CPR

3:
Standards For Protection
Against Radiation
Belinda Dancel-San Juan, MD, MSc
PNRI CPR 3

Ê  Establishes the basic requirements for the safety of radiation

sources

Ê  Establishes standards for protection against ionizing

radiation arising from the use of radioactive materials and
related activities
PNRI CPR 3

Ê  Purpose is to control all activities involving radioactive

material in such a manner that the total dose to an individual
does not exceed the Standards prescribed in this Part
Ê  except exposures to radiation from the natural background
sources or medical diagnosis and therapy,
Radiation Protection and
Safety Requirements

a.  Description of the radiation protection and safety

organization, including its functions, responsibilities of
individual assignments, and qualification and training of
these individuals

Radiation Protection and
Safety Requirements

b.  Description of the duties and responsibilities of the RHSO

c.  Description of the radiation facility

Radiation Protection and
Safety Requirements

d.  Number and type of equipment and devices incorporating

radioactive substances, instruments and monitoring devices
used and their proper maintenance

e.  Arrangement made for the assessment of the occupational

exposure of workers on the basis of individual monitoring
and the maintenance of exposure records

Radiation Protection and
Safety Requirements

f.  Methods for the implementation of the program that

includes radiation exposure control, control of the
workplace, monitoring of the workplace and assessment of
the consequences of radioactive releases
Radiation Protection and
Safety Requirements

g.  Methods for evaluating the performance of radiation

protection and safety program that will include program
reviews, audits, corrective actions and follow-up
Radiation Protection and
Safety Requirements

h.  Emergency plan for responding to any accident that results

in the release of radioactive material to the environment
which includes:
1. protection of workers
2. intervention/protective action
3. emergency procedures
Justification of Practices

Ê  No practice or source within a practice shall be adopted,

introduced or conducted except under a license issued by
PNRI

Ê  Any practice or source within a practice should only be

authorized when there is sufficient benefit to compensate for
the potential radiation harm it might cause
 Justification of Practices
Ê  The following practices are not justified when they would result in
an increase (by deliberate addition of radioactive substances or by
activation) in the activity of the associated commodities or
products:
Ê  Practices involving food, beverages, cosmetics or any product
intended for ingestion, inhalation or percutaneous intake to a human
being
Ê  Practices involving the frivolous use of radiation in products such as
toys and personal jewelry
Optimization of Protection and Safety

Ê  Protection and safety shall be optimized in order that the

magnitude of individual doses, the number of people
exposed and likelihood of incurring exposures are kept as low
as reasonably achievable (ALARA)
Ê  Except for therapeutic medical exposures
Optimization of Protection and Safety

Ê  Take into account the design, plan and subsequent conduct

of practices and activities
Dose Limits

Ê  Exposure of individuals shall be restricted so that the total

effective dose or the total equivalent dose to relevant organs
or tissues does not exceed the dose limits

Ê  Does not apply to medical exposures from authorized

practices
PNRI Dose Limits
Type of Dose Limit Occupational Dose Dose Limits for
Limits Members of the Public
Effective Dose 20 mSv per year averaged 1 mSv in a year
over 5 consecutive years, In special circumstances,
with no single year an effective dose of up to 5
exceeding 50 mSv mSv in a single year
provided that the average
dose over 5 consecutive
years does not exceed 1
mSv per year

Equivalent Dose to the 150 mSv in a year 15 mSv in a year

Lens of the Eye
Equivalent Dose to the 500 mSv in a year 50 mSv in a year
Skin
Equivalent Dose to the 500 mSv in a year --
Extremities (Hands and
Feet)
Source: pnri.dost.gov.ph
Dose Limits for Young Apprentices,
Trainees and Students

