Section One: Listening Comprehension

Part A

1. (A) She has had the man's calculator since (D) She has never taken the bus to the art
Thursday. museum.
(B) The man's calculator is broken.
(C) The man may use her calculator. 8. (A) The man should buy a jacket instead
(D) She'll return the man's calculator on of a suit.
Thursday. (B) The green jacket doesn't fit as well as
the blue one.
2. (A) Buy a different kind of medicine. (C) The style of clothing is more
(B) See a doctor. important than the color.
(C) Take a second pill. (B) The man looks better in blue.
(D) Avoid taking any medication.
9. (A) The woman will get to her class on
3. (A) He'll go running after his study group time.
meeting. (B) The woman should go to a different
(B) He doesn't agree with the woman counter.
about the weather. (C) He doesn't like sandwiches very
(C) He doesn't like to go running. much.
(D) He'll go with the woman this (D) He's having trouble deciding what to
afternoon. eat.

4. (A) Another friend commented on his 10. (A) Her sister's train is late.
haircut too. (B) Her sister will visit in three months.
(B) The woman has mistaken him for (C) She'll have to leave without her
another person. sister.
(B) He decided to try a new barbershop. (D) She's eager to see her sister.
(C) A different person cut his hair this
time. 11. (A) She's pleased they were invited.
(B) Susan gave them the wrong
5. (A) The man shouldn't be surprised at how directions.
busy he is. (C) They'll probably be late for dinner.
(B) The man should leave more time for (D) Susan's house is probably nearby.
his studies.
(C) The man should try to find a different 12. (A) Buy some orange juice for the woman.
job. (B) Borrow some money from the
(D) The bookstore will be hiring more woman.
people. (C) Drive the woman to the store.
(D) Pay back money the woman lent
6. (A) The woman should get more sleep. him.
(B) The woman may be sicker than she
realizes. 13. (A) She hasn't worn the dress in a long time.
(C) He isn't sick. (B) She doesn't like the dress very much.
(D) He doesn't think the woman is sick. (C) She intends to give the dress to her
sister.
7. (A) The art museum isn't open today. (D) She doesn't remember where her
(B) The number 42 bus doesn't run on sister bought the dress.
Mondays.
(C) The man should wait for the number' 14. (A) She never cleans the apartment.
42 bus.

1
 (B) She's doing a report with her (C) She has a better theory about the
roommate. economy.
(C) She's too busy to clean the (D) The author spends too much time
apartment. arguing about details.
(D) She doesn't like sharing an
apartment. 21. (A) She doesn't agree with the man.
(B) The man doesn't need an official
15. (A) He'll try to finish the novel tonight. grade report.
(B) He liked the novel very much. (C) Official copies of grades used to be
(C) He doesn't remember where he put cheaper.
the novel. (D) The man should go to a different
(D) He's looking forward to the next office.
literature assignment.
22. (A) Take her bicycle to the repair shop.
16. (A) He doesn't like to wake up early in (B) Leave her bicycle outside.
the morning. (C) Go to work when it stops raining.
(B) The woman seems unusually sad. (B) Check to make sure the garage is
(B) There's no special reason for his dry.
good mood.
(C) He wasn't in a good mood when he 23. (A) Others should hear about the man's
woke up. accomplishment.
(B) The man should avoid talking about
17. (A) Get a ride to the station with the his accomplishment.
woman. (C) The man's parents helped him gel
(B) Take the woman to the station. the scholarship.
(B) Borrow the woman's car to go to the (D) The man's parents already told her
station. about his scholarship.
(C) Drive his car instead of taking the
train. 24. (A) The course is too difficult,
(B) The professor changed his mind.
18. (A) Review the assignment by himself. (C) The final exam was cancelled.
(B) Wait a few minutes before trying to (D) The woman misunderstood the
phone John again. professor.
(C) Ask one of John's housemates about
the assignment. 25. (A) The coffee used to taste better.
(D) Go over to John's house. (B) He's surprised that the woman drinks
coffee.
19. (A) He won't vote for the woman. (C) He'd rather drink something other
(B) He may also run for class president. than coffee.
(C) The woman already asked him for (B) The coffee tastes the same as before.
his vote.
(D) The woman should ask his 26. (A) Come back later in the day.
roommate to vote for her. (B) Join the staff meeting. .
(C) Wait for the pool to open.
20. (A) She isn't sure that the author's ideas
(D) Wait for the competition to begin.
would work.
(B) The author isn't an expert in
27. (A) He'd like to go to the theater Friday
economics.

