HISTORY AND ORIENTATION OF applied leaf or mud to protect and soothe

PHARMACY bruised skin

 During the earlier times, practice of pharmacy
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF and medicine were indistinguishable
PHARMACEUTICAL PRACTICE I  Such activities resulted in the discovery of many
drugs and devising of many drugs products

PHARMACY The physical forms of medications have not so much

changed, but the approach of people toward using
 “pharmakon”
medicines has drastically changed
 Medicine or drug
 The art & science of preparing natural and ANCIENT BABYLONIAN
synthetic sources suitable for distribution, use
in the treatment, and prevention of diseases  Babylon, jewel of ancient Mesopotamia, often
 It is an establishment where drugs are called the cradle of civilization, provides the
dispersed by a licensed pharmacist earliest known record of the practice of the art of
apothecary (prepares or sells drugs)
PHARMACIST. The person who is an expert on drugs  Ninazu— Sumerian god of the underworld and of
healing, “Lord Healer”
DRUG/ DRUG SUBSTANCE
 Ningishzida— his son, sometimes depicted as a
 Substance recognized by an official serpent with human head
pharmacopoeia or formulary  Gula (meaning “great”) was the goddess of
 Intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, healing and a patron of physicians; aka
mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease Ninkarrak; Great Lady of Physicians
 Substance (other than food) intended to affect  Clay Tablets (2100 BC)— earliest known medical
the structure or any function of the body text
 Intended for use as component of a medicine,
but not a device or a component, part or  Three categories of medical practitioners
accessory of a device o The baru, the seer-priest, diviner
 Biological products are included within this o The ashipu— the exorcist or incantation
definition and are generally covered by the same priest, aka sorcerer or witch doctor
laws and regulations, but differences exist o The asu, the physician-priest
regarding their manufacturing processes
(chemical process versus biological process)
ANCIENT AGE
 Sumerian pharmacological tablet
DEVELOPMENTS OF PHARMACY
o 1st pharmacy document discovered
 Ancient age o Contains prescriptions for diseases and
 Middle age descriptions of drugs
 Modern age o Recipes included both internal and external
preparations (2200 BC)
EVOLUTION OF PHARMACY
 Assyrian King Ashurbanipal
Pharmacy has been inseparable from mankind’s history. o Collected 800 tablets or parts of tablets
Origin of drugs is lost in antiquity. History of preparation containing medical material
& uses of medicine dates back to ancient times. o Has revealed roughly
ANCIENT TIMES  250 drugs of vegetable origins
 120 of mineral origin
 Diseases were thought to be produced by evil  180 from other sources
forces or by god’s anger
 Religious persons or magicians were found to be EGYPT
associated with the treatment of patients  Thoth
 So called supernatural activities and/or religious o Inventor of science and medicine
rituals always accompanied with a drug o Patron of physicians
treatment  Imhotep
 Prehistoric men sometimes swallowed plants o Egyptian god of medicine
(bark, roots, leaves) to relieve indigestion;
 Egyptian Medical Papyri
 o Important Medical Papyri: o Rod/ staff framed by two entwined snakes;
 Kahun Papyrus at the top of the staff are two wings
 Edwin Smith Papyrus o Rod— symbolizes the spinal column which
 Ebers Papyrus is the central conduit for the psychic force
 Hearst Papyrus or energy
 Kahun Papyrus— Gynaecological Papyrus o 2 snakes— 2 complimentary halves of the
(1800 BC) nervous system (motor & sensory) and
 Haerst Papyrus— Medical papyri of ancient symbolizes balance or homeostasis
Egypt which contained 250 paragraphs of 18
columns of medical prescriptions (1600 BC)
 Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus
o Operating instructions, recipes for
medicines & directions for preparing
medicines (1650 BC)
o Presents a rational and scientific approach
wherein medicines and magic do not
conflict

CHINA
 Emperor Shen Nung Pen Tsao
o “Father of pharmaceutics”  Other gods and goddesses in Greek Mythology
o Recorded 365 native herbal drugs in the o Chiron
first pen T’sao (Book called the Great  Father of Medical Arts
Herbal)  Taught the art of healing to Aclepius
o Medicinal plants such as podophyllum, and the others
o Hermes
rhubarb, ginseng, stramonium, cinnamon
bark, and ma-huang, or Ephedra  Owned a magic wand called
Caduceus given by Apollo
GREECE  Called mercury by Romans
 A hermaphrodite (half male, half
 Apollo female)
o Hearler and God-protector from evil
o Father of Asclepios  Bowl of Hygieia
o Healer under the gods but also the bringer o Symbol of Pharmacy
of disease
 Thales of Miletus
 Asclepius o Thales’ rejection of mythological
o “God of medicine and healing in the explanations became an essential idea for
ancient Greek religion” the scientific revolution
o His daughters: o He was the first to define general principles
 Hygieia— goddess of hygiene; god of and set forth hypotheses
medicine o As a result has been dubbed the “Father
 Laso— goddess of recuperation of Science”, though it is argued that
 Aceso— goddess of healing process Democritus is actually more deserving of
 Aglaea— goddess of beauty, this title
splendor, glory, magnificence, and
adornment  Theophrastus
 Panacea— goddess of universal o “Father of Botany”
remedy o He studied the adverse effects of plants

