CONTENT

Sl. No Topic Page No.

1 Introduction 2
2 Rural Agricultural Work Experience 2-5
3 Orientation Programme on RAWE 5
4 PRA 6-8
5 Rapport Building 9
6 Village at a glance 9-10
7 Social Map 11-13
8 Transect walk 14-15
9 Seasonality Map 16-17
10 Matrix Ranking 18-19
11 Root cause analysis 20-21
12 Resource Map 21-22
13 Hydrology Map 22
14 Enterprise Map 22
15 Trend analysis 23
16 Timeline Map 23
17 Mobility Map 23
18 Venn Diagram 24
19 Indigenous Technical Knowledge 25
20 Conclusion 25

INTRODUCTION

Agriculture in India is a major economic sector and it is the backbone

of Indian economy. It creates plenty of employment opportunities as
well. About 65% of Indian population depend directly on agriculture
and it account around 15% of crop. The RAWE (Rural Agricultural
Work Experience) is conducted in the 7th semester of forth year .The

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main aim of the programme is to acquaint the students with the
villagers and the farming situation so that they can have practical
knowledge about agriculture.

RURAL AGRICULTURAL WORK EXPERIENCE

Agricultural education is a dynamic one, which is undergoing change

in a very rapid manner to meet the need of the society. Under this
situation, Rural Agricultural Work Experience Programme (RAWE) is
an important competence and confidence building programme
activity introduced in many SAUs. In India, Randhawa Committee
(1992) recommended the RAWE Programme for imparting quality,
practical and productive oriented education for the agriculture
degree programme. In fact experiential learning is exactly what the
name implies learning from work experience. Effective work
experience training strategies incorporating rural agricultural
experiential learning approaches provide opportunities for a student
of the last year to engage in field work activity, to review and analyze
critically this work experience activity and to draw some useful
conclusions, decisions, from this analysis and apply the result in
actual practical life and field situation. It (Rural Agricultural Work
Experience) is a programme for impairing quality, production and
practical oriented education for agriculture degree.

Importance of RAWE Programme

 Preparing agricultural graduates for better career in agriculture.

 Preparing agricultural graduates oriented education to face the
challenges by acquiring knowledge & skill though hands on
experience.

Objectives of RAWE
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 Understanding the rural life by students.
 To get familiarize with the socio-economic conditions of the
farmers & their problems with reference to agricultural
development.
 To provide an opportunity to the students for practical training
in crop production through work experience
 To develop communication skills among students using
extension teaching methods in transfer of technology.
 To develop the understanding regarding agricultural
technologies being followed by farmers and to prepare
alternate farm plans to suit to the local situation in consultation
with farmers.
 To develop confidence and competence in students for solving
problems related to agriculture.
 To make students understand the role of men and women in
agriculture and allied sectors
 To make the students acquainted with on-going thrust on rural
development related to transfer of technology.
 To explore and develop understanding regarding hi-tech
agricultural technology & factors affecting the adoption of
modern method of agriculture the adoption of modern method
of agriculture by the farmers.
 Involvement in day to day agricultural operation with host
farmer,
 Calendar of operation for semester will be prepared in
consultation with host farmer for a year, at least 2 crops, field
and horticultural may be chosen,
 Comparison of farmers activities with the recommended
practices

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  Choosing suitable recommended practice benefiting to farmer’s
situation & resources,
 Maintaining daily diary by students with abstract of work done,
 Review of daily diary by chairman and programme coordinator
Survey and farm planning
 Make PRA survey of the village, preparation of report and
presentation.
 Collection of data on socio-economic condition, population,
cropping pattern, irrigation facilities resources available, labour,
employment.
 Preparation of action plan for the village in consultation with
subject matter specialities and extension scientist of our
Institute for reorganisation of farm business for high income
and suitable production.
 Identify the constraints in marketing of agricultural produce,
institutional credit facilities, input supply agencies and
cooperative enterprises.

Extension Education:-

 Identification agriculture related problem in the village.