2
 night. her tuition.
(B) He already has a ticket for the (B) The woman should have taken the
Friday night performance. other job offer.
(C) He doesn't think he can exchange his (C) The woman should get an advanced
ticket. degree.
(D) He rarely goes to the movies. (D) Paid tuition is only a small benefit.

28. (A) She took a history class last year. 30. (A) The man should have signed her up
(B) She doesn't trust the man's opinion. for the class.
(B) She probably won't take any history (B) The man needs to pay more
classes. attention in class.
(C) She didn't like her sociology (C) She warned the man not to take an
professor. early morning class.
(D) She thought the chemistry class was
29, (A) The other job wouldn't have paid for difficult.

PartB

31. (A) To return some business books. (B) The man recently moved off campus.
(B) To apply for a new library card. (C) There are two students named
(C) To check out some books from the Robert Smith.
library
(D) To find out where the art books are 35. (A) See if he is related to any of the
located. students.
(B) Apply for a job as a library assistant.
32. (A) The library assistant thinks he has an (C) Use his middle name.
(D) Use a different library.
overdue book.
(B) The books he needs have been
36. (A) Its similarities to previous
checked out by someone else.
architecture.
(C) The library assistant is unable to
(B) Its impressive and distinctive
locate the books that he needs.
features.
(D) A library notice was sent to him at
(C) Methods used in its construction.
his previous address.
(D) How it was preserved for later
generations.
33. (A) To explain why he had difficulty finding
the library. 37. (A) Public market days.
(B) To explain why he couldn't have (B) Races and sporting events.
borrowed library books in June. (C) Processions of priests.
(C) To explain why he doesn't yet have a (D) Speeches by politicians.
library card,
(D) To explain why he needs assistance 38. (A) It was removed by an invading army.
in locating a book. (B)It broke off when part of the hall
collapsed.
34. (A) The man has mistakenly received (C)It was cut away to let banners pass
someone else's books. through the entrance.
(B) The man changed his major from art (D) It was later used in building
to business.
another

3
 temple. (B) Its sound quality.
(C) Its air circulation.
39. (A) Its lighting. (D) Its stability in an earthquake.

Part C

40. (A) The relationship between physics light.

and philosophy. (D) The volunteers use lights for signals.
(B) Ancient Greek beliefs about matter
and motion. 46. (A) Write a report about their activities.
(C) The effects of Aristotle's philosophy (B) Attend make-up classes with Dr.
on current theories of physics. Webster.
(D) Aristotle's use of fire in scientific (C) Help find turtle eggs before they
experiments. hatch.
(D) Spend two hours working for the
41. (A) Earth. project.
(B) Water.
(C) Air. 47. (A) How people in rural areas preserved
(D) Fire. food.
(B) The construction of icehouses.
42. (A) Pulling and pushing motions. (C) An important industry in the
(B) Throwing motions. nineteenth century.
(C) Planetary motions. (D) How improvements in transportation
(B) Natural downward or upward affected industry.
motions.
48. (A) Modem technology for the kitchen.
43. (A) It's pushed away from Earth by fire. (B) Improved transportation systems.
(B) It's trying to return to its natural (C) Industrial use of streams and rivers.
resting place. (D) Increased temperatures in many
(C) It's attracted to other planets. areas.
(D) Its main substance is water.
49. (A) Only wealthy families had them.
44. (A) To solicit volunteers for Turtle (B) They were important to the ice
Watch. industry.
(B) To give an assignment to a biology (C) They were built mostly on the east
class. coast.
(C) To warn students not to hurt green (D) They are no longer in common use.
turtles.
(D) To describe the nesting and hatching 50. (A) To keep train engines cool.
activities of the green turtle. (B) To preserve perishable food.
(C) To store ice while it was being
45. (A) The lights attract predators. transported.
(B) They need to save electricity. (D) To lift blocks of ice from frozen
(C) The baby turtles are attracted to lakes and ponds.