 The Rod of Asclepius  Aristotle

o Symbolized medicine o “Father of Science”
o Entwined with one snakes which o Born in 384 BC in Macedonia
symbolizes healing
 Hippocrates
 The Caduceus o “Father of Modern Medicine”
 o He liberated medicine from mythical bad  ANTIDOTARIA— it is similar to
spirits dispensatories; also a collection of
o Worte the Hippocratic Oath compounds
 RECEPTARIA— more modest
 Paracelsus formularies; collection of recipes
o “Father of Toxicology”
o Philippus Aureolus Theophratus o HIERA PICRA
Bombastus von Hohenheim  A warm cathartic composed of aloes
o Believed on chemical treatment of disease and canella bark made into a powder
rather than botanical and mixed with honey
o “Poison is in everything, and no thing is
without poison. The dosage make it either a
poison or a remedy”

 Pedanios Dioscorides TERRA SIGILLATA

o “Father of Pharmacology”
 Early trademarked drug
o Wrote De Materia Medica
 Latin meaning “sealed earth” was a greasy clay-
o Contains more than 600 plants, 35 animal containing silica, alumina, chalk, magnesia, and
products, and 90 minerals a little oxide iron
o Drugs were formed into large, tablet-like
o For each drug listed, Dioscorides
units upon which the seal of the place
described: origin was impressed
 Its habitat
o It was used as an antidote for poisons,
 Botanical description
dysenteries, fevers, and other illnesses
 Medicinal usage and side effects
 Quantities and dosages
 Mithridates VI, King of Pontus (about 100 BC)
 Gave instructions on harvesting,
o The royal toxicologist
preparation, and storage
 Describe methods of adulteration and
 Damian and Cosmas
tests for detecting adulteration o Damian, the apothecary, and Cosmas, the
 Gave the veterinary, magical and non-
physician
medical usages
o Twin brothers of Arabian descent, and
 Indicated where the plant could be
devout Christians
found
o Patron Saints of Pharmacy and Medicine
 Rome
o Galen HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
o Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus
PHARMACEUTICAL PRACTICE II
o Well trained and experienced physician
o Galen’s cerate— cold cream
MIDDLE AGES
o First Pharmacist/ Botanis, Father of
Pharmacy  Baghdad
o First Apothecary Shops
o His great work Methodo medendi (On the o Separated the arts of apothecary and
Art of Healing) physician (Italy, Spain, and France)
 the properties and mixtures of simple o First privately owned drugs stores
medicines o Preserved much of the Greco-Roman
 compound drugs according to the wisdom and added to it
place of ailment o More refined and elegant way of
 compound drugs according to types administering drugs
o Developed syrups, confections, conserves,
o Associated with galenicals
distilled waters, and alcoholic liquids
o Originator of the formula for a cold cream, o Own treatises— influential and
essentially similar to that known today authoritative in Europe when translated into
(Galen’s cerate) Latin
o Compilations:
 Rhazes (865-925 AD)
 o Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-  Pharmacotritae: Drug grinders
Razi  Unguentarii: Makers of ointments
o Greatest Arab physician  Pigmentarii: Makers of cosmetics
o Wrote Liber Continens  Pharmacopolae: Seller of drugs
o “If you can help with food, the do not  Aromatarii: Dealers of spices
prescribe medicaments; if simples are  Pharmacist of today has not yet evolved
effective, then do not prescribe compouded
remedies” RENAISSANCE ERA
 1350-1650 AD
 Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (about 980-1037 AD)
 End of the Ancient Era
o Persia Philosopher and physician
 Pharmacy was separated from medicine
o Canon medicinae— contained a treatise
 Pharmacy regulation began
on poisons, sections on the preparation of  University education for pharmacist was already
medicines, and a long list of medicinal required
recipes  New chemicals were introduced
ADVENT OF CHRISTIANITY  Contemporary beliefs arose and Homeopathy
had its origins in the Renaissance period
 The healing power of faith and divine
intervention  Ricettario Fioretino
o The very first Pharmacopeia
MONASTIC PHARMACY o Published “in folio” on 21 January 1499

 Monasteries— the centers of intellectual life ENAISSANCE ERA

including pharmaco-medical study, as well as
practice

 MONKS
o Collected and cultivated medicinal plants
o Distilled aromatic and cordial flowers
o Prepared herbs according to the art of
apothecary for the benefit of the sick and
injured
o Famous manuscripts:
 De Viribus Herbarum (Herbs used by
the People)— Abbot Odo in France
 Causae et Curae— Abbess Hildegard
in Germany

ROMAN
 Holy Roman King Frederick II
o Frederick II of Hohenstaufen
o Emperor of Germany
o Issued an order known as The Magna
Carta of Pharmacy (1240)
o Separated Pharmacy from Medicine
(Southern Italy and Sicily)

 3 decrees:
o Pharmaceutical profession was able to be
separated from the medical profession
o Should be supervised officially
o Pharmacist should take an oath to prepare
drugs reliably according to skilled art and in
uniform suitable quality

Roman Pharmacy Titles

 Pharmacopeia: Maker of remedies