Government of Nepal

Ministry of Urban Development

Department of Urban Development and Building Construction
Babar Mahal, Kathmandu

PREPARATION OF
INTEGRATED URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLAN
OF 14 MUNICIPALITIES
CONTRACT ID: DUDBC/CS/QCBS – 11-074/75

Volume II/ V: Municipal Profile of Chandragiri Municipality

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New Baneshwor, Kathmandu
Contact : 9851141239
Mangsir, 2076
 Preparation of Integrated Urban Development Plan of 14 Municipalities (Contract ID: DUDBC/CS/QCBS-11-074/75)

Project Information

Name of the Project Preparation of Integrated Urban Development

Plan of 14 Municipalities
Name of the Client Government of Nepal
Ministry of Urban Development
Department of Urban Development and Building
Construction Babar Mahal, Kathmandu
Name of the Consultant ERMC (P) LTD.- NEST (P) LTD. – GEOCOM
International Pvt. Ltd. (JV) Shankhamul,
Kathmandu
Project Code DUDBC/CS/QCBS-11-074/75

Submission Information

Name of the Report Preparation of Integrated Urban Development

Plan of 14 Municipalities
Number of Volumes 2
Date of Submission
Submission Type Hard Copy
Hard Copies Produced
Consultant's Team Mr. Ishwor Lal Joshi: Urban Planner (Team
Leader) Mr. Yogesh Purna Shrestha: Urban
Planner
Ms. Poonam Bajracharya: Urban Planner
Ms. Moon Singh Dangol: Urban Planner
Mr. Iswar Man Amatya: Environment Expert
Ms. Rashmi Karmacharya: Data
Analyst/Statistician Mr. Nagendra Bahadur
Amatya: Data Analyst/Statistician Ms. Reshma
Shrestha : GIS Expert
Mr. Ragindra Man Rajbhandari: GIS Expert
Mr. Robin Bhandari: Economist/Financial
Analyst Ms. Sushma Shrestha (Joshi) : Sociologist
Mr. Bharat Mandal: Structural Engineer
Mr. Siddhartha Shankar: Structural Engineer
Mr. Arun Parajuli: Water Supply/ Sanitary
Engineer Ms. Sarika Gharana: Water
Supply/Sanitary Engineer Mr. Kumud Raj Kafle:
Geotechnical Engineer
Mr. Dhurba Singh Nepali: HVAC Engineer
Mr. Padam Bahadur Shahi : Transportation
Expert
Technical Support & Management Team
Technical Support & Management Team
Mr. Kishore Manandhar: Urban Planner
Mr. Bir Krishna Maharjan: Urban Planner
Mr. Mandu Babu Adhikar: Regional Planner
Mr. Dibyeshwor Shrestha: Economist
Mr. Ganesh Bhattarai: Sociologist

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Mr. Shankar Dev Awasthi: Sociologist

Mr. Devi Dotel: Sociologist
Mr. Arun Prasad Parajuli : Environment Expert
Mr. Bijaya Thapa: Environment Expert
Mr. Vibek Gupta: Transportation Engineer
Mr. Lusan Nakarmi: Architect / Urban Designer
Mr. Suraj Maharjan: Architect/Urban Planner
Ms. Rija Joshi: Architect/Urban Planner
Ms. Palistha Bajracharya : Architect/Urban
Planner Mr. Pravesh Yagol Shrestha : Geomatic
Engineer Mr. Naresh Shrestha: GIS Expert/Civil
Engineer Mr. Parasar Ghimire: GIS Expert/Civil
Engineer Mr. Anuj Mishra: Environment Expert
Mr. Abhiru Aryal: Civil Engineer
Mr. Bharat Ranabhat: Civil Engineer
Mr. Aayush Sigdel: Civil Engineer
Ms. Rojina Adhikari: Civil Engineer
Mr. Sagun Kandel: Civil Engineer
Ms. Bismita K.C.: Civil Engineer
Mr. Sandip Regmi: Civil Engineer
Mr. Saugat Karki: Civil Engineer
Mr. Lokendra Khatri: Civil Engineer
Mr. Roshan Bhujel: Civil Engineer
Mr. Prakash Shrestha: Civil Engineer
Ms. Shlesha Acharya: Civil Engineer
Ms. Kirti Shrestha: Civil Engineer
Mr. Sandeep Pachhai: Civil Engineer
Mr. Anil Nepal: Civil Engineer
Ms. Sophiya Gurung: Architect
Ms. Binu Maharhjan: Architect
Ms. Ashmita Shakya: Architect
Ms. Pampha Moktan: Architect
Mr. Bijeet Man Shakya: Architect
Ms. Divya Shakya: Statistician
Mr. Nimesh Bakhunche:
Ms. Anita Jyoti: Sociologist
Report Checked by Mr. Ishwor Lal Joshi
Official Stamp

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Acknowledgement
First of all, we would like to acknowledge the Department of Urban Development and Building
Construction (DUDBC) for giving us an opportunity to prepare Integrated Urban Development Plan of
14 municipalities. We are especially thankful to the personnel of DUDBC Mr. Padma Kumar Mainali
(Deputy Director General, Urban Development Division), Mr. Kishore Shrestha (Senior Divisional
Engineer, Municipality Section) for coordinating as well as providing us relevant materials and
information. We are also thankful to the 14 municipalities for their cooperation and coordination.

We would also like to acknowledge elected officials from Chandragiri Municipality for their co
operation. We would like to thank Mr. Ghanashyam Giri (Mayor); Lisha Nakarmi ( Deputy Mayor), Mr
Yuvaraj Poudel ( Chief Executive officer) for cooperation and coordination for conducting ward level
and municipal level meeting.

We would also like to thank all ward chairman and ward members for their active participation in
different level of meeting. We would also like to thank all participants and municipality staff for their
cooperation during data collection.

We would like to acknowledge Mr. Rabindra Rijal (Focal person) and Mr. Yuvaraj Poudel ( Focal person)
for coordinating between consultant and municipality.

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Acronym & Abbreviation

DCRN : District Road Core Network

DTMP : District Transport Master Plan

DWSS : Department of Water Supply and Sewerage

KUKL : Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited

MLD : Millions Litre Per Day

NWSC : Nepal Water Supply Corporation

PCC : Plain Cement Concrete

RCC : Reinforced Cement Concrete

VDCs : Village Development Committees

WSSB : Water Supply and Sewerage

BM : Bench Mark

CAD : Computer Aided Design

DGPS : Differential Global Positioning System

DUDBC : Department of Urban Development and Building Construction

DEM : Digital Elevation Model

DTM : Digital Terrain Model

GCP : Ground Control Points

GIS : Geographical Information System

GoN : Government of Nepal

Ha. : Hectares

ISO : International Standards Organization

Km : Kilometer

M : Meter

Mm : Millimeter

UTM : Universal Transverse Mercator

MSL : Mean Sea Level

NEA : Nepal Electricity Authority

NTC : Nepal Telecommunication Corporation

NWSC : Nepal Water Supply Corporation

PCO : Project Coordination Office

PIU : Project Implementation Unit

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RMS : Root Mean Square

RMSE : Root Mean Square Error

TBM : Temporary Bench Mark

sq. km. : Square Kilometer

TIFF : Tagged Image File Format

VDC : Village Development Committee

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Table of Contents
Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................... iii
Acronym & Abbreviation ................................................................................................. iv
List of Figures ................................................................................................................. viii
List of Maps ...................................................................................................................... ix
List of Photographs .......................................................................................................... ix
List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... x
Chapter 1: CHANDRAGIRI MUNICIPALITY .................................................................................1
1.1 Regional Context. ............................................................................................................1
1.2 Historical background .....................................................................................................3
1.3 Administrative boundary and Topography .....................................................................3
Administrative boundary .........................................................................................3
Topography ..............................................................................................................4
1.4 Climate ............................................................................................................................5
1.5 Natural Resources ...........................................................................................................6
Watershed and Water Bodies..................................................................................6
Forest .......................................................................................................................6
1.6 Demography ...................................................................................................................7
Population Distribution............................................................................................7
Age-sex Composition ...............................................................................................8
Population Growth...................................................................................................9
Migration .............................................................................................................. 10
Ethnicity ................................................................................................................ 11
Differently able population ................................................................................... 11
Literacy.................................................................................................................. 12
Occupation ............................................................................................................ 12
1.7 Physical Scenario.......................................................................................................... 13
Transportation ...................................................................................................... 13
Water Supply ........................................................................................................ 17
Drainage and Sewerage System ........................................................................... 21
Energy ................................................................................................................... 22
Information and Communication ......................................................................... 24
Solid Waste Management..................................................................................... 25
1.8 Social Scenario ............................................................................................................. 26
Education .............................................................................................................. 26

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Health.................................................................................................................... 29
Community Buildings ............................................................................................ 31
Different Social Institutions .................................................................................. 31
Social welfare ........................................................................................................ 33
Security ................................................................................................................. 33
Social Inclusion...................................................................................................... 34
Religious Places ..................................................................................................... 34
1.9 Culture ......................................................................................................................... 36
Festivals................................................................................................................. 36
1.10 Economic Scenario ..................................................................................................... 37
Trade & Business................................................................................................. 39
Tourism ............................................................................................................... 41
Industry ............................................................................................................... 42
Agriculture .......................................................................................................... 43
Livestock ............................................................................................................. 43
1.11 Environmental and Ecological Status......................................................................... 44
Forest .................................................................................................................. 44
Air Pollution ........................................................................................................ 46
Water Pollution ................................................................................................... 46
Noise Pollution .................................................................................................... 46
Open space ......................................................................................................... 46
Sanitation ............................................................................................................ 47
1.12 Disaster ...................................................................................................................... 47
Earthquake .......................................................................................................... 48
Flood ................................................................................................................... 48
Landslide ............................................................................................................. 48
Fire ...................................................................................................................... 49
1.13 Land use and Urbanization ........................................................................................ 50
Land use .............................................................................................................. 50
Housing and Squatter ......................................................................................... 51
1.14 Institutional and Financial Management ................................................................... 52
Institutional Capacity .......................................................................................... 52
Financial Capacity ............................................................................................... 54

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List of Figures
Figure 1: Population Pyramid ...................................................................................................9
Figure 2: Caste and Ethnicity of Municipality ........................................................................ 11
Figure 3:Household by main source of drinking water.......................................................... 19
Figure 4:Treatment of collected solid waste ......................................................................... 26
Figure 5:Population attaining different education level........................................................ 27
Figure 6: Land Use.................................................................................................................. 51
Figure 7 Organizational Structure & Organogram ................................................................. 52
Figure 8 Hillside and Digital Elevation Model ........................................................................ 57
Figure 9 Panchromatic and Multispectral Image ................................................................... 60
Figure 10 Pansharpened Image Using Erdas Imagine Ver. 2014 ........................................... 61
Figure 11 Vectorization over ortho image ............................................................................. 61
Figure 12 Municipal GIS Data Model ..................................................................................... 62

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List of Maps
Map 1: Location Map ................................................................................................................1
Map 2: Religious Linkage map ..................................................................................................2
Map 3: Hinterland Map ............................................................................................................2
Map 4 : Elevation Model...........................................................................................................4
Map 5: Aspect Map ...................................................................................................................5
Map 6: Water Bodies Map ........................................................................................................6
Map 7: Population Density Map ...............................................................................................8
Map 8: Road Hierarchy Map .................................................................................................. 16
Map 9 Road Network (Surface Type) .................................................................................... 16
Map 10 Road Network (Width of Road) ................................................................................ 17
Map 11: Water Supply Networks........................................................................................... 21
Map 12: Electrical lines Map.................................................................................................. 23
Map 13: Telecommunication Map......................................................................................... 25
Map 14: Distribution of Educational Institutions .................................................................. 29
Map 15: Religious Map .......................................................................................................... 36
Map 16: Spatial Distribution of Forests ................................................................................. 45
Map 17: Terrain of Chandragiri ............................................................................................. 49
Map 18: Existing Land Use of Chandragiri Municipality ........................................................ 50

List of Photographs
Photograph 1: Police Station at ward 2 ................................................................................. 33

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List of Tables
Table 1: Restructuring of wards of VDC to Municipality ..........................................................3
Table 2: Ward-wise Population Distribution ............................................................................7
Table 3: Households, population and average household size ................................................9
Table 4: Households, population and average household size .............................................. 10
Table 5 Total absent population ............................................................................................ 10
Table 6: Migration Detail ....................................................................................................... 10
Table 7: Details of population with disability ........................................................................ 11
Table 8: Details of Literacy ..................................................................................................... 12
Table 9: Details of Small scale entrepreneurship in Kathmandu district............................... 12
Table 10: Households involved in small scale business in Kathmandu district ..................... 12
Table 11: Households involved indifferent occupation in Chandragiri ................................ 13
Table 12: Length of roads based on surface type .................................................................. 13
Table 13: Length of roads based on width of road ................................................................ 14
Table 14: List of DRCN roads ................................................................................................. 15
Table 15: Category-wise total road length ........................................................................... 15
Table 16: Available Public Bus Routes ................................................................................... 15
Table 17 Description of existing bus-stops ............................................................................ 17
Table 18:Water supply distribution ....................................................................................... 18
Table 19: List of water supply projects .................................................................................. 19
Table 20: Water supply projects ............................................................................................ 20
Table 21: Population according to use of source of light ...................................................... 22
Table 22: Transformers with location .................................................................................... 23
Table 23 Fuel used by Households ........................................................................................ 24
Table 24: Number of HH having different communication means........................................ 24
Table 25: Number of household using different types of SWM ............................................ 25
Table 26: Educational institution ........................................................................................... 27
Table 27: Level wise Private and Public Schools ................................................................... 28
Table 28: Ward wise Distribution of Schools ......................................................................... 28
Table 29: Health Institutions.................................................................................................. 29
Table 30: Ward wise distribution of health institution.......................................................... 30
Table 31: Major Community Institutions ............................................................................... 32
Table 32: Different NGOs ....................................................................................................... 32
Table 33: Description of Security Allowances........................................................................ 33
Table 34:List of Security Service ............................................................................................ 34
Table 35: Religious places ...................................................................................................... 34
Table 36: Number and type of shops..................................................................................... 39
Table 37: List of Tourism Potential area ................................................................................ 41
Table 38: List of Tourism Spot ............................................................................................... 42
Table 39: Type of Industry ..................................................................................................... 42
Table 40: Area, production and yield of cereal crop and vegetable FY2017/18 ................... 43
Table 41: Number of farm and livestock ............................................................................... 44
Table 42: List of Forests ......................................................................................................... 44
Table 43: List of river in Chandragiri Municipality (Source: field survey) .............................. 46
Table 44: List of Open Spaces ................................................................................................ 46
Table 45: Number of Household used toilet facility ............................................................. 47
Table 46: Damage due to different disaster in Kathmandu district (1971-2016).................. 47
Table 47: Existing land use of Chandragiri Municipality ........................................................ 51

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Table 48: Households by foundation of house/housing unit ................................................ 51

Table 49: Details of the standard coordinate reference system ........................................... 59

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Data Summary
Base Map

Satellite Imagery

Satellite Imagery Digital Globe Worldview-4

Acquisition date 3/3/2018

Spatial resolution 0.5m

Image bands RGB, 321

Image format 16 bits RGB TIFF image

Photogrammetric
Erdas Imagine 2014
workstation/software

Orthorectification using Erdas Imagine software

Processing with surveyed Ground Control Points.