 Conducting result and method demonstration.
 Organisation of farmer’s training and participation in
programmes conducted by govt. agricultural and allied dept.
 Visit to local area study their role in development programmes
and research works.
 Study the role of mass media.
 Participation I village social work, conduct survey for youth
problems, initiation of youth and youth specific project.
 Submission of report on extension activities
 Sensitisation towards field agriculture.
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  Hands on experience of village conditions with respect to
agriculture.
 Development of favourable and required skill and attitude
among agricultural graduates.
 Development of human resource in agricultural education.

Thus, RAWE is a learner-centered approach of exposing

undergraduate students of Agriculture college by using principles
of “learning by doing” and “seeing is believing” to provide
direction to think and act on their own.

ORIENTATION PROGRAMME ON RAWE

RAWE programme was arranged in a synchronized manner under

the guidance of highly experienced processors. We were firstly
made acquainted with the village & its condition through online
classes teaching before we were exposed to village directly.

We were given training about different techniques in PRA. In

this we came to know about PRA techniques & how to implicate at
village level.

PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA)

Definition

An approach and method for learning about rural life and conditions
with and by the rural people.

Participation means the people themselves are involved in

identifying their problems, determining their needs, designing their

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plans to overcome the problem and achieve the goals to carry them
out.

Active participation of local people in necessary for PRA methods.

The word ‘ Appraisal’ mean estimation the values needs problems of

the local people.

PRA enables the researcher and the local people to analyse the local
conditions to share their plans and outcome.

It means Handing over the stick to the insider

Origin of PRA
PRA has been evolved from RRA ( Rapid Rural appraisal).

The father of PRA is Robert Chambers.

The understanding of PRA mostly from field worker or practical

rather than theory.

RRA (Rapid rural appraisal)

It is a systematic semi structured interview or activity conducted by
multidisciplinary team with the aim of quick and effective response,
acquiring new information and ideas about.

Different between RRA and PRA

RRA PRA
 Responding the  Responding needs of
development and needs of communities and targeted
working agencies. group.
 More emphasis as efficient  More emphasis an respond
use of time and of the village and flexibility

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 achievement of the to adopt time frame of the
objective. community.
 Communication and  Help the local people to
warning tools to help the understand their own
outside to analyse the condition and problems.
condition and understand
local people
 Focus is decided by the  Focus is decided by the
outsider. communities
 End product utilized by the  End product utilized by
development agency and community.
outsider.

Scope of PRA
 To attend the need of the farmer.
 To establish priority for development activities.
 Within the scope of the feasibility study.
 During the implementation help different phases of the project.
 For study of a specific topic.
 Focus on formal survey and identify conflicting group interest.
 Area of Application
 Natural Resource Management
 Agriculture
 Poverty alleviation
 Women empowerment
 Primary education development
 Village and district level Planning
 Institutional policy analysis

Features of PRA (Principals)

Close to Open

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PRA helps the people shift their predetermined and closed approach
towards open and participatory approach.

Measurement to comparison

Traditionally in top down approach or interview method the

emphasis has been an about measurement but comparison in easier,
faster, cheaper and less sensitive measurement.

Individual to Group

Group interaction provides greater and more in depth knowledge

about the local people and the analysis is done in a short period of
time.

Democracy of the ground

From table and paper to the ground.

Verbal to visual

Most PRA methods like participatory diagrams rely on visuals

symbols than verbals (verbal communication)

Reserve to rapport- The initial interaction with the local people

focused an rapport building and to shift the reserve to rapport.

RAPPORT BUILDING
Rapport building is the first step in PRA. It is the first informal
interaction with the farmer and village people It is meant for making
relationship with others quickly and to gain trust and confidence. It
imposes a good impression upon village people. So that the
interaction between the facilitators and the participants in the PRA
process becomes easier.

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VILLAGE AT A GLANCE: BHANDISAHI
BHANDISAHI is located in Kakatpur block of Puri district. This village situated in
a rainfed region. Rice is a major crop of this village grown in kharif and Black
Gram & Green Gram grown in Rabi season.