Section Two: Structure and Written Expression

4
1. The role of the ear is................acoustic
disturbances into neural signals suitable for 7. -------need for new schools following the
transmission to the brain. Second World War that provided the
(A) to code sustained thrust for the architectural
(B) so that coded program in Columbus, Indiana.
(C) coded (A) Since the
(D) it coding (B) To be the
(C) The
2. The imagist movement in poetry arose (D) It was the
during the second decade of the twentieth
century..............against romanticism, 8. The soybean contains vitamins, essential
(A) when a revolt minerals,.............high percentage of
(B) as a revolt protein.
(C) a revolt was (A) a
(D) that a revolt (B) and a
(C) since a
3. Virtually.............species have biological (D) of which a
clocks that regulate their metabolism over a
24-hour period. 9. Hail is formed when a drop of rain is
(A) all there are carried by an updraft to an altitude where
(B) all ...........to freeze it.
(C) all are (A) is the air cold enough
(D) they all (B) the air cold enough
(C) the cold enough air
4. According to United States criminal law, (D) the air is cold enough
insanity may relieve a person from the
usual legal consequences ................... 10. Geometrically, the hyperbolic functions
(A) what his or her acts have are related to the hyperbola,..................the
(B) of his or her acts are trigonometric functions are related to the
(C) of his or her acts circle.
(D) what of his or her acts (A) just as
(B) same
5. In addition to-----------a place where (C) similar to
business deals are made, a stock exchange (D) and similar
collects statistics, publishes price quotations,
and sets rules and standards for trading. 11. .........., Kilauea is one of the world's most
(A) being active volcanoes, having erupted dozens of
(B) it is times since 1952.
(C) that which (A) The big island of Hawaii's location
(D) where is (B) Locates the big island of Hawaii
(C) Located on the big island of Hawaii
6. The first inhabitants of the territories (D) On the big island of Hawaii's
..........Canada came across the Bering location
Strait and along the edge of the Arctic ice.
(A) make up that now 12. Not until the eighteenth century--------------
(B) make up now that the complex chemistry of metallurgy
(C) that make up now (A) when scientists began to appreciate
(D) that now make up (B) did scientists begin to appreciate

5
 (A) scientists who were beginning to may be rather limited, but......................about
appreciate human nature is quite broad.
(C) the appreciation of scientists began (A) exposes
(B) exposes that
13.............1810, water-powered textile (C) she exposes
manufacturing arrived in New Hampshire with (D) what she exposes
the founding of a company in Manchester that
manufactured cotton and wool. 15. Lichens grow extremely well in very plants
(A) Early can cold parts of the world survive.
(B) In the early (A) where few other
(C) As early as (B) few others
(D) When early (C) where do few others
(D) there are few others
14. The settings of Eudora Welty's stories

16．The pear tree has simple, oval leaves that are smoother and shinier than them of the
A B C D
apple.
17．In the orbit of a planet around the Sun, the point closest to the Sun is called it the
A B C D
perihelion.
18．In the early 1900’s, Roy Harris created and promoted a distinctly American style of
A B C
classical music and greatly influenced a number of composer in the United States.
D
19．The eighteenth century witnessed the emergence of North American ports,
A
particular Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, as major commercial centers within the
B C D
British empire.
20．Guitarlike instruments have exist since ancient times, but the first written mention
A B C
of the guitar itself is from the fourteenth century.
D
21．The law of biogenesis is the principle what all living organisms are derived from a
A B C
parent or parents.
D
22．Onyx is a mineral that can be recognized its regular and straight parallel bands of
A B C
white, black, or brown.
D
23．There are as many as 200 million insects for every human beings, and in fact their
A B
total number exceeds that of all other animals taken together.
C D