Topographical Base Maps

Projection System WGS 1984 UTM Zone 45 N

Map sheets (scale 1:2,500) 34 sheets

Municipality GIS Datasets

GIS Datasets

GIS Vector Data Format ESRI Shape file and Geodatabase

GIS Raster Data Format TIFF (world)

Metadata standard ISO

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Executive Summary
Rapid urbanization in many developing countries has resulted in high concentration of urban
population in large cities. In Nepal, population is concentrated mainly in Kathmandu Valley and other
cities of Terai or fertile valleys. As its consequence these large cities are failing to cope with the
demand of infrastructure services and job opportunities and are increasingly reeling under the
externalities of the haphazard urbanization. Environmental degradation, congestion, urban poverty,
squatter settlements, unemployment and lagging provisions of infrastructure services have become
increasingly visible phenomenon in these large cities. Hence, much of the economic gains acquired
from urbanization have been eroded from its negative externalities. Despite non- agricultural sector
being a major contributor to gross domestic product (GDP), urban centers in the country have yet to
emerge as the engines of economic growth and contribute to reduction of urban or rural poverty alike.
Despite all these problems, government's responses have been grossly inadequate. The responses
tend to be scattered and ad-hoc rather than planned and coordinated. A weak institutional capability
has been one of the leading factors in poor performance of the government agencies. Above all, lack
of the long-term development perspectives or plans has led to uncoordinated actions of agencies
involved in urban development. Therefore, the result is poor or limited impact in urban development
efforts. Consequently, economic development has not taken place in the desired manner consistent
with the pace of population growth.
Keeping in view of context of rapid urbanization, the Government of Nepal has enacted and has been
implementing National Urban Policy since 2007 and National Urban Development Strategy since 2016.
As per the constitution 2072, the country has been restructured into three level of governance, i.e.
Federal, Provincial and Local levels. As the country has been restructured into 7 Provinces and 753
Local levels, numerous roles and responsibilities undertaken by the erstwhile central government has
been devolved to the provincial and local governments. The role and responsibilities as well as
jurisdiction of local governments has been broadened largely. However, due to the confusion in
devolution of power, lack of policy and programs, and largely due to the lack of human resources and
financial means, the provincial and local governments have not been able to function efficiently as
anticipated. In this regard, the recently enacted Local Government Operation Act has tried to outline
clearly the role and responsibilities as well as jurisdiction of local governments, and has been a
stepping stone for the effective governance of the local governments.
Therefore, as a long-term policy initiative, GON is providing technical and financial support to 185
municipalities to facilitate the Integrated Urban Development Plan (IUDP) preparation, urban base
map and profile of base information; building bye-laws and to promote their planned development
and improvement in the quality of life of people of new urban towns.

The Integrated Urban Development Plan (IUDP) of 14 municipalities is a strategic response to the 15
year growth of these municipalities, which brings together infrastructure provision, environmental
management, economic growth, disaster preparedness, municipal service delivery and mainstreaming
gender equality and social inclusion.

The study is limited to the preparation of Integrated Urban Development Plan of 14 municipalities of
Province 3; 11 of which are within the Kathmandu Valley and 3 outside the Valley. The municipalities

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under the study are clustered in 5 different district, viz. Mahalaxmi Municipaltiy of in Lalitpur District,
Suryabinayak Municipality of Bhaktapur District, Shankharapur, Kageshwori Manohara,
Gokarneshwor, Budhanilkantha, Tokha, Tarkeshwor, Nagarjun, Chandragiri and Dakshinkali
Municipalities of Kathmandu District, Belkotgadhi Municipality of Nuwakot District, Dhunibeshi
Municipality of Dhading District and Rapti Municipality of Chitawan District.

Chandragiri Municipality situated in south-west part of Kathmandu valley in Province no 3. The total
area of the municipality is 43.92 Sq.km. Chandragiri municipality has been divided into 15 wards for
the efficient administration. Chandragiri Municipality was declared on 2 December 2014 merging
eleven VDCs, Purano Naikap Bhanjyang, Naya Naikap, Badbhanjyang, Thankot, Mahadevsthan,
Matatirtha, Machhegaun, Balambu, Dahachowk, Tinthana, Satungal of Kathmandu. Chandragiri
Municipality is surrounded by Kritipur Municipality in the east, Dhunibeshi Municipality in the West,
Nagarjun Municipality in the North and Dakshinkali Municipality in the south.

Vision of Chandragiri must incorporate an identity for the city.

“Pltxfl;s, ;fF:s[lts gu/L ;d[4 ko6sLo rGb\|flu/L”

Through research and community engagement, the IUDP includes analysis, strategic policy and
practical actions to improve physical infrastructure, social infrastructure, risk sensitive land use,
environment management at town level with proposals for capacity building and institutional
strengthening of municipal authority. The IUDP also focuses on improving the conditions of women,
the poor and the excluded by undertaking a community development program and gender equality
and social inclusion activities through the Social Development Plan.

The IUDP consists of five volumes and includes following documents.

Volume I: Main Report
Volume II: Municipal Profile
Volume III: Maps
Volume IV: Detail Engineering Design
Volume V: Building Bye-laws

The municipal profile covers the existing scenario of the municipality. The report consists of
description of the historical background, topography, demography, physical scenario, social scenario,
economic scenario, environmental and ecological status, disaster scenario, land use and urbanization
and institutional and financial scenario of the municipality. The existing scenario of the municipality is
based on the secondary data received from the municipality.

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Chapter 1: CHANDRAGIRI MUNICIPALITY

Chandragiri Municipality situated in south-west part of Kathmandu valley in Province 3. The total area
of the municipality is 43.92 Sq.km. Chandragiri Municipality was declared on 2 December 2014
merging eleven VDCs, Purano Naikap Bhanjyang, Naya Naikap, Thankot, Mahadevsthan, Matatirtha,
Machhegaun, Balambu, Dahachowk, Tinthana, Satungal of Kathmandu. Chandragiri municipality has
been divided into 15 wards for the efficient administration. Chandragiri Municipality is surrounded by
Kritipur Municipality in the east, Dhunibeshi Municipality in the West, Nagarjun Municipality in the
North and Dakshinkali Municipality in the south.

Map 1: Location Map

1.1 Regional Context.

Kathmandu Valley as the capital region of the country has a primacy which is unequalled. As the
capital, it is the administrative as well as political center of the country. Chandragiri municipality is one
of the nearest municipality from Kathmandu metropolitan providing residential space and
refreshment place to tackle chaos life of Kathmandu. Population of Chandragiri municipality is
increasing due to migration of people because of the proximity to Kathmandu metropolitan city and
it is accessible to transportation linkage .

Chandragiri is one of the major fringe of Kathmandu valley as it is major gateway to metropolitan city.
Prithivi Highway passes through center of Chandragiri municipality connecting Kathmandu with other
part of Nepal.

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Map 2: Religious Linkage map

Map 3: Hinterland Map

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1.2 Historical background

Chandragiri municipality is a historic town of Kathmandu District formed by integrating eleven villages,
i.e. Purano Naikap Bhanjyang, Naya Naikap, Thankot, Mahadevsthan, Matatirtha, Machhegaun,
Balambu, Dahachowk, Tinthana, Satungal. Each of these villages has their own historical importance.
Chandragiri Municipality has various religious as well as historical significance. With reference to the
description written in Himvatakhanda, Bhaleshwor Mahadev appeared at the spot where Sati Devi’s
“Bhala” or the forehead fell off from her dead body. It is believed that Sati Devi, Shiva’s consort, gave
her life by jumping in a fire pyre at her father Daksha Prajapati’s yagna (sacred fire ritual) after Daksha
insulted her husband Shiva in front of scores of gods and goddesses invited at the religious ceremony.
An enraged Shiva then carried her dead body on his back and walking across the world like a madman
for a long span of time without taking note of Sati Devi’s decaying body. Different “Shakti-centers”
were established at the sites where different parts of body fell in course of lord Shiva’s mourning. A
large number of people from different parts of the country thronged here to worship the Trishul
(trident) believed to be of Lord Shiva.

Chandragiri hills carry historical significance as well. It was from this hills that King Prithivi Narayan
Shah caught the first glimpse of a much scenic and prosperous Kathmandu Valley, which in fact
installed in king’s mind an idea of annexing the valley into his kingdom. According to folklore, Prithivi
Narayan Shah is believed to have amassed spiritual power “sadhana” or meditation at these very hills.
The Gorkhali king disguised himself while ascending the hills in order to avoid being recognized by the
Malla kings of Kathmandu Valley. There is a saying that King Prithivi Narayan Shah made a wish to
takeover Kathmandu valley was taken while he was in Chandragiri hills. As per the popular belief that
it was the Bhaleshwor Mahadev that granted King Prithivi Narayan Shah’s wishes. On the auspicious
occasion of 295th Prithivi Janma Jayanti, the stone carving work that expresses the reflection of the
event was installed.

1.3 Administrative boundary and Topography

Administrative boundary

Chandragiri Municipality situated in south-west part of Kathmandu valley in Province no 3. The total
area of the municipality is 43.92 Sq.km. Chandragiri municipality has been divided into 15 wards for
the efficient administration. Chandragiri Municipality was declared on 2 December 2014 merging
eleven VDCs, Purano Naikap Bhanjyang, Naya Naikap, Badbhanjyang, Thankot, Mahadevsthan,
Matatirtha, Machhegaun, Balambu, Dahachowk, Tinthana, Satungal of Kathmandu. Chandragiri
Municipality is surrounded by Kritipur Municipality in the east, Dhunibeshi Municipality in the West,
Nagarjun Municipality in the North and Dakshinkali Municipality in the south.

Different wards of previous VDCs were combined to give new structure of wards in the municipality.

Table 1: Restructuring of wards of VDC to Municipality

Since 2016 2015- 2016 Before 2015

Chandragiri Municipality Chandragiri Municipality VDC Name VDC Ward No
(Present wards ) (Old wards)
1 1,2 Dahachowk 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
2 3,4 Badbhanjyang 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
3 5 Thankot 2,8

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4 6,7 Thankot 1,3,4,5,6,7,9

5 8 Mahadevsthan 1,2,9
6 9 Mahadevsthan 3,4,5
7 10 Mahadevsthan 6,7,8
8 11,12 Matatirtha 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
9 13,14 Machhegaun 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
10 15,24 Satungal 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
11 16 Satungal 8,9
12 17,18 Balambu 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
13 19,21 Naikap Purano 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Bhanjyang
14 20,25 Naikap Naya 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Bhanjyang
15 22,23 Tinthana 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Source: Rajpatra
Topography
Kathmandu valley is oval shaped intermountain basin which stretches at about 30 km in East-West
and 25 km in North-South direction and occupies about 650 sq.km and elevation ranges from 1220 to
1500m. The valley is surrounded by Shivapuri lekh in the North, Nagarkot in east, Chandragiri in the
southwest and Phulchoki in the south. The major rivers in Kathmandu valley are Bagmati River,
Bishnumati River, Dhobi Khola, Manohara Khola, Nakhu Khola, Godawari Khola and Balkhu Khola.

Map 4 : Elevation Model

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Map 5: Aspect Map

1.3.2.1 Geography
Chandragiri Municipality lies in 27 4̊ 3’ 36.486” N in North, 27 3̊ 2’ 45.029” N in South, 85 1̊ 6’ 39.509” E
in East, 85 1̊ 1’8.685” E in West. Chandragiri Municipality has predominantly hilly terrain. Settlements
and farming seem to develop along less the sloppy region. The highest altitude of the municipality is
2551 meters and lowest altitude is 1310 meters.

1.3.2.2 Geology/ Geomorphology

The Kathmandu valley is basin and it has a mild climate and fertile land. The Kathmandu valley basin
is located of Midland Region. It is tectonic basins of the sub-Himalayas.

1.4 Climate
Climate zone type are based on latitude and solar radiation. There are three main climate types they
are tropics, temperate and polar or artic: Tropics- between Tropic of cancer and Tropic of Capricorn;
Temperate- north and south of the tropic lines to the Artic circles and polar or artic- north and south
of the Artic and Antartic circles. These three zones can be further divided into different climate regions
based upon the seasonal temperatures, precipitation rates, altitude and topography, distance from
oceans and atmospheric circulations. They are tropical- warm and wet, Arid- dry desert, Warm
Temperate- warm wet and dry seasons, cool temperate- cool wet and dry seasons, and polar cold. For
a mountainous region altitudinal limits are most convenient to define zones.

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Chandragiri Municipality lies in subtropical climate zone (1000 to 2000 meters) and Deciduous
Monsoon Forest Zone (altitude range of 1,200–2,100 meters). The highest temperature in Chandragiri
is recorded to be maximum during the month of May and June and the lowest temperature is recorded
in December and January.

1.5 Natural Resources

Watershed and Water Bodies
There are 3 major rivers in Chandragiri Municipality. The major rivers flowing through the municipality
are Balkhu khola, Daudali Khola and Ghatte Khola. These rivers are perennial rivers. The Balkhu river
flows through wards 1,2,4,12,14,15. Ghatte khola flows through wards 8,10 and 15 and Daudali Khola
flows though wards 12,13,14 and 15.

Map 6: Water Bodies Map

Forest
There are 176 community forest in Kathmandu district among them 23 community forest lies in
Chandragiri municipality which covers 1170.78 ha. These community forest serves 3880 households.
Chandragiri municipality also consist 1 kabuliyat forest covering 36.00 ha.

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1.6 Demography
Population Distribution
The total population of the municipality as per the census 2068 B.S. is 85,198 with male population
42,881 and female population 42,317, municipality holds 3.38% population of Kathmandu valley. The
total population of Kathmandu valley in 2068 is 2,517,023 (CBS 2068). From 2058 B.S to 2068 B.S, total
population of Chandragiri Municipality increased from 55,032 to 85,198 at population growth rate of
4.44 %.

The ward wise population distribution of the municipality is as shown in the table below.
Table 2: Ward-wise Population Distribution

Ward No. of Household Population Male Female Sex Area in Population

household size (As per Ratio (in hectare Density
2068 1000 (pph)
Census) female)
1 878 4.6 4036 1991 2045 97.36 635.43 6.4
2 817 4.6 3779 1873 1906 98.27 480.29 22.2
3 1342 4.1 5563 2888 2675 107.96 322.93 26.1
4 1478 4.4 6484 3218 3266 98.53 291.78 34.6
5 1142 4.2 4838 2427 2411 100.66 97.94 41.3
6 1282 4.1 5259 2615 2644 98.90 296.83 49.1
7 1307 4.1 5417 2689 2728 98.57 307.17 49.4
8 1413 4.2 5982 3004 2978 100.87 619.70 63.5
9 872 4.4 3849 1884 1965 95.88 466.29 75.5
10 1372 3.9 5350 2725 2625 103.81 129.46 7.9
11 1354 3.8 5102 2700 2402 112.41 103.86 8.3
12 1734 4.2 7323 3625 3698 98.03 211.86 9.7
13 1054 4.3 4546 2251 2295 98.08 173.99 17.2
14 1980 4.0 7944 4025 3919 102.70 125.19 17.6
15 2507 3.9 9726 4966 4760 104.33 128.87 17.7
Total 20532 4.2 85198 42881 42317 1516.37 292.77 1.29
Source: C.B.S. 2011

The highest population is in Ward no. 15, the lowest population is in Ward no. 2, and the average
population is in Ward no. 4. Similarly, the highest population density is in Ward no. 9, and the lowest
population density is in Ward no. 1. The household count in the municipality is 20,532. The average
household size is 4.2.

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Map 7: Population Density Map

Age-sex Composition
The population pyramid below demonstrates the distribution of male and female population by their
different age groups. The dominant presence of both male and female of economically active age
group shows availability of working group in the municipality which is the positive point for leading
development works of the municipality. However, the less number of male population compare to
female in the age group 20 – 24, 25 – 29 & 30 – 34 might be due to migration of youth to foreign
countries for education and foreign employment.

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Age-Sex Pyramid of Chandragiri Municipality, 2011

Males Females
0.0
75+ -0.8 0.9
70-74 -0.6 0.6
65-69 -0.8 0.9
60-64 -1.0 1.1
55-59 -1.4 1.2
50-54 -1.9 1.8
45-49 -2.5 2.3
40-44 -3.3 3.0
35-39 -4.0 3.8
30-34 -4.5 4.6
25-29 -5.1 5.8
20-24 -5.6 6.5
15-19 -5.6 5.2
10-14 -5.1 4.7
5-9 -4.3 4.0
0-4 -3.9 3.4
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8

Percentages

Figure 1: Population Pyramid

Population Growth
The population of the current municipal area increased from 55,032 in 2001 to 85,198 in 2011. The
average annual growth rate increased from …… in 2001 to 3.38% in the following 10 years.
Table 3: Households, population and average household size

Census No.HHs Population Sex HH Density Decadal Change

Year ratio size (p/ha)
Total Male Female No.HHs Population AAGR(%)
1991
55,032
2001
2011 85,198 42,881 42,317 4.2
Source: CBS 1991, 200, 2012.AAGR= average annual growth rate (exponential); p/ha = persons per hectare

Population growth rate in Kathmandu valley is 4.25 % while population growth percent in Chandragiri
municipality is 4.44%. This indicates that Chandragiri municipality is attracting more population.