Block : Kakatpur

Gram Panchayat : Patasundarpur

District : Puri

Veterinary : Kakatpur

Hospital : Kakatpur

Total Area : 200acre

Cropland area : 140acre

No of houses : 308

No. of ward : 2

Total Population : 1215

No of SC : 273

Female : 568

Male : 647

Children (0 to 18 yrs) : 228

Literacy Rate : 86%

No. of SHG : 15

Institutions

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  Anganwadi-2
 Upper Primary School-1
 High School-1
 Saraswati Vidya Mandir-1
 Temple-5
 Youth Club-1
 GP Office-1

SOCIAL MAP
It seeks to explore the spatial dimension of people’s realities. The
focus here is on the depiction of habitation patterns & the nature of
housing & social infrastructures like roads, drainage systems, schools
& drinking water facilities etc.

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Objectives:-
 It helps in developing a broad understanding of the various
facets of social reality; like social stratification, demographics,
settlement patterns, social infrastructure etc.
 Developing a comprehensive understanding of the physical &
social aspects of village life.
 Serving as a planning, monitoring & evaluating foot.

Steps:-
 Fix the location & time for the exercise in consultation with the
local people & invite them.
 Explain the purpose of the exercise to the participant request
them to start up with drawing the prominent physical features
of their locality.
 Watch the process & listens to the discussion carefully.
 Don’t rush the things
 Try to handover the stick to them i.e. involve them deeply &
actively have faith in them & show it too.
 Keep track of who is actively involved & take proactive steps to
involve them.
 Your role is limited to facilitation; inter need only when
necessary or they need.
 It you have something to add or clarify, wait for just the right
moment.
 Once the mapping is over ask some people to identify their
houses in the map.
 No. The household wise details like caste composition, school
age children, men, women etc.
 Triangulate the information generated with others in the
locality.
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SOCIAL MAP OF BHANDISAHI

SOCIAL MAP OF BHANDISAHI

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TRANSECT WALK
It is a systematic walk along a define path or transect across the
community or project area together with the local people to explore
the location & distribution of resources features, landscape ,
mainland uses along that even transect.

The transect walk is normally conducted during the initial phase

of field walk. It is best to walk a route which will cover the greatest
diversity in terms of resources & infrastructure.

OBJECTIVES:-
It is a cross sectional representation of the different agro ecological
zones & their comparison against certain parameters includes
topography, land type, land uses ownership asses, soil type, soil
fertility, vegetation crops, problems & opportunities by observing
asking listening, looking & producing & transect diagram. It also
helps in moving forward from problem identification to natural
resources management, planning & cross checking of other PRA
methods.

TRANSECT WALK OF BHANDISAHI

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TRANSECT WALK OF BHANDISAHI

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SEASONALITY MAP
It is also called as seasonal calendar/ activity/ profile & analysis. It is
one of popular method that has been used for temporal analysis
across annual cycle, with month or season as per basic unit of
analysis. It reflects the perception of the local people regarding
seasonal variation on a wide range of item.

Objective
 It helps to identify heavy work load periods, credit crunch,
diseases, pests, food security, ways availability, water
availability etc.
 It has proved to be useful in project planning i.e. when to
implement various activities.
 It has been used to identify periods of stress & to plan for
where intervention is most required.
 It also provides information regarding live hood pattern across
the year.

SEASONALITY ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL IN

BHANDISAHI
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MATRIX RANKING
It is a tool used to support people to identify & priorities events or
problem by assessing their relative importance using a set of criteria.
It involves listening the elements down one side &the criteria on
which they are evaluated gained from informal discussion or pair
wise ranking across the top. Each element is then considering
interest of each criteria.

MATRIX RANKING OF RICE VARITIES IN BHANDISAHI

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MATRIX RANKING OF RICE VARITIES IN BHANDISAHI

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ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS

SUGGESTION FOR LOW YIELD OF BLACK GRAM:

