NCM100: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING A.

CONCEPTS

NURSING  Ideas and mental images that helps to describe

or label a phenomena (a fact, occurrence or
 Both and Art and a Science circumstance observed)
 Why? It is more than just knowing, it is doing
It bridges information from nurses to patients B.DEFINITIONS
in a skillful way
 Conveys the general meaning of the concepts
 Nursing theories is brought about by scientific
 Ex. Conservation is commonly define as the
principles through evidence-based practice
prevention of wasteful use of resources
CONCEPT whereas in Levine’s Conservation Model –
conservation is define as the keeping together
 A unit of thought of life system
 A general idea formed in the mind
 Something understood or retained in the mind C.ASSUMPTIONS
from: experience, reasoning, imagination or
 Statements that are accepted as true but has
occurrence
not been proven as such
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK/MODEL
D.PHENOMENON
 A set of interrelated concepts that represents
 A situation that is observed to exist but cannot
a mental image about individuals , groups,
be thoroughly explained at the moment
situations and events of interest
 Ex. Covid-19
 Basic component are boxes, arrow and lines
TYPES OF THEORIES
THEORY
A. METATHEORIES
 A system of ideas intended to explain
 Are theories about theories
something
 Theories whose subject matters are
 Set of principles in which the practice of an
some other theories
activity is based
B. GRAND THEORIES
 An explanation based on observation,
 Are broad in scope and complex and therefore
experimentation and reasoning Ex. Theory of
require further specification through research
Evolution of Man Theory on Growth and
before they can be fully tested
Development
C. MIDDLE – RANGE THEORIES
NURSING THEORY  Has limited scope
 Address specific concepts
 A body of knowledge that describes or D. DESCRIPTIVE THEORIES
explains nursing and is used to support nursing  Are the first level of theory development
practice  They have the ability to explain, relate and
PRINCIPLE predict nursing phenomena
 Ex. Theories of Growth and Development-
 A basic generalization that is accepted as true describes the maturation process of an
and is used as basis for reasoning or conduct individual at various ages
E. PRESCRIPTIVE THEORIES
CHARACTERISTICS OF A THEORY
 Address nursing actions and predict
 Interrelated concepts - link to each other its outcome
 Logical in nature – well reason, well thought  Action oriented Ex. Warm
out, clear Compress
 Basis for hypotheses – an idea or explanation
IMPORTANCE OF NURSING THEORIES
that is tested, studied and experimented Used
by practitioners to guide and improve their  Aim to describe, predict and explain the
practice phenomenon of nursing
 Provide the foundations of nursing practice
4 COMPONENTS OF A THEORY
 Helps to generate further knowledge an direct
how nursing will develop in the future
  Help to provide better patient care FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE (MID-1800): Environmental
 Enhanced professional status for nurses Theory
 Guides research and nursing education
 Developed the first theory of nursing:
PURPOSES OF THEORIES  Environmental Theory She believed that in
the nurturing environment, the body could
A. In Practice repair itself
 Assist nurses in everyday experiences  First nursing theorist
 Serves as guide in assessment, intervention  First professional nurse Published books
and evaluation of nursing care (1859) :“Notes on Nursing: What it is, What
 Helps establish a criteria to measure quality it is not” : Notes on Hospital • She provided
of nursing care the nursing profession the “Legacy of
 Enhance autonomy ( self-governance) of Caring”
nursing by defining its independent  Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence , Italy
functions Born to a wealthy family
B. In Education  Her calling was to serve God and serve
 Provide a focus for curriculum design and mankind
decision making  At age 24, she decided to work in a hospital-
C. In Research her Family disapproved
 Offer a framework for generating  Studied nursing in the Institution of
knowledge and new ideas Deaconesses (1850) Kaiserworth, Germany
(3 months)
▪ “The Lady with the Lamp”- served during
Crimean War
 After the war, she wrote the
Environmental Theory
 She intensely work reforms in
nursing and was given the title “The
Mother of Modern Nursing”
 She established a school of nursing
at St. Thomas Hospital in England
4 METAPARADIGM OF NURSING THEORIES:
She advocated that “nursing
1. PERSON knowledge is different from medical
 Recipient of nursing care knowledge”
 Individuals, families, communities and  She believe in nursing the sick and
groups those who were already well
 The nurse must use Nightingale’s 13
2. ENVIRONMENT Canons in health promotion and
spiritual distress
 Factors that affects individuals internally
 Died on August 13, 1910,London
and externally
 Everyday surroundings and settings where NIGHTINGALE’S 13 CANONS
nursing care is provided 4 MAJOR
CONCEPTS OF NURSING THEORIES: 1. Venitilation and warmth
 Assess the body temperature
3. HEALTH  Room temperature
 adequate ventilation, fresh air Foul odors
 Addresses the person’s state of wellbeing
2. Light
4. NURSING  Assess room for adequate lighting
 Sunlight works best
 Describes what nursing is, what nurses do 3. Cleanliness of rooms and walls
and how nurses interact with clients/patient  Assess room for dampness, dirt, dust or
mildew
4. Health of houses
 Assess room for dampness, dirt, dust or
mildew
  Assess surrounding environment for pure
air, clean water, drainage, cleanliness and
plenty of light
5. Noise
 Assess noise level
 Keep noise to a minimum