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Table 4: Households, population and average household size

WARD N.O TOTAL POPULATION EXPONENTIAL Growth Percent

2058 2068 GROWTH RATE
1 3860 4036 0.004459 0.45
2 3286 3779 0.013979 1.40
3 2808 5563 0.068367 6.84
4 5775 6484 0.011580 1.16
5 2549 4838 0.064080 6.41
6 2674 5259 0.067637 6.76
7 2685 5417 0.070186 7.02
8 3653 5982 0.049321 4.93
9 2871 3849 0.029315 2.93
10 2611 5350 0.071736 7.17
11 3223 5102 0.045932 4.59
12 5164 7323 0.034931 3.49
13 3456 4546 0.027414 2.74
14 4425 7944 0.058515 5.85
15 5992 9726 0.048438 4.84
Grand Total 55032 85198 0.043706 4.44
Source: CBS 2001, 2011

Migration
Generally, people migrate from one place to another for better opportunities and facilities. In the
context of Chandragiri municipality, people, especially young generation must have migrated for
better education and job opportunities. Migration can be accounted from the absent population.
13.02 % of total household have at least one absent population. This data indicates the migration from
this municipality. Total absent population is 3,475 and among this 2,774 are male which is 79.82 % of
total absent population.
Table 5 Total absent population

Total household Absent Total Male Female

household
Total 20532 2674 3475 2774 701
(Source: C.B.S 2011)

The vital registration data of the municipality shows altogether 63 In-migration and 2 out- migration.
Table 6: Migration Detail

S. N Migration Family No. Percentage

1 In-migration 600 84.03
2 Out-migration 114 15.97
Total 714 100
Source: Ward Municipality, Vital Registration (Date 2075-2-30)

The data indicates, in the Chandragiri municipality; out-migration is less in number than in-migration.

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Ethnicity
In the municipality, the highest percentage is of Newar which accounts 29.21%, followed by Chhetri,
23.39%, followed by Brahmin- Pahad, 15.49%. Different Caste and Ethnicity present in the municipality
is as follows.

Caste and Ethinicity

29.21%
23.39%

15.49%
10.99%
9.32%
6.04% 1.87% 1.30% 1.25% 1.14%

Figure 2: Caste and Ethnicity of Municipality

Source: Municipality Profile

Differently able population

Regarding differently able population, there are altogether 962 disable population, out of which 516
are male and 452 are female. Among different type of disabilities, people having physical disability is
comparatively high which counts 283 in total, out of which 164 are male and 119 are female. People
having blindness/low vision counts 250 out of which 122 are male and 128 are female. The detail count
of disabilities present is listed below.
Table 7: Details of population with disability

Population having disability of

to
/

–
population

Population

Intellectua
Blindness/
low vision
disability

Multiple
problem

l disable
Physical
without

hearing

Mental
Speech

disable

disable
Total

blind
Deaf

Deaf
hard

Male
42881 42365 164 122 68 9 49 33 21 50
Female 42317 41865 119 128 74 8 54 28 13 28
Total 85198 84236 283 250 142 17 103 61 34 72
Source: C.B.S. 2011

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The percentage of physical disability among the different disabilities is higher which counts 29.41%,
followed by blind which counts 25.98%. Similarly, deaf/hard to hearing accounts 14.76%.
Literacy
The total literacy rate of population is 80.38, of male population is 88.51% and of female is 72.34%.

Table 8: Details of Literacy

VDC/ Population Population who Literacy Literacy
Municipality aged 5 years Can read Can read Can't read not rate
and sex & above & write only & write stated

Male 39573 35145 640 3771 17 88.51

Female 39453 28989 793 9622 49 72.34
Total 79026 64134 1433 13393 66 80.38
(Source: C.B.S 2011)

Occupation
The rural urban divide is also among the leading determinants of inequality in access to various
household-based opportunities, particularly improved sanitation, drinking water, electricity and clean
fuels. (Source: Key social development challenges in the Asia-Pacific region in the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development)

Social protection and decent work can play a key role in achieving several Sustainable Development
Goals by reducing vulnerabilities, preventing people from falling into poverty, empowering vulnerable
populations, addressing inequalities in income and improving access to basic social service. The
disconnect between wages and productivity means that fewer people benefit from decent jobs and
economic growth, while the majority see only marginal changes in their income. Moreover, since
household consumption is a major component of demand, and because lower income groups tend to
spend any increase in income on purchasing necessary goods, connecting poorer groups with better
paid jobs yields a strong multiplier effect.

Regarding occupation, in the whole Kathmandu district, people are engaged in different types of
small business. The number of household involved in small scale entrepreneurship are as follows:

Table 9: Details of Small scale entrepreneurship in Kathmandu district

District Yes No Not reported Total Total % Engaged
adjusted
Kathmandu 55,275 379,500 643 435,418 434,775 12.71
Source: Population Monograph, Volume III, C.B.S,2011

The households involved in different types of small scale business of Kathmandu district is as follows:

Table 10: Households involved in small scale business in Kathmandu district

Cottage Business Transportation Service Others Total
Industry
4,062 30,428 1,871 15,230 3,684 55,275

In Chandragiri municipality the highest number of people are involved in business which counts 10,452
in number and accounts 51%. Similarly, people involved in Service is 7,198 which accounts 35% and

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following Agriculture as their occupation counts 1,243 which is 6.05%. And very few number of people
are involved in fishery which counts only 13 in number.
Table 11: Households involved indifferent occupation in Chandragiri

S. N. Occupation No. of Household

1 Business 10,452
2 Service 7,198
3 Agriculture 1,243
4 Foreign employment 760
5 Wages 645
6 Poultry 81
7 Livestock 73
8 Industry 67
9 Fishery 13
Total 20,532
Source: Chandragiri Municipality Profile

1.7 Physical Scenario

Transportation
The major transportation network system in Kathmandu valley is via road. Tribhuwan international
Airport in Kathmandu is the only international airport in Nepal at present. Also, domestic flights
connect major cities in different provinces. The urban growth of Kathmandu valley has been induced
through the construction of two highways Tribhuwan highway and Arniko Highway and international
airport. The construction of Ring road and radial roads accelerated the urban development along these
roads. Further the government has planned to develop outer ring road connecting the fringe areas in
the valley to cater the expanding urbanisation areas.

The total length of the road in this Municipality is 433.04 Km. About 33% of the road is Black topped,
46% of the road is Earthen and 18% of the road is Gravel. Tribhuwan highway of total length 14.16 km
passes through this Municipality.
Most of the road in this municipality requires immediate attention for maintenance and roadside drain
is necessary for all wards. Further, the road infrastructure lacks proper footpaths, shoulder, zebra
crossing, and traffic sign.

Table 12: Length of roads based on surface type

Ward Road Surface Type Grand

No. Black topped Brick pavement Concrete Earthen Gravel total
1 8.4 0.1 58.0 4.6 71.12

2 17.4 35.7 0.1 53.24

3 5.5 1.5 8.7 12.5 28.24

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4 5.0 2.8 17.0 1.9 26.80

5 6.9 2.1 6.8 15.75
6 4.2 0.5 11.1 6.5 22.37
7 11.2 0.5 5.4 6.3 23.42
8 10.7 0.2 19.9 9.4 40.16
9 6.7 8.7 2.3 17.67
10 10.9 4.3 4.9 20.12
11 11.9 0.4 3.4 4.5 20.26
12 10.4 0.1 11.8 5.2 27.48
13 6.2 0.7 10.0 5.8 22.75
14 12.5 0.7 2.0 6.2 21.43
15 4.00 0.966 4.8 12.45 22.22
Total 144.55 0.11 8.43 200.54 79.39 433.04

Table 13: Length of roads based on width of road

ROAD WIDTH CLASS (KM)

WARD NO.
up to 3m 3m to 5m 5m to 8m 8m to 12m 22m Grand Total
1 0.20 67.39 3.50 71.09
2 15.82 20.96 2.00 14.48 53.26
3 10.18 14.58 0.40 3.15 28.31
4 12.95 11.80 0.50 1.52 26.77
5 1.20 11.97 0.01 2.60 15.78
6 9.34 12.32 0.66 0.30 22.62
7 2.79 17.70 0.65 2.24 23.38
8 1.10 35.08 3.90 40.08
9 2.70 14.53 0.40 17.63
10 2.60 16.70 0.30 19.60
11 1.57 13.80 0.30 4.09 19.76
12 0.2 21 3.2 1.85 26.27
13 2.1 14.54 6.1 22.74
14 0.6 19 0.5 1.65 21.76
15 0 19.85 4.12 23.97
Grand Total 63.35 309.44 22.46 0.00 36.00 433.04

National highways and feeder roads

The municipality has one national highway and 3 feeder roads. Tribhuwan national highway and the
feeder roads from Thankot to Chandragadhi markhu Road (F180), Khasibazar to Machhegaun Road

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(F104) and Naghdhunga to Tankeswor (F105). According to the District Transport Master Plan (DTMP)
of Kathmandu district, nine roads of total length 45.58 km of this municipality are listed as district road
core networks (DRCN) which are under the responsibility of the District Development Committee. The
total length of the highway road within the municipality is 14.16 km.
Table 14: List of DRCN roads
Description

Weather

Weather
Blacktop

Earthen
Length

Gravel
Code

Fair
All
27DR006 Satungal-Matatirtha-Deurali- 9.26 2.919 0.788 5.557 3.71 5.56
Makwanpur road
27DR007 Ganeshman Shanti Marg(Thankot- 5.38 1.789 1.808 1.784 3.60 1.78
Chitlang Bhanjyang)
27DR008 Mahadevsthan-Matatirtha- 3.38 2.179 1.204 3.38
Machhegaun road
27DR009 Thankot-Balambu-Dahachowk road 3.36 3.359 - - 3.36 -

27DR010 Tinthana-Kritipur Road 2.11 - 2.114 2.11 -

27DR011 Naya Naikap-Purano Naikap road 0.96 0.959 - - 0.96 -

27DR02 Kalanki-Ghampedol-Badbhanjyang 8.55 8.554 - - 8.55 -

road
27DR013 Badbhanjyang-Dahachowk- 8.62 - 1.435 6.114 1.44 6.11
Bhimdunga road
27DR014 Miteri Marga (Dahachowk) 3.96 - - 2.484 - 2.48

Source: (DTMP, 2013)

Table 15: Category-wise total road length

Class Blacktopped(KM) Gravel Earthen Brick PCC(KM) Total(KM)
road(KM) road(KM) Paved(KM)
NH 14.16 14.16
FR 11.588 4.83 16.418
DR
UR 118.802 79.39 200.54 0.11 3.62 402.462
Key NH = National Highway, FR= Feeder road, DR = District road , UR = Urban road

Table 16: Available Public Bus Routes

Means of No of daily Route Objective ( Service,

transport vehicle trips From To Agriculture, Business)
Mini Bus - Chandragiri cable car Ratnapark Agriculture/Service
station
Bus - Dahachowk, kalanki Ratnapark Service
Bus Matatirtha Kapan Public Service

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Map 8: Road Hierarchy Map

Map 9 Road Network (Surface Type)

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Map 10 Road Network (Width of Road)

There are three bus routes from Dahachowk to Ratnapark, Cable car station to Ratnapark and atatirtha
to Kapan. The major stops in the municipality are at Naikap, ward 7 along Naikap-Kalanki-Ratnapark
road, Matatirtha bus stop, ward 8, Matatirtha-Balambu-Ratnapark-Kapan route and Nagdhunga stop
along highway. Among the wards in the municipality, ward 1 (Basundol, Dandagaun, odare etc) has no
access to public transportation.
Table 17 Description of existing bus-stops
Place Ward no. Name of the road
Naikap 15 Naikap-Kalanki-Ratnapark
Machhegaun 9 Tinthana-Kritipur-Machhegaun
Matatirtha 8 Matatirtha-Kapan
Naghdhunga 2 Highway
(Source: Field Survey)

Water Supply
The water supply effort in Nepal started from Bir Dhara piped water in 1891 in few selected parts of
Kathmandu which later was succeeded by Pani Goswara. The Department of Water supply and
Sewerage (DWSS) was established in 1972 to manage drinking water for urban, semi urban and rural
areas throughout the country. Water supply and Sewerage (WSSB)) was established in 1974 to
manage drinking water in Kathmandu valley and some urban areas outside the valley which was later
succeeded by Water supply and sewerage corporation (WSSC). Nepal Water Supply Corporation
(NWSC) was established in 1990 with the objective of improving drinking water supply services in
Kathmandu valley and outside valley and expand services in rural areas as well. Kathmandu Upatyaka
Khanepani Limited (KUKL) was` established in 2008 to manage drinking water and sanitation in urban
areas of Kathmandu valley and separated from NWSC.

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In Nepal 44.5% percent of population use piped water source and remaining use other sources of
water such as well, river, boring, spout and spring water. (NPC/UNDP, 2013) The supply of water in
piped system is intermittent supply therefore larger portion of household constitute of water source
other than piped water. The daily demand of water in Kathmandu valley is 320 million litres per day
(MLD) but the water supplying agency could only provide 106 MLD and 76 MLD in wet and dry seasons,
respectively (KUKL 2010). In order to fulfil the deficit in the supply system other improved sources
such as ground water (tube well, protected bore well, dug well), spring water, rainwater and
unimproved sources such as unprotected dug well, vendor’s water tanker, unprotected spring water,
bottled water and surface water are used excessively. The Melamchi Water Supply Project (MWSP) is
underway with initial design capacity of 170 MLD and expandable to 510 MLD, which will be the major
source of water for the valley within the ring road after its completion.

The largest source of water in Chandragiri Municipality is Tap/ piped water supply. According to census
2068, 67.2% of household have piped connection for drinking water

S.N Description HH Percentage

1 Tap/Piped 13804 67.2

2 Covered well 2651 12.9

3 Sprout water 2428 11.8

4 Others 1069 5.2

5 Uncovered well 224 1

6 Tube well 170 0.88

7 Not stated 158 0.7

8 River/Stream 28 0.1

Total 20532 100

Table 18:Water supply distribution

Source: CBS data 2011

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Household by main source of

drinking water
0.88 0.7 Tap/Piped
1 0.1
5.2 Covered well

Sprout water

11.8 Others

Uncovered
well
12.9 Tube well
67.2
Not stated

Figure 3:Household by main source of drinking water

Table 19: List of water supply projects

S.N Name of the project Source Ward

1 Chisapani water supply Ward 2

2 Gairigaun amarsingh tole water supply Ward 2
3 Haddhunga gaira water supply Ward 2
4 Thosne chaur gairigaun water supply Ward 2
5 Sangam basti water supply pipe laying Ward 11
6 Balambu water supply Ward 12
7 Tinthana water supply Ward 15

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The water supply in this Municipality has been managed by different committees
Table 20: Water supply projects

S.N Water supply system Served Source/Location

wards
1  Water supplied by “Bosigaun khanepani Committee” Ward Ward 8/khanglang
 the system of “Ek Ghar Ek dhara” 10
2  Supplied by 9 committee’s Ward Bhusinkhel / Dip
 system of “Ek Ghar Ek dhara” 8,9 boring
3  Water supplied by “Matatirtha water supply Ward 6 Boring
committee”
 No system of “Ek Ghar Ek dhara”
 Water supply problem in 300-400 HH
4  Water supplied by the committee Ward
 Water supply problem in 300-400 HH 5,6,7 3 Dip boring
 No system of “Ek Ghar Ek dhara”
 Proposed water supply project at bandevi ward 7
5  Dip boring for drinking water Ward 4
6  No system of “Ek Ghar Ek dhara” Ward 2 Hill of Ward 1 and
 Water supply problem in 400 HH 2
 Water supplied by 5 committee’s

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Map 11: Water Supply Networks

Drainage and Sewerage System

There is no proper sewerage network in Chandragiri Municipality. After the declaration of municipality
provision of septic tank has become mandatory for the buildings to get approved.

