Reading Section 1
The magic of Kefir
A) The shepherds of the North Caucasus region of Europe were only trying to transport milk the
best way they knew how – in leather pouches strapped to the side of donkeys – when they
made a significant discovery. A fermentation process would sometimes inadvertently occur en
route, and when the pouches were opened up on arrival they would no longer contain milk but
rather a pungent, effervescent, low-alcoholic substance instead. This unexpected development
was a blessing in disguise. The new drink – which acquired the name kefir – turned out to be a
health tonic, a naturally-preserved dairy product and a tasty addition to our culinary repertoire.
B) Although their exact origin remains a mystery, we do know that yeast-based kefir grains have
always been at the root of the kefir phenomenon. These grains are capable of a remarkable
feat: in contradistinction to most other items you might find in a grocery store, they actually
expand and propagate with use. This is because the grains, which are granular to the touch and
bear a slight resemblance to cauliflower rosettes, house active cultures that feed on lactose
when added to milk. Consequently, a bigger problem for most kefir drinkers is not where to
source new kefir grains, but what to do with the ones they already have!
C) The great thing about kefir is that it does not require a manufacturing line in order to be
produced. Grains can be simply thrown in with a batch of milk for ripening to begin. The mixture
then requires a cool, dark place to live and grow, with periodic unsettling to prevent clumping
(Caucasus inhabitants began storing the concoction in animal-skin satchels on the back of
doors – every time someone entered the room the mixture would get lightly shaken). After about
24 hours the yeast cultures in the grains have multiplied and devoured most of the milk sugars,
and the final product is then ready for human consumption.
D) Nothing compares to a person’s first encounter with kefir. The smooth, uniform consistency
rolls over the tongue in a manner akin to liquefied yogurt. The sharp, tart pungency of
unsweetened yogurt is there too, but there is also a slight hint of effervescence, something most
users will have previously associated only with mineral waters, soda or beer. Kefir also comes
with a subtle aroma of yeast, and depending on the type of milk and ripening conditions, ethanol
content can reach up to two or three percent – about on par with a decent lager – although you
can expect around 0.8 to one per cent for a typical day-old preparation. This can bring out a tiny
edge of alcohol in the kefir’s flavour.
E) Although it has prevailed largely as a fermented milk drink, over the years kefir has acquired
a number of other uses. Many bakers use it instead of starter yeast in the preparation of
sourdough, and the tangy flavour also makes kefir an ideal buttermilk substitute in pancakes.
Kefir also accompanies sour cream as one of the main ingredients in cold beetroot soup and
can be used in lieu of regular cow’s milk on granola or cereal. As a way to keep their digestive
systems fine-tuned, athletes sometimes combine kefir with yoghurt in protein shakes.
F) Associated for centuries with pictures of Slavic babushkas clutching a shawl in one hand and
a cup of kefir in the other, the unassuming beverage has become a minor celebrity of the
nascent health food movement in the contemporary West. Every day, more studies pour out
supporting the benefits of a diet high in probiotics . This trend toward consuming probiotics has
engulfed the leisure classes in these countries to the point that it is poised to become, according
to some commentators, “the next multivitamin”. These days the word kefir is consequently more
likely to bring to mind glamorous, yoga mat-toting women from Los Angeles than austere visions
of blustery Eastern Europe.
G) Kefir’s rise in popularity has encouraged producers to take short cuts or alter the production
process. Some home users have omitted the ripening and culturation process while commercial
dealers often add thickeners, stabilisers and sweeteners. But the beauty of kefir is that, at its
healthiest and tastiest, it is a remarkably affordable, uncluttered process, as any accidental
invention is bound to be. All that is necessary are some grains, milk and a little bit of patience. A
return to the unadulterated kefir-making of old is in everyone’s interest.
1
Probiotic = substance containing beneficial and intestine-friendly microorganisms
Questions 1–7
Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A–G.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i–x, in boxes 1–7 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i. A unique sensory experience
ii. Getting back to basics
iii. The gift that keeps on giving
iv. Variations in alcohol content
v. Old methods of transportation
vi. Culinary applications
vii. Making kefir
viii. A fortunate accident
ix. Kefir gets an image makeover
x. Ways to improve taste
1. Section A
2. Section B
3. Section C
4. Section D
5. Section E
6. Section F
7. Section G
Questions 8–11
Answer the questions below using no more than two words from the passage for each
answer.
Write your answers in boxes 8–11 on your answer sheet.
8. What do kefir grains look like?
9. What needs to happen to kefir while it is ripening?
10. What will the yeast cultures have consumed before kefir is ready to drink?
11. The texture of kefir in the mouth is similar to what?
Questions 12 and 13
Choose two letters, A–E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet.
Which two products are not mentioned as things which kefir can replace?
A. Ordinary cow’s milk
B. Buttermilk
C. Sour cream
D. Starter yeast
E. Yoghurt
Answers
Section 1
1 viii 2 iii 3 vii 4 i 5 vi 6 ix 7 ii
8 cauliflower rosettes 9 periodic unsettling 10 milk sugars 11 liquefied yoghurt
12&13 C E (in either order)