24．Native to South America and cultivated there for thousands of years, the peanut
A B

6
is said to have introduced to North America by early explorers.
C D
25．Originally canoes were made by the hollowing out of logs and used were for combat
A B C
as well as transport.
D
26．Among the symptoms of measles, which takes about twelve days to incubate, are a high
A B C
fever, swelling of glands in the neck, a cough, and sensitive to light.
D
27．Ice crystals in a glacier tends to melt and recrystallize within a brief moment of travel
A B C D
on a downhill glide.

28．Photograph was revolutionized in 1851 by the introduction of the collodion process

A B C
for making glass negatives.
D
29．The piano is a stringed musical instrument in which the strings are strike by
A B C
felt-covered hammers controlled by a keyboard.
D
30．The sounds used in human languages to create meaning consist of small variation in
A B
air pressure can be sensed by the ear.
C D
31．The mountains, especially the Rocky Mountains, formerly constituted a seriously
A B
barrier to east-west trade in British Columbia.
C D
32．Telescope are frequently used in astronomy to collect light from a celestial object,
A B
bring the light into focus, and producing a magnified image.
C D
33．Diamond is the hardest known substance, so diamond can be cut only by another
A B C D
diamonds.
34．There are about 350 species and subspecies of birds in danger of become extinct,
A B
with a large number of them, 117 in all, found on oceanic islands.
C D
35．The nineteenth-century romantic movement in art was partially a reaction to what
A B C
was perceived as overemphasis on reasonable and order in neoclassicism.
D
36．Like triglycerides, cholesterol is a type of fat that is both consumed in the diet but
A B C D
manufactured by the body.
37．Both the United States silver dollar and half-dollar, first minted in 1794, had a figure
A B C
of Liberty on one side and a eagle on the reverse side.
D

7
38．For an advertisement to be effective, its production and placement must to be based
A B C
on a knowledge of human nature and a skilled use of the media.
D
39．While photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert
A B C
water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds.
D
40．The Democratic Party, the most oldest existing political party in the United States,
A B
has played a vital role in the nation’s history.
C D
Section Three: Reading Comprehension

Questions 1-10
One area of paleoanthropological study involves the eating and dietary habits of hominids, erect
bipedal primates—including early humans. It is clear that at some stage of history, humans began
to carry their food to central places, called home bases, where it
Line was shared and consumed with the young and other adults. The use of home bases is a
(5) fundamental component of human social behavior; the common meal served at a common hearth is a
powerful symbol, a mark of social unity. Home base behavior does not occur among nonhuman
primates and is rare among mammals. It is unclear when humans began to use home bases, what
kind of communications and social relations were involved, and what the ecological and food-choice
contexts of the shift were. Work on early tools,
(10) surveys of paleoanthropological sites, development and testing of broad ecological
theories, and advances in comparative primatology are contributing to knowledge about this central
chapter in human prehistory.
One innovative approach to these issues involves studying damage and wear on stone tools.
Researchers make tools that replicate excavated specimens as closely as possible
(15) and then try to use them as the originals might have been used, in woodcutting, hunting, or
cultivation. Depending on how the tool is used, characteristic chippage patterns and microscopically
distinguishable polishes develop near the edges. The first application of this method of analysis to
stone tools that are 1.5 million to 2 million years old indicates that, from the start, an important
function of early stone tools was to extract highly
(20) nutritious food—meat and marrow-from large animal carcasses. Fossil bones with cut marks caused
by stone tools have been discovered lying in the same 2-million-year-old layers that yielded the oldest
such tools and the oldest hominid specimens (including humans) with larger than ape-sized brains.
This discovery increases scientists' certainty about when human ancestors began to eat more meat than
present-day nonhuman
(25) primates. But several questions remain unanswered: how frequently meat eating occurred; what the
social implications of meat eating were; and whether the increased use of meat coincides with the
beginnings of the use of home bases.