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Energy

1.7.4.1 Electricity
The main source of household lighting is electricity. The electricity line in this municipality is connected
with the National Grid. There is one electricity substation named as Matatirtha substation located at
Gurjudhara. No any area of this Municipality was found to be deprived of electricity facilities.
Transformers were noted at various points which were directly connected to the main line. Industries
that depend on the electricity were found to be in a running state at various places. These industries
include the metal industry, furniture industry, brick kiln etc.

According to the census 2068, 97.3% of household use electricity for household lighting.
Table 21: Population according to use of source of light
S. N. Source of lighting No. of household Percentage
1 Electricity 19975 97.3

2 Kerosene 297 1.44

3 Biogas 81 0.4
4 Solar 6 0.03

5 Others 10 0.05

6 Not Stated 163 0.8

7 Total 20532 100

(Source: C.B.S 2011)

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Map 12: Electrical lines Map

Table 22: Transformers with location

Ward Number of transformer
1 10
2 10
3 8
4 17
5 11
6 7
7 5
8 8
9
10 13
11 33
12 18
13 8
14 8
15 20

(Source: Field Visit)

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1.7.4.2 Cooking fuel

The residents of Ward Municipality use different types of fuel for cooking. Maximum people i.e.
75.94% of people use LP gas for cooking, which is followed by Wood/firewood which counts 18.86%
and few people use Kerosene oil for cooking that counts 3.70 %. Use of bio-gas, electricity and cow
dung is nearly negligible.
Table 23 Fuel used by Households
Total Fuel usually used for cooking
household Wood / Kerosene LP gas Santhi/ Bio gas Electricity Others Not Stated
firewood guitha
(cow
dung)
20532 3874 761 15594 15 32 11 80 165
[Source: C.B.S. 2011]

Information and Communication

There seems easy access of telecommunication in the municipality. Regarding different facility
available, people having only one service is highest in number which counts 19,812. Similarly, people
having Mobile Phone counts 18,009 in number, having T.V counts 15,450 in number and Cable T.V is
12,286 in number.
Table 24: Number of HH having different communication means

S.N. Services used by Household Household number

1 Having only one service 19,812
2 Mobile phone 18,009
3 T.V 15,450
4 Cable T.V 12,286
5 Radio 11,222
6 Telephone 5,529
7 Computer 5,274
8 Internet 2,182
9 No service 514
10 Not stated 208

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Map 13: Telecommunication Map

Solid Waste Management

Solid waste in this municipality is so unmanaged. Solid waste is thrown in roads and open space
causing pollution and unpleasant view. Balkhu river has been major disposition area as this river is
filled with organic, inorganic and plastic waste. Number of family members who are using different
types of solid waste management are:
Table 25: Number of household using different types of SWM

S.N. Description No of Family members

1 River 1286
2 Road 734
3 Landfill site 7341
4 Waste collected by van 1325
5 Own compound 871

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6 Compost manure
7 Not stated 3918
Total 4296

NGOs and private waste collectors are involved in managing solid waste of the municipality. Private
organisation named Nepal Batawaran Pvt.Ltd, Srijana Pvt.Ltd, Yuva Krishak Bahudashya sahakari
santhan limited, Sarwakalyan watawaran sewa Pvt.Ltd and Manakamana Cleaning service Pvt.Ltd are
currently associated from the municipality for community waste management services. Total number
of Number of Vehicles used for solid waste collection in Chandragiri municipality is 46 including Tipper
Garbage Truck Tractor, Rickshaw. Estimated total waste generation from the municipality is 22.67
tons/ day with assumption of 0.32 kg/capita/day. Waste collected from this municipality goes almost
60% to landfill, 10% to Recycled, 25% composted and remaining 5% are managed in other ways

Treatment of Collected

5%
Landfilling
25% 3R
60% Composting
Others
10%

Figure 4:Treatment of collected solid waste

1.8 Social Scenario

Education
The municipality comprises people of different education level. Children attaining primary classes are
maximum in number which counts 915 number of male and 830 female followed by students acquiring
lower secondary i.e.707 male students and 628 female students. There is a gradual decrease in
number of people achieving Graduate and equivalent education and Post graduate equivalent and
above simultaneously. The population achieving non-formal education counts as 23 males and 54
females.

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Educational Attainment
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Post
Lower Seconda Interme Graduat Level
Beginne Primary S.L.C. & Graduat Non-
seconda ry (9 - diate & e& Others not
r (1-5) equiv. e equiv. formal
ry (6 -8) 10) equiv. equiv stated
& above
Male 144 915 707 604 594 591 399 212 6 23 2
Female 136 830 628 478 463 517 230 93 7 54 13
Both 280 1,745 1,335 1,082 1,057 1,108 629 305 13 77 15

Male Female Both

Figure 5:Population attaining different education level

Source:CBS 2011

The highest percentage is of primary level 22.82%, which is followed by Lower Secondary 17.46 % and
Secondary 14.15% simultaneously.

According to field survey 2075, there are 2 higher secondary school and 1 college. The total number
of educational institutions according to province data is tabulated below.

Table 26: Educational institution

S.N. No. of Educational Institution No. of Institution

1 Secondary School 46

2 Basic 12

3 Primary 9

Total 67

Source: Province wise School & student details/ Education and Human Resource Development Center, 2075

In the present context, there are altogether 40 Private Early Childhood Development Centre and 22
Public Early Childhood Development Centre, 26 Community/Government Schools, 41 Private Schools

Institutional or Private schools are more in number than public schools in the municipality. The level
wise school count is presented in the table below.

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Table 27: Level wise Private and Public Schools

Ward Primary School Basic Secondary Total

No.

Institutional

Institutional

Institutional

Institutional

Grand Total
Public

Public

Public

Public
Total 4 5 6 6 16 30 26 41 67
Source: Province wise School & student details/ Education and Human Resource Development Center, 2075
Table 28: Ward wise Distribution of Schools
Ward Higher
Pre-Primary
no Primary Lower Secondary Secondary College Total

1 3 4 7

2 3 1 4

3 2 1 3

4 3 1 1 5

5 3 2 5

6 4 4

7 2 2 2 6

8 5 2 7

9 3 3

10 0

11 2 4 6

12 3 3

13 7 7

14 5 5

15 5 5
Total 2 5 53 9 1 70

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Map 14: Distribution of Educational Institutions

Health
In the municipality, there are altogether six hospitals. There are four private hospitals, one Ayurved
Hospital, and one Cancer hospital. And there are 11 health post,1 T.B. Treatment Center and 20
Pharmacy.
Table 29: Health Institutions

S. N. Health Institution No. of Institution Address

1 Ayurveda Hospital 1

2 Health Post 11 All wards of municipality

Ward no. 1,4,5,12
3 Private Hospital 4
4 Cancer Hospital 1 Ward no. 3
5 Female Health Volunteers 34 All wards
6 T.B. Treatment Center 1
7 Doctors 25 Including in all health post
8 Percentage of delivery in Health institute 80% All wards
9 Pharmacy 20 Settlements of all wards
Source: Municipal Profile, Field Survey 2074

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Similarly, in the case of health related manpower, there are 25 doctors and 34 Female Health
Volunteers.

Table 30: Ward wise distribution of health institution

Ward Polyclinic Hospital Clinic Health post Community Health Centre Total
1 1 1 2
2 1 1
3 1 1 2
4 1 1 2
5 1 1 2
6 1 1
7 1 1
8 1 1
9 1 1
10 1 1
11 1 1

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12 1 1 2
13 1 1
14 1 1
15 1 1
Total 5 15 20
Community Buildings
There are different types of community buildings. And these buildings are used for organizing
different programmes, ward meetings etc. The ward-wise distribution of community buildings is
presented in the table below.
The list of different community building are as follows:
Source: Chandragiri Municipal Profile, Field Survey 2074
The highest number of community building is in Ward no 1 which accounts 6 in number, followed by
5 in Ward no. 6, 4 in Ward no. 7 & 13 and 3 in Ward no. 2.

Different Social Institutions

The residents of the Chandragiri Municipality are affiliated to different institutions. Most of the
residents are affiliated to different Co-operatives too. In the social institutions, different consumer
committee, Youth Club, Children Club, Women and Mother’s group, Nagarik Manch and Co-operatives
are associated. The different existing social institutions working for the long- term development in the
municipality is as follows:
S.N. Name of Community Building Address Present Use
1. Ward Office Ward 1, Cha.Mun. -
2. Radha Krishna Mahila Samudayik Bhawan Ward 1, Cha.Mun. -
3. Clubhouse Ward 1, Cha.Mun. -
4. Ganeshthan Community Building Ward 1, Cha.Mun. -
5. Ghattedada Community Building Ward 1, Cha.Mun. -
6. Gahate Community Building Ward 1, Cha.Mun. -
7. Nagdhunga Yuba Club Building Ward 2, Cha.Mun. Programme Hall
8. Baghchandi Community Building Ward 2, Cha.Mun. Programme Hall
9. Kalidevi Yubak Agriculture Group Ward 2, Cha.Mun. -
10. Nagarik Sachetana Kendra Ward 5, Cha.Mun. -
11. Gumal Chowki Ward 6, Cha.Mun. -
12. Wala Gaun Ward 6, Cha.Mun. -
13. Ganesh Mahila Bhawan Ward 6, Cha.Mun. -
14. Matatirtha Ward 6, Cha.Mun. -
15. Bihar Ward 6, Cha.Mun. -
16. Bandevi Community Building Ward 7, Cha.Mun. School
17. Banasthali Community Building Ward 7, Cha.Mun. School
18. Kiryaputri Bhawan Triveni Ward 7, Cha.Mun. -
19. Kiryaputri Bhawan Chapabot Ward 7, Cha.Mun. -
20. Taukhel Community Building Ward 9, Cha.Mun. -
21. Bishnudevi Community Building Ward 10, Cha.Mun. Under Construction
22. Chundevi Community Building Ward 12, Cha.Mun. Ward meeting
23. Chandra Surya Club Ward 13, Cha.Mun. -
24. Dipsikha Youth Club Ward 13, Cha.Mun. -
25. Rising Star Club Ward 13, Cha.Mun. -
26. Panchakanya Community Building Ward 13, Cha.Mun. -

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Table 31: Major Community Institutions

S. N. Name of Tole Development Institution Address

1 Aieselu Chowk Jagaran Samaj Ward no. 2
2 Nagdhunga Yuwa Club Ward no. 2
3 Kisipidi Tole Sudhar Samiti Ward no. 5
4 10 no. Tole Sudhar Samiti Ward no. 5
5 Aawash Tole Sudhar Samiti Ward no. 5
6 Aashapuri Tole Sudhar Mandir Ward no. 6
7 Astamatrika Tole Ward no. 6
8 Nasuri Tole Ward no. 6
9 Balagau Ward no. 6
10 Kankakali Tole Sudhar Ward no. 13
11 Sadbhav Nagar Tole Ward no. 13
12 Samsari Youth Club Ward no. 13
Source: Chandragiri Municipality Profile

The different NGOs are working in the municipality. These NGOs are working for disabled children,
awareness Programme, drinking water, health, agriculture, religious social service, support for
helpless, providing treatment to sick people, free education etc. The list of different NGOs present in
the municipality is as follows:
Table 32: Different NGOs

S. N. Name of NGOs Address Objective

1 Maunsek Nepal Ward 5, Cha.Mun.
2 Bikalpa Ko Lagi Awaj Nepal Ward 5, Cha.Mun.
3 Chandragiri Samaj Ward 5, Cha.Mun.
4 Laliguras Club Ward 7, Cha.Mun.
5 Samaj Sudhar Club Ward 7, Cha.Mun.
6 Omkaryashowr Samaj Ward 7, Cha.Mun.
7 Hivision Samaj Ward 7, Cha.Mun.
8 Bandevi Samaj, Sudhar Ward 7, Cha.Mun.
9 Saheed Smarak Pratisthan Ward 7, Cha.Mun.
10 Baba Ashram Sewa Sansthan Ward 8, Cha.Mun.
11 Divine Mystery School Ward 8, Cha.Mun. Religious Social Service
12 Baikunthanath Divyadham Bhagwat Sewa Ashram Ward 8, Cha.Mun. Awarness Campaign
13 Nepal Ivanjalikal Holyness Ward 8, Cha.Mun. Support to Helpless
14 Ananda Yog Kendra Ward 8, Cha.Mun. Religious Education
15 Nabodaya Takhel Mandali Ward 8, Cha.Mun. Teaching Yog
16 Spark Health Home Hospital Ward 8, Cha.Mun. Religious service
17 CDP BalBikas Karyakram Ward 8, Cha.Mun. Provide treatment to
sick people
18 Bright Horizon Children Home Ward 8, Cha.Mun To provide free
education
19 Children Welfare Center Ward 8, Cha.Mun Free education for
orphan children
20 Chandragiri Mahila Samuha Ward 9, Cha.Mun.
21 Navajiwan Nepal Ward 9, Cha.Mun.
22 Chundevi Didi Bahini Samuha Ward 9, Cha.Mun.

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23 Matsya Narayan Yuba Club Ward 9, Cha.Mun.

24 Sabal Sahakari Ward 13, Cha.Mun.
25 Moonlight Sahakari Ward 13, Cha.Mun.
26 Grihani Sahakari Ward 13, Cha.Mun.
Source: Chandragiri Municipality Profile

The maximum number of NGOs are in Ward 8 which accounts 10 in number, followed by Ward 7 in
which there are 6 NGOs working.

Social welfare
The number of people getting security allowances in the Chandragiri Municipality of the first quarter
in the fiscal year 2074/075 is as follows:
Table 33: Description of Security Allowances

S.N. Description Female Male Total

1 Senior Citizen (above 70 years) 638 565 1203
2 Senior Citizen -Dalit 46 44 90
3 Single Women - - 694
4 Endanger caste - - 116
5 Fully Disable 23 38 61
6 Partially Disable 14 26 40
Total 721 673 2204
Source: Chandragiri Municipality Profile

The total number of people getting security allowances are 2204, out of which 1203 are senior citizens
(above 70 years) and 90 are the Dalit senior citizens. Similarly, 694 single women are getting social
security along with 116 endanger caste, 61 fully disable citizen and 40 partially disable citizen.

Security
There are altogether six police stations available in this Municipality. The overall security services in
this Municipality is satisfactory. There distribution of Security services in Chandragiri Municipality is
as follows:

Photograph 1: Police Station at ward 2

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Table 34:List of Security Service

S.N. Security Service Location

1 Mahanagar prahari pravag Satungal ward 11

2 APF Balambu ward 12

3 Nagdhunga checkpost Nagdhunga ward 2

4 Machhegaun police station Machhegaun ward 9

5 Check post police station Check post ward 6

6 Metropolitan traffic police department Ward 7

Source: Field inventory,2075

Social Inclusion
The area is socially inclusive in terms of ethnicity, caste, gender, and economic class. The space for
social and cultural diversity and sensitivity particularly to disadvantaged, marginalized and minority
groups, and poor people and youth in general reveals social inclusion. Among the total 25 board
members of the municipality, 8 are women which constitutes 32%. And among the total 55 ward
members, 25 are female which accounts more than 45.45%. Similarly, out of 15 dalit members, 13 are
women.

