Reading (1 hour 15 minutes) aa Answer questions 1-17 by referring to the magazine article about orchestras on on page 7. Indicate your answers on the separate answer sheet, For questions 117, answer by choosing from the sections of the article A-H. Some of the choices may be required more than once. Note: When more than one answer is required, these may be given in any of Which section states that some musicians take precautions with their equipment? 1 .... plans sometimes have to be changed because of 2p a unforeseen circumstances? sometimes extra expense can be justified? Sra if tours are over-ambitious, the music will suffer? 6. a tour has more impact when the concerts are thematically linked? international tours can benefit the careers of certain Sea performers? Which section includes someone who has to be very resourceful? Outs 2 10/78) someone who tends to repeat the same mistake? ‘i a disagreement over a fundamental matter? a2 a musician who was allowed a special favour? B someone who refuses to comment? 14 ‘a musician who takes a calculated risk? 15 musicians narrowly avoiding disaster? 16... a misunderstanding over a booking? 7Orchestra on Tour Organising an international tour by a large orchestra is not an easy project. Robin Laurence has been talking to the people involved. TX Globetrotting adventure ‘The London Symphony Orchestra (LO) has been travelling since it was formed almost a century ago, A bunch of 50 rebellious musicians who had left Sir Henry Wood's orchestra in high dudgeon over pay. and principle set up the LSO in 1904 and were quick to establish the spirit of globetrotting adventure, In 1912 they set sail for America to become the first British orchestra to play the concert halls of the New | World. in so doing, they just missed certain oblivion when a typically last-minute alteration to the inerary led to the cancellation of their booking on at famously ill-fated ship, the Titanic. international reputation (On that first American tour, the orchestra played 28 concerts in 21 days. Today that kind of programme ‘would be unthinkable. Tes just not good for the music? says Clive Gillinson, a former cellist with the orchestra and now its Managing Director. Gillinson spares the orchestra such gruelling trips by keeping tours down to a maximum of two weeks, ‘Nonetheless, he is enthusiastic about their value, both to the orchestra and to its individual members. “A great international orchestra needs to work with the greatest conductors and soloists. No recording. company will record a conductor or soloist if he or she does not have an international reputation, So for the recording side you need to visit the key markets?” Not easily forgotten linson aims to ereate an event, not just a series ‘of concerts, and so his tours are whole projects and, festivals on a particular focus. ‘And then you have a story around which you can build a public relations ‘campaign. It is moro costly to do, but when you leave | town you are not so easily forgotten. It is simply a ‘matter of good business practice.’ The audience might not forget, but others do, When the freight handlers left the instruments on the tarmac at Atlanta airport, under the heat of the southern sun, the varnish melted on two of the double-basses, among the most expensive items in the orchestra, 1 Dangerous equipment Airport security can present probloms for the i orchestra's chairman, John Lawley, who plays the | oboe. He carries with him a couple of rather dangerous knives and a set of razor blades to prepare the reeds for the oboe. Strangely enough, everything ‘goes smoothly if he remembers to pack them in his suitease. Ifhe forgets and has to carry them as hand luggage, he invariably has them confiscated, They promise to give them back at the end of the fight, but somehow they seem to go astray! i | precautions of a NASA sei Facing the challenge For Sue Mallet, the orchestra's administrator, such difficulties are all part of the challenge of getting & symphony orchestra and its instruments on stage, on time and in one piece. Normally, she puts the players on planes and sends the instruments on in a lorry because itis less expensive. However, on one tour of ‘Scandinavia some last-minute rescheduling meant transferring the instruments onto the plane with the orchestra. The airline obligingly and ingeniously. removed several rows of seats to accommodate some of the instruments in the cabin at no extra cost. On the ground much consternation was caused at the border crossings when the LSO lorry turned up carrying not the cellos and oboes listed on the ‘customs document, but rows of aireraft seats, [d_Prized possession | For cellist Francis Saunders, a good instrument is | one of the necessities of belonging to a world-class touring orchestra. And while some of his colleagues choose to leave their favourite instrument safely at home, Saunders not only takes his much loved and priceless collo with him, he actually chances