1. The passage mainly discusses which of tools

the following aspects of hominid (C) Social interactions at home bases
behavior? (D) Methods of extracting nutritious food
(A) Changes in eating and dietary from carcasses
practices (B) The creation of stone hunting

8
2. According to the passage, bringing a meal 6. The word "innovative" in line 13 is closest
to a location to be shared by many in meaning to
individuals is (A) good
(A) an activity typical of nonhuman (B) new
primates (C) simple
(B) a common practice among animals (D) costly
that eat meat
(A) an indication of social unity . 7. The word "them" in line 15 refers to
(C) a behavior that encourages better (A) issues
dietary habits (B) researchers
(C) tools
3. The word "consumed" in line 4 is closest (D) specimens
in meaning to
(A) prepared 8. The author mentions "characteristic
(B) stored chippage patterns" in line 16 as an
(C) distributed example of
(D) eaten (A) decorations cut into wooden objects
(A) differences among tools made of
4. According to paragraph 2, researchers various substances
make copies of old stone tools in order to (B) impressions left on prehistoric animal
(A) protect the old tools from being worn bones
out (B) indications of wear on stone tools
(B) display examples of the old tools in
museums 9. The word "extract" in line 19 is closest in
(C) test theories about how old tools were meaning to
used (A) identify
(B) remove
(D) learn how to improve the design of
(C) destroy
modern tools (D) compare

5. In paragraph 2, the author mentions all of 10. The word "whether" in line 26 is closest
the following as examples of ways in in meaning to
which early stone tools were used (A) if
EXCEPT to (B) how
(A) build home bases (C) why
(B) obtain food (D) when
(C) make weapons
(D) shape wood

Questions 11-20
In seventeenth-century colonial North America, all day-to-day cooking was done in the
fireplace. Generally large, fireplaces were planned for cooking as well as for warmth. Those in
the Northeast were usually four or five feet high, and in the South, they were
Line often high enough for a person to walk into. A heavy timber called the mantel tree was
(5) used as a lintel to support the stonework above the fireplace opening. This timber might be
scorched occasionally, but it was far enough in front of the rising column of heat to be safe from
catching fire.
Two ledges were built across from each other on the inside of the chimney. On these rested

9
 the ends of a "lug pole" from which pots were suspended when cooking. Wood
(10) from a freshly cut tree was used for the lug pole, so it would resist heat, but it had to be
replaced frequently because it dried out and charred, and was thus weakened. Sometimes the
pole broke and the dinner fell into the fire. When iron became easier to obtain, it was used
instead of wood for lug poles, and later fireplaces had pivoting metal rods to hang pots from.
(15) Beside the fireplace and built as part of it was the oven. It was made like a small,
secondary fireplace with a flue leading into the main chimney to draw out smoke. Sometimes
the door of the oven faced the room, but most ovens were built with the opening facing into the
fireplace. On baking days (usually once or twice a week) a roaring fire of "oven wood,"
consisting of brown maple sticks, was maintained in the oven until its
(20) walls were extremely hot. The embers were later removed, bread dough was put into the oven,
and the oven was sealed shut until the bread was fully baked.
Not ai! baking was done in a big oven, however. Also used was an iron "bake kettle," which
looked like a stewpot on legs and which had an iron lid. This is said to have worked well when it
was placed in the fireplace, surrounded by glowing wood embers, with more
(25) embers piled on its lid.