Religious Places
There are many religious places in the municipality. There are altogether 35 Hindu temples, 2 Church,
3 Bihar and 1 stupa. The ward-wise distribution of temple, Bihar, Stupa and Church is presented in the
table below.
Table 35: Religious places

Ward Temple Bihar Stupa Church

1 Ganesh Temple
Shiva Temple
Manakamana Temple
2 Chandika Devi Temple
Masiney, Bhakteshowr Mahadev
Temple
Chande Bhairab Temple
Eakcheshowrdham Temple
Chandika Devi Temple
3 Kapaleshowr Mahadev Temple Buddha Bihar
Matatirtha Temple
4 Mahalaxmi Temple Buddha Stupa
Aadinarayan Temple
5 Kaalika Pith Temple
6 Matatirtha kunda Temple
Chandan Bharateshowr Temple
Tinkanya Temple

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Krishna Temple
7 Omkareshowr Temple
Tribenidham Temple
Jwaladevi Temple
8 Bishnudevi Temple
Chandikadevi Temple
9 Machhenarayan Temple
Bishnudevi Temple
Satyanarayan Temple
Chundevi Temple
10 Bhairabnath Temple
11 Bishnudevi Temple
12 Bhimsen Temple Bijayaram Bihar
Mahalaxmi Temple
13 Kamkali Temple Church
Daneshowr Mahadev Temple
14 Kalika Temple
Baal kumari Temple
15 Bishnudevi Temple Bihar Meluk
Church

Source: Field Inventory,2075

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Map 15: Religious Map

1.9 Culture
Festivals

There are many religious monuments in Chandragiri municipality. The census of 2068 shows Hindu
Dharma 79% and Buddhist Dharma 10.5%. Other than this, the Newar community of this municipality
is the worshiper of both religions. Dashain, Tihar, Ram Navami, Shiva Ratri, Chaite Dashain, Kushe
Aunsi, Krishna Janmasthami etc are the main festivals that are celebrated traditionally whereas
festivals like Maha puja, Sity Nakh, Loshar, Yomari Purne, Sama chakewa etc are considered specially
in the race. Other main festivals are:

Matatirtha Aunsi:

The word Matatirtha comes from two Sanskrit words, "Mata" meaning mother and "tirtha" meaning
a sacred place. The VDC owes its name from a sacred pond in the VDC dedicated to mother. Matatirtha
Aunsi is marked as the Mother's Day by Nepali Hindus and every year devotees throng the religious

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site for a holy dip and paying homage to the deities there. People from Kathmandu Valley and
surrounding districts as well as other places come to Matatirtha pond, about 12 kilometers to the
south-west of the capital. Especially people whose mothers have passed away visit the holy place to
take bath in the pond, and make offerings and homage to the departed mothers. A myth has it that in
the ancient times a herder went to the Matatirtha pond to quench his thirst and upon drinking water
happened to see the reflection of his departed mother's face in the pond. It is believed that from that
time the Matatirtha pond assumed the veneration. Matatirtha Aunsi falls on the new moon day in the
Nepali month Baisakh every year as per the lunar calendar.

Shivaratri

In the honor of Lord Shiva, Shivaratri is celebrated annually by the Hindu people in the late winter and
before arrival of the summer. In this day most of the people goes to the Shiva temple for worship and
stay whole night with fire. Celebrated in Bhaleshwor Mahadev temple.

Saatgaule Jatra

Saatgaule Jatra is one of the popular festival of Chandragiri municipality of Kathmandu valley. It is
celebrated in Bishnu Devi Temple. The word Saatgaule means Seven village and seven village includes
Naikap, Satungal, Bosigaun, Nunkot, Tinthana, Machhegaun and Kritipur. There is a saying in the
introduction of this festival that in an ancient period when priests were playing homage to the god
suddenly seven pigeons fell on the fire so it was named as Saatgaule Jatra. There is also a saying that
all these gods and goddesses were the member of a family but due to the critical situation they were
forced to be apart from the family. In this festival villagers bring image of gods and goddesses at
Bishnu Devi Temple site and celebrate the festival. In this day, they decorate the gods and goddess’s
images with jewellery, tikas, sugarcane, flowers. People also sacrifice different goats in order to please
them. It is celebrated for three days. The first day is known as Choyala Bho (in Newari language),
second day is known as Sinaya and third day is also known as Sinaya. In both first day and third day
gods and goddesses are worshipped.

Machhenarayan Mela

Machhenarayan is an avatar of god Bishnu. Is is said that during the ancient time Manu found a small
fish about to die. He brought the fish to his home and put it into a small pot of water, next day the fish
grew up amazingly and no longer fit in the pot so he put this fish in the pond, next day that fish was
found much bigger and no longer fit in the pond as well. Knowing that, this fish is not an ordinary fish,
Manu bowed with respect and asked the fish to disclose the reality. Then god Bishnu emerged from
the mouth of fish. To remember this event Manu established Machhenarayan temple in the center of
the pond.

Machhe Narayan Mela (Fair) named Magalmas is organized in every three years in Machhegaun. This
Mela is celebrated for a whole month mostly from April to July. During this month God Vishnu is
worshipped all over the country.

1.10 Economic Scenario

Regional or state three context

This municipality falls in state number 3 and state no.3 is the most developed state compared to other
six states in terms of socio-economic, contribution to GDP, concentration of banks and financial
institutions, urbanization level etc. For instance, the share of GDP of this state in national economy is

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31.9%, per capita income and productivity of labour both is the highest accounting for US$ 1534 and
Rs.182, 223 respectively. As much as one-third or 34.4% of banks and financial institutions are located
in this state. Being the capital region of the country until recently, the share of service sector to GDP
is 44.5% which is also highest among all states. The number of households with access to water supply,
electricity, toilet facilities etc. is relatively high in this state. It accommodates one-fifth or 20.9% of
country’s total population with 13.8% of total land therefore density of population is high which is 272
persons per sq.km. The level of urbanization in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Chitwan and
Makanpur is 59.7,54.1,47.2,45.4 and37.4 respectively in 2014 (Population Monograph of
Nepal,Vol.2,CBS,2014).With increase in number of municipalities after 2014,the urbanization level of
Kathmandu,Lalitpur and Bhaktapur etc.must have increased further.

Despite of all these positive side of the picture, there are many problems/challenges which this state
has to confront. For instance, haphazard urbanization particularly in three cities of the Kathmandu
Valley resulting into tremendous pressure on the existing facilities and services, traffic congestion,
rising prices of land and housing leading to informal settlements etc. The level of poverty is 15.3% and
food balance sheet is alarming indicating deficit as much as 535,028 Metric tons in FY2015/16.

Kathmandu district context

Kathmandu district being the capital city of the nation until recently is undoubtedly the most
developed and prosperous city in terms of socio-economic, urbanization, provision of infrastructure
services and facilities etc. More than 60% of the population in Kathmandu district lives in the urban
areas and this is the highest level of urbanization in Nepal compared to urbanization level of remaining
districts in Nepal. The city of Kathmandu is equally rich in ancient historical, archaeological cultural
heritage both tangibles and intangibles. For instance, Boudha, Kathmandu Durbar Square, and
Swoyambhu three out of seven belonging to World Heritage Sites are located in this city alone. In
addition to this, there are innumerable number of interesting and beautiful
temples,bihar,chaityas,bahi/bahal and bihar with fascinating traditional architecture, wood carving,
metal casting and stone crafting which can be seen in this city and this attracts not only lures foreign
tourists but also Nepali people alike.

Kathmandu is probably the most crowded and unplanned city in Nepal where regular traffic jam, lack
of water supply, frequent occurrence of solid waste management problem, pollution of both dust and
fumes etc has become part of daily life to city dwellers. Until recently the city had faced more than 16
hours of load shedding which now has become just a nightmare nobody likes to remember. Most of
the city black topped city roads are dusty in sunny days and muddy and slippery in rainy days where
one has to struggle to cross the road avoiding the potential accident in the mean time.

Due to rapid urbanization resulting from accelerated inflow of population from all over the country
the housing construction is booming regardless of rocketing prices of land and their location. As the
area of precious agricultural land is dwindling at faster rate annually, obviously leading to tremendous
decrease in food grain production. This is clearly shown by the level of food deficit to the extent of
386,515 metric ton in FY 2015/16 and this deficit is increasing year after year.

According to preliminary result of National Economic Census conducted by Central Bureau of Statistics
in 2018, there are 123,994 establishment in this district and the number of persons engaged are
575,003.

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Municipality context

Introduction

This municipality is endeavoring to drive its development process through tourism, agriculture and
industrial development. There are immense explored and unexplored archaeological and historical
heritage sites which can really attract tourist local as well as international provided it is properly
disseminated nationally and internationally. This economy at present is based on industry and trade.
Population is increasing at fast rate primarily due to inflow of people from outside rather than natural
birth of population.

Chandragiri Cable Car has really boost the local economy resulting into opening of many hotels, lodges,
restaurants and other related shops in and around this area. The number of cable car riders is
increasing so also the income of local people in recent years. This has become one of the strong
strengths of this municipality to drive its economy through religious tourism as there is temple of
Bhaleshwor Mahadev nearby cable car landing area. Thus people rides cable car for sightseeing of
panoramic view of the valley including Himalayas and to pay homage to Mahadev temple
simultaneously. It serves twin purposes in one ride besides lots of enjoyments associated with this
ride as there are lovely green forest and natural beauties. It can be said that the impact and
contribution of cable car in the economy is significant.

According to agriculture officer/expert there is great potentialities for tomatoes and mushroom
production in this municipality.

According to preliminary result of National Economic Census conducted by Central Bureau of Statistics
in 2018, there are 7005 establishment in this municipality and the number of persons engaged are
36,583 .

Trade & Business

It is estimated that there are about 3000shops at present. Assuming daily sales of Rs.10, 000 per shop,
the annual turnover would be Rs.10.8 Arab which is significant amount for a municipality like this.
Table 36: Number and type of shops

S.No. Business Description Number

1 Dairy Products 23
2 Tailors 79
3 Gold and silver 38
4 Rental business 45
5 Hotel 182
6 Fancy business 175
7 Pharmacy and Clinic 81
8 Vegetables and Fruits 80
9 Electronic 39
10 Fresh House 89
11 Salon/ Beauty Parlour 65
12 Industry 34
13 Arts Gallery 4
14 Bakery and Sweets 22
15 Pig Farm 4

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16 Operation of Boarding School 23

17 Contractor 2
18 Shoe Shop 47
19 Photo Studio 18
20 Furniture 50
21 Kirana Pasal 733
22 CD Shop 23
23 Pool House 10
24 Auto Workshop 19
25 Cotton Industry 6
26 Rice Mill 15
27 Repair House (watch, radio, TV) 25
28 Petrol Pump 7
29 Masala Industry 6
30 Chasma House 16
31 Pasmina Shop 1
32 Pottery, Mask & Ceramic Shop 3
33 Film hall 1
34 Khaja & Tea Shop 756
35 Transport Service 5
36 Pango Mato 1
37 Tuition Center 2
38 Housing 1
39 Carpet Shop 22
40 Sewages Collection & Sanitation 2
41 Nursery 5
42 Courier service 3
43 Alcoholic shop 72
44 Gas Dealer 36
45 Dance & Music Center 3
46 Pau Store 4
47 Catering service 1
48 Law & Counselling Service 2
49 Construction & Supplier 22
50 Stationery & Photo Copy 25
51 Scrap Collection Center 4
52 Gym center 17
53 Cyber Center, Computer Training Center 1
54 Glass house 7
55 Money Transfer 23
56 Co-operative 31
57 Bank 4
58 Advertisement, Media & Cable Network 1
59 Paper Industry & Press House 4
60 Party Palace 4
62 Veterinary 2
Total 3025
(Source: Chandragiri municipality profile)

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Major problems

1. Lack of organized market

2. Haphazard expansion of trades or shops

3. Lack of consistency in price and quality

4. Lack of supervision by regulating agencies to control in price and quality

Tourism
The vision setting workshop unanimously agreed and decided tourism as the lead sector and it is
expected that this sector will drive the economy of municipality to the road of prosperity in near
future.

The recently constructed cable car has attracted lots of domestic tourists in this municipality everyday
and the number of visitors is more than double during holidays. This has encouraged many private
sectors to establish hotels and restaurants in and around this cable car area and they are making good
return from their investments.

Chandragiri has lots of historical, archaeological and religious sites which can attract many local and
international tourists if properly developed and disseminated to outside world through appropriate
channels. However, most of these sites are yet to be excavated and explored by concerned agencies
assigning top most priority to such sites in the days to come if tourism sector is considered as one of
the important leading sectors of the economy for growth and prosperity of this municipality in future.
Table 37: List of Tourism Potential area

S No. Type of tourism Potential area/s

1 Religious Bhaleshwor Mahadev, Matatirtha temple etc
2 Hiking/trekking From Thankot Godam-Chandragiri-Toplang to
Naubise (14 km).
From Naikap to Gumba-Indradaha-Naghdhunga

3 Botanical/zoological Tribhuwan Park

4 Historical Dahachowk (Kalu Pandey burial place)
5 Park/Picnic spot Switzerland park, Sakura park, Sahid park, Matatirtha
jungle etc
6 Yoga/meditation center Yoga Ashram Arbindo
7 Home stay Pataleban Vineyard Resort, Heavenly Resort Masine
8 Natural/Sight seeing View Tower, Indradaha
9 Adventure Chandragiri hills, Bad Bhanjyang hills, Matatirtha hills
10 Agriculture Balambu Mushroom farm, Fishing,
11 Sports
12 Weekend tourism Cable car Chandragiri hills

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Table 38: List of Tourism Spot

S. Important Tourism Spot Address

N.
1 Patley Ban, Masiney Ward no. 1
2 Tribhuvan park Ward no. 3
3 Kisipidi gaun Ward no. 5
4 Matatirtha kunda Ward no. 6
5 Bandevi, Mahakalesthan Ward no.7
6 Shanti Ban Ward no. 9
7 Saatgauley Ward no. 10
8 Balambu Purano Basti, Rani Ban Ward no. 12
9 Kotko Dado, Bhimsenthan Ward no. 13
10 Ganeshman Park, Magar Basti Ward no. 14
Source: Chandragiri Municipality Profile

Industry
There are about 45 industries and the major industries are Frooti, hume pipes production, Samsung’s
assembly plant, Sipradi Trading etc.

Major problems

1. Lack of investment -friendly environment and policy to encourage private sector

2. Limited knowledge on the part of municipality about feasible industries based on agriculture, forest,
minerals etc.

3. Lack of marketing and promotion of traditional skill based industries

4. Lack of skilled manpower

5. Lack of proper area or Uddyog Gram for planned industrial development

6. Lack of infrastructure like roads, energy etc.

Table 39: Type of Industry

S.N. Type of industry Ward no

1 Carpet factory 4
2 Heritage karkhana 4
3 Carpet factory 4
4 Medicine factory 4
5 Panchakanya steel 7
6 Pani Prasodhan Factory 8
7 Bottle factory 11
8 Pasmina industry 11
9 Dalmot factory 11
10 Frooty factory 11
11 Paper factory 12
12 Pusmina Factory 12
13 Bishnu devi housing 15
(Source: Vision review meeting)

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Agriculture
The table below shows in terms of area maize occupies the first place (1181.82 Ha.) whereas in terms of
production paddy occupies the first place (4787.82 MT). Compare to yield rate also, yield rate of paddy
(5.08MT/Ha) is the highest compared to all cereal crops followed by maize (3.39 MT/Ha) and wheat (3.20
MT/Ha).
Table 40: Area, production and yield of cereal crop and vegetable FY2017/18
Crop Area in Ha. Production in MT Yield in Mt/Ha
Paddy 941.48 4787.82 5.08
Maize 1181.82 4007.72 3.39
Wheat 464.49 1486.37 3.20
Millet 101.43 102.43 1
Buck Wheat 0.59 0.59 1
Barley 0.47 0.47 1
(Source: Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Land Development and Cooperatives Development,
2017.)

Major problems

1. Existence of traditional and subsistence type of agriculture practice with limited use of modern inputs

2. Lack of irrigation facilities

3. Lack of adequate marketing

4. Lack of utilizing or harnessing the existing immense potentialities in agriculture and livestock

5.Lack of manpower

6. Lack of improved type of horticulture

7.Lack of agriculture trade school and training centre

8.Lack of collection centre and marketing

9. Lack of modern slaughter house

10. Use of pesticides and insecticides

11.Lack of cold store

Livestock
According to 2070/71 data, there are about 6000 cows and buffaloes in this municipality. There are
altogether 20 farms with more than 10 livestocks. Similarly, farm with livestock number between 10 to 50
is 10. The total number of chickens is more than 15,000 and there are two hatcheries in this municipality.
The total production of eggs, chicken meat, and milk is 4320000 units, 300,000 kg and 21600000 liters per
year respectively. Mushroom block farming programme is currently in operation in Balambu, Dahachowk
andThankot with 50 farmers in each programme area. Similarly, pocket vegetable production programme
is going on in Dahachowk, Thankot and ward.no.15 Bosi gaon and Matatirtha. In addition to this, 70
farmers in group are cultivating tunnel tomato in commercial scale.