putting itin the hold of the aircraft. Mind you, it does have a specially constructed case, so nine times out of ten ‘Saunders can take it out of the hold and find it bang ‘on tune. What he does have to do is keep an eye on, the temperature and humidity, Like many players, he puts a simple humidifier in the hole and leaves it there when the instrument is not in use. Resort to anything | However well Sue Mallet plans each tour, and she does her planning with all the precision and ist planning a space ‘expedition, events sometimes take the upper hand. || While others think on their feet, Ms Mallet does her re-thinking on the run. She will resort to anything to | ensure things run smoothly, but no amount of persuasion would draw her on what she did to |_ resolve the situation when one European hotel let ‘other people book into the rooms intended for her || musicians, while the eoncert was in progress. EE] moving experience ‘Touring is tiring and stressful, however well t gos} saya Francis Saunders. And yet on balance he says that flying round the world is one ofthe real perks of the job. He won't forget the time he went with the orchestra to Australia and the pilot, who was a great musie fan, let him watch the approach to Sydney from the fight deck. Nor will he forget the end ofa concert in Moscow, when an elderly lady pressed a piece of paper into his hand. It said, simply and touchingly what lovely musi she had heard TEST 1, PAPER 1For questions 18-23, you must choose which of the paragraphs A-G on page 9 fit into the numbered gaps in the following magazine article. There is one extra paragraph which does not in any of the gaps. Indicate your answers on the separate answer sheet. Jacques-Yves Cousteau, 1910-1997, was one of the greatest Frenchmen of the 20th century. He invented the modern diver’s breathing apparatus, and went on to become one of the world’s best-known explorers. A new era of marine exploration began in the summer of 1943 ina secluded French cove when Cousteau first slipped into the sea wearing his Aqua-Lung, the simple but, elegant invention that enabled humans to take their breath with them beneath the sea esse oee | He knew what he wanted, but it did not exist What he wanted was self-contained compressed-air oylinders plus a device with hoses and mouthpiece. This device would feed him air only on the intake, at the pressure of the surrounding sea, shutting off the flow when he exhaled. ee acral For human use the device proved remarkably effective, so much so that today milions of divers put on this device without a thought, But at the time the Aqua-Lung was history in the making. It ‘opened the submarine world to a new age of discovery. eas The end of World War Il freed naval officer Cousteau for further joyful underwater pursuits. He sed a wooden-hulled, former minesweeper, the Calypso, to continue his exploration of the ocean depths. He recorded his experiences in his book, The Silent World (1953), a publishing sensation that sold five million copies and was translated into MASTER OF THE DEEP 22 languages. In subsequent years, Cousteau developed a miniature submarine, the Diving Saucer, built underwater dwellings for prolonged diving, and produced a series of television films that ‘would make him one of the world’s best-known faces, But as the years passed, he began to notice something disquieting in the Mediterranean Sea, a ‘This was especially apparent in the Mediterranean Sea, which is an enclosed, nearly tideless, sea with. many of the characteristics of a lake, so that any environmental interference would not take long to show itself. Later Cousteau went on the high seas, returning to Assumption island in the Indian Ocean, Where many years before he had filmed much of The Silent World. He founded the Cousteau Society to publicise and. support his new passion. He took Calypso all over the world, documenting the unchecked looting, as. he called it, of the oceans and rivers. Everywhere he went to talked to fishermen, farmers, and even to Presidents, a Cousteau will be remembered for his ability to ‘communicate, just as his name will always be connected with water. In 1992 he attended the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, pleading for the sane use of Earth’s finite resources. He spent the test of his lfe in tireless advocacy of the sea. Truly, Jacques-Yves Cousteau was the ‘master of the deep’. TEST 1, PAPER 1‘A. He was horrified to find the same sickness. What had been an aquatic paradise, pulsating with life and ablaze with colour, was nearly lifeless. Appalled and angered, Cousteau the diver and film-maker became Cousteau the environmentalist. B ‘Atnight | had often had visions of flying by extending my arms as wings,’ Cousteau wrote in his diary. ‘Now | flew without wings. On that first Aqua-Lung dive, | experimented with loops and somersaults. I stood upside down on one finger. Delivered from gravity and buoyancy, | flew around as if in space.’ € His divers were having problems with their bulbs for flash photographs: in the high pressure of deep water they tended to leak around their base, causing them to misfire. Cousteau’s solution was inspired. The ship's engineer drilled two small holes in the bases, the cook melted wax for them, and the surgeon injected the liquid wax into them using a syringe. When it solidified, underwater lighting was assured. D_ Cousteau wished to be able to swim horizontally like a fish, weightless, and manoeuvering easily in three dimensions. He would have nothing to do with the divers in the standard diving dress of the time, whom the French called ‘heavy feet’, with their copper helmet and lead-soled boots, making their ponderous way across the seabed. E Unlike many brilliant technical men, Cousteau was supremely articulate and conveyed his compelling ideas with eloquence. He lectured equally well in French or English, often without notes, with a vivid imagery in both tongues that a poet would have been proud of F Cousteau took his idea to an engineer called Emile Gagnan. He was astonished when Gagnan picked something up from his work surface and said ‘You mean like this? It was the valve for the ‘gazogene’, a gadget designed to enable motor cars to run on domestic gas in times of petrol shortage. G In many places fish were growing scarce, and once richly-carpeted seabeds now lay bare. Alarmed, he began a survey, testing water quality and analysing seabed sediments. Everywhere the message was the same: overfishing, pollution, and unrestrained ‘development’ of the shores had reduced its marine life by 30 to 40 percent, Cousteau estimated.Gas Read the following magazine article about e-mail and answer questions 24-28 on page 11. On your answer sheet, indicate the letter A, B, C or D against the number of each question. Give only one answer to each question. Indicate your answers on the separate answer sheet, WHEN E-MAIL BECOMES E-NOUGH measure of e-mail was an American friend who was high up in a big corporation, Some years ago, when this method of communication frst seeped into business life from academia, his company in New York and its satellites across the globe were among the first to Get it In the world’s great seats of learning, ‘e-mail had for some years allowed researchers to share vital new jokes, And if there was cutting-edge wit to be had, there was no way my friend's corporation would be without it T he first person | came across who'd got the ‘One evening in New York, he was late fora drink ‘we'd arranged. ‘Sorry’ he said, ''ve been away and had to deal with 998 e-mails in my queue” ‘Wow I said, 'm really surprised you made it before midnight’ ‘Itdoesn't really take that long, he explained, if you simply delete them all’ True to form, he had developed a strategy before most of us had even heard of e-mail. If any information he was sent was sufficiently vital, his lack of response would ensure the sender rang him up. If the sender wasn't important enough to have his private number, the communication couldn't be sufficiently important. My fiend is now even more senior in the same company, so the strategy must work, although these days, 1 don’t tend to send him many e-mails. ‘Almost every week now, there seems to be another report suggesting that we are all being driven crazy by the torment of e-mail, But if this is the case, it’s only because we haven't developed the same discrimination in dealing with e-mail as we do with post. Have you ever mistaken an TEST 1, PAPER 1 important letter for a piece of unsolicited advertising and thrown it out? Of course you haven't. This is because of the obliging stupidity ‘of 99 per cent of advertisers, who just can't help making their mailshots look like the junk mail that they are. Junk e-mail looks equally unnecessary to read. Why anyone would feel the slightest compulsion to open the sort of thing entitled SPECIALOFFER@junk.com | cannot begin to understand. Even viruses, those sneaky messages that contain a bug which can corrupt your whole computer system, come helpfully labelled with packaging that shrieks “danger, do not open’. Handling e-mail is an art Firstly, you junk anything with an exclamation mark or a string of capital letters, ot from any address you don't recognise or feel confident about. Secondly, while I can’t quite support my American friend's radical policy, emails don't all have to be answered. Because e-mailing is so easy, there's a tendency for correspondence to carry on for ever, but it is permissible to end a strand of discussion by simply not discussing it any longer ~ or to accept 2 point of information sent by a colleague without acknowledging it. Thirdly, a reply e-mail doesn't have to be the same length as the original. We all have e-mail buddies who send long, chatty e-mails, which are rice to receive, but who then expect an equally long reply. Tough. The charm of e-mail can lie in the simple, suspended sentence, with