11. Which of the following aspects of (A) the stonework

domestic life in colonial North America (B) the fireplace opening
does the passage mainly discuss? (C) the mantel tree
(A) Methods of baking bread (D) the rising column of heat
(B) Fireplace cooking
(C) The use of iron kettles in a typical 15. According to the passage, how was food
kitchen usually cooked in a pot in the
(D) The types of wood used in preparing seventeenth century?
meals (A) By placing the pot directly into the
fire
12. The author mentions the fireplaces built (B) By putting the pot in the oven
in the South to illustrate (C) By filling the pot with hot water
(A) how the materials used were similar (D) By hanging the pot on a pole over
to the materials used in northeastern the fire
fireplaces 16. The word "obtain" in line 12 is closest in
(B) that they served diverse functions meaning to
(C) that they were usually larger than (A) maintain
northeastern fireplaces (B) reinforce
(D) how they were safer than (C) manufacture
northeastern fireplaces (D) acquire

13. The word "scorched" in line 6 is closest 17. Which of the following is mentioned in
in meaning to paragraph 2 as a disadvantage of using a
(A) burned wooden lug pole?
(B) cut (A) It was made of wood not readily
(C) enlarged available.
(D)bent (B) It was difficult to move or rotate.
(C) It occasionally broke.
14. The word "it" in line 6 refers to (D) It became too hot to touch.

10
18. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that, (C) The smoke it generated went out
compared to other firewood, "oven through the main chimney.
wood" produced (D) It was heated with maple sticks.
(A) less smoke
(B) more heat 20. According to the passage, which of
(C) fewer embers the following was an advantage of a
(D) lower flames "bake kettle"?
(A) It did not take up a lot of space in the
19. According to paragraph 3, all of the fireplace.
following were true of a colonial oven (B) It did not need to be tightly closed.
EXCEPT: (C) It could be used in addition to or
(A) It was used to heat the kitchen every instead of the oven.
day. (D) It could be used to cook several
(B) It was built as part of the main foods at one time.
fireplace.

Questions 21-29

Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects—an estimated 90 percent of the
world's species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of
insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also
have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for
(5) communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.
Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past
century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions.
For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when
he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour's walk, whereas the total
(10) number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only
321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well
confirmed.
A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between
temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary
(15) among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness
within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed,
comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still
mostly "personal communication" citations, even for vertebrates, In other words, unlike
comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation
(20)phase.
In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical
decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously;
little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make
up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that
(25) by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be
minimized.

11
21. Which aspect of butterflies does the tropical zones
passage mainly discuss? (B) patterns of distribution of species in
(A) Their physical characteristics each region
(B) Their names (C) migration among temperate and
(C) Their adaptation to different habitats tropical zones
(D) Their variety (D) variation of patterns of distribution
of species among different animals
22. The word "consequence" in line 2 is and plants
closest in meaning to
27. The author mentions tropical Asia in
(A) result
lines 17-18 as an example of a location
(B) explanation
where
(C) analysis
(A) butterfly behavior varies with
(D) requirement
climate
(B) a general theory of butterfly
23. Butterflies are a good example for
diversity has not yet been firmly
communicating information about
established
conservation issues because they
(C) butterflies are affected by human
(A) are simple in structure
populations
(B) are viewed positively by people
(D) documenting plant species is more
(C) have been given scientific names difficult than documenting butterfly
(A) are found mainly in temperate species
climates
28. Which of the following is NOT well
24. The word "striking" in line 7 is closest in
understood by biologists?
meaning to
(A) European butterfly habitats
(A) physical
(B) Differences in species richness
(B) confusing
between temperate and tropical
(C) noticeable
regions
(D) successful
(C) Differences in species richness
within a temperate or a tropical
25. The word "exceed" in line 10 is closest
region
in meaning to
(D) Comparisons of behavior patterns of
(A) locate
butterflies and certain animal groups
(B) allow
(C) go beyond
(D) come close to 29. The word "generated" in line 25 is
closest in meaning to
26. All of the following are mentioned as (A) requested
being important parts of a general theory (B) caused
of diversity EXCEPT (C) assisted
(A) differences between temperate and (D) estimated
Questions 30-40

According to anthropologists, people in preindustrial societies spent 3 to 4 hours per day or

about 20 hours per week doing the work necessary for life. Modern comparisons of the amount of

