposition mistake er grammar mistake wo word order mistake c capital letter mistake wal = wrong word b Read your ad from Exercise 4 again. Are there any mistakes? 6 Display your ads around the classroom. Walk around and read about each other’s new clubs. Think about these questions. ‘+ Which clubs would you like to join? + Which ads are effective? Why? 7Before you watch 1. Work in pairs. Look atthe photo of horse racing in Mongolia. Answer these questions, 1 Do you have horse racing in your country? 2. How popular is it as a sport? Key vocabulary Read the sentences (1-7). The words and phrases in bold are used in the video. Write these words and phrases next to their definitions (a-g). 1. In the Olympic Games, each winner receives a gold medal. 2 T got 100% on the exam, so I feel very proud of myself. A religious man blesses people. My horse can run like the wind. At the festival, there were displays by actors and performers. 6 Atypical rodeo includes events such as bull riding and catching cows with ropes. 7 In this competition, [have one main rival who always tries to beat me asks a god (or gods) to protect something or someone 'b_ pleased because you've done something well © shows or presentations d_ ametal disc given for an achievement ©. very quickly £ accompetition where cowboys show different skills & a person who is as good or almost as good as, you at doing something 4 CORRE Watch the video again. Choose the correct option (a or b) to complete each sentence. 1 The Naadam is a Mongolian festival. a spring b_ summer 2. Mukhdalai and Namjin are horse who ‘compete against each other. a riders b_ trainers 3 Mukhdalai and Namjin a like b. don'tlike 4 There are about race. a. twenty b cighty 5. The starting point is at the a top of a hill b_ bottom of a valley ‘wearing green and white, a Mukhdalai’s son b Namjin’s son 7 Mukhdalai’s horse is in first place for race. a the whole b_ part of the 8 Itis Namjin’s horse's __race. a first b fifth ‘each other. horses competing in the After you watch 5 Vocabulary in context @ CER Watch the clips from the video. Choose the correct meaning of the words and phrases. bb Work in pairs, Ask and answer these questions. While you watch 3 CORRE Watch the video. Number these 1. What are some annual celebrations in your country? actions in the order you see them (1-6). — Mukhdalai’s horse wins the race. — The riders leave the starting point. 2. Imagine you and your classmates are competing ina 100-meter race, Who do you think will take the lead and win? Do you think this person will, finish a long way ahead of the rest? —L. Areligious woman blesses the horses. —— Mukhdalai receives first prize. — Ahorse rider picks up poles. — Two men wrestle. 6 Work in pairs. Write five questions about the Naadam festival in the video. What is the Naadam festival femous for? 7 Work with a new partner. Take turns asking and answering your questions from Exercise 6 about the Naadam. Unte2 competions @Grammar 1 Circle the correct options to complete the text about an unusual competition. The first bed race was in Knaresborough, UK, in 1966. The rules are simple. Each team "cant /lts £0 race with one bed on wheels. There are six people to a team and one passenger. The team must / doesn’t have fo have either six men or six women, or you? cant /can’t also race with a team of three men and three women. The passenger “ has to / doesn't have to be an adult, but he or she 5 doesn’t have to /can't be younger than twelve years old. The time limit for the race is thirty minutes, and you * can't /have to take longer. 2. BEIM Work in pairs. What sports do these people play? Describe two rules for each sport, Venus Williams Lionel Messi Usain Bolt 3 Complete the sentences with the -ing form of these verbs. 90 learn lose watch win to speak another language is very useful 2. Peter is very competitive—he hates —__ ‘Trying is more important than 4 I think ____ toa basketball game is ‘more fun than iton TV. 4 BSXIET complete the sentences in your own words using the -ing form. Then tell a partner. 1 ____is very good for you. 2 I'mreally interested in 3. Idon’t like * UNIT 2 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTER Vocabulary 5 Write the missing vowels in these words related to sports. Race with a partner to see who can finish first 6 Work in pairs. Answer these questions with four of the words from Exercise 5. 1. What do you have to cross in a race? 2 Whatis the opposite ofa loser? 3. What type of competition is Formula One? 4 What do you call a group of people who like an athlete or a sports team? 7 BEXME Work in pairs. Choose three more words from Exercise 5 and write three questions for them. Then werk with another pair and take turns asking and answering your questions. “talk about sports and athletes Real life 8 Complete the conversation. Write one word in each blank, A: Are you interested * painting? There’s a new evening class at my college. B: But I'm not very good ?___art. A: I'm not either, but I'd like Come on. You should do it#__ B: Sorry. What about doing something else? A:!___you like taking photos? There's also a class for that. B: Actually, that sounds interesting. 