total dlistegard for the formalities of the letter sent by post. You are perfectly within the bounds of politeness in responding to a marathon e-mail with a terse one-liner, ike: How distressing, I'm sure it will clear up”24 25 26 27 28 According to the writer, why did the company he mentions decide to adopt ‘the e-mail system? A so that employees could contact academics more easily B_ to avoid missing out on any amusing novelty C because it had been tried and tested in universities D_to cope with the vast amount of correspondence they received The ‘strategy’ referred to in line 20 is a way of A ensuring that important matters are dealt with. B ing which messages to respond to. C limiting e-mail correspondence to urgent matters. D_ encouraging a more efficient use of e-mail. According to the writer, what is causing the ‘torment of e-mail’ (line 32) described in reports? A the persistence of advertisers B_ problems caused by computer viruses C_ the attitude of those receiving e-mails D_ lessons learnt from dealing with junk mail In the sixth paragraph, which of the following pieces of advice is given? > Forget about e-mails which you do not intend to acknowledge. B_ Use e-mail as a way of avoiding unnecessary conversations. Be prepared to break off overlong e-mail communications. D_ Read your e-mails even if you're not going to answer them. According to the writer, what advantage does e-mail correspondence have over the traditional letter? A It is more convenient to send. B It causes fewer misunderstandings. C It can be written in a less conversational style. D It does not have the same time-consuming conventions.PART Answer questions 29-44 by referring to the magazine article on pages 13-14, in which various people talk about their experiences of educating their children at home. Indicate your answers on the separate answer sheet. For questions 29-44, answer by choosing from paragraphs A-D on pages 13-14. Some choices may be required more than once, Which person believes in the educational value of the outside world? eco has two children, one of whom is rather more sociable than the other? 30 .... believes in letting young children take responsibility for their own 3A learning? concedes that in one area of the curriculum her children might be ‘Sais lagging behind their peers? is able to educate her children at home because of the nature of S3ae her occupation? decided to educate her children at home partly out of financial 34... necessity? socialises with other like-minded people? 35 believes home education means children relate better to other people? 36 .... believes that educating one’s children is a fundamental part of 37 parenting? suggests that, in her opinion, schools can be restrictive and oppressive? 38 .. has learned not to be too strict about her children’s studies? becomes concerned when children are faced with challenging ideas? rations the time her children can devote to their favourite hobby? a1. says that decisions about her children’s lifestyle are not always fully Rae accepted by both the children? has a structured plan of work which the children follow? ASS... thinks that home education saves children a lot of time? 44WA TCT don’t go to School Four parents tell us why they chose to educate their children Ela Mmm eT) send them to school. rics I knew very early on that my children, Caroline, 13, and Edwin, 9, were gifted, but no-one seemed to recognise it at school. | tried state and independent schools. For various reasons. we didn’t want our children to go to state Schools, and the private ones weren't worth the deprivation I'd have to go through to afford them, Because my two are so motivated, it’s really quite easy. | buy the books and the materials they need for the syllabuses and basically just let them get on with it, though obviously I keep ‘an eye on them. From the outset, | left them to choose which bits to study from the syllabuses ~ | don’t want things to get too regimental. Why ‘make children unhappy by forcing them to do things they don't want to do if they learn as much doing what they like? I'm rather bitter about my own school education; frankly, with some of the lessons | feel I'd have learnt more by just going to the school library. The children’s number one thing at the moment is computers, though | restrict the Internet to the evenings, as | don’t want them staring at screens for too long. | hope I'm not too pushy with them, though. Sometimes you do worry because they're often wrestling with adult questions of ethics and philosophy before they're really old enough, but to be honest | don't mind if their personalities are rather adult - that's better than being too childish. Edwin sees his friends regularly and while Caroline’s more self- contained, she’s adamant she’s not lonely. Because I'm freelance I've always been able to ‘work from home and be with the children. | think a lot more people would do this if they didn't have to go out to work. When