12
 work performed per week, however, begin with the Industrial Revolution
Line (1760-1840) when 10- to 12-hour workdays with six workdays per week were the norm.
(5) Even with extensive time devoted to work, however, both incomes and standards of living were
low. As incomes rose near the end of the Industrial Revolution, it became increasingly common to
treat Saturday afternoons as a half-day holiday. The half holiday had become standard practice in
Britain by the 1870's, but did not become common in the United States until the 1920's.
(10) In the United States, the first third of the twentieth century saw the workweek move
from 60 hours per week to just under 50 hours by the start of the 1930' s. In 1914 Henry Ford
reduced daily work hours at his automobile plants from 9 to 8. In 1926 he announced that
henceforth his factories would close for the entire day on Saturday. At the time, Ford received
criticism from other firms such as United States Steel and Westinghouse, but the
(15) idea was popular with workers.
The Depression years of the 1930's brought with them the notion of job sharing to spread
available work around; the workweek dropped to a modem low for the United States of 35 hours.
In 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act mandated a weekly maximum of 40 hours to begin in
1940, and since that time the 8-hour day, 5-day workweek has been the standard in
(20) the United States. Adjustments in various places, however, show that this standard is not
immutable. In 1987, for example, German metalworkers struck for and received a 37.5-hour
workweek; and in 1990 many workers in Britain won a 37-hour week. Since 1989, the Japanese
government has moved from a 6- to a 5-day workweek and has set a national target of 1,800
work hours per year for the average worker. The average amount of work
(25) per year in Japan in 1989 was 2,088 hours per worker, compared to 1,957 for the United States and
1,646 for France.

30. What does the passage mainly discuss? 32. The word "norm" in line 4 is closest in meaning
to
(A) Why people in preindustrial (A) minimum.
societies worked few hours per week (B) example
(B) Changes that have occurred in the (C) possibility
number of hours that people work per (D) standard
week
(C) A comparison of the number of hours 33. The word "henceforth" in line 13 is closest in
worked per year in several industries meaning to
(D) Working conditions during the (A) in the end
Industrial Revolution (B) for a brief period
(C) from that time on
31. Compared to preiudustrial times, the (D) on occasion
number of hours in the workweek in the
nineteenth century 34. The "idea" mentioned in line 15 refers to
(A) remained constant (A) the 60-hour workweek
(B) decreased slightly (B) the reduction in the cost of
(C) decreased significantly automobiles
(D) increased significantly (C) the reduction in the workweek at
some automobile factories

13
 (D) the criticism of Ford by United States closest in meaning to
Steel and Westinghouse (A) required
(B) recommended
35. What is one reason for the change in the (C) eliminated
length of the workweek for the average (D) considered
worker in the United States during the
1930's? 38. The word "immutable" in line 21 is
(A) Several people sometimes shared a closest in meaning to
single job. (A) unmatched
(B) Labor strikes in several countries (B) irregular
influenced labor policy in the (C) unnecessary
United States. (D) unchangeable
(C) Several corporations increased the
length of the workweek. 39. Which of the following is NOT
(D) The United States government mentioned as evidence that the length of
instituted a 35-hour workweek. the workweek has been declining since
the nineteenth century?
36. Which of the following is mentioned as (A) The half-day holiday (line 7)
one of the purposes of the Fair Labor (B) Henry Ford (lines 11-12)
Standards Act of 1938 ? (C) United States Steel and
(A) To discourage workers from asking Westinghouse (line 14)
fof increased wages (D) German metalworkers (line 21)
(B) To establish a limit on the number of
hours in the workweek 40. According to the passage, one goal of the
(C) To allow employers to set the length Japanese government is to reduce the
of the workweek for their workers average annual amount of work to
(D) To restrict trade with countries that (A) 1,646 hours
had a long workweek (B) 1,800 hours
(C) 1,957 hours
(D) 2,088 hours
37. The word "mandated" in line 18 is

