Assignment No.

E MARKETING

Submitted to
Dr. Waheed Asghar

Submitted by
KHADEEJA KHALID QURESHI
MAB(1.5) 2019-160
History of The Internet
Credit for the initial concept that developed into the World Wide Web is typically given to Leonard
Kleinrock. In 1961, he wrote about ARPANET, the predecessor of the Internet, in a paper entitled
"Information Flow in Large Communication Nets." Kleinrock, along with other innnovators such
as J.C.R. Licklider, the first director of the Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO),
provided the backbone for the ubiquitous stream of emails, media, Facebook postings and tweets
that are now shared online every day.
Timeline of Internet History
Here, then, is a brief history of the Internet:
1965
Two computers at MIT Lincoln Lab communicate with one another using packet-switching
technology.
1968
Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) unveils the final version of the Interface Message Processor
(IMP) specifications. BBN wins ARPANET contract.
1969
On Oct. 29, UCLA’s Network Measurement Center, Stanford Research Institute (SRI), University
of California-Santa Barbara and University of Utah install nodes. The first message is "LO," which
was an attempt by student Charles Kline to "LOGIN" to the SRI computer from the university.
However, the message was unable to be completed because the SRI system crashed.
1972
BBN’s Ray Tomlinson introduces network email. The Internetworking Working Group (INWG)
forms to address need for establishing standard protocols.
1973
Global networking becomes a reality as the University College of London (England) and Royal
Radar Establishment (Norway) connect to ARPANET. The term Internet is born.
1974
The first Internet Service Provider (ISP) is born with the introduction of a commercial version of
ARPANET, known as Telenet.
1974
Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn (the duo said by many to be the Fathers of the Internet) publish "A
Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection," which details the design of TCP.
1976
Queen Elizabeth II hits the “send button” on her first email.
1979
USENET forms to host news and discussion groups.
1981
The National Science Foundation (NSF) provided a grant to establish the Computer Science
Network (CSNET) to provide networking services to university computer scientists.
1982
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly
known as TCP/IP, emerge as the protocol for ARPANET. This results in the fledgling definition
of the Internet as connected TCP/IP internets. TCP/IP remains the standard protocol for the
Internet.
1983
The Domain Name System (DNS) establishes the familiar .edu, .gov, .com, .mil, .org, .net, and
.int system for naming websites. This is easier to remember than the previous designation for
websites, such as 123.456.789.10.
1984
William Gibson, author of "Neuromancer," is the first to use the term "cyberspace."
1985
Symbolics.com, the website for Symbolics Computer Corp. in Massachusetts, becomes the first
registered domain.
1986
The National Science Foundation’s NSFNET goes online to connected supercomputer centers at
56,000 bits per second — the speed of a typical dial-up computer modem. Over time the network
speeds up and regional research and education networks, supported in part by NSF, are connected
to the NSFNET backbone — effectively expanding the Internet throughout the United States. The
NSFNET was essentially a network of networks that connected academic users along with the
ARPANET.
1987
The number of hosts on the Internet exceeds 20,000. Cisco ships its first router.
1989: World.std.com becomes the first commercial provider of dial-up access to the Internet.
1990
Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, develops
HyperText Markup Language (HTML). This technology continues to have a large impact on how
we navigate and view the Internet today.
1991
CERN introduces the World Wide Web to the public.
1992
The first audio and video are distributed over the Internet. The phrase "surfing the Internet" is
popularized.
1993
The number of websites reaches 600 and the White House and United Nations go online. Marc
Andreesen develops the Mosaic Web browser at the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana.
The number of computers connected to NSFNET grows from 2,000 in 1985 to more than 2 million
in 1993. The National Science Foundation leads an effort to outline a new Internet architecture
that would support the burgeoning commercial use of the network.
1994
Netscape Communications is born. Microsoft creates a Web browser for Windows 95.
1994
Yahoo! is created by Jerry Yang and David Filo, two electrical engineering graduate students at
Stanford University. The site was originally called "Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide
Web." The company was later incorporated in March 1995.
1995
Compuserve, America Online and Prodigy begin to provide Internet access. Amazon.com,
Craigslist and eBay go live. The original NSFNET backbone is decommissioned as the Internet’s
transformation to a commercial enterprise is largely completed.
1995
The first online dating site, Match.com, launches.
1996
The browser war, primarily between the two major players Microsoft and Netscape, heats up.
CNET buys tv.com for $15,000.
1996
A 3D animation dubbed "The Dancing Baby" becomes one of the first viral videos.
1997
Netflix is founded by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph as a company that sends users DVDs by
mail.
1997
PC makers can remove or hide Microsoft’s Internet software on new versions of Windows 95,
thanks to a settlement with the Justice Department. Netscape announces that its browser will be
free.
1998
The Google search engine is born, changing the way users engage with the Internet.
1998
The Internet Protocol version 6 introduced, to allow for future growth of Internet Addresses. The
current most widely used protocol is version 4. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses allowing for 4.3 billion
unique addresses; IPv6, with 128-bit addresses, will allow 3.4 x 1038 unique addresses, or 340
trillion trillion trillion.
1999
AOL buys Netscape. Peer-to-peer file sharing becomes a reality as Napster arrives on the Internet,
much to the displeasure of the music industry.
2000
The dot-com bubble bursts. Web sites such as Yahoo! and eBay are hit by a large-scale denial of
service attack, highlighting the vulnerability of the Internet. AOL merges with Time Warner
2001
A federal judge shuts down Napster, ruling that it must find a way to stop users from sharing
copyrighted material before it can go back online.
2003:
The SQL Slammer worm spread worldwide in just 10 minutes. Myspace, Skype and the Safari
Web browser debut.
2003
The blog publishing platform WordPress is launched.
2004
Facebook goes online and the era of social networking begins. Mozilla unveils the Mozilla Firefox
browser.
2005
YouTube.com launches. The social news site Reddit is also founded.
2006
AOL changes its business model, offering most services for free and relying on advertising to
generate revenue. The Internet Governance Forum meets for the first time.
2007
Twitter launches. The company's founder, Jack Dorsey, sends out the very first tweet: "just setting
up my twitter."
2009
The Internet marks its 40th anniversary.
2010
Facebook reaches 400 million active users.
The social media sites Pinterest and Instagram are launched.
2011
Twitter and Facebook play a large role in the Middle East revolts.
2012
President Barack Obama's administration announces its opposition to major parts of the Stop
Online Piracy Act and the Protect Intellectual Property Act, which would have enacted broad new
rules requiring internet service providers to police copyrighted content. The successful push to
stop the bill, involving technology companies such as Google and nonprofit organizations
including Wikipedia and the Electronic Frontier Foundation, is considered a victory for sites such
as YouTube that depend on user-generated content, as well as "fair use" on the Internet.
2013
Edward Snowden, a former CIA employee and National Security Agency (NSA) contractor,
reveals that the NSA had in place a monitoring program capable of tapping the communications
of thousands of people, including U.S. citizens.
2013
Fifty-one percent of U.S. adults report that they bank online, according to a survey conducted by
the Pew Research Center.
2015
Instagram, the photo-sharing site, reaches 400 million users, outpacing Twitter, whichh would go
on to reach 316 million users by the middle of the same year.
2016
Google unveils Google Assistant, a voice-activated personal assistant program, marking the entry
of the Internet giant into the "smart" computerized assistant marketplace. Google joins Amazon's
Alexa, Siri from Apple, and Cortana from Microsoft.
2017
By the start of 2017, there were no signs of internet users growth slowing either and as it known
now it maintain the same trajectory through the rest of the 2017 too.