we started teaching Helen, we got together with other home educators to share our problems, and would meet every Thursday in the village community centre, taking turns to prepare a topic. These meetings developed into a kind of mini co-operative, almost an alternative school, if you like. But when Helen started exam work at the age of 15, she started to take the initiative in her learning. For instance, she would draw up her own timetable, which was marvellous. I think the fact that we've never had a television has been a big factor in their being so interested in everything and so articulate. My son grumbles ‘about it occasionally, but when you're not. at ‘school there isn't peer pressure to watch That's not to say my children haven't got friends = they have! They're certainly not missing out socially ~ indeed | think home-educated kids are actually more socially skilled, because they spend 0 much time watching adults. Helen is now 46 and has just started at St Mary's Music School in Edinburgh. We were never seriously tempted to change to mainstream schooling until Helen decided she wanted to take her music seriously. | was a bit nervous ~ who wouldn't be, sending their child 400 miles away at 15 — but when children are ‘old enough to make a reasoned decision you have to trust their judgement. PAPER 1Ben was at school for a year but off sick a lot — I think he was too young at 4 and got exhausted = and | found he learned more at home. When we moved to another part of the country, | used the move as an opportunity to keep him out of school, and it was such a success that | did the same thing for Tabitha. At first | was very formal about it and had fixed hours, but | soon relaxed. We've got books for maths and English that tie in to the National Curriculum, which children follow at school, but we also do a lot of topic work on things that interest them. Tabitha follows a curriculum called Primary Maths, and Ben follows the Bobby Moore School of Football Maths Book, which makes the subject fun. Now we might start off with a bit of maths and then write to a pen friend and then go to the shops. | don't consciously turn a shopping trip. into a lesson but when we get back, I'l realise they have learnt things like maths, geography and even Issues such as fair trading. We meet up with other home educators through ‘a parents’ group. We go on outings or just get together in our free time to relax together. Other people I've talked to say home-educated children are less likely to be stroppy teenagers, perhaps because they're isn’t the same peer pressure. Certainly, my two are at ease in adult ‘company and seem to be well-balanced people. Mind you, if they really wanted to go to school, | ‘wouldn't stop them. We made a conscious decision, long before they were due to start, not to send the twins to school. We realised that they would be sent away for their education, that we would say goodbye to them at half past seven and not see them again till something like half past fo like business people. It just didn’t seem right for us to be passing the responsibility of bringing up ‘our children on to somebody else. Maybe we're just different from other people, but it seems perfectly normal and healthy to have our family all together at home until they've grown up. | actually used to work as a teacher, So. ‘educating my own children is second nature tome. Even as a former teacher I'm inclined to think. ‘that some of what children do at school, from a strictly learning point of view, is unnecessary, Like groupwork, for example. Cut that out by teaching at home and we can give our children the individual attention they need, and take short cuts towards what they really need to know. ‘he kids are happy, pleasant individuals, with plenty of friends. | couldn't sey if they're more or less sociable than other kids, because I'm biased! it's difficult to say how they'd match up with their friends if they took a school test. I think they're OK as far as reading and writing are concerned, but they might not do so well in maths. My husband and I feel that the kids are still to young, at 6 and 8 to grapple with mathematical concepts. So we do try and r this old favourite, for the moment. At the ‘moment there's still plenty of time, and above all, plenty of time still to play and enjoy life.English in Use (1 hour 30 minutes) For questions 1-15, read the text below and then decide which word best fits each space, Put the letter you choose for each question in the correct box on your answer sheet, The exercise begins with an example (0). Example: | 0 | 4 o A BALLOONING CHALLENGE For those people who go out in (0) .... of adventure, a long-distance flight in a hotair balloon is a particularly exciting (1) ..... Indeed, a round-the-world balloon tip is widely regarded as the (2) .... challenge. One well-known adventurer, David Hemplemann-Adams would not agree, however. Recently, he became the first man to (3) .... the North