Questions 41-50

The Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States was responsible for sweeping changes in
attitudes toward the decorative arts, then considered the minor or household arts. Its focus on
decorative arts helped to induce United Slates museums and private
Line collectors to begin collecting furniture, glass, ceramics, metalwork, and textiles in the
(5) late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as
mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is
directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century. The importance
now placed on attractive and harmonious home decoration can also be traced to this period, when
Victorian interior arrangements were revised to
(10) admit greater light and more freely flowing spaces.
The Arts and Crafts Movement reacted against mechanized processes that threatened handcrafts
and resulted in cheapened, monotonous merchandise. Founded in the late nineteenth century by

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 British social critics John Ruskin and William Morris, the movement revered craft as a form of
art. In a rapidly industrializing society, most
(15) Victorians agreed that art was an essential moral ingredient in the home environment, and in many
middle- and working-class homes craft was the only form of art, Ruskin and his followers
criticized not only the degradation of artisans reduced to machine operators, but also the
impending loss of daily contact with handcrafted objects, fashioned with pride, integrity, and
attention to beauty.
(20) In the United States as well as in Great Britain, reformers extolled the virtues of
handcrafted objects: simple, straightforward design; solid materials of good quality; and sound,
enduring construction techniques. These criteria were interpreted in a variety of styles, ranging
from rational and geometric to romantic or naturalistic. Whether abstract, stylized, or realistically
treated, the consistent theme in virtually all Arts and Crafts
(25) design is nature.
The Arts and Crafts Movement was much more than a particular style; it was a philosophy of
domestic life. Proponents believed that if simple design, high-quality materials, and honest
construction were realized in the home and its appointments, then the occupants would enjoy
moral and therapeutic effects. For both artisan and consumer,
(30) the Arts and Crafts doctrine was seen as a magical force against the undesirable effects of
industrialization.

41. The passage primarily focuses on nineteenth- automatically cut legs, for furniture
century arts and crafts in terms of which of the (D) metalworkers who create unique
following? pieces of jewelry
(A) Their naturalistic themes
(B) Their importance in museum 44. The word "revered" in line 14 is closest
collections in meaning to
(C) Their British origin (A) respected
(D) Their role in an industrialized (B) described
society (C) avoided
(D) created
42. According to the passage, before the nineteenth
45. According to paragraph 2, the
century, artisans were thought to be
handcrafted objects in the homes of
(A) defenders of moral standards
middle- and working-class families
(B) creators of cheap merchandise
usually were
(C) skilled workers
(A) made by members of the family
(D) artists
(A) the least expensive objects in their
homes
43. It can be inferred from the passage that
(B) regarded as being morally uplifting
the Arts and Crafts Movement would
(C) thought to symbolize progress
have considered ail of the following to
be artists EXCEPT 46. The word "extolled" in line 20 is closest
(A) creators of textile designs
in meaning to
(B) people who produce handmade glass
(A) exposed
objects
(B) praised
(C) operators of machines that
(C) believed

15
 (D) accepted (B) The rejection of art that depicted
nature in a realistic manner
47. The author mentions all of the following (C) A decline of interest in art museum
as attributes of handcrafted objects collections
EXCEPT (D) An increase in the buying of
(A) the pride with which they were imported art objects
crafted
(A) the complexity of their design 50. Which of the following statements is
(B) the long time that they lasted supported by the passage?
(C) the quality of their materials (A) Private collectors in the nineteenth
century concentrated on acquiring
48. The word "consistent" in line 24 is paintings.
closest in meaning to (B) The Arts and Crafts Movement in
(A) conservative the United States, unlike the one in
(B) considerable Britain, did not react strongly
(C) constant against mechanized processes.
(D) concrete (C) Handcrafted objects in the United
States and Britain in the nineteenth
49. According to the passage, which of the century did not use geometric
following changes occurred at the same designs.
time as the Arts and Crafts Movement? (D) The Arts and Crafts Movement
(A) The creation of brighter and more believed in the beneficial effect for
airy spaces inside homes people from being surrounded by
beautiful objects.

16