 Recommended varieties are Prasad, Ujala and PU-31 of black
gram.
 Increasing seed rate by 25%.
 Seed treatment with fungicide like carbendazim (2g/kg of seed)
or Thiram (3g/kg of seed
 Seed treatment with appropriate Rhizobium culture @ 50 g/kg
of seed.
 Application of FYM in the field.
 Application of post emergence herbicides like Quizalofop ethyl
@ 50 g a.i/ha at 3 weeks or Imazethapyr @ 75 g a.i/ha at 15-20
days crop stage to control weeds.
 Proper nutrient management
 Foliar spray of DAP (2%) at 20 and 40 days.
 Spraying Acetamiprid (60 g/acre) or Imidacloprid (50 g/acre) or
Thiomethoxam (80 g/acre) with against sucking pests such as
white fly, aphids, thrips etc.
 Spraying Sulphur wettable powder @ 800 g with 200 lit of
water to control powdery mildew disease.
.
ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS OF LOW YIELD OF
BLACK GRAM

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RESOURCE MAP
It is a free & open source tool that helps to make better decision by
giving you better insight into the location & distribution of natural
resources like land, field, river, vegetation etc.

It will include:-

 Topography & slope

 Forest
 Vegetation
 Soil type
 Fertility & depth
 Land & land use, boundaries & ownership
 Water bodies, irrigation sources & drainage system
 Watershed development & various soil water conservation
method.
 Agricultural development, productivity & cropping pattern.

HYDROLOGY MAP
It provides information regarding various hydrology features like
river, well, irrigation channel, tube well & different water bodies
present in that village & localities.

Purpose
To know the position of the water resource, distribution pattern and
the water table depth, so that these data will help in the decision
making process and action plan development.
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ENTERPRISE MAP
This tool provides information regarding different enterprises in the
concern village or locality.

Enterprises may be related to crops, poultry, goatary or any

income generating source from agriculture & allied sector.

TREND ANALYSIS
It is used to explore temporal dimensions with a focus unchanged. It
collects & trends related to certain variables over different span of
time.

TIMELINE
It is used to explore the temporal dimension from the history or
historical incidence. It is done as a sequential aggregate of past
events or the historical land mark of a community.

Objective
To learn from the community what they consider being important
past event. To understand from the community the historical event
or current issue.

MOBILITY MAP
It is the representation of a community movement in relation to the
outside world in such of resources services or event trend. This tool
gives a snap of what resources the community are lacking & what
they have in surplus.

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 The key output from the map on the ground is a visual
representation of the community social & economic interaction.

This tool is important in analysing the community wealth, income

from outside, exports from the village & other issue on economic &
social importance.

VENN DIAGRAM
It is to study institutional relationship & is sometimes also referred as
institutional diagram. Popularly known as chapatti diagram as the
method uses circles of various sizes to represent institution or
individual.

The bigger the circle the more important institution. It also provides
information about distance of various institutions from the village.
On the other way it can be show by over lapping circle which
indicates interaction & the extent of overlap can indicate the level of
interaction.

Objective
To study & understand local people perception about local
institution. So that the relative importance of institution & need to
strengthen the community institution can also be as certain.

DAILY ROUTINE ANALYSIS MAP

Introducing gender awareness in PRA helps a community to begin
examining itself.

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 It provides a clear picture of who does what in the community. It
will helps in the formulation of the community action plan.

PROBLEM CAUSE ANALYSIS

This present usually the causes, effects & their inter linkage, which
help in arriving at an in depth understanding of a particular topic &
provide scope for analysis & subsequent action by the local people.

Objective:-

To identify the felt & unfelt causes of a problem that actually helps
in arriving at the possible solutions.

INDEGENOUS TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE (ITK):

It is the traditional ecologic knowledge or local knowledge generally
refers to knowledge system associated with the cultural tradition of
regional or local communities. It includes types of knowledge about
traditional technologies of subsistence (tools & different methods of
cultivation & post harvesting techniques. These types of knowledge
are generally based on accumulation of empirical observation &
interaction with the local communities.

CONCLUSION

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 This village attachment program provides a practical oriented
opportunity and hands on experience in acquiring knowledge
and skill. The real socio-economic situation of village and
problems at field level known to us.
 The Farmers of village are unaware about technology is of
minimum level as no contact with govt.  or Agricultural officials
& KVK. The production is low due to irrigation problems and
knowledge about fertilizer and plant protection chemical
application is limited.
Rasmi Ranjan Swain
Regd. No. -1741901149
4th year, B.Sc. Ag

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