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Table 41: Number of farm and livestock

S.N Number of Farm Number of Livestock Remarks

1 20 10
2 1 50
3 5 250
4 2 50 Goat farm
5 1 3000 Pig
6 10 10-50
(Source: Data provided by official from Livestock Office of Chandragiri Municipality during Ward Consultative Meeting.)

Major problem faced in Livestock:

1.Lack of adequate knowledge about existing potentialities
2.Lack of knowledge about new possibilities and limited dissemination from concerned agencies to local
farmers
3. Limited exploitation of potentialities existing in poultry, dairy farming, meat production
4.Lack of commercialization in livestock

1.11 Environmental and Ecological Status

Forest
There are 176 community forest in Kathmandu district among them 23 community forest lies in Chandragiri
municipality which covers 1170.78 ha. These community forest serves 3880 households. Chandragiri
municipality also consist 1 kabuliyat forest covering 36.00 ha.
Table 42: List of Forests

S.No Name Type Area(hec.) Benefited

Household
1 Laglagae Pakha Community Forest 22.12 72
2 Subbako Ban Community Forest 7.93 50
3 Mahakalsthan Community Forest 34.50 119
4 Ganeshdevi Ban Community Forest 10.76 53
5 Masinae Community Forest 21.68 110
6 Chandragiri Sachet Community Forest 93.75 202
7 Gumalchowki Community Forest 88.27 131
8 Mahalaxmi Community Forest 54.25 160
9 Jamunadanda Community Forest 109.80 149
10 Baghbacchaladevi Community Forest 50.84 102

11 Kafaldanda Community Forest 15.50 104

12 Dharapani Community Forest 112.68 23
13 Ratomatodanda Community Forest 13.90 145
14 Mahalaxmi Matatirtha Community Forest 28.29 72
15 Setidevi Community Forest 44.75 93
16 Bambudanda Community Forest 21.22 25
17 Patlae Thosnae Khola Community Forest 159.33 918
Chisapani
18 Jhagajhiti Community Forest 15.50 135

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19 Keurani Community Forest 51.90 435

20 Raniban Community Forest 20.10 230
21 Machhenarayan Community Forest 30.00 396
22 Chundevi Mahila Community Forest 127.00 96
23 Bishnudevi Mahila Community Forest 0.71 60
24 Kathmandu Fun Park Pvt.Ltd. Kabuliyati Ban 36.00 -
Total 1170.78 3880
Source: District Forest Book,2073/074

Map 16: Spatial Distribution of Forests

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Air Pollution
Air quality in Kathmandu valley is worsening. The main reason for degrading air quality in Kathmandu valley
is due to vehicle and brick kiln in valley.

About 46% of the total road network of Chandragiri Municipality is earthen which is causing air pollution due
to dust.

After earthquake in 2015, many damaged house were constructed and construction materials are present
along road and open space which is causing air pollution.

Water Pollution
Kathmandu valley has been having severe water treatment problem since many years because of unplanned
urbanization and rapid population growth.
Table 43: List of river in Chandragiri Municipality (Source: field survey)

S.no Name of river Name of VDC /Municipality

1 Balkhu river Chandragiri Municipality (Ward covered-1,2,3,12,14,15)
2 Daudali river Chandragiri Municipality
3 Bosan river Chandragiri Municipality
Water pollution on these rivers are seen due to disposal of solid waste on bank of the river. Water pollution
can also be seen in traditional ponds in Chandragiri municipality. These traditional ponds are covered by
solid waste and plastics causing water pollution.

Noise Pollution
In Urbanizing area there are many building construction on process. This construction of building and road
is causing noise pollution on these areas. Noise pollution can also be felt in bus park due to unmanaged
parking space.

Open space
Open space is those space where there is no built structure. Open space can be used for recreational space,
shelter during disaster, open green space, parks etc.

District coordination committee have identified open space suitable to take shelter during disaster. Some
open spaces in Chandragiri municipality with their areas are given below:
Table 44: List of Open Spaces

S.N. Place Type Area

1. Naikap Purano Bhanjyang Football ground

2 Badbhanjyang Open playground 50 ropani
3 Thankot Open playground, Community hall 100 ropani
4 Mahadevsthan Matatirtha kunda parisar 200 ropani
5 Balambu Balambu Secondary school 35 ropani
6 Naikap Naya Bhanjyang Football ground
7 Matatirtha Matatirtha kunda parisar
8 Machhegaun Machhenarayan mandir parisar

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Sanitation
Regarding Sanitation, use of toilet also plays a vital role. The household without toilet facility is also in
significant number which is 2.12 %.
Table 45: Number of Household used toilet facility

V.D.C. / Municipality Total Households Households with toilet facility of Toilet facility
households without toilet not stated
facility
Flush toilet Ordinary
toilet
Total 20,532 436 16840 3092 164
[Source: C.B.S 2011]

Solid waste is thrown in roads and open space causing pollution and unpleasant view. Balkhu river has been
major disposition area as this river is filled with organic, inorganic and plastic waste.

1.12 Disaster
Disaster brings serious disruption in the functioning of a community or society involving widespread human,
material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected
community to cope using its own resources (UNISDR, 2009). Epidemics, landslide, floods, fire, thunderstorm,
accident and earthquake are some of the main hazards in Nepal. Among these flood, fire, landslide and
epidemics are major disaster.

In Kathmandu district data from 1971-2016 shows that earthquake is major disaster as it has damaged 43605
house completely killing 1230 people.
Table 46: Damage due to different disaster in Kathmandu district (1971-2016)

Type of Frequency Death Injured Affected Affected building

disaster population
Totally Partially
affected affected
Earthquake 10 1230 8076 99936 43605 56568
Fire 703 120 283 4180 464 472
Accident 93 93 26 32 1 1
Landslide 40 71 28 531 66 40
Epidemic 60 41 377 4132 0 0
Flood 43 36 13 196 31 228
Blast 15 11 15 4 1 1
Lightning 14 7 7 11 5 4
Strom 18 6 26 0 0 12
Hurricane 5 0 0 0 0 10
Others 147 179 254 2255 78 33
Total 1148 1794 9105 111277 44251 57369
(source: Deslnventar Database of Nepal 1971-2016)

Chandragiri Municipality is also hazard prone in the context of disaster. The earthquake of 2072 Baisakh 12
has made lots of destruction. In the time period, 28 people have been killed and more than 2500 people got
injured. Similarly, the earthquake destroyed 4481 houses totally.

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Mostly the municipality faces epidemics, fires, storm, landslide, flood and animal attacks. So, to minimize
the loss and affect cause by different disasters and be prepared to face such disasters Local Disaster Risk
Management Plan has been prepared with the leading participation of local disaster management
committee in support of Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO) and Oxfam. In coordination
with Municipality, Environment and Public Health Organization and Oxfam has conducted different
programmes for disaster mitigation related to drinking water, sanitation and first aid.

Earthquake
Nepal is most susceptible to earthquake as a consequence of the collision between Indian Plate and Eurasian
Plate. Nepal is in the 11th position in the list of most vulnerable country to earthquake in the world and from
the perspective of the total number of human casualties in the city, it stands in the 1st (Dakhal, 2015).

Kathmandu valley is considered as one of the most vulnerable cities in the world from earthquake because
of its huge population, haphazard unplanned urbanization, unscientific building construction, weak policies
and co-ordination mechanism among different government organization. In 2015 earthquake hit Nepal
which caused massive damage to the country affecting eight million people. The death toll crossed over
8,000 and injured 20,000 and half million homes were destroyed.

Chandragiri was one of the most affected during 2015 earthquake. The earthquake of 2072 Baisakh 12 has
made lots of destruction. In the time period, 28 people have been killed and more than 2500 people got
injured. Similarly, the earthquake destroyed 4481 houses totally.

Flood
Observing rainfall data of 1980-2004 indicates total monsoon rainfall is increasing which is increasing the
discharge of the river. The increased discharge has high capacity to erode riverbanks and occurrence of flood.
In Chandragiri municipality also during monsoon season there is problem of flood making the cultivable Land
in the risk of Flood. There is need of construction of retaining wall in Balkhu River Corridor to stop flood.

During construction of cable car deforestation was done which is causing problem of flood and landslide
during rainy season.

Landslide
Landslide are the most geological hazard in Nepal in terms of its occurrence which is mainly triggered by
earthquake and intense rainfall (Dakhal, 2015). Due to topography of Nepal also landslide is frequent and
occurs more losses. Chandragiri municipality consists of hill and hillock which had put it in risk of landslide
and flood.

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Map 17: Terrain of Chandragiri

According to ward workshop places like, Industhan hill (ward 1), Masine and jhapley khola (ward 2),
Chandragiri hill (ward 4), Puldol and Miteri Marg (ward 12) etc lies in high risk of landslide.

Fire
During ward consultative workshop it is found that ward 1,2,4,6,12, have taken fire as one of the main
disaster in those wards. In case of outburst of fire, fire brigade has to arrive from Kathmandu and Lalitpur.

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1.13 Land use and Urbanization

Land use
The Landscape is dominated by cultivated land covering an area of about 22% of total area. Forest and Bush
cover about 7.18 % and 19.17% of total area. while rivers and ponds cover 0.03% and 0.002% of the total
area. The built-up area consisting of largely residential area covers an area of about 51.42%. The table below
shows the land use pattern of Chandragiri Municipality.

Map 18: Existing Land Use of Chandragiri Municipality

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Existing Land Use

7% 1%

Agriculture
22%
Built-up
19%
Bush
Forest

51% others

Figure 6: Land Use

Table 47: Existing land use of Chandragiri Municipality

S.N Description Area in ha Percent

1 Agriculture 1924 21.62
Built-up 4576
2 51.42
3 Bush 1706 19.17
4 Forest 639 7.18
5 Industrial 5.9 0.07
6 Pond 0.18 0.00
7 River 2.69 0.03
Rural settlement 45
8 0.51
Total 8898.77 100
`

Housing and Squatter

The maximum number of houses in the Chandragiri municipality are of Cement bonded bricks/stone which
accounts nearly 39.37 % followed by Mud bonded bricks/stone 31.60 % and RCC with pillar 25.75 %.
Table 48: Households by foundation of house/housing unit

Total Type of foundation of house

Mud bonded Cement RCC with Wooden Pillar Others Not stated
bricks/ stone bonded pillar
bricks /stone

20532 6489 8085 5287 68 23 584

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Source: C.B.S – 2011

1.14 Institutional and Financial Management

Institutional Capacity
Human Resource and Institutional Set up
 Committee Formulation:

For proper management of municipality’s functions and programs, municipality has formed various
Committees and sector-wise committees at municipal level in accordance with the section 14 of Local
Government Operation Act, 2074 (LGOA). Most of the major committees of municipality are formulated in
the chair of Deputy Mayor except Resource Estimation and Ceiling Committee, and others are composited
in the head of Executive Board Members. There are five different major committees, i.e. Public Service and
Capacity Development Committee; Revenue Consultative Committee; Legal Draft Committee;
Transportation Committee; and Organization Co-ordination Committee in functions. Likewise, Sectorial
Committees in the municipality are also formed and carry out their functions accordingly. There are seven
sectorial committees, such as, Institutional Development and Service Delivery Committee; Social
Development Committee; Infrastructure Development Committee; Economic Development Committee;
Solid Waste Management Committee, Disaster Management Committee, and Financial Management and
Good-Governance Committee. Thus, most of the Executive Board Members are directly responsible and
involved in the municipality’s functions. The duties and responsibilities of each committee are also prepared
and classified properly.
 Manpower:
There are 58 number of manpower are working in various sections of the municipality. 6 numbers out of 48
are officers and rest are assistant level and level less. Maximum number of staff are level less. They are
working in various sections like Administrative; Account; Infrastructure Development and Environment
Management Section. The personnel administration is led by Chief Administrative Officer (CAO).

As per the MOFAGA, there are 88 nos. of manpower has been provisioned in total including ward office. 43
nos. of manpower have been set up at municipal office, and 45 nos. in ward offices. 15 nos. of technical
manpower (Sub- Engineers and Assistant sub-engineers) in total will be at ward offices. At the main office of
municipality, 4 nos. of engineers are arranged including Engineer of L.G.C.D.P. One sub- engineer and one
Amin also are arranged at main office of municipality. However, manpower for town police, plumbing,
ambulance and fire- bridged operation has not managed as per the manpower detail of MOFAGA.

In the existing situation, Administration, Account, Infrastructure Development, Solid Waste Management
Section are in functions; and necessary manpower in aforesaid sections has also been arranged. Most of the
staffs are working in Administration section, whereas 2 numbers in Account section, and two in Revenue
section.
However, as per the provision (above 75 thousand populations) of MOFAGA, there should be seven different
sections, i.e. Administration, Planning and Monitoring section; Infrastructure development and Environment
management section; Health and Social Development section; Legal Section; Education, Youth and Sports
section; Economic development section; and Account Administration section. Administration sub-section,
Planning and Monitoring sub-section, Revenue sub-section, Information and Communication Technology
Sub-section, and Ward offices come under the administration section. Likewise, four sub-sections are
provisioned under the Infrastructure Development and Environment management section, i.e. Roads and
other infrastructure; Building and settlement development; Environment & Sanitation, and Disaster

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management; whereas, Social security and vital registration; Women, Children and Social Welfare; and
Public Health Promotion sub-sections comes under the Health and Social Development section. Industry and
Business Promotion Sub- section, Tourism, Cottage and Small industries; Agriculture Service Center,
Livestock service center and others are under the Economic Development section; and School, Child
Development Center, Sports Committee, and Local Level Technical and Vocational Training Center are
provisioned under the Education, Youth and Sport Section. The Internal Audit unit is provisioned as a
separate unit

Organizational Capacity and Capacity building:

For the purpose of capacity strengthening of manpower and elected officials as well as municipality
programs, have not been conducted yet. Similarly, members of User’s Groups, Child Clubs, and Community
Based Organizations (CBOs) has also not been benefited from the municipalityHowever, for the capacity
enhancement of human resources through trainings, municipality has determined to undertake the work
through policy.

Acts and Laws provision:

3rd Municipal Assembly has approved different Act and Guidelines, for the Fiscal year 2074/2075. The
different acts and guidelines are as follows:

 Chandragiri Municipality, Social Security Program Operation Guidelines, 2075

 Chandragiri Municipality, Appropriation Act, 2075 (Local Gazette)
 Chandragiri Municipality Policy and Program, 2075 (Local Gazette)
 Chandragiri Municipality, Municipal Seminar Operation Guidelines, 2075 (Local Gazette)
 Chandragiri Municipality, Market Monitoring Guidelines, 2075 (Local Gazette)
 Chandragiri Municipality, Co-operatives Act, 2075 (Local Gazette)
 Chandragiri Municipality, Administrative Guideline, 2075 (Local Gazette)
 Chandragiri Municipality Decision, Command and Authority Letter Verification Guideline, 2075 (Local
Gazette)
 Chandragiri Municipality, Officers Code of Conduct, 2075 (Local Gazette)
 Chandragiri Municipality, Judicial Committee (Local Gazette)
 Chandragiri Municipality, Education act, 2075
 Chandragiri Municipality, Rajpatra Publication related Guidelines, 2075 (Local Gazette)
 Chandragiri Municipality, F.M Radio Operation and Management Guidelines, 2075 (Local Gazette)
 Chandragiri Municipality, Economic Act, 2075 (Local Gazette)
 Chandragiri Municipality, Education Draft Regulation ,2074
 Chandragiri Municipality, Local Government Operation Act, 2074

Good Governance Practice:

Chandragiri Municipality is in practice of maintaining Good Governance. Some progresses have been made
in the field of Accountability, Transparency, and Public Participation. Likewise, municipal staff will be
motivated, will be made technology friendly, competitive, able and output oriented through capacity
building. Similarly, Citizen charter, information dissemination, help desk and grievience handling will be
made more efficient.