Pole in a hotair balloon, a more significant (4) .... in his eyes. Given that the distance and altitudes (5) .... are comparatively modest, you might wonder why the trip from Canada to the Pole, should present such a challenge. Part of the (6) ... such a flight had not even been attempted for over a century. In those days, such expeditions were huge events, with a nation’s pride (7) ... on their success, and so resources were (8) .... to them. Although he eventually managed to secure a substantial sponsorship (9) .... from an insurance ‘company, Hemplemann-Adams had the added challenge of having to (10)... sulficient funds for his wip. Then, of course, he had to face major survival concerns, such as predicting the weather (11) .... and coping with the dangerously low temperatures. But most challenging of all was the incredibly complex problem of navigation. As the earth’s magnetic field gets stronger, only the most (12) ... of satellitelinked navigation systems can (13) .... that one has got to the Pole. Without them, the chances of getting anywhere near it are extremely (14) .... . Not to mentior even greater problem that (15) ... on Hemplemann-Adams’ mind: getting back! 0 (A) search B chase © seek D hunt 1 A campaign B_ prospect motion D engagement 2 A ultimate B extreme utmost D eventual 3 A meet B teach © attain D fulfil 4 A recognition B acquisition € achievement realisation 5 A engaged B regarded C involved D. connected 6 A appeal B beauty © charm D allure 7 A leaning B resting © waiting D standing 8 A commended B confided C confirmed D committed 9 A bargain B_ purchase € transaction Deal 10 A elevate B lift C raise D build 11 A tendencies B conditions. circumstances D_ elements 12 A sophisticated B refined © cultured D educated 13 A approve B confirm © reinforce D_ support 14 A thin B slight © slim D tight 15 A pushed B stressed C pressed D weighed TEST 1, PAPER 3 =aa For questions 16-30, complete the following article by writing each missing word in the correct box on your answer sheet. Use only one word for each space. The exercise begins with an example (0) Example: | 0 | a o CAN HONEY HEAL? Peter Molan, a doctor from New Zealand, is a specialist (0) .... stomach disorders, He offers his patients a simple, but effective alternative (16) ........ taking medicine: honey. Dr Molan claims the active component in honey is an antibacterial agent called UME. There is some doubt in the medical world (17) .......... to whether UMF can. destroy bacteria completely, (18) .......... research clearly shows that people with stomach problems experience some relief soon (19) .......... taking honey. Is this yet (20) .......... case of science simply giving credibility to (21) sw:sse We have always known? After all, it is common knowledge (22) ......-... soothing hot water laced with honey and lemon can be for sore-throat sufferers. In accepting the beneficial effects of honey, however, a (23) .. popular belief that honey is healthier than sugar isn’t entirely well-founded, (24) ....e all foods, honey can be healthy (25) .. eaten in moderation, but may also have some downsides. Honey contains the (26) ......ss number of calories as other types of sugar, and it can cause blood-sugar levels to rise quickly. Secondly, eating (27) .. reservations should be borne in mind. Firstly, the much honey on an empty stomach can cause discomfort. That is (28) ......s.. it's best to line the stomach with some fibre first, for example by following a main meal (29) ........ .. a dessert that incorporates honey. Thirdly, under (30) .......... circumstances should a baby’s dummy be dipped in honey before the baby sucks it, as this is just as likely to cause tooth decay as any other sugary treat.aw For questions 47-61, read the two texts below. Use the words in the box to the right of the text, to form one word that fits in the same numbered space in the text. Write the new word in the correct box on your answer sheet. The exercise begins with an example (0). Example: | 0 | preductiow =< — INFORMATION LEAFLET THE SUN Fortunately for life on Earth, the Sun's (0) . of heat (0) PRODUCE is remarkably consistent. But scientists are aware that (47) SEQUENCE ‘even a small change would have grave (47) sono fOr (48) EVIDENT the future, triggering either @ new ice age, or runaway (a9) FREEZE global warming. There is (48) ......» that this has (50) STABLE happened before. In 17th century England, for example, Gi)) bRlGHT the River Thames in London was regulary (49) sn oe ‘over, Scientists now think that fluctuations in the Sun's temperature caused a'ittle Ice Age’ at that time DD) SON Indeed, the latest theory is that the processes going on in the centre of the Sun are inherently (50) .. IF the experts are right, there could be many changes in the Sun's (51) ....... this century and the (52) sas if that the temperature here on Earth will get (53) sun hotter and hotter: NEWSPAPER ARTICLE THE RITUAL OF GIVING ‘The giving of