Ê  No person under 16 years shall be subjected to occupational

exposure

Ê  No person under the age of 18 shall be allowed to work in a

controlled area unless supervised and only for training
purposes

Dose Limits for Young Apprentices,
Trainees and Students

Ê  For apprentices 16-18 years old who are training for

employment involving exposure to radiation and for students
of age 16 to 18 who are required to use radioactive sources in
the course of their studies
Ê  Effective dose of 6 mSv in a year
Ê  Equivalent dose to the lens of the eye of 50 mSv in a year
Ê  Equivalent dose to the extremities or the skin of 150 mSv in a
year
Conditions for Pregnant Workers

Ê  Female worker shall notify the institution about her

pregnancy in order that her working conditions maybe
modified

Ê  Work conditions modified in order to ensure that the fetus be

afforded the same level of protection as required for
members of the public

Ê  Not to exceed 1 mSv in a year

 Contamination Level Limits
Ê  Contain radioactive material or avoid contamination of surfaces
accessible to persons or property in excess of these limits over an
average area of 300 cm2

Ê  Under conditions where contamination is suspected or may have

occurred, there should be periodic surveys to determine levels of
contamination
Ê  Should be kept ALARA

Classification of Work Areas

Ê  Controlled areas
Ê  Rooms for preparation, storage and injection of the
radiopharmaceuticals
Ê  Imaging rooms and waiting areas due to potential risk of
contamination

Ê  Supervised areas
Ê  The rest of the nuclear medicine department
Controlled Areas

Ê  Display a warning symbol

Ê  Restrict access to controlled areas by means of

administrative procedures (work permits) and by physical
barriers (locks)

Ê  Provide, as appropriate, at entrances

Ê  Protective clothing and equipment
Ê  Monitoring equipment
Ê  Suitable storage for personal clothing
Controlled Areas

Ê  Provide, as appropriate, at exits

Ê  Equipment for monitoring contamination of skin and clothing,
or any object being removed from the area
Ê  Washing or showering facilities
Ê  Suitable storage for contaminated protective clothing and
equipment
Personnel Monitoring Devices and
Protective Equipment

Ê  Personnel monitoring devices

Ê  Protective clothing

Ê  Protective respiratory equipment

Ê  Protective aprons and gloves and organ shields

Precautionary Requirements

Ê  Posting of radiation areas

Ê  “CAUTION, RADIATION AREA” OR “DANGER, HIGH
RADIATION AREA”
Precautionary Requirements

Ê  Labeling of containers
Ê  “CAUTION, RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL” or “DANGER,
RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL”

Records, Reports and Notifications

Ê  Radiation Safety Protection and Safety Program

Ê  Shall be retained for 3 years

Ê  Reports of overexposure and excessive levels and

concentrations
Ê  Exposure to individuals in excess of the dose limits
Ê  Report within 30 days
 Records, Reports and Notifications
Ê  Reports of theft or loss of radioactive material
Ê  Notify PNRI immediately
Ê  Report within 30 days

Ê  Notification of incidents
Ê  Any incident that may have caused exposure of the whole body in
excess of 0.05 Sv OR release of radioactive material so that if the
individual is present in the area for 24 hours, the individual has an
intake in excess of 1 occupational annual limit on intake
Ê  Notify PNRI within 24 hours

Emergency Exposure Situations

Ê  Establish an emergency plan in case of an accident that could

involve their radiation sources

Emergency Plan

Ê  Identification of each type of accident involving radioactive

materials for which protective actions may be needed

Ê  System for classifying accidents as alerts or site area

emergencies

Ê  Means and methods for detecting each type of accident in a

timely manner

Ê  Description of the means and equipment for mitigating the

consequences of each type of accident, including the means
to protect workers on site
 Emergency Plan
Ê  Description of the methods and equipment to assess releases of
radioactive materials

Ê  Description of the responsibilities of emergency response

personnel

Ê  Provisions for training of emergency response groups for

conducting emergency drills and exercise

Ê  Description of measures to restore the facility to safe normal

condition after an accident
Thank you!
belinda.sanjuan@gmail.com