Chandragiri Municipality prepares the annual programs in participation of local level organizations, such
CBOs, NGOs, Private sector, line agencies, and stakeholders with accomplishing eight steps of planning.
Likewise, municipality publishes its decisions through publications. Municipality is organizing Public hearing

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and social audit every year for the dialogues with public directly. Similarly, under the fiduciary risk reduction,
municipality has carrying out internal as well as final auditing, income and expenditure publication, financial
irregularities control, proper budget allocation, and preparing procurement plans.

Institutional Coordination and Network Establishment:

Chandragiri Municipality has established network with various organizations basically for generating
awareness, provide support for needy ones, health programmes and socio-economic upliftment of local
people.

In cooperation with stakeholders Chandragiri municipality has been carrying out various projects and
programs in community level.
Likewise, Child Club, Youth Club, User’s Group, Target Groups, Women’s Groups are community based
organizations; working with Municipality; and carried out number of projects and programs of this
municipality.

In coordination with as well as grants of Federal Government, Province Government and Department of
Roads this municipality is carrying out special infrastructure constructions.

Key Problems and Issues:

Some key problems and issues of the municipality has been listed as following
 Inadequate skilled and trained manpower in the municipality
 Not organizing basic as well as refreshment trainings to municipal staffs and elected officials
 Citizen awareness and educational campaigns as well are not being organized time to time
 Smoothness less and complex working procedures of municipality.
 Service recipients are less educated about the municipality services.
 Lack of social feelings and harmony in the social functions.
 Absence of technical manpower in the ward offices
 Literacy and educational programs for seniors not being conducted.
 Lack of official building of municipality and ward offices as well.
 Physical infrastructures are not disabled and GESI friendly.
 Weak coordination and cooperation established between inter sections, and poor communication.
 Technology friendly services not available in the municipality.
 Ethics and moral value less prioritized

Financial Capacity
For Financial Capacity building, municipal finance plan should be developed and activated. The objective of
the plan is to improve and increase revenue collection, explore new avenues for revenue generation and
optimize investments and expenditures ensuring value for money.

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Chapter 2: Base Map

Base Map of
Chandragiri

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2.1 Background
Base map or in general is a topographic map indicating a large scale detail and quantitative
representation of the existing physical features of an area such as streets, rivers, parks etc. and serving
as a foundation for all subsequent mapping with a geographic reference such as latitude and longitude
or Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid information. Over the years, the paradigms of
topographic base maps based on topographic surveys have been superseded by digital photogrammetry
and remote sensing techniques using high resolution aerial and satellite imagery. The availability of such
technologies has enabled cost-effective and rapid development of base maps in digital form with very
high levels of details and accuracy. Consequently, this has opened up opportunity of usages of base map
for multitude of applications. Amongst such applications domains, urban planning and management is one
of the sectors, where the usages of large scale digital base map has been growing. The consequent update
of such base map will ease the agencies like Department of Urban Development and Building
Construction, Municipality, Road Department, Water Supply & Sewerage Department, Electricity
Department, Telecom companies, etc.

In context of Nepal, the trend started from the preparation of base map of Kathmandu Valley in 1998 by
Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC). Since then, large scale digital base
maps have been prepared for Butwal, Birgunj, Itahari, Inaruwa, Tansen, Janakpur, Ilam, Mechinagar,
Kalaiya, Gaur, Baglung, Pokhara, Bhadrapur, Siddharthanagar, Hetauda, Panauti, Banepa, Dhulikhel and
other municipalities.

Under this project, large scale digital topographic base maps and GIS system is developed for
Chandragiri Municipality to enhance its decision making capability in urban and environment planning
and management. The base maps are produced at the scale of 1:2,500 for Urban area and 1:5000 for
Rural area. The base map is prepared using the latest technology in digital photogrammetry and high
resolution (0.5m) satellite image of Digital Globe.

2.2 Components of Base Map

Base map contains topographic features, land cover, hydrography, man-made structures like buildings,
roads, electric poles and lines, telephone pole and lines, drainage networks etc., mapping planimetric and
vertical control points, characteristics areas, administrative boundaries, Project boundary, toponyms of
geographical places and other features. In addition, the digital base map contains the digital spatial
datasets of these features, different variants of these data for various purposes as well as high resolution
satellite image based on which these maps and data have been made. In general, the base map contains
the following components:

Orthophoto
Orthophoto is geometrically corrected high resolution aerial or satellite imagery. Orthophoto is digitally
corrected for terrain relief displacement, camera/sensor distortions, radiometric distortions as well as
corrected for coordinate reference system. Orthophotos is the fundamental reference data used for
feature extraction for topographical base map and associated GIS datasets. High resolution satellite
orthophotos are in general created from high resolution satellite imagery or by Arial survey.

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Terrain Topography
The terrain topography features contain the terrain landform represented by contour lines, elevation
spot levels and digital elevation model (DEM) using shaded relief.

Figure 8 Hillside and Digital Elevation Model

Characteristics Topography
Characteristics topography is the features representing the characteristic surface of the ground. Such
features include cliff, embankment, escarpment, peaks, pass, pits, depression, cutting, quarry, landslides
etc.

Geodetic Control
Geodetic control points are the planimetric and elevation national reference points established by the Survey
Department. The geodetic control points are categorized as bench marks for vertical control, planimetric
control points for horizontal control and 3D GPS points for both horizontal and vertical controls.

Hydrography
Hydrography represents features related to watercourses, water bodies, water related structures. The
feature categories in hydrography include river, stream, lake, pond and reservoir, glacier, canal, natural
spring and hydrological structures such as dams, sluice gates and other structures.

River/Stream represents the natural flowing watercourse system. If the watercourse is perennial and has
width greater than 5m, it is categorized as a river. River is represented by both the flow line, which is, in
general the centre line representing the deepest line of flow and the polygon, bounding the limiting edges
of the flow. The network of flow lines represents the hydrological pattern (i.e. river system of an area).
Streams which are not perennial and have width less than 5m, are termed as rivulets (Kholsi) and are
represented only by flow line, generally the centreline of the flow.

Lake/Pond/Reservoir is a natural or manmade body of standing water. It is represented by its bounding

line and area extent. Glacier is a large slow moving river of ice found in high altitudinal Himalayan regions.

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Canal is manmade watercourse for conveyance of water for irrigation or hydropower generation purposes.
Canal is represented by flow line. If the width is greater than 5m, it is represented by flow line, flow edges
and water body area.
Hydrological structures are manmade infrastructures/structures used for controlling water flow,
conveyance, diversion, protection etc. These structures include dam, sluice gates, river protections,
spillways etc.

Spring is naturally occurring point where groundwater from underground aquifer flows out to the ground
surface.

Land Cover
Land cover is the characteristics of the physical material covering the ground surface. Land cover, in general
includes cultivation, vegetation, built-up, water body and other. The sub-classes include forest, grass, shrubs,
river, lakes/ponds, bare-ground, snow, rock, sand and others.

Buildings
Buildings contain footprints of building with its yard and structures used for human habitation,
financial/commercial activities, recreational activities and other activities.

Religious Buildings
Buildings specifically related to religious activities are represented separately as Religious Building feature
class. Such buildings include temple, stupa, monastery, church, mosque etc. these buildings are represented
by footprint polygon as well as locating points with associated annotation class.

Other Structures
Other structures include buildings not used for human residence or religious or other activities are
categorized under this feature class. Landmark features such as statue, city gate, fountains, clock tower,
other monuments etc also falls under this feature category. These features are represented by polygons
as well as points for locations with associated annotations.

2.3 Mapping Standards

The mapping standards followed are in accordance with the specifications and guidelines of the
“Specifications for Geographic Information Service and National Topographic Database” and the
“Specification for National Urban Geographic Information Service in Nepal” prescribed by the Survey
Department. The standards for digital photogrammetry, data capture, and mapping, GIS database and
map production works are in accordance with the aforementioned specification documents. Certain
modifications and extensions have been made as required for the current scale of mapping and digital
data products. International metadata standards ISO have been adopted for metadata management.

All the mapping and GIS works have been done adopting internationally recognized best practices and
methods using industry standard software and hardware platform. The digital data products are stored in
the standard interoperable data formats. The standards adopted described here in brief.

Coordinate Reference System

The coordinate reference system used for the mapping and GIS is as prescribed in “National Map Projection
and Coordinate System” in the aforementioned specification document. The details of the coordinate system
used are presented in the following table:

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Table 49: Details of the standard coordinate reference system

Projection WGS 1984 UTM Zone 45N

Spheroid WGS 1984
Semi-Major axis a=6378137.0m
Semi-Minor axis b= 6356752.314
1/f 295.257
Central Meridian 87o E, 0o N
False Coordinate 500,000 m E, 0 m N
Scale Factor at Central Meridian 0.9996

The reference of the vertical datum is the Indian Mean Sea Level (MSL).

Ground Controls
Digital photogrammetric mapping method requires certain number of ground control points in order to
relate photogrammetric block with the actual terrain geometry. These points are further used for
establishing required numbers of ground control points for aerial triangulation, stereo model and ortho-
rectification of aerial and satellite imagery.

Survey Department has established a national network of ground control points of different order.
These ground control points forms the reference on which new control points shall be established as
required.

2.4 Methodology
The approach methodology adopted for the preparation of digital base map is described in the following
sub-sections.

Acquisition of Primary and Secondary Data

The study is based on both primary data from various sources and collected in the field and secondary
data/information collected from various sources and agencies. The primary data sources include the
followings:

2.4.1.1 High resolution Arial imagery

2.4.1.2 Topographical maps of 1:25,000 scale published by the Survey Department

The secondary data/information collected from various concerned agencies for the study are:

2.4.1.3 Electricity network single line diagram from NEA

2.4.1.4 Telephone network design maps from NTC

2.4.1.5 Water supply and sewerage network design drawings from KUKL

2.4.1.6 Various other municipal profiles, documents and digital data from Chandragiri
Municipality.

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Digital Compilation of Secondary Data

The secondary maps acquired in analogue format were scanned using wide scanner at 300 dpi resolution.
The scanned maps were appropriately geo-referenced and vectorized in GIS environment.

Digital maps and design drawings acquired from various sources were converted to compatible CAD
and/or GIS formats. These maps and drawings were geo-referenced appropriately and attribute data were
attached to crate GIS datasets.

Satellite Imagery Orthophoto

Satellite imagery ‘Multi-spectral(2m)/Panchromatic(0.5m)’ resolution latest available on Archive covering
the entire Municipal area is acquired. The imagery is then pansharpened to 0.5m spatial resolution in Erdas
Imagine ver. 2014 Software with Modified Intensity Hue Saturation pan.

Figure 9 Panchromatic and Multispectral Image

sharpening technique. The imagery is then orthorectified in worldview RPC Model. GCP collected from the
DGPC surveys works in addition with the references from previously created aerial ortho-photos were
used as control points along with the above created DEM. The image-to-image registration method
correlates already corrected pixel coordinates of orthorectified aerial images to uncorrected satellite
imagery pixels. This helps perfect spatial correlation between corrected aerial and satellite ortho-photos.

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Figure 10 Pansharpened Image Using Erdas Imagine Ver. 2014

Updating from Satellite Imagery

The base map is prepared using the satellite imagery of Digital Globe worldview-4 which is then
orthorectified and features are digitized over it. The figure below shows the vectorized features over aerial
photo, updated vectorization over the arial ortho image.

Figure 11 Vectorization over ortho image

GIS Database Creation

The vectorized features were cleaned to remove redundant objects such as sliver lines, short objects,
crossing breaks, dangling objects, undershoot and overshoot; clustered nodes were simplified. The cleaned
feature vectors were used to create respective topologies (point, line or polygon).

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Attribute databases were created for each feature class following the data model presented in chapter
2.

2.5 Digital Base Map GIS Database

GIS database for all the base map features was developed based on the data model presented in Chapter
2 in accordance with the “Specifications for Geographic Information Service and National Topographic
Database” and the “Specification for National Urban Geographic Information Service in Nepal” prescribed
by the Survey Department. The feature and attribute codes were adopted following these standard
specifications. The detailed topographic base map data model is presented in Chapter 2.

2.6 Topographic Base Maps

Topographical base maps were prepared at 1:2,500 scale for Urban area and 1:5000 for Rural area. The
topographic base maps were prepared with appropriate cartographic representations using “database
driven cartography” technique in ArcGIS 10.5 platform. The maps were composed with appropriate
legends, cartographic layouts and elements, symbology, and descriptive notes. The maps were
printed/published in A1 size paper in colour. Digital “press- ready” versions of maps were produces in TIFF
image format.

2.7 GIS Data Model

The GIS Database contains six data themes representing and modelling various aspects of urban
land, environment, physical infrastructures, socio-economy and demographics and topography.
The components of GIS Database model are represented in the figure below.

Administrative

Base Map

Street Network

Socio-Economics &
GIS Database
Demography Environment

Figure 12 Municipal GIS Data Model

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These data themes contain feature classes that physically represent the real-world scenario
(objects). These feature classes contain feature types and sub-types to represent the categorical
hierarchy of the objects. The attributes of feature classes distinguish physical or abstract
properties of the real world objects. The digital representation or the model of the data themes
and their feature classes are presented in the following sub-sections.

2.8 Administrative
Administrative data theme contains administrative units in the municipality. The administrative
units are the municipal boundary, ward boundaries within the wards.

The descriptions and data model of feature classes in administrative area data theme is presented
below.

 Municipal Area
 Wards
 Locations

Municipality Area
Municipality Area feature class include the area extent covered by the municipality and the
boundary line bounding the municipality area.

Feature Class Description Feature Feature Attributes

Category Geometry
Municipal Municipal area Line Feature Code: <integer>
Boundary Line boundary line Municipality Name:<string>

Municipality Code:<integer>
Length:<double>
Municipal Area Municipal coverage Polygon Feature Code: <integer>
area District Name:<string>
District Code:<string>
Municipality Name: <string>
Municipality Code:<integer>
Area:<double>
Perimeter:<double>

Ward Area
Ward Area feature class include the area extent covered by the wards and the boundary lines
bounding these wards.

Feature Class Description Feature Feature Attributes

Category Geometry
Ward Boundary Ward boundary line Line Feature Code: <integer>
Line Length:<double>

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Ward Area Ward coverage area Polygon Feature Code: <integer>

Municipality Name: <string>
Municipality Code:<integer>
Ward Number:<integer>
Area:<double>
Perimeter:<double>

Locations
The locations represent the tentative center of designated place without any administrative
boundary. For instance, a community, which do not have an administrative unit and as such do
not have specifically designated administrative boundary. Such locations for example, community,
road junctions/chowks, common designated places comes under this feature class.

Feature Class Description Feature Feature Attributes

Category Geometry
Locations Location of designated Point Feature Code: <integer>
places Location ID:<integer>
X Coordinate: <double>
Y Coordinate:<double>
Designated Name:<string>
Annotations Annotations of location Annotation Annotation ID: <integer>
names Text String: <string>
String Parameters: (list of
annotation class parameters)

2.9 Base Map

Base map datasets are the fundamental datasets, which are used to derive other secondary
datasets. Base Map data theme contains feature data sets related to fundamental topographic
features, planimetric and vertical control points, building footprints, land cover, river system,
characteristics areas and raster images and derived raster datasets. These data sets form the base
for any Municipal GIS functions and related applications. The Base Map theme contains following
fundamental feature classes.
 Aerial and/or high resolution satellite imagery
 Terrain topography-contours and spot level, digital elevation model (DEM)
 Characteristics topography (embankment, escarpment, cliff, quarry, pit, peak etc)

 Geodetic control
 Hydrography (watershed area, rivers, streams, water body)
 Land Cover
 Building
 Other Structure
 Land Use for Specific Purposes (industrial zone, army/police barrack, parking lot,
cremation ground, cemetery, temple compound periphery, institutional compound
periphery etc)

Orthophoto
Orthophoto is geometrically corrected high resolution aerial or satellite imagery. Orthophoto is
digitally corrected for terrain relief displacement, camera/sensor distortions, radiometric
distortions as well as corrected for coordinate reference system. Orthophotos are fundamental

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reference data used for feature extraction and database creation. Orthophotos in Chandragiri
Municipality are satellite imagery of 0.5m spatial resolutions.

