The Period of THE MARCOS REGIME & THE
NEWSOCIETY (1972-1986)
Constitutional
Authoritarianism
MARTIAL LAW
it is the law which has
application when the
military arm does not
supersede civil authority
but is called upon to aid it
in the execution of its
vital functions.”
-Accdg. to the Constitution
A. The Political Milieu in 1972 (Prelude)
• Communist Party of the Philippines (Jose Maria Sison)
December 1968
• 1969 Elections
• Battle of Mendiola / The First Quarter Storm
• Moro National Liberation Front
• Terror Bombing Incidents & Other Crimes
• The Ambush of Juan Ponce Enrile (09-22-1972)
Communist Party of the
Philippines
1969 Presidential Elections
The Battle of Mendiola (The 1st Quarter Storm)
The Moro National Liberation Front
PLAZA MIRANDA BOMBING
The “Ambush” of Juan Ponce Enrile
B. The New Social Order
• Declaration of Martial Rule (Proc. No. 1081) 09-21-1972
• Martial Law Features (P-L-E-D-G-E-S)
• Foreign Relations during the Marcos Era
Declaration of Martial Law
Martial Law Features (P.L.E.D.G.E.S)
P – Peace & Order
L – Land Reform
E – Economic Development
D – Development of Moral Values
G – Government Reforms
E – Educational Reforms
S – Social Services
A Policy for our Muslim Brothers
• The use of local Muslim dialect in
•elementary schools
• Scholarships to colleges & universities
• Development of Mindanao
• Golden Mosque in Quiapo, Manila
• Islamic Studies Institute (UP)
• Islamic Affairs Ministry
• Tripoli Agreement (Autonomous region on
the Muslim Mindanao)
Foreign Relation during the Marcos Era
• Assured the safety of the U.S. military bases (Subic Naval Base
& Clark Air Base)
• ASEAN + Opened diplomatic relations with 14 more countries
(Yugoslavia & Romania)
• On 1975, opened diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic
of China
• On 1976, with Minister Romulo, opened relations with U.S.S.R
• Exchanged ambassadors with 54 countries and had consulates in
23 countries
C. The Lifting of Martial Law
• Amnesty International & local church organizations
• 8,000 cases of salvaging (a local term for summary executions)
& kidnapping combined
• 50,000 individuals arrested on mere suspicion of subversion
• P.D. 1784 (01-15-1981)
• Proclamation No. 2045 (01-17-1981)
• Writ of Habeas Corpus still suspended
D. The Apex of the Marcos Regime
• The Visit of Pope John Paul II in the Philippines
• The election of Ronald Reagan
• Amendment proposals to the 1973 Constitution by the
Batasang Pambansa (National Assembly)
• Proclamation No. 2077 (04-17-1981)
• P.D. No. 1053 (failure to vote = imprisonment)
• Ferdinand Marcos Re-elected for 6 years
• The White House-Malacaňang Bond
E. The Beginning of the End
• Economic Crisis
• Large Budgetary Deficits
• External Debt
Accumulations
• Foreign Loans
• Cumulative Capital Flights
• Issue of CORRUPTION
F. The Ninoy Assasination
• 1983 – rumours of a demised Marcos sparked
• Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino, Jr. as Marcial Bonifacio
• August 21, 1983 – China Airlines Flight 811 – Arrival of
Aquino
• Blamed Ronaldo Galman
• Justice Corazon Agrava – Investigation of the double murder
(Nov 3, 1983 – Aug 20, 1984)
The Ninoy Assassination
Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino’s Funeral
G. The Fall of the Marcos Regime
• United Nationalist Democratic Organization + CPP
• Aquilino Pimentel’s Partido Demokratikong Pilipino (PDP) +
Lakas ng Bayan (LABAN)
• Increasing anti-government oppositions, protests,
demonstrations, rallies emerged (Corazon Aquino)
• Oct 23, 1984 – Justice Agrava’s & Fact-Finding Board’s report re:
Aquino-Galman murder case
• Tanodbayan (Ombudsman)
• Feb 22, 1985 – Court Proceedings re: The Crime of the Century
Anti-Marcos Protests &
Demonstrations
H. The Snap Presidential Election
• Pressure on the Marcos regime
• Salvador Laurel
• KBL – Manila Hotel – Announced Arturo Tolentino as running
mate of Marcos
• Dec 2, 1985 – Pamaran Court’s final verdict on Aquino-
Galman case
• Cabinet Bill No. 7 (Snap Election on Feb 7, 1986)
• Dec 3, 1985 – Corazon Aquino’s call for candidacy
I. The Opposition Unites
• Aquino-Laurel vs Marcos-
Tolentino
• The campaign period
• Defections on Marcos camp
• NAMFREL & COMELEC
• Tallying of votes – Incidents
&
Issues
• Feb 20, 1986 – Marcos-Laurel
proclaimed as snap election
winners
Aquino-Laurel
vs
Marcos - Tolentino
1986 Snap Election
Issues & Incidents Tallying
the Votes
Ferdinand Marcos’ Oath-taking
J. The EDSA People’s Power
(February 22-25, 1986)
Revolt
• Juan Ponce Enrile & Lt. Gen. Fidel Ramos’ resignation at Camp
Aguinaldo (Feb 22. 1986)
• Coup d’etat – Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM) – Col,
Gregorio Honassan
• The Radio Veritas broadcast re: protect the mutineers (EDSA) –
Jaime Cardinal Sin
• Marcos’ call for Gen. Prospero Olivas & Col. Alfredo S. Lim
• Feb 25, 1986 – C. Aquino’s oath-taking @ Club Filipino,
Mandaluyong
• The Marcoses’ escape to Guam –> Hawaii (1989 death of Marcos)
Fidel Ramos & Juan Ponce Enrile
Juan Ponce Enrile & Fidel Ramos
EDSA People Power Revolution
EDSA People Power Revolution
EDSA People Power Revolution
Pres. Corazon Aquino’s Oath-taking
Escape to Hawaii