9 ESETEI Complete these sentences in your own ‘words. Then share your sentences with a partner learn. me. 1 T'mgood at 2. I think I'd enjoy learning 3. T'malso interested in 4 wouldn't like toGRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 2 Modal verbs for rules Use To talk about rules, we use the modal verbs must, hhave to, and can. ‘+ Tosay that something is obligatory, we use must oz have fo. You have to train hard to ru a marathon. Runners must arrive fwertty minutes before the race. # To say that something is allowed, we use car Merbers can use the swimming pool for free. ‘+ Tosay that something is not obligatory but allowed, we use don't have to. You don’t have to be fit to join the club. © To say that something is not allowed, we use can’t ‘or must not, You can’t touch the ball with your hands or arms in soccer, You must not teave any bags in this area The modal verbs must and have to, and can’t and neust not, have very similar meanings. In general, we prefer to use have to and can’t in spoken English to talk about rules, In formal written English, we prefer to use must and must not, ‘You have to pay $40 to be in the race. (spoken) Competitors must pay $40 to enter the race. (formal, written) You can't go near the pool witlt shoes ort. (spoken) Custonters must not go near the pool with shoes on. (formal, written) But remember that must not and don't hinve fo have completely different meanings—miustn't means “don’t do itt,” while don't have fo means “it’s not necessary to doit” Form We normally use modal verbs before a main verb. You cam borrow my running shoes ‘The modal verbs must/ must not and can /ean’t don’t work like normal verbs. They never change—we tse the same form for all persons (I, you, he/se/it, etc.) We don't use do, does, or did to make questions or negatives. ees a ee vyculwerthey feanswim. —fean'tswim. Can you helshelit She eanswim. Hecan't Cane swim? ‘The modal verb have to works like a normal verb. It changes for le/she/it in the simple present, and we form questions and negatives in the past and present using do, does, or did. tounwelthey [have to go. idon'thave Do you have 1090. to go? hhelshe/it _-Hethas togo. She doesn’t Does she have to go. have togo? > Exercises 1, 2, and 3 -ing form We use the ~irg form of a verb after be to form the present or past continuous. i'm getting ready fo go out. eas watching a mooie, However, we also use the -ing form in seme other ways. ing form as the subject of a sentence We can make a verb the subject of a sentence. When we do this, we usually use the -ing form Playing sports is great for your health. -ing form after prepositions When a verb comes after a preposition, itis always in the -ing form. T'm not very good at swimming. -ing form after some verbs We sometimes put two verbs together ina sentence. The form of the second verb depends on the first verb. After the verbs like, dislike, love, hate, cart stand, enjoy, and don’t mind, the second verb is in the -ing form. Jan loues watching sports 1 don't ind running in the cold. > Exercises 4 and 5Exercises 1 Match the rules (1-6) with the meanings (3). Do this. Don't do this. This is allowed. You must wear your seat belt in a car. You can’t hit the ball with your hand in soccer. Boxers have to wear special gloves. You can walk in a marathon, —__ ‘The students can’t use their cell phones during, the exam. —_ 6 Wecan take photos during the tennis match. 2 Circle the correct options to complete the sentences 1 You must not / don’t have to kick the ball when. ‘you play basketball, You can only use your hands. 2 We must not / don’t have to go to the football game. We can watch it on television. 3. Ifthe fire alarm rings, you must / don’t have to go straight outside. Its important to be quick, 4 Tnrmany countries, you mist / must not wait ‘until you are 18 to drive. It’s not possible if you're younger, 5 You don't have to / must not come tonight. Stay at home if you prefer. 3 Circle the correct options to complete this email How are you? 'm doing well. You asked me in your email about the gym I go to, so here's some information for you. You" have fo / must pay for a whole month—you? don’t have to / can't pay for one visit. When you pay, they give you a gym. card, You don’t have to / must not forget this carl because you need it to get in the gym. like to use the bikes in the gym. I usually ride for about an hour, but when there are alot of people, you‘ can't / must not use the bikes for a long time. also do a yoga class once or twvice a week. You S don't have to / must not sign up in advance, so 1 usually decide when I arrive. One last thing—you must / can’t remember to bring towels with you becatuse the gym doesn’t give them to you. Why don’t you come with me to the gym next week? I can show you everything, Let me know! 4 Complete the sentences with the -ing form of a verb from the box. I'm worried about my exam. a book is a great way to pass the time on a train. 6 Thank you for fall play help watch wakeup read 1 She's really good at. the piano, 2 Idon'tlike TV=it's so boring! 3. He hate early on the weekends, 4 5 me with my work. 5 Circle the correct options to complete the conversation, ‘A: Why are you! cleaning / clean the house? B: I’sdinty. Why? As Wssuch a nice day. Why don’t we? doing / do something outside?? Staying / Stay at home is so boring, OK. What do you think about“ go /going for a run? A: Thate! yim / rimning! B: OK, how about ® going / go for a walk in the mountains? ‘A; That's a good idea. We could taking / take a picnic with us. B; Great! [love * eat / eating outside on a sunny day. A: Good—you can makinig / make the picnic for us, then! ———a