Feature Class Description Feature Metadata Attributes

Category Type
Arial Orthophoto Orthophoto of HR Raster Image Type:<string>
Arial Imagery Acquisition Date:<date>
Acquisition Organization:<string>
Processed Date:<string>
Processed Organization:<string>
Spatial Resolution:<float>
Processed Method:<string>
Accuracy Level:<float>
Projection System:<string>

Terrain Topography
The terrain topography features contain the terrain represented by contour lines, elevation spot
levels and digital elevation model (DEM). Derived datasets from digital elevation models such as
slope, aspect and landform are also included in terrain features.

Feature Class Description Feature Feature Attributes

Category Geometry
Contours Elevation contour Line Feature Code: <integer>
lines Elevation:<float>
Contour Type:<string><Subtypes>
Spot Level Elevation spot Point Feature Code: <integer>
levels Elevation:<float>
<Subtype>

Feature Class Feature Attribute <Subtypes>

Contours Contour Type:<string> Index
Intermediate

Feature Description Feature Feature Attributes Metadata Attributes

Class Type
DEM Digital Raster Grid Value:<float> Spatial Resolution:<float>
elevation Processed Date:<string>
model Processed Method:<string>
Projection System:<string>

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Feature Description Feature Feature Attributes Metadata Attributes

Class Type
Slope Terrain slope Raster Grid Value:<float> Spatial Resolution:<float>
data derived Processed Date:<string>
from DEM Processed Method:<string>
Projection System:<string>
Aspect Terrain aspect Raster Grid Value:<float> Spatial Resolution:<float>
derived from Processed Date:<string>
DEM Processed Method:<string>
Projection System:<string>

Hydrography
Hydrography feature classes are related to watercourses, water bodies, water related
structures and other water related features. The feature categories in hydrography include

2.9.3.1 River/stream

2.9.3.2 Lake/pond/reservoir

2.9.3.3 Glacier

2.9.3.4 Canal

2.9.3.5 Natural Spring

2.9.3.6 Hydrological structures

River/Stream represents the natural flowing watercourse system. If the watercourse is
perennial and has width greater than 5m, it is categorized as a river. River is represented by
both the Flow Line, which is, in general the centre line representing the deepest line of
flow and the polygon, bounding the limiting edges of the flow. The network of Flow Lines
represents the hydrological pattern (i.e. river system of an area). In the cases, where such
bounding polygon include river banks with sand during low flow period, sand bars forming
as islands in the middle of the flow, the river polygon includes them as attribute subtypes. In
this case, the main river course, during the time of mapping is represented as water body. If
the river has multiple flow lines, each of the flow lines are represented as Flow Line as well
as water body polygon. Streams which are not perennial and have width less than 5m, are
termed as rivulets (Kholsi) and are represented only by flow line, generally the centreline of
the flow.

Feature Class Description Feature Feature Attributes

Category Geometry
River Flow CL The center line of flow Line Feature Code: <integer>
representing the River ID: <integer>
deepest flow of river River Type:<string><Subtype>
and rivulets. Name:<string>

River River/stream Polygon Feature Code: <integer>

watercourse polygon River ID:<integer>
Feature Type:<string><Subtypes>

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<Subtypes>

Feature Class Feature Attribute <Subtypes>

River Flow Line River Type:<string> River
Rivulet (Kholsi)
River feature Type:<string> Waterbody
River Bank
Sandy area

Lake/Pond/Reservoir
Lake/Pond/Reservoir is a natural or manmade body of standing water. It is represented
by its bounding line and area extent.

Feature Class Description Feature Feature Attributes

Category Geometry
Lake/Pond Boundary of Line Feature Code: <integer>
boundary natural or Waterbody ID: <integer>
manmade
standing water
body
Lake/Pond Area occupied by Polygon Feature Code: <integer>
Waterbody lake/pond water Waterbody ID:<integer>>
body. Waterbody Type: <string><Subtype>
Name:<string>
Usage:<string><Subtype>
<Subtypes>

Feature Class Feature Attribute <Subtypes>

Waterbody Type:<string> Lake
Pond
Reservoir
Pool
Lake/Pond Waterbody
Usage:<string> Natural
River Edge
Conservational
Recreational
Fishery
Others

Canal
Canal is manmade watercourse for conveyance of irrigation or hydropower generation
purposes. Canal is represented by flow line. If the width is greater than 5m, it is represented
by flow line, flow edges and water body area.

Feature Class Description Feature Feature Attributes

Category Geometry
Canal Flow Line Centerline of canal Line Feature Code: <integer>
Canal ID: <integer>
Canal Name: <integer>
Ward Served:<String>
Command Area:<string>

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Canal Edge Edge of canal flow Line Feature Code: <integer>

Canal ID:<integer>
Canal Area extent of canal Polygon Feature Code: <integer>
Canal ID:<integer>

Land Cover
Land cover is the characteristics of the physical material on the ground surface. Land cover,
in general, includes cultivation, vegetation, built-up, water body and other. The sub-classes
include forest, grass, shrubs, river, lakes/ponds, bare-ground, snow, rock, sand and others.
Land cover types may have hierarchical sub-types such as a forest may be coniferous,
deciduous or mixed and further classified as dense, sparse or degraded. Similarly, a
plantation may be a coffee or tea plantation. To represent such sub-types and sub-sub-
types, a hierarchical approach is adopted. It should be noted that higher the hierarchy, land
cover tends to represent land use. Hierarchical classification is only done in case of
vegetation land cover (forest, plantation, nursery, orchard) only.

Feature Class Description Feature Feature Attributes

Category Geometry
Land Cover Surface cover Polygon Feature Code: integer
characteristics of Land Cover ID:<integer>
land Class1: <string><Subtype>

<Subtypes>

Feature Class Feature Attribute <Subtypes>

Agriculture
Forest
Orchard
River/Stream
Canal
Lake/Pond
Sandy Area
Land Cover Class1:<string> Barren Land
Orchard
Park
Sports Ground
Residential Area
Institutional Area
Industrial Area

Besides, land cover, for larger scaling mapping purposes, vegetation land cover includes
individual or scattered trees as points (if and only if trees are not in cluster mappable as a
polygon).

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Feature Class Description Feature Feature Attributes

Category Geometry
Tree (standing) Standing or Point Feature Code: integer
scattered tree Tree ID:<integer>
Species: <string>

Building
Buildings contain footprints of building structures used for human habitation,
financial/commercial activities, recreational activities and other activities. Buildings are
represented by building footprint polygons. In addition to polygons, buildings locations
represented by points may be used to represent certain kind of buildings for specific
purposes. These specific buildings also contain associated annotation feature class.

Feature Class Description Feature Feature Attributes

Category Geometry
Building Foot print of Polygon Feature Code: <integer>
building House No: <integer>
Functional Category:<string><Subtype>
Functional Use:<string><Subtype>
Functional Name:<string>
Building Point Location of Point Feature Code:<integer>
building House No:<integer>

Feature Class Description Feature Feature Attributes

Category Geometry
Functional Name:<string>
Use:<string><Subtype>
Category:<string><Subtype>
<Subtypes>

Feature Class Feature Attribute <Subtypes>

Residential
Residential/Commercial
Commercial
Industrial
Financial
Public Services
Educational
Functional Category:<string>
Cultural
Institutional
Health Services
Security Services
Recreational
Tourism
Others

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School
College
University
Hospital
Health Post
Clinic
Customs
Building Police Station
Post Office
Telephone Office
Electricity Office
Fire Station
Factory
Bus Terminal
Functional Use:<string> Residential
Commercial
Residential/Commercial
Industrial
GO/NGO/INGO
Power Station
Petrol Pump/Service Station
Bank
Hotel/Lodge
Restaurants
Information Center
Cinema halls
Stadium
Department Stores/Malls
Others

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Religious Buildings
Buildings related to religious activities are represented separately as Religious Building
feature class. Such buildings include temple, stupa, monastery, church, mosque etc. These
buildings are represented by footprint polygon as well as locating points with associated
annotation class.

Feature Class Description Feature Feature Attributes

Category Geometry
Religious Foot print of Polygon Feature Code: <integer>
buildings buildings used House No: <integer>
for religious Religious Use:<string><Subtype>
activities Designated Name:<string>
Religious Location of Point Feature Code:<integer>
Building Point religious House No:<integer>
building Designated Name:<string>
<Subtypes>

Feature Class Feature Attribute <Subtypes>

Temple
Church
Mosque
ReligiousBuilding Religious Use:<string>
Stupa
Monastery
Others

Land Use for Specific Purposes (Characteristics Land)

Land units that are used for specific purposes (not completely land use class but land patches
used for specific use that requires to be mapped for urban mapping and Municipal GIS) such
as compound area of specific institution, religious buildings, cremation ground, cemetery,
industrial area, housing/planning area, army/police barracks etc. These lands are termed as
“characteristics land” and are represented by polygon with related attribute types.

Feature Class Description Feature Feature Attributes

Category Geometry
CharacteristicsLan Land patch used for Polygon Feature Code: <integer >
d specific purpose Land ID: <integer>
Functional Use: <string><Subtype>
Designated Name: <string>
<Subtypes>

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Feature Class Feature Attribute <Subtypes>

Crematorium/Cremation Ground
Cemetery
Industrial Area
Housing Area
Planning Area
CharacteristicsLand Functional Use:<string>
Army/Armed Police Barrack
Temple Compound
Stupa/Monastery Compound
Institutional Compound
Others

Utility Infrastructure
Utility Infrastructure data themes contains feature classes related to the urban utilities such
as water supply, sewerage system, electricity system, telephone system, wireless/mobile
services system and cable TV network. The Municipal GIS for the project includes water supply
and sewerage, electricity and telephone system infrastructures only.

2.3.10.1.Water Supply

This utility category contains infrastructures related to water supply. The feature classes
represent storage reservoir, pipeline network, junctions, valves and other features. Other
water sources such as artesian well, shallow/deep tube wells and others are included under
this category.

Feature Class Description Feature Feature Attributes

Category Geometry
Water Supply Water supply Polygon Feature Code:<integer>
Scheme scheme Scheme ID:<integer>
Name: <string>
Capacity:<float>
Ward Supply:<string>
Scheme Type:<string><Subtype>
Treatment Type:<string><Subtype>
Organization:<string>
Reservoir Water supply Point Feature Code:<integer>
storage reservoir Reservoir ID:<integer>
Capacity: <float>
Name: <float>
Water Tank Water tank for Point Feature Code: <integer>
drinking water Water Tank ID: <integer>
supply Capacity: <float>
Type: <string><Subtype>
Installed Date :<date>
Maintenance Date: <date>

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Water Pipe Line Water supply Line Feature Code:<integer>

pipe line Pipe ID:<integer>
Length:<float>
Diameter:<float>
Type:<string><Subtype>
Material:<string><Subtype>
Pressure:<float>

<Subtypes>

Feature Class Feature Attribute <Subtypes>

Pipe Gravity
Surface Pumping
Scheme type:<string>
Underground Overhead Pumping
Others
Untreated
Roughing Filter
Water Supply
Plain Sedimentation
Scheme
Slow Sand Filter
Treatment Type:<string> Rapid Sand Filter
Plain Chlorination
Pressure Filter
Iron Removal
Others
Underground
Water Tank Type:<string>
Overhead

Feature Class Feature Attribute <Subtypes>

Mains
Type:<string> Sub-mains
Distribution
Water pipe Line
GI
Material:<string> PVC
Others

2.3.10.2.Electricity

Electricity network and infrastructures are included in this category.

Feature Class Description Feature Feature Attributes

Category Geometry
Electricity Line Electricity supply line Line Feature Code: <integer>
Line ID:<integer>
Type: <string><Subtype>
Voltage:<string>

Electricity Electricity Substation Point SS name: <integer>

Substation Description:<integer>

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Electrical Electrical transformer Point Feature Code: <integer>

Transformer mounted on support Transformer ID: <integer>
tower/pole or placed Type: <string>
on ground Capacity: <integer
Placement: <string>
Electricity Pole tower/pole or placed Point Feature Code: <integer>
on ground Type: <string>
Description: <string>
Placement: <string>
<Subtypes>

Feature Class Feature Attribute <Subtypes>

Transmission Line
Electricity Line Type:<string>
Distribution Line

2.3.10.3.Telephone

Telephone line and infrastructure are included in this category

Feature Class Description Feature Feature Attributes

Category Geometry
Telephone Line Telephone Line Feature Code: <integer>
connection line Line Id:<integer>
mounted on poles or Length: float
buried underground Size:<string>

Telephone Telephone Point Feature Code: <integer>

Cabinet connection cabinet Cabinet ID:<integer>
Location: <string>
Installed Date: <date>
Maintenance Date: <date>
Telephone Telephone exchange Point Feature Code: <integer>
Exchange Name:<string>

2.4. Street Network and Transportation

Street network feature classes and associated database includes road network datasets and
associated geocoding database. Road networks in municipality are multi-represented by lines
as well as polygons. This multiple representation is used for data management as well as for
cartographic model for road mapping purposes. In multi-representation, road centerlines form
a road network with associated road attributes, the edge line represents the edges of road
that can be mapped as double line at the give scale and us used for cartographic works, the road
polygon is the area within the edges of mappable wide road and is used for cartographic
purposes.
This data theme also contains other transportation infrastructures including airport, railway,
ropeway, bridge, river crossings and others.

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2.4.1. Road Networks

Feature Class Description Feature Feature Attributes

Category Geometry/Da
tabase
Road Centerline Road network Line Feature Code: <integer>
centerline Road Code: <integer>
Road Name: <string>
Category Type: <string><Subtype>
Street Type:<string><Subtype>
Surface Type: <string><Subtype>
Length: <float>
Width: <float>
Road Number: <integer>
Status: <string><Subtype>
Traffic Type:<string><Subtype>
Road Edges Road Edges Line Feature Code: <integer>
Road Code: <integer>
Road Polygon Road Polygon Polygon Feature Code:<integer>
Road Code:<integer>
Type:<string>
Road Annotation Annotations of Annotation Annotation ID: <integer>
road names Feature ID:<integer>
Text:<string>
Parameters: (list of annotation class
parameters)
<Subtypes>

Feature Class Feature Attribute <Subtypes>

Highway
District Road
Feeder Road
Category Type:<string> Other Road
Cart track
Major trail
Footpath
Road Centerline
Path
Sadak
Street Type:<string>
Marg
Galli
Black Topped
Surface Type:<string> Graveled
Earthen

Feature Class Feature Attribute <Subtypes>

PCC
Stove Paved
Planned
Under Construction
Status:<string>
In use
Disuse
One way
Traffic Type:<string>
Two Way

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2.4.2. Bridge
Bridge over river/stream and rivulets is represented both by centerline of the crossing
structure and polygon in the cases of wide bridges in the main roads. Bridges over main trail
and trails are represented by centerline only.

Feature Class Description Feature Feature Attributes

Category Geometry/
Database
Bridge Line Bridge centerline Line Feature Code: <integer>
Bridge ID:<integer>
Road Code:<integer>
Name:<string>
Structure Type: <string><Subtype>
Crossing Type:<string><Subtype>
Width:<string>
Bridge Bridge Polygon Polygon Feature Code: <integer>
Bridge ID:<integer>
Road Code:<integer>
<Subtype>

Feature Class Feature Attribute <Subtypes>

Suspension Bridge
Truss Bridge
Girder Bridge
Cantilever Bridge
Structure Type:<string>
Bailey Bridge
Rope Bridge
Wood Bridge
Others
Bridge Line
HighwayBridge
Feeder Road Bridge
District road Bridge
Other Road Bridge
Crossing Type:<string>
Cart track Bridge
Trail and Track Bridge
Railway Bridge
Others

2.4.3. River Crossings and River Transportation

This category includes transport system used for river navigation and crossings where there
are no bridges.

Feature Class Description Feature Feature Attributes

Category Geometry/
Database

Other Crossings River crossings Line Feature Code: <integer>

Crossing Type: <string><Subtype>
Operated By: <string>
<Subtype>

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Feature Class Feature Attribute <Subtypes>

Causeway
Ford
Other Crossings Crossing Type:<string>
Ferry
Other

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