gifts has been practised in every (64) sm. | | (54) CIVIL ever studied. It is a (55) human ritual that has a | | (55) gase place in every culture and religion. Gifts are given to mark occasions throughout life, such as (56) >, marriage ||) /20)) BORN and (57) 1... . Sociologists view gifts as a marker of the (57) RETIRE social relationship between giver and recipient. When | | (58) EXPECT friends swap gifts, for example, there is an unwritten | | (59) qual (58) nun that the gifts will be of roughly the same value, showing that the friends have (59) of status. In (60) GENEROUS hierarchical relationships it is a different story. If an | | (61) RESPECT employee and boss were exchanging presents, the boss would be expected to give a larger present, In return for this (60) ....... , the employee would be expected to both work hard and be (61) ..aa For questions 62-74, read the following formal extract from a book on careers and use the information to complete the numbered gaps in the informal leaflet aimed at students. Then write the new words in the correct spaces on your answer sheet. Use no more than two words for each gap. The words you need do not occur in the leaflet. The exercise begins with an example (0). Example: | 0 | pat off i Many parents try to discourage their offspring from embarking on a career in the music business. They feel that the music industry is not the glamorous one that young people imagine it to be, and that the chances of their son or daughter becoming a highly-paid star are extremely slim. Although this is quite correct, good opportunities do exist for young people in the music industry, particularly for those who place greater value on job satisfaction than on salary levels. Naturally, there are opportunities for those who have studied an instrument, but many jobs in the industry do not require either technical ability or performing skills. There are many openings, for example, in publishing, retail and in recording studios where what is required is a lively interest in music and a good level of background knowledge. A degree in a relevant subject, whilst not absolutely essential, can also be useful, and courses specifically designed to meet the needs of the music industry are now available. LEAFLET FOR STUDENTS If you're dreaming of a career in the music industry, don’t be (0)... by parents who say it’s not as glamorous as (62)... , oF that it won't (63) .....1 a fortune. They're probably (64).......... one thing though: You're (65) .....« to become a star. But if job satisfaction (66) .. you than pay, then music could actually be a good choice. And you don't have (67) ......... how to play an instrument either. There are many other branches of the industry, (68) recording studios, publishers and record shops, where they are (69) ........ people who are really (70) ......... music and who know what they're (71) ........ about when it comes to the music business. Although you don’t actually need to (72) ss.s0 @ particular subject at university, a relevant degree (73) ssseoe, and some courses are now on (74) ........ With aspects of the music industry in mind. toPART For questions 75-80, read the following text and then choose from the list A-I given below the best phrase to fill each of the spaces. Indicate your answer on the separate answer sheet, Each correct phrase may only be used once. Some of the suggested answers do not fit at all he universal symbol of Internet era communi . the @ sign used in e-mail addresses to signify the word ‘at’, is actually a 50-year-old invention of Italian merchants, a Rome academic has revealed. Giorgio Stabile,a science professor at La Sapienza University, claims (75)... of the symbol’s use, as an indication of a measure of weight or volume.. He says the sign represents an amphora, a measure of capacity based on the terracotta jars used (76) .... in the ancient Mediterranean world. The professor unearthed the ancient symbol in the course of research for a visual history of the 20th century, to represent ‘at the price of* to transport grain and liquid to save space and work to learn how popular it has become -zratmonap to describe the now omnipresent squiggle The History of @ (77) . The first known instance of its use, he says, occurred in a letter written by a Florentine merchant on May 4, 1536. He says the sign made its way along trade routes to northern Europe, where it came (78) .... , its ‘contemporary accountancy meaning. Professor Stabile believes that Italian banks may possess even earlier documents bearing the symbol lying forgotten in their archives, “The oldest example could be of great value. It could be used for publicity purpo: and (79) .... he says. The race is on between the mercantile world and the banking world (80) .... . to see who has the oldest documentation of @ to be published by the Treccani Encyclopedia to have stumbled on the earliest known example to enhance the prestige of the institution that owned it